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Płończak M, Wasyłeczko M, Jakutowicz T, Chwojnowski A, Czubak J. Intraarticular Implantation of Autologous Chondrocytes Placed on Collagen or Polyethersulfone Scaffolds: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102360. [PMID: 37242936 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage has very limited repair capability and cannot be rebuilt predictably using conventional treatments. This study presents Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) on two different scaffolds for the treatment of lesions in hyaline cartilage in rabbits. The first one is a commercially available scaffold (Chondro-Gide) made of collagen type I/III and the second one is a polyethersulfone (PES) synthetic membrane, manufactured by phase inversion. The revolutionary idea in the present study is the fact that we used PES membranes, which have unique features and benefits that are desirable for the 3D cultivation of chondrocytes. Sixty-four White New Zealand rabbits were used in this research. Defects penetrating into the subchondral bone were filled with or without the placement of chondrocytes on collagen or PES membranes after two weeks of culture. The expression of the gene encoding type II procollagen, a molecular marker of chondrocytes, was evaluated. Elemental analysis was performed to estimate the weight of tissue grown on the PES membrane. The reparative tissue was analyzed macroscopically and histologically after surgery at 12, 25, and 52 weeks. RT-PCR analysis of the mRNA isolated from cells detached from the polysulphonic membrane revealed the expression of type II procollagen. The elementary analysis of polysulphonic membrane slices after 2 weeks of culture with chondrocytes revealed a concentration of 0.23 mg of tissue on one part of the membrane. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation indicated that the quality of regenerated tissue was similar after the transplantation of cells placed on polysulphonic or collagen membranes. The established method for the culture and transplantation of chondrocytes placed on polysulphonic membranes resulted in the growth of the regenerated tissue, revealing the morphology of hyaline-like cartilage to be of similar quality to collagen membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Płończak
- Mazovia Regional Hospital John Paul II, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Monika Wasyłeczko
- Nałęcz Institute of Biocybernetic and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jakutowicz
- Department of Neurosurgery and Children Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Chwojnowski
- Nałęcz Institute of Biocybernetic and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Czubak
- Department of Orthopedics, Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Gruca Orthopaedic and Trauma Teaching Hospital, 05-402 Otwock, Poland
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Peng L, Zhou Y, Lu W, Zhu W, Li Y, Chen K, Zhang G, Xu J, Deng Z, Wang D. Characterization of a novel polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan porous hydrogel combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and its application in articular cartilage repair. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:257. [PMID: 31138200 PMCID: PMC6540438 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different substances are combined to compensate for each other's drawbacks and create an appropriate biomaterial. A novel Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CS) porous hydrogel was designed and applied to the treatment of osteochondral defects. METHODS Hydrogels of various PVA/CS ratios were tested for physiochemical and mechanical properties in addition to cytotoxicity and biocompatibility. The hydrogels with the best PVA/CS ratio were used in the animal study. Osteochondral defects were created at the articular cartilage of 18 rabbits. They were assigned to different groups randomly (n = 6 per group): the osteochondral defect only group (control group), the osteochondral defect treated with hydrogel group (HG group), and the osteochondral defect treated with hydrogel loaded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) group (HG-BMSCs group). The cartilage was collected for macro-observation and histological evaluation at 12 weeks after surgery. RESULTS The Hydrogel with PVA/CS ratio of 6:4 exhibited the best mechanical properties; it also showed stable physical and chemical properties with porosity and over 90% water content. Furthermore, it demonstrated no cytotoxicity and was able to promote cell proliferation. The HG-BMSCs group achieved the best cartilage healing. CONCLUSIONS The novel PVA/CS porous composite hydrogel could be a good candidate for a tissue engineering material in cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangquan Peng
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 Guangdong China
- Clinical College of Anhui Medical University Affiliated Shenzhen Second Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182 Guangdong China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 Guangdong China
- Clinical College of Anhui Medical University Affiliated Shenzhen Second Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
- Clinical College of Anhui Medical University Affiliated Shenzhen Second Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
| | - Greg Zhang
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
- Clinical College of Anhui Medical University Affiliated Shenzhen Second Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 Guangdong China
| | - Daping Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 Guangdong China
- Clinical College of Anhui Medical University Affiliated Shenzhen Second Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 Guangdong China
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Sun K, Li R, Li H, Li D, Jiang W. Comparison of three-dimensional printing for fabricating silk fibroin-blended scaffolds. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1354204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Tianjin First Center Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomaterial, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Li
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxue Jiang
- Tianjin First Center Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic, Tianjin, China
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Sun K, Li R, Jiang W, Sun Y, Li H. Comparison of three-dimensional printing and vacuum freeze-dried techniques for fabricating composite scaffolds. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:1085-1091. [PMID: 27404126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the performances of different preparation methods of the scaffolds were analyzed for chondrocyte tissue engineering. Silk fibroin/collagen (SF/C) was fabricated using a vacuum freeze-dried technique and by 3D printing. The porosity, water absorption expansion rates, mechanical properties, and pore sizes of the resulting materials were evaluated. The proliferation and metabolism of the cells was detected at different time points using an MTT assay. Cell morphologies and distributions were observed by histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The porosity, water absorption expansion rate, and Young's modulus of the material obtained via 3D printing were significantly higher than those obtained by the freeze-dried method, while the pore size did not differ significantly between the two methods. MTT assay results showed that the metabolism of cells seeded on the 3D printed scaffolds was more viable than the metabolism on the freeze-dried material. H&E staining of the scaffolds revealed that the number of cells in the 3D printed scaffold was higher in comparison to a similar measurement on the freeze-dried material. Consequently, stem cells grew well inside the 3D printed scaffolds, as measured by SEM, while the internal structure of the freeze-dried scaffold was disordered. Compared with the freeze-dried technique, the 3D printed scaffold exhibited better overall performance and was more suitable for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Tianjin First Center Hospital, No. 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin, TJ 300192, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military and Medical Sciences, No. 106, Wandong Street, Hedong District, Tianjin 300000, China
| | - Wenxue Jiang
- Tianjin First Center Hospital, No. 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin, TJ 300192, China.
| | - Yufu Sun
- Tianjin First Center Hospital, No. 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin, TJ 300192, China
| | - Hui Li
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, TJ 300052, China
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Kurashina Y, Takemura K, Friend J, Miyata S, Komotori J. Efficient Subculture Process for Adherent Cells by Selective Collection Using Cultivation Substrate Vibration. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 64:580-587. [PMID: 27187942 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2567647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cell detachment and reseeding are typical operations in cell culturing, often using trypsin exposure and pipetting, even though this process is known to damage the cells. Reducing the number of detachment and reseeding steps might consequently improve the overall quality of the culture, but to date this has not been an option. This study proposes the use of resonant vibration in the cell cultivation substrate to selectively release adherent calf chondrocyte cells: Some were released from the substrate and collected while others were left upon the substrate to grow to confluence as a subculture-without requiring reseeding. An out-of-plane vibration mode with a single nodal circle was used in the custom culture substrate. At a maximum vibration amplitude of 0.6 µm, 84.9% of the cells adhering to the substrate were released after 3 min exposure, leaving a sufficient number of cells for passage and long-term cell culture, with the greatest cell concentration along the nodal circle where the vibration was relatively quiescent. The 72-h proliferation of the unreleased cells was 20% greater in number than cells handled using the traditional method of trypsin-EDTA (0.050%) release, pipette collection, and reseeding. Due to the vibration, it was possible to reduce the trypsin-EDTA used for selective release to only 0.025%, and in doing so the cell number after 72 h of proliferation was 42% greater in number than the traditional technique.
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Stellavato A, Tirino V, de Novellis F, Della Vecchia A, Cinquegrani F, De Rosa M, Papaccio G, Schiraldi C. Biotechnological Chondroitin a Novel Glycosamminoglycan With Remarkable Biological Function on Human Primary Chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2158-69. [PMID: 27018169 PMCID: PMC5084766 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering, with in vitro expansion of autologus chondrocytes, is a promising technique for tissue regeneration and is a new potential strategy to prevent and/or treat cartilage damage (e.g., osteoarthritis). The aim of this study was (i) to investigate and compare the effects of new biotechnological chondroitin (BC) and a commercial extractive chondroitin sulfate (CS) on human chondrocytes in vitro culture; (ii) to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effects of the innovative BC compared to extractive CS. A chondrogenic cell population was isolated from human nasoseptal cartilage and in vitro cultures were studied through time‐lapse video microscopy (TLVM), immunohistochemical staining and cytometry. In order to investigate the effect of BC and CS on phenotype maintainance, chondrogenic gene expression of aggrecan (AGN), of the transcriptor factor SOX9, of the types I and II collagen (COL1A1 and COL1A2), were quantified through transcriptional and protein evaluation at increasing cultivation time and passages. In addition to resemble the osteoarthritis‐like in vitro model, chondrocytes were treated with IL‐1β and the anti‐inflammatory activity of BC and CS was assessed using cytokines quantification by multiplex array. BC significantly enhances cell proliferation also preserving chondrocyte phenotype increasing type II collagen expression up to 10 days of treatment and reduces inflammatory response in IL‐1β treated chondrocytes respect to CS treated cells. Our results, taken together, suggest that this new BC is of foremost importance in translational medicine because it can be applied in novel scaffolds and pharmaceutical preparations aiming at cartilage pathology treatments such as the osteoarthritis. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2158–2169, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Stellavato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology "A. Cascino," Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology "A. Cascino," Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca de Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology "A. Cascino," Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Della Vecchia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology "A. Cascino," Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology "A. Cascino," Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology "A. Cascino," Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology "A. Cascino," Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Thomas MG, Marwood RM, Parsons AE, Parsons RB. The effect of foetal bovine serum supplementation upon the lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay: Important considerations for in vitro toxicity analysis. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:300-8. [PMID: 26498060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay is a commonly-used tool for assessing toxicity in vitro. However, anecdotal reports suggest that foetal bovine serum (FBS) may contain LDH at concentrations significant enough to interfere with the assay and thus reduce its sensitivity. A series of experiments were performed to determine whether addition of FBS to culture medium significantly elevated culture media LDH content, and whether replacement of FBS with heat inactivated foetal bovine serum (HI-FBS) reduced LDH content and interfered with cell response to cytotoxic challenge. The addition of FBS at 5, 10 and 15% final concentrations increased culture medium LDH content in a dose-dependent manner. The substitution of HI-FBS for FBS reduced culture medium LDH content and increased the dynamic range of the assay. Cell viability of the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma and N27 rat mesencephalic neurone cell lines were significantly reduced as measured using the MTT reduction assay, whilst HI-FBS only affected toxicity response in a cell- and toxin-specific manner, although these effects were small. Hence, for cell lines with a high FBS requirement, the use of HI-FBS or alternative toxicity assays can be considered, or the use of alternative formulations, such as chemically-defined serum-free media, be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Thomas
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Roxanne M Marwood
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Anna E Parsons
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B Parsons
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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Shiraishi R, Hirayama N. Cytotoxicity associated with prolonged room temperature storage of serum and proposed methods for reduction of cytotoxicity. J Virol Methods 2015; 225:16-22. [PMID: 26335960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine serum preserved at room temperature (25°C) for longer than 24h is known to exhibit significant cytotoxicity. This phenomenon is one of the major reasons for the failure of virus neutralization tests. In this study, a method for reducing this cytotoxicity was investigated by applying several treatments to dog, cat and human serum prior to room temperature storage. Additionally, the identity of the cytotoxic factor generated during room temperature storage was investigated. Heat-inactivation at 56°C or 65°C and the addition of protease inhibitor prior to storage were found to be effective for reducing cytotoxicity in the serum. Furthermore, heat-inactivation at 65°C reduced the cytotoxicity that was induced under room temperature storage. Several protein factors in serum were suspected to play a role in the observed cytotoxicity. According to this study, the membrane-attack-complex in serum was not involved in the cytotoxicity. This study provides useful information for development and improvement of cell culture and virus neutralization tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikiya Shiraishi
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry & Toxicology, 3-7-11 Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan.
| | - Norio Hirayama
- Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Silk fibroin/collagen and silk fibroin/chitosan blended three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2014; 25:243-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00590-014-1515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rosenzweig DH, Chicatun F, Nazhat SN, Quinn TM. Cartilaginous constructs using primary chondrocytes from continuous expansion culture seeded in dense collagen gels. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9360-9. [PMID: 23896567 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies such as autologous chondrocyte implantation require in vitro cell expansion. However, standard culture techniques require cell passaging, leading to dedifferentiation into a fibroblast-like cell type. Primary chondrocytes grown on continuously expanding culture dishes (CE culture) limits passaging and protects against dedifferentiation. The authors tested whether CE culture chondrocytes were advantageous for producing mechanically competent cartilage matrix when three-dimensionally seeded in dense collagen gels. Primary chondrocytes, grown either in CE culture or passaged twice on static silicone dishes (SS culture; comparable to standard methods), were seeded in dense collagen gels and cultured for 3 weeks in the absence of exogenous chondrogenic growth factors. Compared with gels seeded with SS culture chondrocytes, CE chondrocyte-seeded gels had significantly higher chondrogenic gene expression after 2 and 3 weeks in culture, correlating with significantly higher aggrecan and type II collagen protein accumulation. There was no obvious difference in glycosaminoglycan content from either culture condition, yet CE chondrocyte-seeded gels were significantly thicker and had a significantly higher dynamic compressive modulus than SS chondrocyte-seeded gels after 3 weeks. Chondrocytes grown in CE culture and seeded in dense collagen gels produce more cartilaginous matrix with superior mechanical properties, making them more suitable than SS cultured cells for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
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Chomchalao P, Pongcharoen S, Sutheerawattananonda M, Tiyaboonchai W. Fibroin and fibroin blended three-dimensional scaffolds for rat chondrocyte culture. Biomed Eng Online 2013; 12:28. [PMID: 23566031 PMCID: PMC3680310 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-12-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In our previous study, we successfully developed 3-D scaffolds prepared from silk fibroin (SF), silk fibroin/collagen (SF/C) and silk fibroin/gelatin (SF/G) using a freeze drying technique. The blended construct showed superior mechanical properties to silk fibroin construct. In addition, collagen and gelatin, contain RGD sequences that could facilitate cell attachment and proliferation. Therefore, in this study, the ability of silk fibroin and blended constructs to promote cell adhesion, proliferation and production of extracellular matrix (EMC) were compared. Methods Articular chondrocytes were isolated from rat and cultured on the prepared constructs. Then, the cell viability in SF, SF/C and SF/G scaffolds was determined by MTT assay. Cell morphology and distribution were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histological analysis. Moreover, the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) by the chondrocytes in 3-D scaffolds was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results Results from MTT assay indicated that the blended SF/C and SF/G scaffolds provided a more favorable environment for chondrocytes attachment and proliferation than that of SF scaffold. In addition, scanning electron micrographs and histological images illustrated higher cell density and distribution in the SF/C and SF/G scaffolds than that in the SF scaffold. Importantly, immunohistochemistry strongly confirmed a greater production of type II collagen and aggrecan, important markers of chondrocytic phenotype, in SF blended scaffolds than that in the SF scaffold. Conclusion Addition of collagen and gelatin to SF solution not only improved the mechanical properties of the scaffolds but also provided an effective biomaterial constructs for chondrocyte growth and chondrocytic phenotype maintenance. Therefore, SF/C and SF/G showed a great potential as a desirable biomaterial for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratthana Chomchalao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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