1
|
Karmakar A, Burgreen GW, Rydquist G, Antaki JF. A homogenized two-phase computational framework for meso- and macroscale blood flow simulations. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 247:108090. [PMID: 38394788 PMCID: PMC11018323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Owing to the complexity of physics linked with blood flow and its associated phenomena, appropriate modeling of the multi-constituent rheology of blood is of primary importance. To this effect, various kinds of computational fluid dynamic models have been developed, each with merits and limitations. However, when additional physics like thrombosis and embolization is included within the framework of these models, computationally efficient scalable translation becomes very difficult. Therefore, this paper presents a homogenized two-phase blood flow framework with similar characteristics to a single fluid model but retains the flow resolution of a classical two-fluid model. The presented framework is validated against four different sets of experiments. METHODS The two-phase model of blood presented here is based on the classical diffusion-flux framework. Diffusion flux models are known to be less computationally expensive than two-fluid multiphase models since the numerical implementation resembles single-phase flow models. Diffusion flux models typically use empirical slip velocity correlations to resolve the motion between phases. However, such correlations do not exist for blood. Therefore, a modified slip velocity equation is proposed, derived rigorously from the two-fluid governing equations. An additional drag law for red blood cells (RBCs) as a function of volume fraction is evaluated using a previously published cell-resolved solver. A new hematocrit-dependent expression for lift force on RBCs is proposed. The final governing equations are discretized and solved using the open-source software OpenFOAM. RESULTS The framework is validated against four sets of experiments: (i) flow through a rectangular microchannel to validate RBC velocity profiles against experimental measurements and compare computed hematocrit distributions against previously reported simulation results (ii) flow through a sudden expansion microchannel for comparing experimentally obtained contours of hematocrit distributions and normalized cell-free region length obtained at different flowrates and inlet hematocrits, (iii) flow through two hyperbolic channels to evaluate model predictions of cell-free layer thickness, and (iv) flow through a microchannel that mimics crevices of a left ventricular assist device to predict hematocrit distributions observed experimentally. The simulation results exhibit good agreement with the results of all four experiments. CONCLUSION The computational framework presented in this paper has the advantage of resolving the multiscale physics of blood flow while still leveraging numerical techniques used for solving single-phase flows. Therefore, it becomes an excellent candidate for addressing more complicated problems related to blood flow, such as modeling mechanical entrapment of RBCs within blood clots, predicting thrombus composition, and visualizing clot embolization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Karmakar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Greg W Burgreen
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Grant Rydquist
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James F Antaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu Z, Chen C, Hao P, He F, Zhang X. Cell-scale hemolysis evaluation of intervenient ventricular assist device based on dissipative particle dynamics. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1181423. [PMID: 37476687 PMCID: PMC10354560 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1181423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the existing hemolysis mechanism studies are carried out on the macro flow scale. They assume that the erythrocyte membranes with different loads will suffer the same damage, which obviously has limitations. Thus, exploring the hemolysis mechanism through the macroscopic flow field information is a tough challenge. In order to further understand the non-physiological shear hemolysis phenomenon at the cell scale, this study used the coarse-grained erythrocytes damage model at the mesoscopic scale based on the transport dissipative particle dynamics (tDPD) method. Combined with computational fluid dynamics the hemolysis of scalarized shear stress (τ) in the clearance of "Impella 5.0" was evaluated under the Lagrange perspective and Euler perspective. The results from the Lagrange perspective showed that the change rate of scaled shear stress (τ˙) was the most critical factor in damaging RBCs in the rotor region of "Impella 5.0"and other transvalvular micro-axial blood pumps. Then, we propose a dimensionless number Dk with time integration based on τ˙ to evaluate hemolysis. The Dissipative particle dynamics simulation results are consistent with the Dk evaluation results, so τ˙ may be an important factor in the hemolysis of VADs. Finally, we tested the hemolysis of 30% hematocrit whole blood in the "Impella 5.0" shroud clearance from the Euler perspective. Relevant results indicate that because of the wall effect, the RBCs near the impeller side are more prone to damage, and most of the cytoplasm is also gathered at the rotor side.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghan Chen
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, AVIC Aerodynamics Research Institute Joint Research Center for Advanced Materials and Anti-Icing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng He
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han K, Ma S, Sun J, Xu M, Qi X, Wang S, Li L, Li X. In silico modeling of patient-specific blood rheology in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biophys J 2023; 122:1445-1458. [PMID: 36905122 PMCID: PMC10147843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased blood viscosity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and diabetes-related vascular complications; however, individuals with T2DM exhibit heterogeneous hemorheological properties, including cell deformation and aggregation. Using a multiscale red blood cell (RBC) model with key parameters derived from patient-specific data, we present a computational study of the rheological properties of blood from individual patients with T2DM. Specifically, one key model parameter, which determines the shear stiffness of the RBC membrane (μ) is informed by the high-shear-rate blood viscosity of patients with T2DM. At the same time, the other, which contributes to the strength of the RBC aggregation interaction (D0), is derived from the low-shear-rate blood viscosity of patients with T2DM. The T2DM RBC suspensions are simulated at different shear rates, and the predicted blood viscosity is compared with clinical laboratory-measured data. The results show that the blood viscosity obtained from clinical laboratories and computational simulations are in agreement at both low and high shear rates. These quantitative simulation results demonstrate that the patient-specific model has truly learned the rheological behavior of T2DM blood by unifying the mechanical and aggregation factors of the RBCs, which provides an effective way to extract quantitative predictions of the rheological properties of the blood of individual patients with T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehui Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaojing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Xuejin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Farina A, Fasano A, Rosso F. A theoretical model for the Fåhræus effect in medium-large microvessels. J Theor Biol 2023; 558:111355. [PMID: 36402201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical model capable to reproduce a celebrated phenomenon in blood microcirculation known as Fåhræus effect, since its discovery by Robin Fåhræus (1929). This consists in a decaying of the relative hematocrit in small vessels as the vessel diameter decreases. The key point of the model is a formula, direct consequence of the basic principles of fluid dynamics, that links the relative hematocrit to the reservoir hematocrit and the vessel diameter, which confirms the observed behavior. To test the model we selected, among the few experiments carried on since then, those performed by Barbee and Cokelet (1971). The agreement is remarkable. An extended comparison is also carried out with a celebrated empirical formula proposed by Pries et al. (1992) to describe the same phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angiolo Farina
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica "Ulisse Dini", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 67/a, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Antonio Fasano
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica "Ulisse Dini", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 67/a, 50134 Firenze, Italy; FIAB S.p.A., Vicchio, Firenze, Italy; I.A.S.I. - C.N.R., Via dei Taurini, Roma, Italy.
| | - Fabio Rosso
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica "Ulisse Dini", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 67/a, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Belyaev AV, Kushchenko YK. Biomechanical activation of blood platelets via adhesion to von Willebrand factor studied with mesoscopic simulations. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:785-808. [PMID: 36627458 PMCID: PMC9838538 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Platelet adhesion and activation are essential initial processes of arterial and microvascular hemostasis, where high hydrodynamic forces from the bloodflow impede coagulation. The process relies on von Willebrand factor (VWF)-a linear multimeric protein of blood plasma plays a pivotal role in mechanochemical regulation of shear-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA). Adhesive interactions between VWF and glycoprotein receptors GPIb are crucial for platelet recruitment under high shear stress in fluid. Recent advances in experimental studies revealed that mechanical tension on the extracellular part of GPIb may trigger a cascade of biochemical reactions in platelets leading to activation of integrins [Formula: see text] (also known as GPIIb/IIIa) and strengthening of the adhesion. The present paper is aimed at investigation of this process by three-dimensional computer simulations of platelet adhesion to surface-grafted VWF multimers in pressure-driven flow of platelet-rich plasma. The simulations demonstrate that GPIb-mediated mechanotransduction is a feasible way of platelet activation and stabilization of platelet aggregates under high shear stress. Quantitative understanding of mechanochemical processes involved in SIPA would potentially promote the discovery of new anti-platelet medication and the development of multiscale numerical models of platelet thrombosis and hemostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V. Belyaev
- grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, Russia 119991
| | - Yulia K. Kushchenko
- grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, Russia 119991
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Effect of hemoglobin hydration on the physical properties of erythrocyte cytoplasm and whole blood. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
7
|
Sun J, Han K, Xu M, Li L, Qian J, Li L, Li X. Blood Viscosity in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Roles of Hyperglycemia and Elevated Plasma Fibrinogen. Front Physiol 2022; 13:827428. [PMID: 35283762 PMCID: PMC8914209 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.827428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The viscosity of blood is an indicator in the understanding and treatment of disease. An elevated blood viscosity has been demonstrated in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), which might represent a risk factor for cardiovascular complications. However, the roles of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and plasma fibrinogen levels on the elevated blood viscosity in subjects with T2DM at different chronic glycemic conditions are still not clear. Here, we evaluate the relationship between the blood viscosity and HbA1c as well as plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with T2DM. The experimental data show that the mean values of the T2DM blood viscosity are higher in groups with higher HbA1c levels, but the correlation between the T2DM blood viscosity and the HbA1c level is not obvious. Instead, when we investigate the influence of plasma fibrinogen level on the blood viscosity in T2DM subjects, we find that the T2DM blood viscosity is significantly and positively correlated with the plasma fibrinogen level. Further, to probe the combined effects of multiple factors (including the HbA1c and plasma fibrinogen levels) on the altered blood viscosity in T2DM, we regroup the experimental data based on the T2DM blood viscosity values at both the low and high shear rates, and our results suggest that the influence of the elevated HbA1c level on blood viscosity is quite limited, although it is an important indicator of glycemic control in T2DM patients. Instead, the elevated blood hematocrit, the enhanced red blood cell (RBC) aggregation induced by the increased plasma fibrinogen level, and the reduced RBC deformation play key roles in the determination of blood viscosity in T2DM. Together, these experimental results are helpful in identifying the key determinants for the altered T2DM blood viscosity, which can be used in future studies of the hemorheological disturbances of T2DM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiehui Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Keqin Han
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Lujuan Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Qian
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Li Li
| | - Xuejin Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Xuejin Li
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu D, Zhang Z, Wang R, Hu J. Stability and Deformation of Vesicles in a Cylindrical Flow. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:629-637. [PMID: 34994199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we used dissipative particle dynamics to study the stability, deformation, and rupture of polymer vesicles confined in cylindrical channels under the flow field. The morphological evolution, elongation, and rupture of vesicles and the corresponding mechanisms were intensively investigated. Bullet-like vesicles, leaking vesicles, spherical micelles, hamburger-like micelles, and bilayers were observed by changing the degree of confinement and dimensionless shear rate. We found that increasing the dimensionless shear rate and the degree of confinement can cause the deformation or rupture of polymeric vesicles. The asphericity parameter was utilized to describe the degree of elongation of vesicles deviating from the sphere in the direction of the flow. The results show that the aggregates are more likely to be spherical when the confinement is weak, while they become elongated bullet-like shapes when the confinement is strong. The investigation of dynamics reveals that the degree of confinement and the dimensionless shear rate can affect the chain stretching and reorganization during the process of vesicle elongation. Furthermore, the rupture time of the vesicle shows a nonlinear decrease with an increase in the dimensionless shear rate, and the confinement also contributes to the rupture. The results are very useful for guiding the application of vesicles in a flow environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A computational model for cardiovascular hemodynamics and protein transport phenomena. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-021-00530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Wang S, Ye T, Li G, Zhang X, Shi H. Margination and adhesion dynamics of tumor cells in a real microvascular network. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008746. [PMID: 33606686 PMCID: PMC7928530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In tumor metastasis, the margination and adhesion of tumor cells are two critical and closely related steps, which may determine the destination where the tumor cells extravasate to. We performed a direct three-dimensional simulation on the behaviors of the tumor cells in a real microvascular network, by a hybrid method of the smoothed dissipative particle dynamics and immersed boundary method (SDPD-IBM). The tumor cells are found to adhere at the microvascular bifurcations more frequently, and there is a positive correlation between the adhesion of the tumor cells and the wall-directed force from the surrounding red blood cells (RBCs). The larger the wall-directed force is, the closer the tumor cells are marginated towards the wall, and the higher the probability of adhesion behavior happen is. A relatively low or high hematocrit can help to prevent the adhesion of tumor cells, and similarly, increasing the shear rate of blood flow can serve the same purpose. These results suggest that the tumor cells may be more likely to extravasate at the microvascular bifurcations if the blood flow is slow and the hematocrit is moderate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Wang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Guansheng Li
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huixin Shi
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Link KG, Stobb MT, Monroe DM, Fogelson AL, Neeves KB, Sindi SS, Leiderman K. Computationally Driven Discovery in Coagulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:79-86. [PMID: 33115272 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bleeding frequency and severity within clinical categories of hemophilia A are highly variable and the origin of this variation is unknown. Solving this mystery in coagulation requires the generation and analysis of large data sets comprised of experimental outputs or patient samples, both of which are subject to limited availability. In this review, we describe how a computationally driven approach bypasses such limitations by generating large synthetic patient data sets. These data sets were created with a mechanistic mathematical model, by varying the model inputs, clotting factor, and inhibitor concentrations, within normal physiological ranges. Specific mathematical metrics were chosen from the model output, used as a surrogate measure for bleeding severity, and statistically analyzed for further exploration and hypothesis generation. We highlight results from our recent study that employed this computationally driven approach to identify FV (factor V) as a key modifier of thrombin generation in mild to moderate hemophilia A, which was confirmed with complementary experimental assays. The mathematical model was used further to propose a potential mechanism for these observations whereby thrombin generation is rescued in FVIII-deficient plasma due to reduced substrate competition between FV and FVIII for FXa (activated factor X).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G Link
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Davis (K.G.L.)
| | - Michael T Stobb
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, IA (M.T.S.)
| | - Dougald M Monroe
- Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (D.M.M.)
| | - Aaron L Fogelson
- Departments of Mathematics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.L.F.)
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Departments of Bioengineering and Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Denver (K.B.N.)
| | - Suzanne S Sindi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced (S.S.S.)
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden (K.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eckmann DM, Bradley RP, Kandy SK, Patil K, Janmey PA, Radhakrishnan R. Multiscale modeling of protein membrane interactions for nanoparticle targeting in drug delivery. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 64:104-110. [PMID: 32731155 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP)-based imaging and drug delivery systems for systemic (e.g. intravenous) therapeutic and diagnostic applications are inherently a complex integration of biology and engineering. A broad range of length and time scales are essential to hydrodynamic and microscopic molecular interactions mediating NP (drug nanocarriers, imaging agents) motion in blood flow, cell binding/uptake, and tissue accumulation. A computational model of time-dependent tissue delivery, providing in silico prediction of organ-specific accumulation of NPs, can be leveraged in NP design and clinical applications. In this article, we provide the current state-of-the-art and future outlook for the development of predictive models for NP transport, targeting, and distribution through the integration of new computational schemes rooted in statistical mechanics and transport. The resulting multiscale model will comprehensively incorporate: (i) hydrodynamic interactions in the vascular scales relevant to NP margination; (ii) physical and mechanical forces defining cellular and tissue architecture and epitope accessibility mediating NP adhesion; and (iii) subcellular and paracellular interactions including molecular-level targeting impacting NP uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Center for Medical and Engineering Innovation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ryan P Bradley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sreeja K Kandy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Keshav Patil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ravi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Modelling of Red Blood Cell Morphological and Deformability Changes during In-Vitro Storage. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10093209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Storage lesion is a critical issue facing transfusion treatments, and it adversely affects the quality and viability of stored red blood cells (RBCs). RBC deformability is a key indicator of cell health. Deformability measurements of each RBC unit are a key challenge in transfusion medicine research and clinical haematology. In this paper, a numerical study, inspired from the previous research for RBC deformability and morphology predictions, is conducted for the first time, to investigate the deformability and morphology characteristics of RBCs undergoing storage lesion. This study investigates the evolution of the cell shape factor, elongation index and membrane spicule details, where applicable, of discocyte, echinocyte I, echinocyte II, echinocyte III and sphero-echinocyte morphologies during 42 days of in-vitro storage at 4 °C in saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM). Computer simulations were performed to investigate the influence of storage lesion-induced membrane structural defects on cell deformability and its recoverability during optical tweezers stretching deformations. The predicted morphology and deformability indicate decreasing quality and viability of stored RBCs undergoing storage lesion. The loss of membrane structural integrity due to the storage lesion further degrades the cell deformability and recoverability during mechanical deformations. This numerical approach provides a potential framework to study the RBC deformation characteristics under varying pathophysiological conditions for better diagnostics and treatments.
Collapse
|
14
|
Geekiyanage NM, Sauret E, Saha SC, Flower RL, Gu YT. Deformation behaviour of stomatocyte, discocyte and echinocyte red blood cell morphologies during optical tweezers stretching. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:1827-1843. [PMID: 32100179 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The red blood cell (RBC) deformability is a critical aspect, and assessing the cell deformation characteristics is essential for better diagnostics of healthy and deteriorating RBCs. There is a need to explore the connection between the cell deformation characteristics, cell morphology, disease states, storage lesion and cell shape-transformation conditions for better diagnostics and treatments. A numerical approach inspired from the previous research for RBC morphology predictions and for analysis of RBC deformations is proposed for the first time, to investigate the deformation characteristics of different RBC morphologies. The present study investigates the deformability characteristics of stomatocyte, discocyte and echinocyte morphologies during optical tweezers stretching and provides the opportunity to study the combined contribution of cytoskeletal spectrin network and the lipid-bilayer during RBC deformation. The proposed numerical approach predicts agreeable deformation characteristics of the healthy discocyte with the analogous experimental observations and is extended to further investigate the deformation characteristics of stomatocyte and echinocyte morphologies. In particular, the computer simulations are performed to investigate the influence of direct stretching forces on different equilibrium cell morphologies on cell spectrin link extensions and cell elongation index, along with a parametric analysis on membrane shear modulus, spectrin link extensibility, bending modulus and RBC membrane-bead contact diameter. The results agree with the experimentally observed stiffer nature of stomatocyte and echinocyte with respect to a healthy discocyte at experimentally determined membrane characteristics and suggest the preservation of relevant morphological characteristics, changes in spectrin link densities and the primary contribution of cytoskeletal spectrin network on deformation behaviour of stomatocyte, discocyte and echinocyte morphologies during optical tweezers stretching deformation. The numerical approach presented here forms the foundation for investigations into deformation characteristics and recoverability of RBCs undergoing storage lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M Geekiyanage
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - E Sauret
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - S C Saha
- University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - R L Flower
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Y T Gu
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jani VP, Lucas A, Jani VP, Munoz C, Williams AT, Ortiz D, Yalcin O, Cabrales P. Numerical Model for the Determination of Erythrocyte Mechanical Properties and Wall Shear Stress in vivo From Intravital Microscopy. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1562. [PMID: 32038273 PMCID: PMC6989587 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties and deformability of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) are important determinants of blood rheology and microvascular hemodynamics. The objective of this study is to quantify the mechanical properties and wall shear stress experienced by the RBC membrane during capillary plug flow in vivo utilizing high speed video recording from intravital microscopy, biomechanical modeling, and computational methods. Capillaries were imaged in the rat cremaster muscle pre- and post-RBC transfusion of stored RBCs for 2-weeks. RBC membrane contours were extracted utilizing image processing and parametrized. RBC parameterizations were used to determine updated deformation gradient and Lagrangian Green strain tensors for each point along the parametrization and for each frame during plug flow. The updated Lagrangian Green strain and Displacement Gradient tensors were numerically fit to the Navier-Lame equations along the parameterized boundary to determined Lame's constants. Mechanical properties and wall shear stress were determined before and transfusion, were grouped in three populations of erythrocytes: native cells (NC) or circulating cells before transfusion, and two distinct population of cells after transfusion with stored cells (SC1 and SC2). The distinction, between the heterogeneous populations of cells present after the transfusion, SC1 and SC2, was obtained through principle component analysis (PCA) of the mechanical properties along the membrane. Cells with the first two principle components within 3 standard deviations of the mean, were labeled as SC1, and those with the first two principle components greater than 3 standard deviations from the mean were labeled as SC2. The calculated shear modulus average was 1.1±0.2, 0.90±0.15, and 12 ± 8 MPa for NC, SC1, and SC2, respectively. The calculated young's modulus average was 3.3±0.6, 2.6±0.4, and 32±20 MPa for NC, SC1, and SC2, respectively. o our knowledge, the methods presented here are the first estimation of the erythrocyte mechanical properties and shear stress in vivo during capillary plug flow. In summary, the methods introduced in this study may provide a new avenue of investigation of erythrocyte mechanics in the context of hematologic conditions that adversely affect erythrocyte mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Jani
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alfredo Lucas
- Functional Cardiovascular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Vinay P Jani
- Functional Cardiovascular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Carlos Munoz
- Functional Cardiovascular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alexander T Williams
- Functional Cardiovascular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ozlem Yalcin
- Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Functional Cardiovascular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Depond M, Henry B, Buffet P, Ndour PA. Methods to Investigate the Deformability of RBC During Malaria. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1613. [PMID: 32038293 PMCID: PMC6990122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a 30% decline in mortality since 2000, malaria still affected 219 million subjects and caused 435,000 deaths in 2017. Red blood cells (RBC) host Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria, of which Plasmodium falciparum is the most pathogenic. The deformability of RBC is markedly modified by invasion and development of P. falciparum. Surface membrane area is potentially impacted by parasite entry and development, the cytoskeleton is modified by parasite proteins and cytosol viscosity is altered by parasite metabolism. RBC hosting mature parasites (second half of the asexual erythrocytic cycle) are abnormally stiff but the main reason for their absence from the circulation is their adherence to endothelial cells, mediated by parasite proteins exposed at the infected-RBC surface. By contrast, the circulation of non-adherent rings and gametocytes, depends predominantly on deformability. Altered deformability of rings and of uninfected-RBC altered by malaria infection is an important determinant of malaria pathogenesis. It also impacts the response to antimalarial therapy. Unlike conventional antimalarials that target mature stages, currently recommended first-line artemisinin derivatives and the emerging spiroindolones act on circulating rings. Methods to investigate the deformability of RBC are therefore critical to understand the clearance of infected- and uninfected-RBC in malaria. Herein, we review the main methods to assess the deformability of P. falciparum infected-RBC, and their contribution to the understanding of how P. falciparum infection causes disease, how the parasite is transmitted and how antimalarial drugs induce parasite clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallorie Depond
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Universit de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Henry
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Universit de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Buffet
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Universit de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Papa Alioune Ndour
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Universit de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Olgen S, Kotra LP. Drug Repurposing in the Development of Anticancer Agents. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5410-5427. [PMID: 30009698 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180713155702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into repositioning known drugs to treat cancer other than the originally intended disease continues to grow and develop, encouraged in part, by several recent success stories. Many of the studies in this article are geared towards repurposing generic drugs because additional clinical trials are relatively easy to perform and the drug safety profiles have previously been established. OBJECTIVE This review provides an overview of anticancer drug development strategies which is one of the important areas of drug restructuring. METHODS Repurposed drugs for cancer treatments are classified by their pharmacological effects. The successes and failures of important repurposed drugs as anticancer agents are evaluated in this review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Drugs could have many off-target effects, and can be intelligently repurposed if the off-target effects can be employed for therapeutic purposes. In cancer, due to the heterogeneity of the disease, often targets are quite diverse, hence a number of already known drugs that interfere with these targets could be deployed or repurposed with appropriate research and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sureyya Olgen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lakshmi P Kotra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.,Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7 Canada.,Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Advances in Computational Fluid Mechanics in Cellular Flow Manipulation: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9194041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, remarkable developments have taken place, leading to significant improvements in microfluidic methods to capture subtle biological effects down to single cells. As microfluidic devices are getting sophisticated, design optimization through experimentations is becoming more challenging. As a result, numerical simulations have contributed to this trend by offering a better understanding of cellular microenvironments hydrodynamics and optimizing the functionality of the current/emerging designs. The need for new marketable designs with advantageous hydrodynamics invokes easier access to efficient as well as time-conservative numerical simulations to provide screening over cellular microenvironments, and to emulate physiological conditions with high accuracy. Therefore, an excerpt overview on how each numerical methodology and associated handling software works, and how they differ in handling underlying hydrodynamic of lab-on-chip microfluidic is crucial. These numerical means rely on molecular and continuum levels of numerical simulations. The current review aims to serve as a guideline for researchers in this area by presenting a comprehensive characterization of various relevant simulation techniques.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hemostasis-On-a-Chip: Impedance Spectroscopy Meets Microfluidics for Hemostasis Evaluation. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10080534. [PMID: 31416133 PMCID: PMC6722990 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the case of vascular injury, a complex process (of clotting) starts, involving mainly platelets and coagulation factors. This process in healthy humans is known as hemostasis, but when it is deregulated (thrombosis), it can be the cause of important cardiovascular diseases. Nowadays, the aging of the population and unhealthy lifestyles increase the impact of thrombosis, and therefore there is a need for tools to provide a better understanding of the hemostasis mechanisms, as well as more cost-effective diagnosis and control devices. This study proposes a novel microflow chamber, with interchangeable biomimetic surfaces to evaluate global hemostasis, using reduced amounts of blood sample and reagents, and also a minimized time required to do the test. To validate the performance of this novel device, a study on the new oral anticoagulant Apixaban (APIX) has been performed and compared to previous conventional techniques. The test shows an excellent agreement, while the amount of the required sample has been reduced (only 100 µL is used), and the amount of reagent as well. An imprinted electrode embedded in the chamber in order to measure the impedance during the coagulation process. This approach distinguishes the impedance behavior of plasma poor in platelets (PPP) and plasma rich in platelets (PRP) for the first time.
Collapse
|
20
|
Reichel F, Mauer J, Nawaz AA, Gompper G, Guck J, Fedosov DA. High-Throughput Microfluidic Characterization of Erythrocyte Shapes and Mechanical Variability. Biophys J 2019; 117:14-24. [PMID: 31235179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The motion of red blood cells (RBCs) in microchannels is important for microvascular blood flow and biomedical applications such as blood analysis in microfluidics. The current understanding of the complexity of RBC shapes and dynamics in microchannels is mainly based on several simulation studies, but there are a few systematic experimental investigations. Here, we present a combined study that systematically characterizes RBC behavior for a wide range of flow rates and channel sizes. Even though simulations and experiments generally show good agreement, experimental observations demonstrate that there is no single well-defined RBC state for fixed flow conditions but rather a broad distribution of states. This result can be attributed to the inherent variability in RBC mechanical properties, which is confirmed by a model that takes the variation in RBC shear elasticity into account. This represents a significant step toward a quantitative connection between RBC behavior in microfluidic devices and their mechanical properties, which is essential for a high-throughput characterization of diseased cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Reichel
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Mauer
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ahmad Ahsan Nawaz
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Evidence against a Role of Elevated Intracellular Ca 2+ during Plasmodium falciparum Preinvasion. Biophys J 2019; 114:1695-1706. [PMID: 29642038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe malaria is primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites during their asexual reproduction cycle within red blood cells. One of the least understood stages in this cycle is the brief preinvasion period during which merozoite-red cell contacts lead to apical alignment of the merozoite in readiness for penetration, a stage of major relevance in the control of invasion efficiency. Red blood cell deformations associated with this process were suggested to be active plasma membrane responses mediated by transients of elevated intracellular calcium. Few studies have addressed this hypothesis because of technical challenges, and the results remained inconclusive. Here, Fluo-4 was used as a fluorescent calcium indicator with optimized protocols to investigate the distribution of the dye in red blood cell populations used as P. falciparum invasion targets in egress-invasion assays. Preinvasion dynamics was observed simultaneously under bright-field and fluorescence microscopy by recording egress-invasion events. All the egress-invasion sequences showed red blood cell deformations of varied intensities during the preinvasion period and the echinocytic changes that follow during invasion. Intraerythrocytic calcium signals were absent throughout this interval in over half the records and totally absent during the preinvasion period, regardless of deformation strength. When present, calcium signals were of a punctate modality, initiated within merozoites already poised for invasion. These results argue against a role of elevated intracellular calcium during the preinvasion stage. We suggest an alternative mechanism of merozoite-induced preinvasion deformations based on passive red cell responses to transient agonist-receptor interactions associated with the formation of adhesive coat filaments.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ye H, Shen Z, Li Y. Shear rate dependent margination of sphere-like, oblate-like and prolate-like micro-particles within blood flow. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7401-7419. [PMID: 30187053 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01304g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the shear rate dependent margination of micro-particles (MPs) with different shapes in blood flow through numerical simulations. We develop a multiscale computational model to handle the fluid-structure interactions involved in the blood flow simulations. The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to solve the plasma dynamics and a coarse-grained model is employed to capture the dynamics of red blood cells (RBCs) and MPs. These two solvers are coupled together by the immersed boundary method (IBM). The shear rate dependent margination of sphere MPs is firstly investigated. We find that margination of sphere MPs dramatically increases with the increment of wall shear rate [small gamma, Greek, dot above]ω under 800 s-1, induced by the breaking of rouleaux in blood flow. However, the margination probability only slowly grows when [small gamma, Greek, dot above]ω > 800 s-1. Furthermore, the shape effect of MPs is examined by comparing the margination behaviors of sphere-like, oblate-like and prolate-like MPs under different wall shear rates. We find that the margination of MPs is governed by the interplay of two factors: hydrodynamic collisions with RBCs including the collision frequency and collision displacement of MPs, and near wall dynamics. MPs that demonstrate poor performance in one process such as collision frequency may stand out in the other process like near wall dynamics. Specifically, the ellipsoidal MPs (oblate and prolate) with small aspect ratio (AR) outperform those with large AR regardless of the wall shear rate, due to their better performance in both the collision with RBCs and near wall dynamics. Additionally, we find there exists a transition shear rate region 700 s-1 < [small gamma, Greek, dot above]ω < 900 s-1 for all of these MPs: the margination probability dramatically increases with the shear rate below this region and slowly grows above this region, similar to sphere MPs. We further use the surface area to volume ratio (SVR) to distinguish different shaped MPs and illustrate their shear rate dependent margination in a contour in the shear rate-SVR plane. It is of significance that we can approximately predict the margination of MPs with a specific SVR. All these simulation results can be potentially applied to guide the design of micro-drug carriers for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ye
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Beus M, Rajić Z, Maysinger D, Mlinarić Z, Antunović M, Marijanović I, Fontinha D, Prudêncio M, Held J, Olgen S, Zorc B. SAHAquines, Novel Hybrids Based on SAHA and Primaquine Motifs, as Potential Cytostatic and Antiplasmodial Agents. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:624-638. [PMID: 30151334 PMCID: PMC6104433 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of SAHAquines and related primaquine (PQ) derivatives. SAHAquines are novel hybrid compounds that combine moieties of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), an anticancer agent with weak antiplasmodial activity, and PQ, an antimalarial drug with low antiproliferative activity. The preparation of SAHAquines is simple, cheap, and high yielding. It includes the following steps: coupling reaction between primaquine and a dicarboxylic acid monoester, hydrolysis, a new coupling reaction with O-protected hydroxylamine, and deprotection. SAHAquines 5 a-d showed significant reduction in cell viability. Among the three human cancer cell lines (U2OS, HepG2, and MCF-7), the most responsive were the MCF-7 cells. The antibodies against acetylated histone H3K9/H3K14 in MCF-7 cells revealed a significant enhancement following treatment with N-hydroxy-N'-{4-[(6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)amino]pentyl}pentanediamide (5 b). Ethyl (2E)-3-({4-[(6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)amino]pentyl}carbamoyl)prop-2-enoate (2 b) and SAHAquines were the most active compounds against both the hepatic and erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium parasites, some of them at sub-micromolar concentrations. The results of our research suggest that SAHAquines are promising leads for new anticancer and antimalarial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Beus
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of ZagrebA. Kovačića 110 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Zrinka Rajić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of ZagrebA. Kovačića 110 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University23655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, McIntyre Medical Sciences BuildingMontrealQuebecH3G 1Y6Canada
| | - Zvonimir Mlinarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of ZagrebA. Kovačića 110 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Maja Antunović
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebHorvatovac 102A10 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Inga Marijanović
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebHorvatovac 102A10 000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Egas Moniz1649-028LisboaPortugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Egas Moniz1649-028LisboaPortugal
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical MedicineUniversity of TübingenWilhelmstraße 2772074TübingenGermany
| | - Sureyya Olgen
- Faculty of PharmacyBiruni University10th street No: 4534010 TopkapiIstanbulTurkey
| | - Branka Zorc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of ZagrebA. Kovačića 110 000ZagrebCroatia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Owen B, Bojdo N, Jivkov A, Keavney B, Revell A. Structural modelling of the cardiovascular system. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:1217-1242. [PMID: 29911296 PMCID: PMC6154127 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Computational modelling of the cardiovascular system offers much promise, but represents a truly interdisciplinary challenge, requiring knowledge of physiology, mechanics of materials, fluid dynamics and biochemistry. This paper aims to provide a summary of the recent advances in cardiovascular structural modelling, including the numerical methods, main constitutive models and modelling procedures developed to represent cardiovascular structures and pathologies across a broad range of length and timescales; serving as an accessible point of reference to newcomers to the field. The class of so-called hyperelastic materials provides the theoretical foundation for the modelling of how these materials deform under load, and so an overview of these models is provided; comparing classical to application-specific phenomenological models. The physiology is split into components and pathologies of the cardiovascular system and linked back to constitutive modelling developments, identifying current state of the art in modelling procedures from both clinical and engineering sources. Models which have originally been derived for one application and scale are shown to be used for an increasing range and for similar applications. The trend for such approaches is discussed in the context of increasing availability of high performance computing resources, where in some cases computer hardware can impact the choice of modelling approach used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Owen
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, George Begg Building, Manchester, M1 3BB, UK.
| | - Nicholas Bojdo
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, George Begg Building, Manchester, M1 3BB, UK
| | - Andrey Jivkov
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, George Begg Building, Manchester, M1 3BB, UK
| | - Bernard Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alistair Revell
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, George Begg Building, Manchester, M1 3BB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Modeling thrombosis in silico: Frontiers, challenges, unresolved problems and milestones. Phys Life Rev 2018; 26-27:57-95. [PMID: 29550179 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemostasis is a complex physiological mechanism that functions to maintain vascular integrity under any conditions. Its primary components are blood platelets and a coagulation network that interact to form the hemostatic plug, a combination of cell aggregate and gelatinous fibrin clot that stops bleeding upon vascular injury. Disorders of hemostasis result in bleeding or thrombosis, and are the major immediate cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Regulation of hemostasis and thrombosis is immensely complex, as it depends on blood cell adhesion and mechanics, hydrodynamics and mass transport of various species, huge signal transduction networks in platelets, as well as spatiotemporal regulation of the blood coagulation network. Mathematical and computational modeling has been increasingly used to gain insight into this complexity over the last 30 years, but the limitations of the existing models remain profound. Here we review state-of-the-art-methods for computational modeling of thrombosis with the specific focus on the analysis of unresolved challenges. They include: a) fundamental issues related to physics of platelet aggregates and fibrin gels; b) computational challenges and limitations for solution of the models that combine cell adhesion, hydrodynamics and chemistry; c) biological mysteries and unknown parameters of processes; d) biophysical complexities of the spatiotemporal networks' regulation. Both relatively classical approaches and innovative computational techniques for their solution are considered; the subjects discussed with relation to thrombosis modeling include coarse-graining, continuum versus particle-based modeling, multiscale models, hybrid models, parameter estimation and others. Fundamental understanding gained from theoretical models are highlighted and a description of future prospects in the field and the nearest possible aims are given.
Collapse
|
26
|
Lew VL, Tiffert T. On the Mechanism of Human Red Blood Cell Longevity: Roles of Calcium, the Sodium Pump, PIEZO1, and Gardos Channels. Front Physiol 2017; 8:977. [PMID: 29311949 PMCID: PMC5732905 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a healthy adult, the transport of O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues is performed by about 2 · 1013 red blood cells, of which around 1.7 · 1011 are renewed every day, a turnover resulting from an average circulatory lifespan of about 120 days. Cellular lifespan is the result of an evolutionary balance between the energy costs of maintaining cells in a fit functional state versus cell renewal. In this Review we examine how the set of passive and active membrane transporters of the mature red blood cells interact to maximize their circulatory longevity thus minimizing costs on expensive cell turnover. Red blood cell deformability is critical for optimal rheology and gas exchange functionality during capillary flow, best fulfilled when the volume of each human red blood cell is kept at a fraction of about 0.55-0.60 of the maximal spherical volume allowed by its membrane area, the optimal-volume-ratio range. The extent to which red blood cell volumes can be preserved within or near these narrow optimal-volume-ratio margins determines the potential for circulatory longevity. We show that the low cation permeability of red blood cells allows volume stability to be achieved with extraordinary cost-efficiency, favouring cell longevity over cell turnover. We suggest a mechanism by which the interplay of a declining sodium pump and two passive membrane transporters, the mechanosensitive PIEZO1 channel, a candidate mediator of Psickle in sickle cells, and the Ca2+-sensitive, K+-selective Gardos channel, can implement red blood cell volume stability around the optimal-volume-ratio range, as required for extended circulatory longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio L Lew
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Tiffert
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li X, Li H, Chang HY, Lykotrafitis G, Em Karniadakis G. Computational Biomechanics of Human Red Blood Cells in Hematological Disorders. J Biomech Eng 2017; 139:2580906. [PMID: 27814430 DOI: 10.1115/1.4035120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We review recent advances in multiscale modeling of the biomechanical characteristics of red blood cells (RBCs) in hematological diseases, and their relevance to the structure and dynamics of defective RBCs. We highlight examples of successful simulations of blood disorders including malaria and other hereditary disorders, such as sickle-cell anemia, spherocytosis, and elliptocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejin Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 e-mail:
| | - He Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Hung-Yu Chang
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - George Lykotrafitis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269;Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - George Em Karniadakis
- Fellow ASME Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ye T, Phan-Thien N, Lim CT, Peng L, Shi H. Hybrid smoothed dissipative particle dynamics and immersed boundary method for simulation of red blood cells in flows. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:063314. [PMID: 28709282 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.063314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In biofluid flow systems, often the flow problems of fluids of complex structures, such as the flow of red blood cells (RBCs) through complex capillary vessels, need to be considered. The smoothed dissipative particle dynamics (SDPD), a particle-based method, is one of the easy and flexible methods to model such complex structure fluids. It couples the best features of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), with parameters having specific physical meaning (coming from SPH discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations), combined with thermal fluctuations in a mesoscale simulation, in a similar manner to the DPD. On the other hand, the immersed boundary method (IBM), a preferred method for handling fluid-structure interaction problems, has also been widely used to handle the fluid-RBC interaction in RBC simulations. In this paper, we aim to couple SDPD and IBM together to carry out the simulations of RBCs in complex flow problems. First, we develop the SDPD-IBM model in details, including the SDPD model for the evolving fluid flow, the RBC model for calculating RBC deformation force, the IBM for treating fluid-RBC interaction, and the solid boundary treatment model as well. We then conduct the verification and validation of the combined SDPD-IBM method. Finally, we demonstrate the capability of the SDPD-IBM method by simulating the flows of RBCs in rectangular, cylinder, curved, bifurcated, and constricted tubes, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Nhan Phan-Thien
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Lina Peng
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Huixin Shi
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Spann AP, Campbell JE, Fitzgibbon SR, Rodriguez A, Cap AP, Blackbourne LH, Shaqfeh ESG. The Effect of Hematocrit on Platelet Adhesion: Experiments and Simulations. Biophys J 2017; 111:577-588. [PMID: 27508441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The volume fraction of red blood cells (RBCs) in a capillary affects the degree to which platelets are promoted to marginate to near a vessel wall and form blood clots. In this work we investigate the relationship between RBC hematocrit and platelet adhesion activity. We perform experiments flowing blood samples through a microfluidic channel coated with type 1 collagen and observe the rate at which platelets adhere to the wall. We compare these results with three-dimensional boundary integral simulations of a suspension of RBCs and platelets in a periodic channel where platelets can adhere to the wall. In both cases, we find that the rate of platelet adhesion varies greatly with the RBC hematocrit. We observe that the relative decrease in platelet activity as hematocrit falls shows a similar profile for simulation and experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Spann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | - Sean R Fitzgibbon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Armando Rodriguez
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Ft Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew P Cap
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Ft Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Lorne H Blackbourne
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Ft Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Eric S G Shaqfeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang P, Zhang L, Slepian MJ, Deng Y, Bluestein D. A multiscale biomechanical model of platelets: Correlating with in-vitro results. J Biomech 2016; 50:26-33. [PMID: 27894676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) combined with coarse grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) approaches, we developed a multiscale deformable platelet model to accurately describe the molecular-scale intra-platelet constituents and biomechanical properties of platelets in blood flow. Our model includes the platelet bilayer membrane, cytoplasm and an elaborate elastic cytoskeleton. Correlating numerical simulations with published in-vitro experiments, we validated the biorheology of the cytoplasm, the elastic response of membrane to external stresses, and the stiffness of the cytoskeleton actin filaments, resulting in an accurate representation of the molecular-level biomechanical microstructures of platelets. This enabled us to study the mechanotransduction process of the hemodynamic stresses acting onto the platelet membrane and transmitted to these intracellular constituents. The platelets constituents continuously deform in response to the flow induced stresses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular-scale platelet model that can be used to accurately predict platelets activation mechanism leading to thrombus formation in prosthetic cardiovascular devices and in vascular disease processes. This model can be further employed to study the effects of novel therapeutic approaches of modulating platelet properties to enhance their shear resistance via mechanotransduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Applied Mathematics Department, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - Marvin J Slepian
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA; Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yuefan Deng
- Applied Mathematics Department, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - Danny Bluestein
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
MD/DPD Multiscale Framework for Predicting Morphology and Stresses of Red Blood Cells in Health and Disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005173. [PMID: 27792725 PMCID: PMC5085038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy red blood cells (RBCs) have remarkable deformability, squeezing through narrow capillaries as small as 3 microns in diameter without any damage. However, in many hematological disorders the spectrin network and lipid bilayer of diseased RBCs may be significantly altered, leading to impaired functionality including loss of deformability. We employ a two-component whole-cell multiscale model to quantify the biomechanical characteristics of the healthy and diseased RBCs, including Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs (Pf-RBCs) and defective RBCs in hereditary disorders, such as spherocytosis and elliptocytosis. In particular, we develop a two-step multiscale framework based on coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) and dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) to predict the static and dynamic responses of RBCs subject to tensile forcing, using experimental information only on the structural defects in the lipid bilayer, cytoskeleton, and their interaction. We first employ CGMD on a small RBC patch to compute the shear modulus, bending stiffness, and network parameters, which are subsequently used as input to a whole-cell DPD model to predict the RBC shape and corresponding stress field. For Pf-RBCs at trophozoite and schizont stages, the presence of cytoadherent knobs elevates the shear response in the lipid bilayer and stiffens the RBC membrane. For RBCs in spherocytosis and elliptocytosis, the bilayer-cytoskeleton interaction is weakened, resulting in substantial increase of the tensile stress in the lipid bilayer. Furthermore, we investigate the transient behavior of stretching deformation and shape relaxation of the normal and defective RBCs. Different from the normal RBCs possessing high elasticity, our simulations reveal that the defective RBCs respond irreversibly, i.e., they lose their ability to recover the normal biconcave shape in successive loading cycles of stretching and relaxation. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the microstructure and biomechanics of RBCs, and demonstrate that the two-step multiscale framework presented here can be used effectively for in silico studies of hematological disorders based on first principles and patient-specific experimental input at the protein level.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ye T, Phan-Thien N, Lim CT. Particle-based simulations of red blood cells—A review. J Biomech 2016; 49:2255-2266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Yazdani A, Li X, Em Karniadakis G. Dynamic and rheological properties of soft biological cell suspensions. RHEOLOGICA ACTA 2016; 55:433-449. [PMID: 27540271 PMCID: PMC4987001 DOI: 10.1007/s00397-015-0869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying dynamic and rheological properties of suspensions of soft biological particles such as vesicles, capsules, and red blood cells (RBCs) is fundamentally important in computational biology and biomedical engineering. In this review, recent studies on dynamic and rheological behavior of soft biological cell suspensions by computer simulations are presented, considering both unbounded and confined shear flow. Furthermore, the hemodynamic and hemorheological characteristics of RBCs in diseases such as malaria and sickle cell anemia are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Yazdani
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Xuejin Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - George Em Karniadakis
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gompper G, Fedosov DA. Modeling microcirculatory blood flow: current state and future perspectives. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 8:157-68. [PMID: 26695350 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular blood flow determines a number of important physiological processes of an organism in health and disease. Therefore, a detailed understanding of microvascular blood flow would significantly advance biophysical and biomedical research and its applications. Current developments in modeling of microcirculatory blood flow already allow to go beyond available experimental measurements and have a large potential to elucidate blood flow behavior in normal and diseased microvascular networks. There exist detailed models of blood flow on a single cell level as well as simplified models of the flow through microcirculatory networks, which are reviewed and discussed here. The combination of these models provides promising prospects for better understanding of blood flow behavior and transport properties locally as well as globally within large microvascular networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Müller K, Fedosov DA, Gompper G. Understanding particle margination in blood flow - A step toward optimized drug delivery systems. Med Eng Phys 2015; 38:2-10. [PMID: 26343228 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of drugs and imaging agents is very promising to develop new strategies for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer. For an efficient targeted adhesion, the particles have to migrate toward the walls in blood flow - a process referred to as margination. Due to a huge diversity of available carriers, a good understanding of their margination properties in blood flow depending on various flow conditions and particle properties is required. We employ a particle-based mesoscopic hydrodynamic simulation approach to investigate the margination of different carriers for a wide range of hematocrits (volume fraction of red blood cells) and flow rates. Our results show that margination strongly depends on the thickness of the available free space close to the wall, the so-called red blood cell-free layer (RBC-FL), in comparison to the carrier size. The carriers with a few micrometers in size are comparable with the RBC-FL thickness and marginate better than their sub-micrometer counterparts. Deformable carriers, in general, show worse margination properties than rigid particles. Particle margination is also found to be most pronounced in small channels with a characteristic size comparable to blood capillaries. Finally, different margination mechanisms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Müller
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kunz RF, Gaskin BJ, Li Q, Davanloo-Tajbakhsh S, Dong C. Multi-scale biological and physical modelling of the tumour micro-environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 16:7-15. [PMID: 31303886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paced by advances in high performance computing, and algorithms for multi-physics and multi-scale simulation, a number of groups have recently established numerical models of flowing blood systems, where cell-scale interactions are explicitly resolved. To be biologically representative, these models account for some or all of: (1) fluid dynamics of the carrier flow, (2) structural dynamics of the cells and vessel walls, (3) interaction and transport biochemistry, and, (4) methods for scaling to physiologically representative numbers of cells. In this article, our interest is the modelling of the tumour micro-environment. We review the broader area of cell-scale resolving blood flow modelling, while focusing on the particular interactions of tumour cells and white blood cells, known to play an important role in metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Kunz
- Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Byron J Gaskin
- Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Qunhua Li
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Henríquez Rivera RG, Sinha K, Graham MD. Margination regimes and drainage transition in confined multicomponent suspensions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:188101. [PMID: 26001019 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.188101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic theory is developed to describe segregation in confined multicomponent suspensions such as blood. It incorporates the two key phenomena arising in these systems at low Reynolds number: hydrodynamic pair collisions and wall-induced migration. In simple shear flow, several regimes of segregation arise, depending on the value of a "margination parameter" M. Most importantly, there is a critical value of M below which a sharp "drainage transition" occurs: one component is completely depleted from the bulk flow to the vicinity of the walls. Direct simulations also exhibit this transition as the size or flexibility ratio of the components changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Henríquez Rivera
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1691, USA
| | - Kushal Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1691, USA
| | - Michael D Graham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1691, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nanoparticle-mediated growth factor delivery systems: A new way to treat Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2015; 206:187-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
39
|
Katanov D, Gompper G, Fedosov DA. Microvascular blood flow resistance: Role of red blood cell migration and dispersion. Microvasc Res 2015; 99:57-66. [PMID: 25724979 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular blood flow resistance has a strong impact on cardiovascular function and tissue perfusion. The flow resistance in microcirculation is governed by flow behavior of blood through a complex network of vessels, where the distribution of red blood cells across vessel cross-sections may be significantly distorted at vessel bifurcations and junctions. In this paper, the development of blood flow and its resistance starting from a dispersed configuration of red blood cells is investigated in simulations for different hematocrit levels, flow rates, vessel diameters, and aggregation interactions between red blood cells. Initially dispersed red blood cells migrate toward the vessel center leading to the formation of a cell-free layer near the wall and to a decrease of the flow resistance. The development of cell-free layer appears to be nearly universal when scaled with a characteristic shear rate of the flow. The universality allows an estimation of the length of a vessel required for full flow development, lc ≲ 25D, for vessel diameters in the range 10 μm < D < 100 μm. Thus, the potential effect of red blood cell dispersion at vessel bifurcations and junctions on the flow resistance may be significant in vessels which are shorter or comparable to the length lc. Aggregation interactions between red blood cells generally lead to a reduction of blood flow resistance. The simulations are performed using the same viscosity for both external and internal fluids and the RBC membrane viscosity is not considered; however, we discuss how the viscosity contrast may affect the results. Finally, we develop a simple theoretical model which is able to describe the converged cell-free-layer thickness at steady-state flow with respect to flow rate. The model is based on the balance between a lift force on red blood cells due to cell-wall hydrodynamic interactions and shear-induced effective pressure due to cell-cell interactions in flow. We expect that these results can also be used to better understand the flow behavior of other suspensions of deformable particles such as vesicles, capsules, and cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinar Katanov
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
|
42
|
Multiscale Particle-Based Modeling of Flowing Platelets in Blood Plasma Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics and Coarse Grained Molecular Dynamics. Cell Mol Bioeng 2014; 7:552-574. [PMID: 25530818 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-014-0356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a multiscale particle-based model of platelets, to study the transport dynamics of shear stresses between the surrounding fluid and the platelet membrane. This model facilitates a more accurate prediction of the activation potential of platelets by viscous shear stresses - one of the major mechanisms leading to thrombus formation in cardiovascular diseases and in prosthetic cardiovascular devices. The interface of the model couples coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) with dissipative particle dynamics (DPD). The CGMD handles individual platelets while the DPD models the macroscopic transport of blood plasma in vessels. A hybrid force field is formulated for establishing a functional interface between the platelet membrane and the surrounding fluid, in which the microstructural changes of platelets may respond to the extracellular viscous shear stresses transferred to them. The interaction between the two systems preserves dynamic properties of the flowing platelets, such as the flipping motion. Using this multiscale particle-based approach, we have further studied the effects of the platelet elastic modulus by comparing the action of the flow-induced shear stresses on rigid and deformable platelet models. The results indicate that neglecting the platelet deformability may overestimate the stress on the platelet membrane, which in turn may lead to erroneous predictions of the platelet activation under viscous shear flow conditions. This particle-based fluid-structure interaction multiscale model offers for the first time a computationally feasible approach for simulating deformable platelets interacting with viscous blood flow, aimed at predicting flow induced platelet activation by using a highly resolved mapping of the stress distribution on the platelet membrane under dynamic flow conditions.
Collapse
|