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Bergstrom AR, Glimm MG, Houske EA, Cooper G, Viles E, Chapman M, Bourekis K, Welhaven HD, Brahmachary PP, Hahn AK, June RK. Metabolic Profiles of Encapsulated Chondrocytes Exposed to Short-Term Simulated Microgravity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.01.601604. [PMID: 39005264 PMCID: PMC11245029 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism by which chondrocytes respond to reduced mechanical loading environments and the subsequent risk of developing osteoarthritis remains unclear. This is of particular concern for astronauts. In space the reduced joint loading forces during prolonged microgravity (10-6 g) exposure could lead to osteoarthritis (OA), compromising quality of life post-spaceflight. In this study, we encapsulated human chondrocytes in an agarose gel of similar stiffness to the pericellular matrix to mimic the cartilage microenvironment. We then exposed agarose-chondrocyte constructs to simulated microgravity (SM) using a rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor to better assess the cartilage health risks associated with spaceflight. Global metabolomic profiling detected a total of 1205 metabolite features across all samples, with 497 significant metabolite features identified by ANOVA (FDR-corrected p-value < 0.05). Specific metabolic shifts detected in response to SM exposure resulted in clusters of co-regulated metabolites, as well as key metabolites identified by variable importance in projection scores. Microgravity-induced metabolic shifts in gel constructs and media were indicative of protein synthesis, energy metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and oxidative catabolism. The microgravity associated-metabolic shifts were consistent with early osteoarthritic metabolomic profiles in human synovial fluid, which suggests that even short-term exposure to microgravity (or other reduced mechanical loading environments) may lead to the development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika R. Bergstrom
- Department of Biological & Environmental Science, Carroll College, Helena, MT, USA, 59625
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA, 19085
| | - Matthew G. Glimm
- Department of Biological & Environmental Science, Carroll College, Helena, MT, USA, 59625
| | - Eden A. Houske
- Department of Biological & Environmental Science, Carroll College, Helena, MT, USA, 59625
| | - Gwendolyn Cooper
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 59717
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 59717
| | - Ethan Viles
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 59717
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 59717
| | - Marrin Chapman
- Department of Biological & Environmental Science, Carroll College, Helena, MT, USA, 59625
| | - Katherine Bourekis
- Department of Biological & Environmental Science, Carroll College, Helena, MT, USA, 59625
| | - Hope D. Welhaven
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 59717
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 59717
| | - Priyanka P. Brahmachary
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 59717
| | - Alyssa K. Hahn
- Department of Biological & Environmental Science, Carroll College, Helena, MT, USA, 59625
| | - Ronald K. June
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 59717
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2
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Zeng T, Chen H, Yoshitomi T, Kawazoe N, Yang Y, Chen G. Effect of Hydrogel Stiffness on Chemoresistance of Breast Cancer Cells in 3D Culture. Gels 2024; 10:202. [PMID: 38534620 DOI: 10.3390/gels10030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the most common strategies for cancer treatment, whereas drug resistance reduces the efficiency of chemotherapy and leads to treatment failure. The mechanism of emerging chemoresistance is complex and the effect of extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding cells may contribute to drug resistance. Although it is well known that ECM plays an important role in orchestrating cell functions, it remains exclusive how ECM stiffness affects drug resistance. In this study, we prepared agarose hydrogels of different stiffnesses to investigate the effect of hydrogel stiffness on the chemoresistance of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin (DOX). Agarose hydrogels with a stiffness range of 1.5 kPa to 112.3 kPa were prepared and used to encapsulate breast cancer cells for a three-dimensional culture with different concentrations of DOX. The viability of the cells cultured in the hydrogels was dependent on both DOX concentration and hydrogel stiffness. Cell viability decreased with DOX concentration when the cells were cultured in the same stiffness hydrogels. When DOX concentration was the same, breast cancer cells showed higher viability in high-stiffness hydrogels than they did in low-stiffness hydrogels. Furthermore, the expression of P-glycoprotein mRNA in high-stiffness hydrogels was higher than that in low-stiffness hydrogels. The results suggested that hydrogel stiffness could affect the resistance of breast cancer cells to DOX by regulating the expression of chemoresistance-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Zeng
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Huajian Chen
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshitomi
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yingnan Yang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Guoping Chen
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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3
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Song J, Zeng X, Li C, Yin H, Mao S, Ren D. Alteration in cartilage matrix stiffness as an indicator and modulator of osteoarthritis. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231730. [PMID: 38014522 PMCID: PMC10794814 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degeneration and destruction, leading to joint ankylosis and disability. The major challenge in diagnosing OA at early stage is not only lack of clinical symptoms but also the insufficient histological and immunohistochemical signs. Alteration in cartilage stiffness during OA progression, especially at OA initiation, has been confirmed by growing evidences. Moreover, the stiffness of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM), pericellular matrix (PCM) and chondrocytes during OA development are dynamically changed in unique and distinct fashions, revealing possibly inconsistent conclusions when detecting cartilage matrix stiffness at different locations and scales. In addition, it will be discussed regarding the mechanisms through which OA-related cartilage degenerations exhibit stiffened or softened matrix, highlighting some critical events that generally incurred to cartilage stiffness alteration, as well as some typical molecules that participated in constituting the mechanical properties of cartilage. Finally, in vitro culturing chondrocytes in various stiffness-tunable scaffolds provided a reliable method to explore the matrix stiffness-dependent modulation of chondrocyte metabolism, which offers valuable information on optimizing implant scaffolds to maximally promote cartilage repair and regeneration during OA. Overall, this review systematically and comprehensively elucidated the current progresses in the relationship between cartilage stiffness alteration and OA progression. We hope that deeper attention and understanding in this researching field will not only develop more innovative methods in OA early detection and diagnose but also provide promising ideas in OA therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Qingdao University Affiliated Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
| | - Xuemin Zeng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
| | - Chenzhi Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
| | - Hongyan Yin
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
| | - Sui Mao
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
| | - Dapeng Ren
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
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Kim B, Kelly TAN, Jung HJ, Beane OS, Bhumiratana S, Bouklas N, Cohen I, Bonassar LJ. Microscale strain concentrations in tissue-engineered osteochondral implants are dictated by local compositional thresholds and architecture. J Biomech 2024; 162:111882. [PMID: 38070296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered osteochondral implants manufactured from condensed mesenchymal stem cell bodies have shown promise for treating focal cartilage defects. Notably, such manufacturing techniques have shown to successfully recapture the bulk mechanical properties of native cartilage. However, the relationships among the architectural features, local composition, and micromechanical environment within tissue-engineered cartilage from cell-based aggregates remain unclear. Understanding such relationships is crucial for identifying critical parameters that can predict in vivo performance. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship among architectural features, composition, and micromechanical behavior of tissue-engineered osteochondral implants. We utilized fast-confocal microscopy combined with a strain mapping technique to analyze the micromechanical behavior under quasi-static loading, as well as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to analyze the local compositions. More specifically, we investigated the architectural features and compositional distributions generated from tissue maturation, along with macro- and micro-level strain distributions. Our results showed that under compression, cell-based aggregates underwent deformation followed by body movement, generating high local strain around the boundaries, where local aggrecan concentration was low and local collagen concentration was high. By analyzing the micromechanics and composition at the single aggregate length scale, we identified a strong threshold relationship between local strain and compositions. Namely at the aggrecan concentration below 0.015 arbitrary unit (A.U.) and the collagen concentration above 0.15 A.U., the constructs experienced greater than threefold increase in compressive strain. Overall, this study suggests that local compositional features are the primary driver of the local mechanical environment in tissue-engineered cartilage constructs, providing insight into potential quality control parameters for manufacturing tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byumsu Kim
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Nikolaos Bouklas
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Itai Cohen
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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5
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Metabolomic Profiling and Mechanotransduction of Single Chondrocytes Encapsulated in Alginate Microgels. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050900. [PMID: 35269522 PMCID: PMC8909502 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is comprised of two main components, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the pericellular matrix (PCM). The PCM helps to protect chondrocytes in the cartilage from mechanical loads, but in patients with osteoarthritis, the PCM is weakened, resulting in increased chondrocyte stress. As chondrocytes are responsible for matrix synthesis and maintenance, it is important to understand how mechanical loads affect the cellular responses of chondrocytes. Many studies have examined chondrocyte responses to in vitro mechanical loading by embedding chondrocytes in 3-D hydrogels. However, these experiments are mostly performed in the absence of PCM, which may obscure important responses to mechanotransduction. Here, drop-based microfluidics is used to culture single chondrocytes in alginate microgels for cell-directed PCM synthesis that closely mimics the in vivo microenvironment. Chondrocytes formed PCM over 10 days in these single-cell 3-D microenvironments. Mechanotransduction studies were performed, in which single-cell microgels mimicking the cartilage PCM were embedded in high-stiffness agarose. After physiological dynamic compression in a custom-built bioreactor, microgels exhibited distinct metabolomic profiles from both uncompressed and monolayer controls. These results demonstrate the potential of single cell encapsulation in alginate microgels to advance cartilage tissue engineering and basic chondrocyte mechanobiology.
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6
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Welhaven HD, McCutchen CN, June RK. Effects of mechanical stimulation on metabolomic profiles of SW1353 chondrocytes: shear and compression. Biol Open 2022; 11:274218. [PMID: 35113136 PMCID: PMC8822358 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is a biological phenomenon where mechanical stimuli are converted to biochemical responses. A model system for studying mechanotransduction are the chondrocytes of articular cartilage. Breakdown of this tissue results in decreased mobility, increased pain, and reduced quality of life. Either disuse or overloading can disrupt cartilage homeostasis, but physiological cyclical loading promotes cartilage homeostasis. To model this, we exposed SW1353 cells to cyclical mechanical stimuli, shear and compression, for different durations of time (15 and 30 min). By utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), metabolomic profiles were generated detailing metabolite features and biological pathways that are altered in response to mechanical stimulation. In total, 1457 metabolite features were detected. Statistical analyses identified several pathways of interest. Taken together, differences between experimental groups were associated with inflammatory pathways, lipid metabolism, beta-oxidation, central energy metabolism, and amino acid production. These findings expand our understanding of chondrocyte mechanotransduction under varying loading conditions and time periods. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope D Welhaven
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Molecular Biosciences Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Carley N McCutchen
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Ronald K June
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman MT 59717, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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7
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A dysfunctional TRPV4-GSK3β pathway prevents osteoarthritic chondrocytes from sensing changes in extracellular matrix viscoelasticity. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:1472-1484. [PMID: 33707778 PMCID: PMC8433267 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the composition and viscoelasticity of the extracellular matrix in load-bearing cartilage influence the proliferation and phenotypes of chondrocytes, and are associated with osteoarthritis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Here we show that the viscoelasticity of alginate hydrogels regulates cellular volume in healthy human chondrocytes (with faster stress relaxation allowing cell expansion and slower stress relaxation restricting it) but not in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Cellular volume regulation in healthy chondrocytes was associated with changes in anabolic gene expression, in the secretion of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, and in the modulation of intracellular calcium regulated by the ion-channel protein transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4), which controls the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), an enzyme with pleiotropic effects in osteoarthritis. A dysfunctional TRPV4-GSK3β pathway in osteoarthritic chondrocytes rendered the cells unable to respond to environmental changes in viscoelasticity. Our findings suggest strategies for restoring chondrocyte homeostasis in osteoarthritis.
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Lee SY, Ma J, Khoo TS, Abdullah N, Nik Md Noordin Kahar NNF, Abdul Hamid ZA, Mustapha M. Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Microencapsulation of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:735090. [PMID: 34733829 PMCID: PMC8558675 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.735090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy appears as a promising strategy to induce regeneration of damaged and diseased tissues. However, low survival, poor engraftment and a lack of site-specificity are major drawbacks. Polysaccharide hydrogels can address these issues and offer several advantages as cell delivery vehicles. They have become very popular due to their unique properties such as high-water content, biocompatibility, biodegradability and flexibility. Polysaccharide polymers can be physically or chemically crosslinked to construct biomimetic hydrogels. Their resemblance to living tissues mimics the native three-dimensional extracellular matrix and supports stem cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Given the intricate nature of communication between hydrogels and stem cells, understanding their interaction is crucial. Cells are incorporated with polysaccharide hydrogels using various microencapsulation techniques, allowing generation of more relevant models and further enhancement of stem cell therapies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of human stem cells and polysaccharide hydrogels most used in regenerative medicine. The recent and advanced stem cell microencapsulation techniques, which include extrusion, emulsion, lithography, microfluidics, superhydrophobic surfaces and bioprinting, are described. This review also discusses current progress in clinical translation of stem-cell encapsulated polysaccharide hydrogels for cell delivery and disease modeling (drug testing and discovery) with focuses on musculoskeletal, nervous, cardiac and cancerous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuen Lee
- Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Jingyi Ma
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Sean Khoo
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Norfadhilatuladha Abdullah
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | | | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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9
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Preciado J, Lam T, Azarin SM, Lou E, Aksan A. Induction of dormancy by confinement: An agarose-silica biomaterial for isolating and analyzing dormant cancer cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:2117-2130. [PMID: 33983681 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The principal cause of cancer deaths is the residual disease, which eventually results in metastases. Certain metastases are induced by disseminated dormancy-capable single cancer cells that can reside within the body undetected for months to years. Awakening of the dormant cells starts a cascade resulting in the patient's demise. Despite its established clinical significance, dormancy research and its clinical translation have been hindered by lack of in vitro models that can identify, isolate, and analyze dormancy-capable cells. We have previously shown that immobilization of cells in a stiff microenvironment induces dormancy in dormancy-capable cell lines. In this communication, we present a novel biomaterial and an in vitro immobilization method to isolate, analyze, and efficiently recover dormancy-capable cancer cells. MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468 cells were individually coated with agarose using a microfluidic flow-focusing device. Coated cells were then immobilized in a rigid and porous silica gel. Dormancy induction by this process was validated by decreased Ki-67 expression, increased p38/ERK activity ratio, and reduced expression of CDK-2, cyclins D1, and E1. We showed that we can reliably and repeatedly induce dormancy in dormancy-capable MCF-7 cells and enhance the dormancy-capable sub-population in MDA-MB-231 cells. As expected, dormancy-resistant MDA-MB-468 cells did not survive immobilization. The dormant cells could be awakened on demand, by digesting the agarose gel in situ, and efficiently recovered by magnetically separating the silica gel, making the cells available for downstream analysis and testing. The awakened cells were shown to regain motility immediately, proliferating, and migrating normally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Preciado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tiffany Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emil Lou
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alptekin Aksan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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10
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Matheson AR, Sheehy EJ, Jay GD, Scott WM, O'Brien FJ, Schmidt TA. The role of synovial fluid constituents in the lubrication of collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for cartilage repair. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 118:104445. [PMID: 33740688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived scaffolds have shown promise as tissue-engineered grafts for promoting cartilage repair. However, there has been a lack of focus on fine-tuning the frictional properties of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering as well as understanding their interactions with synovial fluid constituents. Proteoglycan-4 (PRG4) and hyaluronan (HA) are macromolecules within synovial fluid that play key roles as boundary mode lubricants during cartilage surface interactions. The overall objective of this study was to characterize the role PRG4 and HA play in the lubricating function of collagen-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) scaffolds for cartilage repair. As a first step towards this goal, we aimed to develop a suitable in vitro friction test to establish the boundary mode lubrication parameters for collagen-GAG scaffolds articulated against glass in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) bath. Subsequently, we sought to leverage this system to determine the effect of physiological synovial fluid lubricants, PRG4 and HA, on the frictional properties of collagen-GAG scaffolds, with scaffolds hydrated in PBS and bovine synovial fluid (bSF) serving as negative and positive controls, respectively. At all compressive strains examined (ε = 0.1-0.5), fluid depressurization within hydrated collagen-GAG scaffolds was >99% complete at ½ minute. The coefficient of friction was stable at all compressive strains (ranging from a low 0.103 ± 0.010 at ε = 0.3 up to 0.121 ± 0.015 at ε = 0.4) and indicative of boundary-mode conditions. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that PRG4 from recombinant human (rh) and bovine sources adsorbed to collagen-GAG scaffolds and the coefficient of friction for scaffolds immersed in rhPRG4 (0.067 ± 0.027) and normal bSF (0.056 ± 0.020) solution decreased compared to PBS (0.118 ± 0.21, both p < 0.05, at ε = 0.2). The ability of the adsorbed rhPRG4 to reduce friction on the scaffolds indicates that its incorporation within collagen-GAG biomaterials may enhance their lubricating ability as potential tissue-engineered cartilage replacements. To conclude, this study reports the development of an in vitro friction test capable of characterizing the coefficient of friction of ECM-derived scaffolds tested in a range of synovial fluid lubricants and demonstrates frictional properties as a potential design parameter for implants and materials for soft tissue replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austyn R Matheson
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eamon J Sheehy
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - W Michael Scott
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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11
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Wang X, June RK, Pierce DM. A 3-D constitutive model for finite element analyses of agarose with a range of gel concentrations. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 114:104150. [PMID: 33214108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels have seen widespread application across biomedical sciences and there is considerable interest in using hydrogels, including agarose, for creating in vitro three-dimensional environments to grow cells and study mechanobiology and mechanotransduction. Recent advances in the preparation of agarose gels enable successful encapsulation of viable cells at gel concentrations as high as 5%. Agarose with a range of gel concentrations can thus serve as an experimental model mimicking changes in the 3-D microenvironment of cells during disease progression and can facilitate experiments aimed at probing the corresponding mechanobiology, e.g. the evolving mechanobiology of chondrocytes during the progression of osteoarthritis. Importantly, whether stresses (forces) or strains (displacements) drive mechanobiology and mechanotransduction is currently unknown. We can use experiments to quantify mechanical properties of hydrogels, and imaging to estimate microstructure and even strains; however, only computational models can estimate intra-gel stresses in cell-seeded agarose constructs because the required in vitro experiments are currently impossible. Finite element modeling is well-established for (computational) mechanical analyses, but accurate constitutive models for modeling the 3-D mechanical environments of cells within high-stiffness agarose with varying gel concentrations are currently unavailable. In this study we aimed to establish a 3-D constitutive model of high-stiffness agarose with a range of gel concentrations. We applied a multi-step, physics-based optimization approach to separately fit subsets of model parameters and help achieve robust convergence. Our constitutive model, fitted to experimental data on progressive stress-relaxations, was able to predict reaction forces determined from independent experiments on cyclical loading. Our model has broad applications in finite element modeling aimed at interpreting mechanical experiments on agarose specimens seeded with cells, particularly in predicting distributions of intra-gel stresses. Our model and fitted parameters enable more accurate finite element simulations of high-stiffness agarose constructs, and thus better understanding of experiments aimed at mechanobiology, mechanotransduction, or other applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ronald K June
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - David M Pierce
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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12
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Walsh SK, Shelley JC, Henak CR. Mechanobiology of Cartilage Impact Via Real-Time Metabolic Imaging. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:100802. [PMID: 32542333 DOI: 10.1115/1.4047534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage loading is important in both structural and biological contexts, with overloading known to cause osteoarthritis (OA). Cellular metabolism, which can be evaluated through the relative measures of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, is important in disease processes across tissues. Details of structural damage coupled with cellular metabolism in cartilage have not been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the time- and location-dependent metabolic response to traumatic impact loading in articular cartilage. Cartilage samples from porcine femoral condyles underwent a single traumatic injury that created cracks in most samples. Before and up to 30 min after loading, samples underwent optical metabolic imaging. Optical metabolic imaging measures the fluorescent intensity of byproducts of the two metabolic pathways, flavin adenine dinucleotide for oxidative phosphorylation and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ± phosphate for glycolysis, as well as the redox ratio between them. Images were taken at varied distances from the center of the impact. Shortly after impact, fluorescence intensity in both channels decreased, while redox ratio was unchanged. The most dramatic metabolic response was measured closest to the impact center, with suppressed fluorescence in both channels relative to baseline. Redox ratio varied nonlinearly as a function of distance from the impact. Finally, both lower and higher magnitude loading reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide fluorescence, whereas reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ± phosphate fluorescence was associated only with low strain loads and high contact pressure loads, respectively. In conclusion, this study performed novel analysis of metabolic activity following induction of cartilage damage and demonstrated time-, distance-, and load-dependent response to traumatic impact loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K Walsh
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Joshua C Shelley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Corinne R Henak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3031 Mechanical Engineering Building, 1513 University Ave. Madison, WI 53706; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3031 Mechanical Engineering Building, 1513 University Ave. Madison, WI 53706; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3031 Mechanical Engineering Building, 1513 University Ave. Madison, WI 53705
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Real-time optical redox imaging of cartilage metabolic response to mechanical loading. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1841-1850. [PMID: 31513919 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic dysregulation has recently been identified as a key feature of osteoarthritis. Mechanical overloading has been postulated as a primary cause of this metabolic response. Current methods of real-time metabolic activity analysis in cartilage are limited and challenging. However, optical redox imaging leverages the autofluorescence of co-enzymes NAD(P)H and FAD to provide dye-free real-time analysis of metabolic activity. This technique has not yet been applied to cartilage. This study aimed to assess the effects of a compressive load on cartilage using optical redox imaging. METHOD Cartilage samples were excised from porcine femoral condyles. To validate this imaging modality in cartilage, glycolysis was inhibited via 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and oxidative phosphorylation was inhibited by rotenone. Optical redox images were collected pre- and post-inhibition. To assess the effects of mechanical loading, samples were subjected to a compressive load and imaged for approximately 30 min. Load and strain parameters were determined using high-speed camera images in Matlab. A range of loading magnitudes and rates were applied across samples. RESULTS 2DG and rotenone demonstrated the expected inhibitory effects on fluorescence intensity in the channels corresponding to NAD(P)H and FAD, respectively. Mechanical loading induced an increase in NAD(P)H channel fluorescence which subsided by 30 min post-loading. Magnitude of loading parameters had mixed effects on metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Optical redox imaging provides an opportunity to assess real-time metabolic activity in cartilage. This approach revealed a metabolic response to a single load and can be used to provide insight into the role of metabolism in mechanically-mediated cartilage degradation.
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Primary human chondrocytes respond to compression with phosphoproteomic signatures that include microtubule activation. J Biomech 2019; 97:109367. [PMID: 31607375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are responsible for maintaining the cartilage that helps joints bear load and move smoothly. These cells typically respond to physiological compression with pathways consistent with matrix synthesis, and chondrocyte mechanotransduction is essential for homeostasis. In osteoarthritis (OA), chondrocyte mechanotransduction appears to be dysregulated, yet the mechanisms remain poorly understood. The objective of this study is to document the phosphoproteomic responses of primary osteoarthritic chondrocytes to physiological sinusoidal compression. We show that OA chondrocytes respond to physiological compression by first activating proteins consistent with cytoskeletal remodeling and decreased transcription, and then later activating proteins for transcription. These results show that several microtubule-related proteins respond to compression. Our results demonstrate that compression is a relevant physiological stimulus for osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Future analyses may build on these results to find differences in compression-induced phosphoproteins between normal and OA cells that lead to druggable targets to restore homeostasis to diseased joints.
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Correlation between stress drop and applied strain as a biomarker for tumor detection. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 86:450-462. [PMID: 30054237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study to measure the viscoelastic behavior of tumor tissues using stepwise compression-relaxation testing, and investigate the measured (Δσ-ε) relation between stress drop (Δσ) and applied strain (ε) as a biomarker for tumor detection. Stepwise compression-relaxation testing was implemented via a 2D tactile sensor to measure stress drop at each applied strain of a sample. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to quantify the measured Δσ-ε relation as slope of stress drop versus applied strain (m=Δσ/ε) and coefficient of determination (R2). The measured results on soft materials revealed no dependency of coefficient of determination on the testing parameters and dependency of slope on them. Three groups of tissues: five mouse breast tumor (BT) tissues ex vivo, two mouse pancreatic tumor (PT) tissues in vivo and six normal tissues, were measured by using different testing parameters. Coefficient of determination was found to show significant difference among the center, edge and outside sites of all the BT tissues, and no difference between the BT outside sites and the normal tissues. Coefficient of determination also revealed significant difference between before and after treatment of the PT tissues, and no difference between the PT tissues after treatment and the normal tissues. Moreover, coefficient of determination of the PT tissues before treatment was found to be significantly different from that of the BT center sites, but slope failed to capture their difference. Dummy tumors made of silicon rubbers were found to behave differently from the native tumors. By removing the need of fitting the time-dependent data with a viscoelastic model, this study offered a time-efficient solution to quantifying the viscosity for tumor detection.
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Kanda P, Alarcon EI, Yeuchyk T, Parent S, de Kemp RA, Variola F, Courtman D, Stewart DJ, Davis DR. Deterministic Encapsulation of Human Cardiac Stem Cells in Variable Composition Nanoporous Gel Cocoons To Enhance Therapeutic Repair of Injured Myocardium. ACS NANO 2018; 12:4338-4350. [PMID: 29660269 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although cocooning explant-derived cardiac stem cells (EDCs) in protective nanoporous gels (NPGs) prior to intramyocardial injection boosts long-term cell retention, the number of EDCs that finally engraft is trivial and unlikely to account for salutary effects on myocardial function and scar size. As such, we investigated the effect of varying the NPG content within capsules to alter the physical properties of cocoons without influencing cocoon dimensions. Increasing NPG concentration enhanced cell migration and viability while improving cell-mediated repair of injured myocardium. Given that the latter occurred with NPG content having no detectable effect on the long-term engraftment of transplanted cells, we found that changing the physical properties of cocoons prompted explant-derived cardiac stem cells to produce greater amounts of cytokines, nanovesicles, and microRNAs that boosted the generation of new blood vessels and new cardiomyocytes. Thus, by altering the physical properties of cocoons by varying NPG content, the paracrine signature of encapsulated cells can be enhanced to promote greater endogenous repair of injured myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpinder Kanda
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1Y4W7
| | - Emilio I Alarcon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1Y4W7
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1H8M5
| | - Tanya Yeuchyk
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1Y4W7
| | - Sandrine Parent
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1Y4W7
| | - Robert A de Kemp
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1Y4W7
| | - Fabio Variola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1N6N5
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1H8M5
| | - David Courtman
- Regenerative Medicine Program , Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa , Canada K1H8L6
| | - Duncan J Stewart
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1Y4W7
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1H8M5
- Regenerative Medicine Program , Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa , Canada K1H8L6
| | - Darryl R Davis
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1Y4W7
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1H8M5
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Zarrintaj P, Manouchehri S, Ahmadi Z, Saeb MR, Urbanska AM, Kaplan DL, Mozafari M. Agarose-based biomaterials for tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 187:66-84. [PMID: 29486846 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Agarose is a natural polysaccharide polymer having unique characteristics that give reason to consider it for tissue engineering applications. Special characteristics of agarose such as its excellent biocompatibility, thermo-reversible gelation behavior and physiochemical features support its use as a biomaterial for cell growth and/or controlled/localized drug delivery. The resemblance of this natural carbohydrate polymer to the extracellular matrix results in attractive features that bring about a strong interest in its usage in the field. The scope of this review is to summarize the extensive researches addressing agarose-based biomaterials in order to provide an in-depth understanding of its tissue engineering-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Manouchehri
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahed Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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18
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McCutchen CN, Zignego DL, June RK. Metabolic responses induced by compression of chondrocytes in variable-stiffness microenvironments. J Biomech 2017; 64:49-58. [PMID: 28985893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells sense and respond to mechanical loads in a process called mechanotransduction. These processes are disrupted in the chondrocytes of cartilage during joint disease. A key driver of cellular mechanotransduction is the stiffness of the surrounding matrix. Many cells are surrounded by extracellular matrix that allows for tissue mechanical function. Although prior studies demonstrate that extracellular stiffness is important in cell differentiation, morphology and phenotype, it remains largely unknown how a cell's biological response to cyclical loading varies with changes in surrounding substrate stiffness. Understanding these processes is important for understanding cells that are cyclically loaded during daily in vivo activities (e.g. chondrocytes and walking). This study uses high-performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry to identify metabolomic changes in primary chondrocytes under cyclical compression for 0-30minutes in low- and high-stiffness environments. Metabolomic analysis reveals metabolites and pathways that are sensitive to substrate stiffness, duration of cyclical compression, and a combination of both suggesting changes in extracellular stiffness in vivo alter mechanosensitive signaling. Our results further suggest that cyclical loading minimizes matrix deterioration and increases matrix production in chondrocytes. This study shows the importance of modeling in vivo stiffness with in vitro models to understand cellular mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley N McCutchen
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, United States
| | - Donald L Zignego
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, United States
| | - Ronald K June
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, United States; Department of Cell Biology & Neurosciences, Montana State University, United States; Department of Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, United States.
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Salinas D, Minor CA, Carlson RP, McCutchen CN, Mumey BM, June RK. Combining Targeted Metabolomic Data with a Model of Glucose Metabolism: Toward Progress in Chondrocyte Mechanotransduction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168326. [PMID: 28056047 PMCID: PMC5215894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease likely involving altered metabolism of the chondrocytes in articular cartilage. Chondrocytes can respond metabolically to mechanical loads via cellular mechanotransduction, and metabolic changes are significant because they produce the precursors to the tissue matrix necessary for cartilage health. However, a comprehensive understanding of how energy metabolism changes with loading remains elusive. To improve our understanding of chondrocyte mechanotransduction, we developed a computational model to calculate the rate of reactions (i.e. flux) across multiple components of central energy metabolism based on experimental data. We calculated average reaction flux profiles of central metabolism for SW1353 human chondrocytes subjected to dynamic compression for 30 minutes. The profiles were obtained solving a bounded variable linear least squares problem, representing the stoichiometry of human central energy metabolism. Compression synchronized chondrocyte energy metabolism. These data are consistent with dynamic compression inducing early time changes in central energy metabolism geared towards more active protein synthesis. Furthermore, this analysis demonstrates the utility of combining targeted metabolomic data with a computational model to enable rapid analysis of cellular energy utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salinas
- Computer Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT United States of America
| | - Cody A. Minor
- Mathematics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT United States of America
| | - Ross P. Carlson
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT United States of America
| | - Carley N. McCutchen
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT United States of America
| | - Brendan M. Mumey
- Computer Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT United States of America
| | - Ronald K. June
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology & Neurosciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Karim A, Hall AC. Chondrocyte Morphology in Stiff and Soft Agarose Gels and the Influence of Fetal Calf Serum. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1041-1052. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asima Karim
- Centre for Integrative Physiology; Deanery of Biomedical Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Hall
- Centre for Integrative Physiology; Deanery of Biomedical Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, Scotland United Kingdom
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Zignego DL, Hilmer JK, June RK. Mechanotransduction in primary human osteoarthritic chondrocytes is mediated by metabolism of energy, lipids, and amino acids. J Biomech 2015; 48:4253-61. [PMID: 26573901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are the sole cell type found in articular cartilage and are repeatedly subjected to mechanical loading in vivo. We hypothesized that physiological dynamic compression results in changes in energy metabolism to produce proteins for maintenance of the pericellular and extracellular matrices. The objective of this study was to develop an in-depth understanding for the short term (<30min) chondrocyte response to sub-injurious, physiological compression by analyzing metabolomic profiles for human chondrocytes harvested from femoral heads of osteoarthritic donors. Cell-seeded agarose constructs were randomly assigned to experimental groups, and dynamic compression was applied for 0, 15, or 30min. Following dynamic compression, metabolites were extracted and detected by HPLC-MS. Untargeted analyzes examined changes in global metabolomics profiles and targeted analysis examined the expression of specific metabolites related to central energy metabolism. We identified hundreds of metabolites that were regulated by applied compression, and we report the detection of 16 molecules not found in existing metabolite databases. We observed patient-specific mechanotransduction with aging dependence. Targeted studies found a transient increase in the ratio of NADP+ to NADPH and an initial decrease in the ratio of GDP to GTP, suggesting a flux of energy into the TCA cycle. By characterizing metabolomics profiles of primary chondrocytes in response to applied dynamic compression, this study provides insight into how OA chondrocytes respond to mechanical load. These results are consistent with increases in glycolytic energy utilization by mechanically induced signaling, and add substantial new data to a complex picture of how chondrocytes transduce mechanical loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Zignego
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, United States
| | - Jonathan K Hilmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, United States
| | - Ronald K June
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Montana State University, United States; Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, United States.
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