1
|
Williams J, Ahlqvist H, Cunningham A, Kirby A, Katz I, Fleming J, Conway J, Cunningham S, Ozel A, Wolfram U. Validated respiratory drug deposition predictions from 2D and 3D medical images with statistical shape models and convolutional neural networks. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297437. [PMID: 38277381 PMCID: PMC10817191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
For the one billion sufferers of respiratory disease, managing their disease with inhalers crucially influences their quality of life. Generic treatment plans could be improved with the aid of computational models that account for patient-specific features such as breathing pattern, lung pathology and morphology. Therefore, we aim to develop and validate an automated computational framework for patient-specific deposition modelling. To that end, an image processing approach is proposed that could produce 3D patient respiratory geometries from 2D chest X-rays and 3D CT images. We evaluated the airway and lung morphology produced by our image processing framework, and assessed deposition compared to in vivo data. The 2D-to-3D image processing reproduces airway diameter to 9% median error compared to ground truth segmentations, but is sensitive to outliers of up to 33% due to lung outline noise. Predicted regional deposition gave 5% median error compared to in vivo measurements. The proposed framework is capable of providing patient-specific deposition measurements for varying treatments, to determine which treatment would best satisfy the needs imposed by each patient (such as disease and lung/airway morphology). Integration of patient-specific modelling into clinical practice as an additional decision-making tool could optimise treatment plans and lower the burden of respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Williams
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Hartree Centre, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - Haavard Ahlqvist
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Cunningham
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Kirby
- Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - John Fleming
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre in Respiratory Disease, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Conway
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre in Respiratory Disease, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Respiratory Sciences, Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Cunningham
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Ozel
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe Wolfram
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute for Material Science and Engineering, TU Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thompson RB, Darquenne C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Aerosol Deposition. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2023; 36:228-234. [PMID: 37523222 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2023.29087.rbt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses non-ionizing radiation and offers a host of contrast mechanisms with the potential to quantify aerosol deposition. This chapter introduces the physics of MRI, its use in lung imaging, and more specifically, the methods that are used for the detection of regional distributions of inhaled particles. The most common implementation of MRI is based on imaging of hydrogen atoms (1H) in water. The regional deposition of aerosol particles can be measured by the perturbation of the acquired 1H signals via labeling of the aerosol with contrast agents. Existing in vitro human and in vivo animal model measurements of regional aerosol deposition in the respiratory tract are described, demonstrating the capability of MRI to assess aerosol deposition in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chantal Darquenne
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gracioso Martins AM, Snider DB, Popowski KD, Schuchard KG, Tenorio M, Akunuri S, Wee J, Peters KJ, Jansson A, Shirwaiker R, Cheng K, Freytes DO, Cruse GP. Low-dose intrapulmonary drug delivery device for studies on next-generation therapeutics in mice. J Control Release 2023; 359:287-301. [PMID: 37301267 PMCID: PMC10527740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although nebulizers have been developed for delivery of small molecules in human patients, no tunable device has been purpose-built for targeted delivery of modern large molecule and temperature-sensitive therapeutics to mice. Mice are used most of all species in biomedical research and have the highest number of induced models for human-relevant diseases and transgene models. Regulatory approval of large molecule therapeutics, including antibody therapies and modified RNA highlight the need for quantifiable dose delivery in mice to model human delivery, proof-of-concept studies, efficacy, and dose-response. To this end, we developed and characterized a tunable nebulization system composed of an ultrasonic transducer equipped with a mesh nebulizer fitted with a silicone restrictor plate modification to control the nebulization rate. We have identified the elements of design that influence the most critical factors to targeted delivery to the deep lungs of BALB/c mice. By comparing an in silico model of the mouse lung with experimental data, we were able to optimize and confirm the targeted delivery of over 99% of the initial volume to the deep portions of the mouse lung. The resulting nebulizer system provides targeted lung delivery efficiency far exceeding conventional nebulizers preventing waste of expensive biologics and large molecules during proof-of-concept and pre-clinical experiments involving mice. (Word Count =207).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Gracioso Martins
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Douglas B Snider
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine and Translational Research Training Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kristen D Popowski
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karl G Schuchard
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Matias Tenorio
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sandip Akunuri
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Junghyun Wee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kara J Peters
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anton Jansson
- Analytical Instrumentation Facility, Monteith Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rohan Shirwaiker
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Donald O Freytes
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Glenn P Cruse
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fleming JS. The Use of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Aerosol Medicine. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2023; 36:44-53. [PMID: 36594940 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2023.29077.jsf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging of radiolabeled aerosols provides useful in vivo data on both the initial site of deposition and its subsequent transport by mucociliary clearance and epithelial permeability. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) uses a gamma camera with multiple rotating heads to produce three-dimensional (3D) images of inhaled radioaerosol labeled with technetium-99m. This enables total lung deposition and its 3D regional distribution to be quantified. Aligned 3D images of lung structure allow deposition data to be related to lung anatomy. Mucociliary clearance or epithelial permeability can be assessed from a time series of SPECT aerosol images. SPECT is slightly superior to planar imaging for measuring total lung deposition. However, it is more complex to use, and for studies where total lung deposition is the endpoint, planar imaging is recommended. However, SPECT has been shown to be clearly superior to planar imaging for assessing regional distribution of aerosol and is the method of choice for this purpose. It therefore has applications in studying the influence of regional deposition on clinical effectiveness and also in validating computer models of deposition. The inability to directly radiolabel drug molecules with 99mTc is a clear disadvantage of SPECT and limits its potential use for pharmacokinetic studies. SPECT provides a wealth of data on aerosol deposition, which has been relatively underused at present. Optimal methods of analyzing and interpreting the data need to be developed. SPECT can also, in principle, provide detailed information of mucociliary clearance and has the potential to significantly improve knowledge of this process and hence clarify the role of clearance as a biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Fleming
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Man F, Tang J, Swedrowska M, Forbes B, T M de Rosales R. Imaging drug delivery to the lungs: Methods and applications in oncology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 192:114641. [PMID: 36509173 PMCID: PMC10227194 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Direct delivery to the lung via inhalation is arguably one of the most logical approaches to treat lung cancer using drugs. However, despite significant efforts and investment in this area, this strategy has not progressed in clinical trials. Imaging drug delivery is a powerful tool to understand and develop novel drug delivery strategies. In this review we focus on imaging studies of drug delivery by the inhalation route, to provide a broad overview of the field to date and attempt to better understand the complexities of this route of administration and the significant barriers that it faces, as well as its advantages. We start with a discussion of the specific challenges for drug delivery to the lung via inhalation. We focus on the barriers that have prevented progress of this approach in oncology, as well as the most recent developments in this area. This is followed by a comprehensive overview of the different imaging modalities that are relevant to lung drug delivery, including nuclear imaging, X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging and mass spectrometry imaging. For each of these modalities, examples from the literature where these techniques have been explored are provided. Finally the different applications of these technologies in oncology are discussed, focusing separately on small molecules and nanomedicines. We hope that this comprehensive review will be informative to the field and will guide the future preclinical and clinical development of this promising drug delivery strategy to maximise its therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Man
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Swedrowska
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Forbes
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael T M de Rosales
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Martin
- 10-324 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wyszogrodzka-Gaweł G, Dorożyński P, Giovagnoli S, Strzempek W, Pesta E, Węglarz WP, Gil B, Menaszek E, Kulinowski P. An Inhalable Theranostic System for Local Tuberculosis Treatment Containing an Isoniazid Loaded Metal Organic Framework Fe-MIL-101-NH2-From Raw MOF to Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120687. [PMID: 31861138 PMCID: PMC6969914 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The theranostic approach to local tuberculosis treatment allows drug delivery and imaging of the lungs for a better control and personalization of antibiotic therapy. Metal-organic framework (MOF) Fe-MIL-101-NH2 nanoparticles were loaded with isoniazid. To optimize their functionality a 23 factorial design of spray-drying with poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and leucine was employed. Powder aerodynamic properties were assessed using a twin stage impinger based on the dose emitted and the fine particle fraction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast capabilities were tested on porous lung tissue phantom and ex vivo rat lungs. Cell viability and uptake studies were conducted on murine macrophages RAW 246.9. The final product showed good aerodynamic properties, modified drug release, easier uptake by macrophages in relation to raw isoniazid-MOF, and MRI contrast capabilities. Starting from raw MOF, a fully functional inhalable theranostic system with a potential application in personalized tuberculosis pulmonary therapy was developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Wyszogrodzka-Gaweł
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-068 Kraków, Poland; (G.W.-G.); (E.M.)
| | - Przemysław Dorożyński
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, via del Liceo 1, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Weronika Strzempek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (W.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Edyta Pesta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Research Network Łukasiewicz—Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Władysław P. Węglarz
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Barbara Gil
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (W.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Elżbieta Menaszek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-068 Kraków, Poland; (G.W.-G.); (E.M.)
| | - Piotr Kulinowski
- Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prisk GK. Effects of Partial Gravity on the Function and Particle Handling of the Human Lung. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 6:159-166. [PMID: 30687585 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The challenges presented to the lung by the space environment are the effects of prolonged absence of gravity, the challenges of decompression stress associated with spacewalking, and the changes in the deposition of inhaled particulate matter. Recent Findings Although there are substantial changes in the function of the lung in partial gravity, the lung is largely unaffected by sustained exposure, returning rapidly to a normal state after return to 1G. Provided there is adequate denitrogenation prior to a spacewalk, avoiding the development of venous gas emboli, the lung copes well with the low pressure environment of the spacesuit. Particulate deposition is reduced in partial gravity, but where that deposition occurs is likely in the more peripheral airspaces, with associated longer retention times, potentially raising the toxicological potential of toxic dusts. Summary Despite its delicate structure the lung performs well in partial gravity, with the greatest threat likely arising from inhaled particulate matter (extra-terrestrial dusts).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Kim Prisk
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chaurasiya B, Zhou M, Tu J, Sun C. Design and validation of a simple device for insufflation of dry powders in a mice model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:495-501. [PMID: 30098390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of inhalational dry powders (DPs) to the lung of mice is pivotal for pre-clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations. Although several devices have been reported, their application is always limited by many factors, including complicated design, high price, commercially discontinued status, as well as requirement of special skills. Here, we have introduced a simple device for non-invasive and precise delivery of DPs in mice. We set up the self-made device using a 20 G cannula tube and a 1 mL syringe. Subsequently, it was validated in terms for proper installation, delivery of dry powder and safety. Taken together, we believe that this device will be helpful in pre-clinical studies, especially in laboratory experiments, for respiratory drug delivery in small animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birendra Chaurasiya
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Muye Zhou
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiasheng Tu
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Chunmeng Sun
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wyszogrodzka G, Dorożyński P, Gil B, Roth WJ, Strzempek M, Marszałek B, Węglarz WP, Menaszek E, Strzempek W, Kulinowski P. Iron-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks as a Theranostic Carrier for Local Tuberculosis Therapy. Pharm Res 2018; 35:144. [PMID: 29777389 PMCID: PMC5960001 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was initial evaluation of applicability of metal organic framework (MOF) Fe-MIL-101-NH2 as a theranostic carrier of antituberculous drug in terms of its functionality, i.e. drug loading, drug dissolution, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast and cytotoxic safety. METHODS Fe-MIL-101-NH2 was characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. The particle size analysis was determined using laser diffraction. Magnetic resonance relaxometry and MRI were carried out on phantoms of the MOF system suspended in polymer solution. Drug dissolution studies were conducted using Franz cells. For MOF cytotoxicity, commercially available fibroblasts L929 were cultured in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. RESULTS MOF particles were loaded with 12% of isoniazid. The particle size (3.37-6.45 μm) depended on the micronization method used. The proposed drug delivery system can also serve as the MRI contrast agent. The drug dissolution showed extended release of isoniazid. MOF particles accumulated in the L929 fibroblast cytoplasmic area, suggesting MOF release the drug inside the cells. The cytotoxicity confirmed safety of MOF system. CONCLUSIONS The application of MOF for extended release inhalable system proposes the novel strategy for delivery of standard antimycobacterial agents combined with monitoring of their distribution within the lung tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Wyszogrodzka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-068, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Gil
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wieslaw J Roth
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Strzempek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartosz Marszałek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysław P Węglarz
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Menaszek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Cytobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-068, Kraków, Poland
| | - Weronika Strzempek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Kulinowski
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Science, Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lizal F, Jedelsky J, Morgan K, Bauer K, Llop J, Cossio U, Kassinos S, Verbanck S, Ruiz-Cabello J, Santos A, Koch E, Schnabel C. Experimental methods for flow and aerosol measurements in human airways and their replicas. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 113:95-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
12
|
Oakes JM, Shadden SC, Grandmont C, Vignon-Clementel IE. Aerosol transport throughout inspiration and expiration in the pulmonary airways. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 33. [PMID: 27860424 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about transport throughout the respiration cycle in the conducting airways. It is challenging to appropriately describe the time-dependent number of particles entering back into the model during exhalation. Modeling the entire lung is not feasible; therefore, multidomain methods must be used. Here, we present a new framework that is designed to simulate particles throughout the respiration cycle, incorporating realistic airway geometry and respiration. This framework is applied for a healthy rat lung exposed to ∼ 1μm diameter particles, chosen to facilitate parameterization and validation. The flow field is calculated in the conducting airways (3D domain) by solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with experimentally derived boundary conditions. Particles are tracked throughout inspiration by solving a modified Maxey-Riley equation. Next, we pass the time-dependent particle concentrations exiting the 3D model to the 1D volume conservation and advection-diffusion models (1D domain). Once the 1D models are solved, we prescribe the time-dependent number of particles entering back into the 3D airways to again solve for 3D transport. The coupled simulations highlight that about twice as many particles deposit during inhalation compared to exhalation for the entire lung. In contrast to inhalation, where most particles deposit at the bifurcation zones, particles deposit relatively uniformly on the gravitationally dependent side of the 3D airways during exhalation. Strong agreement to previously collected regional experimental data is shown, as the 1D models account for lobe-dependent morphology. This framework may be applied to investigate dosimetry in other species and pathological lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Oakes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, 94709, CA, USA
- Inria Paris, 2 Rue Simone Iff, 75012, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 75252, Paris, France
| | - Shawn C Shadden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, 94709, CA, USA
| | - Céline Grandmont
- Inria Paris, 2 Rue Simone Iff, 75012, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 75252, Paris, France
| | - Irene E Vignon-Clementel
- Inria Paris, 2 Rue Simone Iff, 75012, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 75252, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tao C, Tang Y, Zhang L, Tian Y, Zhang Y. Atomization method for verifying size effects of inhalable particles on lung damage of mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1476-1484. [PMID: 27914648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To explore the size effects of inhalable particles on lung damage, aqueous aerosol containing cadmium was studied as a model to design a new type of two-stage atomization device that was composed of two adjustable parts with electronic ultrasonic atomization and pneumatic atomization. The working parameters and effectiveness of this device were tested with H2O atomization and CdCl2 inhalation, respectively. By gravimetrically detecting the mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 and analysing the particle size with a laser sensor, we confirmed the particle size distribution of the aqueous aerosol produced by the new device under different working conditions. Then, we conducted experiments in male Kunming mice that inhaled CdCl2 to determine the size effects of inhalable particles on lung damage and to confirm the effectiveness of the device. The new device could effectively control the particle size in the aqueous aerosol. The inhaled CdCl2 entered and injured the lungs of the mice by causing tissue damage, oxidative stress, increasing endoplasmic reticulum stress and triggering an inflammatory response, which might be related to where the particles deposited. The smaller particles in the aqueous aerosol atomized by the new two-stage atomization device deposited deeper into lung causing more damage. This device could provide a new method for animal experiments involving inhalation with water-soluble toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yue Tang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yonggang Tian
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Das GK, Anderson DS, Wallis CD, Carratt SA, Kennedy IM, Van Winkle LS. Novel multi-functional europium-doped gadolinium oxide nanoparticle aerosols facilitate the study of deposition in the developing rat lung. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:11518-30. [PMID: 27198643 PMCID: PMC5025943 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00897f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ultrafine particulate matter (UPM), less than 100 nm in size, has been linked to the development and exacerbation of pulmonary diseases. Age differences in susceptibility to UPM may be due to a difference in delivered dose as well as age-dependent differences in lung biology and clearance. In this study, we developed and characterized aerosol exposures to novel metal oxide nanoparticles containing lanthanides to study particle deposition in the developing postnatal rat lung. Neonatal, juvenile and adult rats (1, 3 and 12 weeks old) were nose only exposed to 380 μg m(-3) of ∼30 nm europium doped gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (Gd2O3:Eu(3+)) for 1 h. The deposited dose in the nose, extrapulmonary airways and lungs was determined using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The dose of deposited particles was significantly greater in the juvenile rats at 2.22 ng per g body weight compared to 1.47 ng per g and 0.097 ng per g for the adult and neonate rats, respectively. Toxicity was investigated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by quantifying recovered cell types, and measuring lactate dehydrogenase activity and total protein. The toxicity data suggests that the lanthanide particles were not acutely toxic or inflammatory with no increase in neutrophils or lactate dehydrogenase activity at any age. Juvenile and adult rats had the same mass of deposited NPs per gram of lung tissue, while neonatal rats had significantly less NPs deposited per gram of lung tissue. The current study demonstrates the utility of novel lanthanide-based nanoparticles to study inhaled particle deposition in vivo and has important implications for nanoparticles delivery to the developing lung either as therapies or as a portion of particulate matter air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautom K Das
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Donald S Anderson
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Chris D Wallis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Sarah A Carratt
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Ian M Kennedy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Laura S Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Baijnath S, Shobo A, Bester LA, Singh SD, Kruger G, Naicker T, Govender T. Small molecule distribution in rat lung: a comparison of various cryoprotectants as inflation media and their applicability to MSI. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:213-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-016-9658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Kermanizadeh A, Balharry D, Wallin H, Loft S, Møller P. Nanomaterial translocation–the biokinetics, tissue accumulation, toxicity and fate of materials in secondary organs–a review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:837-72. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1058747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
17
|
Validating CFD Predictions of Pharmaceutical Aerosol Deposition with In Vivo Data. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3170-87. [PMID: 25944585 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CFD provides a powerful approach to evaluate the deposition of pharmaceutical aerosols; however, previous studies have not compared CFD results of deposition throughout the lungs with in vivo data. METHODS The in vivo datasets selected for comparison with CFD predictions included fast and slow clearance of monodisperse aerosols as well as 2D gamma scintigraphy measurements for a dry powder inhaler (DPI) and softmist inhaler (SMI). The CFD model included the inhaler, a characteristic model of the mouth-throat (MT) and upper tracheobronchial (TB) airways, stochastic individual pathways (SIPs) representing the remaining TB region, and recent CFD-based correlations to predict pharmaceutical aerosol deposition in the alveolar airways. RESULTS For the monodisperse aerosol, CFD predictions of total lung deposition agreed with in vivo data providing a percent relative error of 6% averaged across aerosol sizes of 1-7 μm. With the DPI and SMI, deposition was evaluated in the MT, central airways (bifurcations B1-B7), and intermediate plus peripheral airways (B8 through alveoli). Across these regions, CFD predictions produced an average relative error <10% for each inhaler. CONCLUSIONS CFD simulations with the SIP modeling approach were shown to accurately predict regional deposition throughout the lungs for multiple aerosol types and different in vivo assessment methods.
Collapse
|
18
|
Fleming J, Conway J, Majoral C, Katz I, Caillibotte G, Pichelin M, Montesantos S, Bennett M. Controlled, Parametric, Individualized, 2-D and 3-D Imaging Measurements of Aerosol Deposition in the Respiratory Tract of Asthmatic Human Subjects for Model Validation. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2015; 28:432-51. [PMID: 25859710 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2014.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computer modeling is used to predict inhaled aerosol deposition in the lung based on definition of the aerosol characteristics and the breathing pattern and airway anatomy of the subject. Validation of the models is limited by the lack of detailed experimental data. Three-dimensional imaging provides an opportunity to address this unmet need. METHODS Radioactive aerosol was administered to six male asthmatic subjects on two occasions under carefully monitored input conditions. Input parameters varied in particle size, depth of breathing, and carrier gas. The aerosol distribution was measured by combined single photon emission computed tomography and x-ray computer tomography (SPECT/CT) and airway anatomy by high resolution CT. The deposition distribution was measured by both a 2D and 3D analysis and described in terms of the percentage of inhaled aerosol deposited in sections of the respiratory tract and in both spatial and anatomical subdivisions within each lung. The percentage deposition in the conducting airways was also assessed by 24 h clearance. RESULTS A set of imaging data of aerosol deposition has thus been produced in which the input parameters of inhalation are well described. The results in asthmatics were compared to previous measurements in healthy controls using an identical inhalation protocol. The percentages of deposition in extra-thoracic and thoracic compartments of the airways were not significantly affected by disease, but the regional pulmonary deposition pattern was, with asthma leading to increased deposition in the conducting airways. CONCLUSIONS The dataset acquired in this study will be useful in validating computer models of aerosol deposition in asthmatic subjects. Asthma did not affect the fraction of inhaled aerosol depositing in the lungs, but gave rise to a more central deposition pattern. The use of 3D SPECT imaging in combination with 24 h clearance measurements enables differentiation of deposition between bronchial and bronchiolar airways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Fleming
- 1 National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Respiratory Disease , Southampton, United Kingdom .,2 Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton, United Kingdom .,4 Medical R&D, Air Liquide Santé International, Paris-Saclay Research Center , Les Loges-en-Josas, France
| | - Joy Conway
- 1 National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Respiratory Disease , Southampton, United Kingdom .,3 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton , Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Majoral
- 4 Medical R&D, Air Liquide Santé International, Paris-Saclay Research Center , Les Loges-en-Josas, France
| | - Ira Katz
- 4 Medical R&D, Air Liquide Santé International, Paris-Saclay Research Center , Les Loges-en-Josas, France .,5 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lafayette College , Easton, Pennsylvania
| | - Georges Caillibotte
- 4 Medical R&D, Air Liquide Santé International, Paris-Saclay Research Center , Les Loges-en-Josas, France
| | - Marine Pichelin
- 4 Medical R&D, Air Liquide Santé International, Paris-Saclay Research Center , Les Loges-en-Josas, France
| | - Spyridon Montesantos
- 4 Medical R&D, Air Liquide Santé International, Paris-Saclay Research Center , Les Loges-en-Josas, France
| | - Michael Bennett
- 1 National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Respiratory Disease , Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang H, Sebrié C, Ruaud J, Guillot G, Bouazizi K, Willoquet G, Maître X, Darrasse L, de Rochefort L. Aerosol deposition in the lungs of spontaneously breathing rats using Gd‐DOTA‐based contrast agents and ultra‐short echo time MRI at 1.5 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:594-605. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Wang
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Catherine Sebrié
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Jean‐Pierre Ruaud
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Geneviève Guillot
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Khaoula Bouazizi
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Georges Willoquet
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Xavier Maître
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Luc Darrasse
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Ludovic de Rochefort
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oakes JM, Marsden AL, Grandmont C, Darquenne C, Vignon-Clementel IE. Distribution of aerosolized particles in healthy and emphysematous rat lungs: comparison between experimental and numerical studies. J Biomech 2015; 48:1147-57. [PMID: 25682537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In silico models of airflow and particle deposition in the lungs are increasingly used to determine the therapeutic or toxic effects of inhaled aerosols. While computational methods have advanced significantly, relatively few studies have directly compared model predictions to experimental data. Furthermore, few prior studies have examined the influence of emphysema on particle deposition. In this work we performed airflow and particle simulations to compare numerical predictions to data from our previous aerosol exposure experiments. Employing an image-based 3D rat airway geometry, we first compared steady flow simulations to coupled 3D-0D unsteady simulations in the healthy rat lung. Then, in 3D-0D simulations, the influence of emphysema was investigated by matching disease location to the experimental study. In both the healthy unsteady and steady simulations, good agreement was found between numerical predictions of aerosol delivery and experimental deposition data. However, deposition patterns in the 3D geometry differed between the unsteady and steady cases. On the contrary, satisfactory agreement was not found between the numerical predictions and experimental data for the emphysematous lungs. This indicates that the deposition rate downstream of the 3D geometry is likely proportional to airflow delivery in the healthy lungs, but not in the emphysematous lungs. Including small airway collapse, variations in downstream airway size and tissue properties, and tracking particles throughout expiration may result in a more favorable agreement in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Oakes
- INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France; Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 6, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alison L Marsden
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Céline Grandmont
- INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France; Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 6, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Darquenne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irene E Vignon-Clementel
- INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France; Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 6, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Darquenne C, Borja MG, Oakes JM, Breen EC, Olfert IM, Scadeng M, Prisk GK. Increase in relative deposition of fine particles in the rat lung periphery in the absence of gravity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:880-6. [PMID: 25170069 PMCID: PMC4199993 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00298.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is well recognized that pulmonary deposition of inhaled particles is lowered in microgravity (μG) compared with gravity on the ground (1G), the absence of sedimentation causes fine particles to penetrate deeper in the lung in μG. Using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we determined the effect of gravity on peripheral deposition (DEPperipheral) of fine particles. Aerosolized 0.95-μm-diameter ferric oxide particles were delivered to spontaneously breathing rats placed in plethysmographic chambers both in μG aboard the NASA Microgravity Research Aircraft and at 1G. Following exposure, lungs were perfusion fixed, fluid filled, and imaged in a 3T MR scanner. The MR signal decay rate, R2*, was measured in each voxel of the left lung from which particle deposition (DEP) was determined based on a calibration curve. Regional deposition was assessed by comparing DEP between the outer (DEPperipheral) and inner (DEPcentral) areas on each slice, and expressed as the central-to-peripheral ratio. Total lung deposition tended to be lower in μG compared with 1G (1.01 ± 0.52 vs. 1.43 ± 0.52 μg/ml, P = 0.1). In μG, DEPperipheral was larger than DEPcentral (P < 0.03), while, in 1G, DEPperipheral was not significantly different from DEPcentral. Finally, central-to-peripheral ratio was significantly less in μG than in 1G (P ≤ 0.05). These data show a larger fraction of fine particles depositing peripherally in μG than in 1G, likely beyond the large- and medium-sized airways. Although not measured, the difference in the spatial distribution of deposited particles between μG and 1G could also affect particle retention rates, with an increase in retention for particles deposited more peripherally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Darquenne
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California;
| | - Maria G Borja
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Jessica M Oakes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Ellen C Breen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - I Mark Olfert
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Miriam Scadeng
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - G Kim Prisk
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Teeguarden JG, Mikheev VB, Minard KR, Forsythe WC, Wang W, Sharma G, Karin N, Tilton SC, Waters KM, Asgharian B, Price OR, Pounds JG, Thrall BD. Comparative iron oxide nanoparticle cellular dosimetry and response in mice by the inhalation and liquid cell culture exposure routes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:46. [PMID: 25266609 PMCID: PMC4200214 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxicity testing the rapidly growing number of nanomaterials requires large scale use of in vitro systems under the presumption that these systems are sufficiently predictive or descriptive of responses in in vivo systems for effective use in hazard ranking. We hypothesized that improved relationships between in vitro and in vivo models of experimental toxicology for nanomaterials would result from placing response data in vitro and in vivo on the same dose scale, the amount of material associated with cells. Methods Balb/c mice were exposed nose-only to an aerosol (68.6 nm CMD, 19.9 mg/m3, 4 hours) generated from of 12.8 nm superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO). Target cell doses were calculated, histological evaluations conducted, and biomarkers of response were identified by global transcriptomics. Representative murine epithelial and macrophage cell types were exposed in vitro to the same material in liquid suspension for four hours and levels of nanoparticle regulated cytokine transcripts identified in vivo were quantified as a function of measured nanoparticle cellular dose. Results Target tissue doses of 0.009-0.4 μg SPIO/cm2 in lung led to an inflammatory response in the alveolar region characterized by interstitial inflammation and macrophage infiltration. In vitro, higher target tissue doses of ~1.2-4 μg SPIO/ cm2 of cells were required to induce transcriptional regulation of markers of inflammation, CXCL2 & CCL3, in C10 lung epithelial cells. Estimated in vivo macrophage SPIO nanoparticle doses ranged from 1-100 pg/cell, and induction of inflammatory markers was observed in vitro in macrophages at doses of 8-35 pg/cell. Conclusions Application of target tissue dosimetry revealed good correspondence between target cell doses triggering inflammatory processes in vitro and in vivo in the alveolar macrophage population, but not in the epithelial cells of the alveolar region. These findings demonstrate the potential for target tissue dosimetry to enable the more quantitative comparison of in vitro and in vivo systems and advance their use for hazard assessment and extrapolation to humans. The mildly inflammogentic cellular doses experienced by mice were similar to those calculated for humans exposed to the same material at the existing permissible exposure limit of 10 mg/m3 iron oxide (as Fe). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0046-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
23
|
Darquenne C. Aerosol deposition in the human lung in reduced gravity. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2014; 27:170-7. [PMID: 24870702 PMCID: PMC4088354 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2013.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of aerosol in the human lung occurs mainly through a combination of inertial impaction, gravitational sedimentation, and diffusion. For 0.5- to 5-μm-diameter particles and resting breathing conditions, the primary mechanism of deposition in the intrathoracic airways is sedimentation, and therefore the fate of these particles is markedly affected by gravity. Studies of aerosol deposition in altered gravity have mostly been performed in humans during parabolic flights in both microgravity (μG) and hypergravity (~1.6G), where both total deposition during continuous aerosol mouth breathing and regional deposition using aerosol bolus inhalations were performed with 0.5- to 3-μm particles. Although total deposition increased with increasing gravity level, only peripheral deposition as measured by aerosol bolus inhalations was strongly dependent on gravity, with central deposition (lung depth<200 mL) being similar between gravity levels. More recently, the spatial distribution of coarse particles (mass median aerodynamic diameter≈5 μm) deposited in the human lung was assessed using planar gamma scintigraphy. The absence of gravity caused a smaller portion of 5-μm particles to deposit in the lung periphery than in the central region, where deposition occurred mainly in the airways. Indeed, 5-μm-diameter particles deposit either by inertial impaction, a mechanism most efficient in the large and medium-sized airways, or by gravitational sedimentation, which is most efficient in the distal lung. On the contrary, for fine particles (~1 μm), both aerosol bolus inhalations and studies in small animals suggest that particles deposit more peripherally in μG than in 1G, beyond the reach of the mucociliary clearance system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Darquenne
- Department of Medicine, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Oakes JM, Breen EC, Scadeng M, Tchantchou GS, Darquenne C. MRI-based measurements of aerosol deposition in the lung of healthy and elastase-treated rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1561-8. [PMID: 24790020 PMCID: PMC4064380 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01165.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosolized drugs are increasingly being used to treat chronic lung diseases or to deliver therapeutics systemically through the lung. The influence of disease, such as emphysema, on particle deposition is not fully understood. With the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the deposition pattern of iron oxide particles with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.2 μm was assessed in the lungs of healthy and elastase-treated rats. Tracheostomized rats were ventilated with particles, at a tidal volume of 2.2 ml, and a breathing frequency of 80 breaths/min. Maximum airway pressure was significantly lower in the elastase-treated (Paw = 7.71 ± 1.68 cmH2O) than in the healthy rats (Paw = 10.43 ± 1.02 cmH2O; P < 0.01). This is consistent with an increase in compliance characteristic of an emphysema-like lung structure. Following exposure, lungs were perfusion fixed and imaged in a 3T MR scanner. Particle concentration in the different lobes was determined based on a relationship with the MR signal decay rate, R2*. Whole lung particle deposition was significantly higher in the elastase-treated rats (CE,part = 3.03 ± 0.61 μm/ml) compared with the healthy rats (CH,part = 1.84 ± 0.35 μm/ml; P < 0.01). However, when particle deposition in each lobe was normalized by total deposition in the lung, there was no difference between the experimental groups. However, the relative dispersion [RD = standard deviation/mean] of R2* was significantly higher in the elastase-treated rats (RDE = 0.32 ± 0.02) compared with the healthy rats (RDH = 0.25 ± 0.02; P < 0.01). These data show that particle deposition is higher and more heterogeneously distributed in emphysematous lungs compared with healthy lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Oakes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Ellen C Breen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Miriam Scadeng
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California; and
| | | | - Chantal Darquenne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of California, San Diego, California;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oakes JM, Marsden AL, Grandmont C, Shadden SC, Darquenne C, Vignon-Clementel IE. Airflow and particle deposition simulations in health and emphysema: from in vivo to in silico animal experiments. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 42:899-914. [PMID: 24318192 PMCID: PMC4092242 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Image-based in silico modeling tools provide detailed velocity and particle deposition data. However, care must be taken when prescribing boundary conditions to model lung physiology in health or disease, such as in emphysema. In this study, the respiratory resistance and compliance were obtained by solving an inverse problem; a 0D global model based on healthy and emphysematous rat experimental data. Multi-scale CFD simulations were performed by solving the 3D Navier-Stokes equations in an MRI-derived rat geometry coupled to a 0D model. Particles with 0.95 μm diameter were tracked and their distribution in the lung was assessed. Seven 3D-0D simulations were performed: healthy, homogeneous, and five heterogeneous emphysema cases. Compliance (C) was significantly higher (p = 0.04) in the emphysematous rats (C = 0.37 ± 0.14 cm(3)/cmH2O) compared to the healthy rats (C = 0.25 ± 0.04 cm(3)/cmH2O), while the resistance remained unchanged (p = 0.83). There were increases in airflow, particle deposition in the 3D model, and particle delivery to the diseased regions for the heterogeneous cases compared to the homogeneous cases. The results highlight the importance of multi-scale numerical simulations to study airflow and particle distribution in healthy and diseased lungs. The effect of particle size and gravity were studied. Once available, these in silico predictions may be compared to experimental deposition data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Oakes
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Glenny RW, Bauer C, Hofmanninger J, Lamm WJ, Krueger MA, Beichel RR. Heterogeneity and matching of ventilation and perfusion within anatomical lung units in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 189:594-606. [PMID: 23942308 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies exploring the spatial distributions of ventilation and perfusion have partitioned the lung into discrete regions not constrained by anatomical boundaries and may blur regional differences in perfusion and ventilation. To characterize the anatomical heterogeneity of regional ventilation and perfusion, we administered fluorescent microspheres to mark regional ventilation and perfusion in five Sprague-Dawley rats and then using highly automated computer algorithms, partitioned the lungs into regions defined by anatomical structures identified in the images. The anatomical regions ranged in size from the near-acinar to the lobar level. Ventilation and perfusion were well correlated at the smallest anatomical level. Perfusion and ventilation heterogeneity were relatively less in rats compared to data previously published in larger animals. The more uniform distributions may be due to a smaller gravitational gradient and/or the fewer number of generations in the distribution trees before reaching the level of gas exchange, making regional matching of ventilation and perfusion less extensive in small animals.
Collapse
|