Naturally derived factors and their role in the promotion of angiogenesis for the healing of chronic wounds

Oxylipin profiling for clinical research: Current status and future perspectives

Oxylipins are potent lipid mediators with increasing interest in clinical research. They are usually measured in systemic circulation and can provide a wealth of information regarding key biological processes such as inflammation, vascular tone, or blood coagulation. Although procedures still require harmonization to generate comparable oxylipin datasets, performing comprehensive profiling of circulating oxylipins in large studies is feasible and no longer restricted by technical barriers. However, it is essential to improve and facilitate the biological interpretation of complex oxylipin profiles to truly leverage their potential in clinical research. This requires regular updating of our knowledge about the metabolism and the mode of action of oxylipins, and consideration of all factors that may influence circulating oxylipin profiles independently of the studied disease or condition. This review aims to provide the readers with updated and necessary information regarding oxylipin metabolism, their different forms in systemic circulation, the current limitations in deducing oxylipin cellular effects from in vitro bioactivity studies, the biological and technical confounding factors needed to consider for a proper interpretation of oxylipin profiles.

Grape seed proanthocyanidins regulate mitophagy of endothelial cells and promote wound healing in mice through p-JNK/FOXO3a/ROS signal pathway

Skin wound healing is a dynamic and complex process that involves multiple physiological and cellular events. Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) have strong anti-oxidation and elimination of oxygen free radicals, and have been shown to significantly promote wound healing, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Studies have indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) acts as an upstream signal to induce mitophagy, suggesting that GSP can regulate mitophagy through the signal pathway. This study aimed to investigate whether GSP regulates mitophagy by down-regulating oxidative stress to promote wound healing. In vivo, GSP treatment accelerated wound healing, granulation tissue formation, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis in mice. Moreover, GSP down-regulated ROS levels and promoted the expression of antioxidant proteins by up-regulating the expression of p-JNK/FOXO3a protein, thereby regulating the expression of mitophagy-related proteins. In vitro, 4 μg/mL GSP showed no apparent toxic effects on cells and effectively reduce the oxidative stress damage of cells induced by H2O2. Western blot and superoxide anion fluorescence probe further confirmed that GSP effectively reduced Dihydroethidium content and up-regulated the expression of antioxidant proteins by activation of p-JNK/FOXO3a protein expression, thereby regulating mitophagy. Taken together, the findings from in vitro and in vivo experiments provide new insights into the promotion of wound healing by GSP.

Therapeutic Applications of Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Antioxidants for Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) composed of a lipid bilayer are released from various cell types, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, and serve as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. EVs can perform a variety of biological functions through the delivery of bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, and can also be utilized as carriers for drug delivery. However, the low productivity and high cost of mammalian-derived EVs (MDEVs) are major barriers to their practical clinical application where large-scale production is essential. Recently, there has been growing interest in plant-derived EVs (PDEVs) that can produce large amounts of electricity at a low cost. In particular, PDEVs contain plant-derived bioactive molecules such as antioxidants, which are used as therapeutic agents to treat various diseases. In this review, we discuss the composition and characteristics of PDEVs and the appropriate methods for their isolation. We also discuss the potential use of PDEVs containing various plant-derived antioxidants as replacements for conventional antioxidants.

The application and research progress of anti-angiogenesis therapy in tumor immunotherapy

Tumor immunotherapy, as the focus of scientific research and clinical tumor treatment in recent years, has received extensive attention. Due to its remarkable curative effect and fewer side effects than traditional treatments, it has significant clinical benefits for the treatment of various advanced cancers and can improve cancer patient survival in the long term. Currently, most patients cannot benefit from immunotherapy, and some patients may experience tumor recurrence and drug resistance even if they achieve remission overcome. Numerous studies have shown that the abnormal angiogenesis state of tumors can lead to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which affects the efficacy of immunotherapy. Actually, to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy, the application of anti-angiogenesis drugs to normalize abnormal tumor vessel has been widely confirmed in basic and clinical research. This review not only discusses the risk factors, mechanisms, and effects of abnormal and normalized tumor angiogenesis state on the immune environment, but summarizes the latest progress of immunotherapy combined with anti-angiogenic therapy. We hope this review provides an applied reference for anti-angiogenesis drugs and synergistic immunotherapy therapy.

Biological behavior of Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) after refrigeration: Logistics for use in Biotherapy

The influence of refrigeration on the post-embryonic development of Chrysomya putoria larvae was evaluated, regarding its resistance in the logistics of storage and distribution in biotherapy. Previously sterilized larvae were submitted to four periods of storage under refrigeration (T1=12 h, T2=24 h, T3=48 h and T4=72 h) and control (without sterilization and refrigeration). Newly hatched larvae (0.200 g) were stored between 3 and 9ºC. After refrigeration, 40 neo-larvae (in triplicate) were transferred to 50 g of protein diet and incubated in an acclimatized chamber. There was a significant difference in the larval body mass (T1 and T2) and in the duration of larval, pupal and total development (T3 and T4). The sex ratios found in the four treatments did not differ from what was expected. Normality rates were 100% for all treatments. There was no significant difference between the Control, T1 and T2 treatments for larval, pupal and total viability. There was a significant difference between control (C) and T4 (larval viability), between C, T3 and T4 (pupa) and between C and T4 (total). C. putoria has resistance under refrigeration and storage of up to 56 h, presenting viability above 70% for use in biotherapy.

Clinical and histopathological responses to bee venom phonophoresis in treating venous and diabetic ulcers: a single-blind randomized controlled trial

Introduction

Chronic venous and diabetic ulcers are hard to treat that cause patients long time of suffering as well as significant healthcare and financial costs.

Purpose

The conducted study was to evaluate the efficacy of bee venom (BV) phonophoresis on the healing of chronic unhealed venous and/or diabetic foot ulcers Also, to compare the healing rate of diabetic and venous ulcers.

Methodology

The study included 100 patients (71 males and 29 females) with an age range of 40-60 years' old who had chronic unhealed venous leg ulcers of grade I, grade II, or diabetic foot ulcers with type II diabetes mellitus. They randomly assigned into four equal groups of 25: Group A (diabetic foot ulcer study group) and group C (venous ulcer study group) who both received conservative treatment of medical ulcer care and phonophoresis with BV gel, in addition to group B (diabetic foot ulcer control group) and group D (venous ulcer control group) who both received conservative treatment of medical ulcer care and received ultrasound sessions only without BV gel. Wound surface area (WSA) and ulcer volume measurement (UVM) were used to assess the ulcer healing pre-application (P₀), post-6 weeks of treatment (P₁), and after 12 weeks of treatment (P₂). In addition to Ki-67 immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the cell proliferative in the granulation tissue of ulcers pre-application (P₀) and after 12 weeks of treatment (P₂) for all groups.

Results

This research revealed a statistical significance improvement (p ≤ 0.0) in the WSA, and UVM with no significant difference between study groups after treatment. Regarding Ki-67 immunohistochemistry showed higher post treatment values in the venous ulcer group in comparison to the diabetic foot ulcer group.

Conclusion

Bee venom (BV) provided by phonophoresis is effective adjuvant treatment in accelerating venous and diabetic foot ulcer healing with higher proliferative effect on venous ulcer.

Clinical trial registration

www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT05285930.

Application of an instructive hydrogel accelerates re-epithelialization of xenografted human skin wounds

Poor quality (eg. excessive scarring) or delayed closure of skin wounds can have profound physical and pyschosocial effects on patients as well as pose an enormous economic burden on the healthcare system. An effective means of improving both the rate and quality of wound healing is needed for all patients suffering from skin injury. Despite wound care being a multi-billion-dollar industry, effective treatments aimed at rapidly restoring the skin barrier function or mitigating the severity of fibrotic scar remain elusive. Previously, a hydrogel conjugated angiopoietin-1 derived peptide (QHREDGS; Q-peptide) was shown to increase keratinocyte migration and improve wound healing in diabetic mice. Here, we evaluated the effect of this Q-Peptide Hydrogel on human skin wound healing using a mouse xenograft model. First, we confirmed that the Q-Peptide Hydrogel promoted the migration of adult human keratinocytes and modulated their cytokine profile in vitro. Next, utilizing our human to mouse split-thickness skin xenograft model, we found improved healing of wounded human epidermis following Q-Peptide Hydrogel treatment. Importantly, Q-Peptide Hydrogel treatment enhanced this wound re-epithelialization via increased keratinocyte migration and survival, rather than a sustained increase in proliferation. Overall, these data provide strong evidence that topical application of QHREDGS peptide-modified hydrogels results in accelerated wound closure that may lead to improved outcomes for patients.

Evaluation of Wound Healing and Antibacterial Potential of Greyia radlkoferi Szyszyl. Ethanolic Leaf Extract

Angiogenesis is an essential mechanism in both physiological and pathological functions, such as wound healing and cancer metastasis. Several growth factors mediate angiogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). This study evaluated the potential wound healing activity of Greyia radlkoferi Szyszyl (GR) and its effect on growth factors regulating angiogenesis. The ethanolic leaf extract of GR was evaluated for antibacterial activity against wound associated bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It exhibited antibacterial activity against two strains of S. aureus (ATCC 25293 and ATCC 6538) displaying a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 250 and 500 μg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extract was investigated for nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity and showed a fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 1266.5 ± 243.95 μg/ml. The extract was further investigated to determine its effect on the proliferation and modulation of growth factors secreted by human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Its effect on wound closure was evaluated using the scratch assay, where non-toxic concentrations were tested, as determined by the antiproliferative assay against HaCat cells (IC₅₀ > 400 μg/ml). Results showed that the extract significantly inhibited wound closure, with a percentage closure of 60.15 ± 1.41% (p < 0.05) and 49.52 ± 1.43% (p < 0.01) at a concentration of 50 and 100 μg/ml, respectively, when compared to the 0.25% Dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle control (65.86 ± 1.12%). Quantification of secreted growth factors from cell-free supernatant, collected from the scratch assay, revealed that the extract significantly decreased the concentration of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA) at both 50 (p < 0.05) and 100 μg/ml (p < 0.001) (443.08 ± 77.36 and 178.98 ± 36.60 pg/ml) when compared to the 0.25% DMSO vehicle control (538.33 ± 12.64 pg/ml). Therefore, whilst the extract showed antibacterial activity against wound associated bacteria, it did not induce wound healing but rather showed a significant inhibition of wound closure, which was confirmed by the inhibition of PDGF-AA, a major growth factor involved in angiogenesis. Therefore, the GR extract, should be considered for further investigation of anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic properties against cancer cells.

Advanced drug delivery systems containing herbal components for wound healing

Management of chronic wound has an immense impact on social and economic conditions in the world. Healthcare costs, aging population, physical trauma, and comorbidities of diabetes and obesity seem to be the major factors of this increasing incidence of chronic wounds. Conditions of chronic wound could not restore functional epidermis; thus, delaying the closure of the wound opening in an expected manner. Failures in restoration of skin integrity delay healing due to changes in skin pathology, such as chronic ulceration or nonhealing. The role of different traditional medicines has been explored for use in the healing of cutaneous wounds, where several phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, tannins are known to provide potential wound healing properties. However, the delivery of plant-based therapeutics could be improved by the novel platform of nanotechnology. Thus, the objectives of novel delivery strategies of principal bioactive from plant sources are to accelerate the wound healing process, avoid wound complications and enhance patient compliance. Therefore, the opportunities of nanotechnology-based drug delivery of natural wound healing therapeutics have been included in the present discussion with special emphasis on nanofibers, vesicular structures, nanoparticles, nanoemulsion, and nanogels.

Topical Polydeoxyribonucleotide Loaded in Hydrogel Formulation for Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats

Patients with diabetes mellitus experience delayed wound healing because of the uncontrolled glucose level leads to impaired cell proliferative function, poor circulation, decreased production and repair of new blood vessels. Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) is used in wound healing as a substance that stimulates tissue repair. A hydrogel is a reticular substance generally used as a dressing formulation to accelerate wound healing, and also used as a bio-applicable scaffold or vehicle. The aim of study is to investigate the effects of PDRN loaded in hydrogel on wound healing, in combination and separately, in an animal diabetic wound model. Methods: We studied the effects of PDRN in diabetes-related healing defect using an incisional skin-wound model produced on the back of male diabetic rats. A total of 36 wounds, were classified into 3 groups: a control group, a hydrogel-only group, a PDRN loaded in hydrogel combined-treatment group. All rats were assessed for changes in wound size and photographed on scheduled dates. The skin specimen sample of diabetic rat wound model were observed on 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after skin injury to measure tissue remodeling through histological evaluation of fibroblasts proliferation, and collagen production, also the number of blood vessels was measured in all specimens. Results: Differences in the decrease and change in wound size in the PDRN loaded in hydrogel group were more significant than those in the control and hydrogel single-treatment groups. Analysis of the fibroblasts proliferation, collagen production and number of blood vessels through histological examination showed a pattern of increase over time that occurred in PDRN loaded in hydrogel combined-treatment group. Conclusion: This experiment demonstrated improved wound healing using a PDRN loaded in hydrogel combined treatment compared to either two groups, resulting in a decrease in diabetic wound size and a shortening of the healing period

The pleiotropic effects of Prunus avium L. extract against oxidative stress on human fibroblasts. An in vitro approach

There is a persistent interest in innovative and multifunctional ingredients in biology research. With regards to this, natural sources have an important role due to their multiple benefits. Thus, this study aims to present the pleiotropic activity of Prunus avium L. extract on human primary fibroblasts for proving its efficacy in dermis-related processes. We focused on the safety and efficacy assessments based on cytotoxicity and gene expression analysis under oxidative stress. Specifically, Prunus avium L. extract was proved non-cytotoxic in human fibroblasts. The gene expression analysis unveiled that this extract has in vitro protective properties on human dermal fibroblasts under oxidative stress related to antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory response, cell proliferation and cell- aging. Our study demonstrated for the very first time that the Prunus avium L. extract is a multifunctional ingredient as it mediates several human dermis-related in vitro processes highlighting its potential to be used as an active ingredient in skin care products.

Improved diabetic wound healing by LFcinB is associated with relevant changes in the skin immune response and microbiota

Bovine lactoferricin (LFcinB) has antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties; however, the effects on diabetic wound healing remain poorly understood. The wound healing potential of LFcinB was investigated with in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. Cell migration and proliferation were tested on keratinocytes and on porcine ears. A type 1 diabetic mouse model was also used to evaluate wound healing kinetics, bacterial diversity patterns, and the effect of LFcinB on oxidative stress, macrophage phenotype, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition. LFcinB increased keratinocyte migration in vitro (p < 0.05) and ex vivo (p < 0.001) and improved wound healing in diabetic mice (p < 0.05), though not in normoglycemic control mice. In diabetic mouse wounds, LFcinB treatment led to the eradication of Bacillus pumilus, a decrease in Staphylococcus aureus, and an increase in the Staphylococcus xylosus prevalence. LFcinB increased angiogenesis in diabetic mice (p < 0.01), but this was decreased in control mice (p < 0.05). LFcinB improved collagen deposition in both diabetic and control mice (p < 0.05). Both oxidative stress and the M1-to-M2 macrophage ratios were decreased in LFcinB-treated wounds of diabetic animals (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively) compared with saline, suggesting a downregulation of inflammation in diabetic wounds. In conclusion, LFcinB treatment demonstrated noticeable positive effects on diabetic wound healing.

A New Controlled Release System for Propolis Polyphenols and Its Biochemical Activity for Skin Applications

Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees that exhibits antimicrobial, immunostimulatory and antioxidant activity. Its use is common in functional foods, cosmetics and traditional medicine despite the fact that it demonstrates low extraction yields and inconsistency in non-toxic solvents. In this work, a new encapsulation and delivery system consisting of liposomes and cyclodextrins incorporating propolis polyphenols has been developed and characterized. The antioxidant, antimutagenic and antiaging properties of the system under normal and UVB-induced oxidative stress conditions were investigated in cultured skin cells and/or reconstituted skin model. Furthermore, the transcript accumulation for an array of genes involved in many skin-related processes was studied. The system exhibits significant polyphenol encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical stability as well as controlled release rate in appropriate conditions. The delivery system can retain the anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidative and anti-ageing effects of propolis polyphenols to levels similar and comparable to those of propolis methanolic extracts, making the system ideal for applications where non-toxic solvents are required and controlled release of the polyphenol content is desired.

Inverse Poly-High Internal Phase Emulsions Poly(HIPEs) Materials from Natural and Biocompatible Polysaccharides

This paper shows one of the few examples in the literature on the feasibility of novel materials from natural and biocompatible polymers like inulin (INU) or glycol chitosan (GCS) templated by the formation of o/w (inverse) high internal phase emulsion (HIPE). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of inverse polyHIPEs obtained from glycol chitosan or inulin. The obtained polyHIPEs were specifically designed for possible wound dressing applications. The HIPE (pre-crosslinking emulsion) was obtained as inverse HIPE, i.e., by forming a cream-like 80:20 v/v o/w emulsion by using the isopropyl myristate in its oil phase, which is obtained from natural sources like palm oil or coconut oil. The surfactant amount was critical in obtaining the inverse HIPE and the pluronic F127 was effective in stabilizing the emulsion comprising up to 80% v/v as internal phase. The obtained inverse HIPEs were crosslinked by UV irradiation for methacrylated INU or by glutaraldehyde-crosslinking for GCS. In both cases, inverse poly-HIPEs were obtained, which were physicochemically characterized. This paper introduces a new concept in using hydrophilic, natural polymers for the formation of inverse poly-HIPEs.

Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell Progenitor Cells Promote Tumour Progression in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Objective

As sinusoidal endothelial cell progenitor cells (SEPCs) play a significant role in liver regeneration, it is necessary to elucidate whether SEPCs participate in tumour progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

A total of 45 patients with primary HCC who underwent liver resection were included in this study. The liver tumours were removed from the patients, and partial tissues were prepared to identify SEPCs through double staining of CD133/CD45 and CD133/CD31 at the same location. Blood samples were collected to examine liver function parameters and tumour markers. The demographics and clinicopathological characteristics of the patients were collected for correlation analysis with SEPCs.

Results

SEPCs were observed in several blood vessels within the HCC nodules of all 45 patients, but no SEPCs were detected in the tumour-adjacent tissues. The number of SEPCs was correlated with the expression levels of HCC tumour markers α-fetoprotein (AFP) and CA199. There was a positive correlation between the expression of SEPC markers and diameter of HCC tumours in differently differentiated specimens (P < 0.01). The expression levels of SEPC markers were significantly higher in patients with poorly differentiated HCC than in patients with moderately and highly differentiated HCC (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

SEPCs are closely associated with HCC progression; therefore, SEPCs may be considered potential prognostic and metastatic biomarkers and therapeutic candidates for HCC.

Marine Fungus Aspergillus chevalieri TM2-S6 Extract Protects Skin Fibroblasts from Oxidative Stress

The strain Aspergillus chevalieri TM2-S6 was isolated from the sponge Axinella and identified according to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) molecular sequence homology with Aspergillus species from the section Restricti. The strain was cultivated 9 days on potato dextrose broth (PDB), and the medium evaluated as antioxidant on primary normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). The cultivation broth was submitted to sterile filtration, lyophilized and used without any further processing to give the Aspergillus chevalieri TM2-S6 cultivation broth ingredient named ACBB. ACCB contains two main compounds: tetrahydroauroglaucin and flavoglaucin. Under oxidative stress, ACCB showed a significant promotion of cell viability. To elucidate the mechanism of action, the impact on a panel of hundreds of genes involved in fibroblast physiology was evaluated. Thus, ACCB stimulates cell proliferation (VEGFA, TGFB3), antioxidant response (GPX1, SOD1, NRF2), and extracellular matrix organization (COL1A1, COL3A1, CD44, MMP14). ACCD also reduced aging (SIRT1, SIRT2, FOXO3). These findings indicate that Aspergillus chevalieri TM2-S6 cultivation broth exhibits significant in vitro skin protection of human fibroblasts under oxidative stress, making it a potential cosmetic ingredient.

In vitro protective effects of marine-derived Aspergillus puulaauensis TM124-S4 extract on H2O2-stressed primary human fibroblasts

Nowadays, there is a huge interest in natural products obtained from marine organisms that can promote human health.The aim of the present study is to evaluate for the first time, the in vitro effects of marine Aspergillus puulaauensis TM124-S4 extract against oxidative stress in human fibroblasts, and its potential as a cosmetic ingredient. The strain was isolated from the Mediterranean Sea star, Echinaster sepositus, and identified according to ITS molecular sequence homology as a member of Aspergillus section versicolores.To gain insight on the bioactivity underpinning the effects of TM124-S4 extract on oxidative stress, we examined a panel of a hundred genes as well as cell viability. Initially, Aspergillus puulaauensis TM124-S4 promoted cell viability.The change in gene transcripts revealed that Aspergillus puulaauensis TM124-S4 extracts exhibited skin protection properties by mediating cell proliferation (EPS8, GDF15, CASP7, VEGFA), antioxidant response (CAT, SOD1, TXN, GPX1), skin hydration (CD44, CRABP2, SERPINE) and DNA repair (PCNA, P21). The extract also modulated the expression of genes involved in skin pigmentation and aging (TYR, FOXO3).These findings indicate that Aspergillus puulaauensis TM124-S4 extract possesses significant in-vitro skin protection activity against induced oxidative stress.Furthermore, new insights are provided into the beneficial role of fungal bioactive compounds in skin related research.

Evaluation of wound healing activity of ethanol extract of Annona reticulata L. leaf both in vitro and in diabetic mice model

Background and aim

The leaves of AnnonareticulataLinn (牛心果niú x ınguǒ; Bullock’s heart), a member of Annonaceae family, have been used extensively in folk medicine; however, its wound healing potential is yet to be explored. Our aim was to investigate the wound healing ability of A. reticulataleaf extract in vitro and in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice model.

Material and methods

We observed the plant extract induced proliferation and migration of primary human dermal fibroblast (HDF), human skin fibroblast cell line (GM00637) and human keratinocyte cell line (HACAT). The expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), collagen-1, collagen-3, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were evaluated by Western blot and gelatin zymography. Excisional diabetic wound model was used for in vivo wound healing assay. Furthermore, we processed wound tissue for histological and immunohistochemical study.

Result

A. reticulata L. leaf extract stimulates proliferation and migration of HDF, skin fibroblast and keratinocyte significantly in a dose dependent manner; expression of TGF-β, CTGF, VEGF, α-SMA, MMP-2, MMP-9, collagen-1, collagen-3, FAK increased. Additionally, an enhanced expression of phospho-SMAD2, phospho-SMAD3 in the treated cells indicated the activation of TGF-β signal transduction pathway, similarly increased expression of phospho-AkT suggested activation of PI3/AkT pathway. Expression of CTGF and α-SMA was also increased significantly in wound tissue. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that mainly two compounds to be present in the extract: quercetin and β-sitosterol.

Conclusion

Collective data suggest that A.reticulata leaf extract may have a stimulatory effect in diabetic wound healing.

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While the leaf extract from other species of the Annonaceae family have been studied extensively for wound healing activity, Annona reticulata leaf has not been explored for the same.

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The present study showed significantly increased proliferation and migration of both fibroblasts and keratinocytes in the treated group with enhanced expression of various growth factors critical to wound healing.Topical application accelerated wound closure in diabetic mice model compared to the positive control group.

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Annonareticulata Linn leaf extract have stimulatory effect in diabetic wound healing.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase promotes angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma via PI3K/Akt and STAT3

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy with increasing mortality in China. Angiogenesis is crucial for tumor formation, development and metastasis in HCC. Previous studies indicated that high expression levels of elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K), a protein kinase that negatively regulates the elongation stage of translation, were associated with poor prognosis of HCC. Here, we show that pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of eEF2K in highly metastatic liver cancer cells inhibits their colony forming and migratory capacities, as well as reducing their invasiveness. Importantly, knocking down eEF2K by lentiviral directed shRNA prevented tumor growth and angiogenesis of HCC in mice. Silencing of eEF2K in endothelial cells (HUVECs) led to a reduction in vascularization, evidenced by a decrease in capillary-like structures in the matrigel. Notably, knocking down eEF2K reduced the expression of angiogenesis-related growth factors in liver cancer cells and the expression of growth factor receptors on HUVECs, and thus restricted signaling crosstalk that promotes angiogenesis between HCC cells and endothelial cells. We also showed that silencing of eEF2K effectively reduced protein levels of SP1/KLF5 transcription factors and hence decreased the levels of bound SP1/KLF5 to the VEGF promoter, resulted in a decrease in VEGF mRNA expression. Knocking down eEF2K also led to a striking decrease in the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt and STAT3, indicating inactivation of these tumorigenic pathways. Taken together, our data suggest that eEF2K contributes to angiogenesis and tumor progression in HCC via SP1/KLF5-mediated VEGF expression, as well as the subsequent stimulation of PI3K/Akt and STAT3 signaling.

Regeneration and Repair of Skin Wounds: Various Strategies for Treatment

Skin as a mechanical barrier between the inner and outer environment of our body protects us against infection and electrolyte loss. This organ consists of 3 layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Any disruption in the integrity of skin leads to the formation of wounds, which are divided into 2 main categories: acute wounds and chronic wounds. Generally, acute wounds heal relatively faster. In contrast to acute wounds, closure of chronic wounds is delayed by 3 months after the initial insult. Treatment of chronic wounds has been one of the most challenging issues in the field of regenerative medicine, promoting scientists to develop various therapeutic strategies for a fast, qualified, and most cost-effective treatment modality. Here, we reviewed more recent approaches, including the development of stem cell therapy, tissue-engineered skin substitutes, and skin equivalents, for the healing of complex wounds.

Combining dietary phenolic antioxidants with polyvinylpyrrolidone: transparent biopolymer films based on p-coumaric acid for controlled release

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) has probably been one of the most utilized pharmaceutical polymers with applications ranging from a blood plasma substitute to nanoparticle drug delivery, since its synthesis in 1939. It is a highly biocompatible, non-toxic and transparent film forming polymer. Although high solubility of PVP in aqueous environment is advantageous, it still poses several problems for some applications in which sustained targeting and release are needed or hydrophobic drug inclusion and delivery systems are to be designed. In this study, we demonstrate that a common dietary phenolic antioxidant, p-coumaric acid (PCA), can be combined with PVP covering a wide range of molar ratios by solution blending in ethanol, forming new transparent biomaterial films with antiseptic and antioxidant properties. PCA not only acts as an effective natural plasticizer but also establishes H-bonds with PVP increasing its resistance to water dissolution. PCA could be released in a sustained manner up to a period of 3 days depending on the PVP/PCA molar ratio. Sustained drug delivery potential of the films was studied using methylene blue and carminic acid as model drugs, indicating that the release can be controlled. Antioxidant and remodeling properties of the films were evaluated in vitro by free radical cation scavenging assay and in vivo on a murine model, respectively. Furthermore, the material resorption of films was slower as PCA concentration increased, as observed from the in vivo full-thickness excision model. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the films against common pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and the effective reduction of inflammatory agents such as matrix metallopeptidases were demonstrated. All these properties suggest that these new transparent PVP/PCA films can find a plethora of applications in pharmaceutical sciences including skin and wound care.

Antioxidant-antibacterial containing bi-layer scaffolds as potential candidates for management of oxidative stress and infections in wound healing

Tissue engineering techniques are continuously evolving towards providing better microenvironment along with therapeutic potential to address the skin tissue defects. Factors such as microbial infections, presence of excessive free radicals and depletion in antioxidant based scavenging systems pose serious challenges by prolonging inflammation and delaying the repair process. Incorporation of bioactive molecules in polymer based biomimetic scaffolds may present new vistas for handling chronic wounds. In this study, chitosan/collagen scaffolds incorporating 0.5, 1 and 2% (w/w) silymarin (CS-CO-SM) were synthesized and studied for their biocompatibility, in vitro release kinetics and anti-oxidant activity. The release kinetics of silymarin from the CS-CO-SM scaffold showed an initial burst followed by sustained release. The scaffolds were biocompatible and supported the recovery of COS-7 cells from UV induced oxidative stress. Further the CS-CO-SM₍₂₎ scaffolds were used to fabricate a bi-layer scaffold by layer upon layer arrangement with CS-Ag3 (3% Ag, w/w). The Ag was incorporated to impart antimicrobial property to the scaffold. The in vivo studies on bi-layer scaffolds were carried out in Wistar rat models at 3, 7 and 10 days post injury and the skin excisions were studied for wound contraction, histology (H&E staining), and lipid peroxidation. The bi-layer scaffold accelerated the process of wound healing with no inflammatory cells, proliferation of fibroblast, neovascularization and collagen deposition. By day 10 post transplantation of the scaffold, the skin had a structure similar to normal skin with complete re-epithelization. This bi-layer scaffold with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties promotes wound healing and is proposed as a potential tissue engineering material for managing chronic wounds.

SIRT1 activation promotes angiogenesis in diabetic wounds by protecting endothelial cells against oxidative stress

OBJECTIVE

Chronic wounds are a devastating complication of diabetes and can lead to amputations or even death. Current medical therapies are insufficient to accelerate its repair. The objective of this study was to explore the role of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) in diabetic wounds.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Perilesional skin tissue samples from diabetic ulcers and normoglycemic trauma wounds were used to detect SIRT1 expression and oxidative stress levels. In a diabetic mouse model, SIRT1 was pharmacologically activated to attenuate angiogenesis and accelerate wound closure. Finally, in vitro experiments were performed to elucidate some of the mechanisms by which SIRT1 activation promotes angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing.

RESULTS

We found that skin tissue from diabetes patients showed lower expression of SIRT1 and severe oxidative stress. Decreased SIRT1 expression was observed in skin tissue from streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and was associated with impaired wound healing. In addition, the wounds of STZ-induced diabetic mice treated with SRT1720 (a specific SIRT1 activator) demonstrated locally improved wound healing and angiogenesis. In the in vitro experiment, similar results were observed. Under hyperglycemia conditions, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) showed lower expression of SIRT1 and higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, the migration, proliferation and in vitro tube formation ability of HUVECs were impaired under hyperglycemia conditions, and SRT1720 treatment rescued these impairments and decreased ROS production in HUVECs.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides experimental evidence that SIRT1 activation could improve angiogenesis in wounds in vitro and in vivo and that sirtuin1 activation accelerates wound healing in diabetic mice by promoting angiogenesis. These positive therapeutic effects may be mediated by protecting vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress injury. This study suggested that SIRT1 may serve as a potentially important and potent therapeutic target for treating diabetic ulcers.

Granulin Secreted by the Food-Borne Liver Fluke Opisthorchis viverrini Promotes Angiogenesis in Human Endothelial Cells

The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is a food-borne, zoonotic pathogen endemic to Thailand and adjacent countries in Southeast Asia. The adult developmental stage of the O. viverrini parasite excretes and secretes numerous proteins within the biliary tract including the gall bladder. Lesions caused by the feeding activities of the liver fluke represent wounds that undergo protracted cycles of healing and re-injury during chronic infection, which can last for decades. Components of the excretory/secretory (ES) complement released by the worms capably drive proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells and are implicated in establishing the oncogenic milieu that leads to bile duct cancer, cholangiocarcinoma. An ES protein, the secreted granulin-like growth factor termed Ov-GRN-1, accelerates wound resolution in mice and in vitro. To investigate angiogenesis (blood vessel development) that may contribute to wound healing promoted by liver fluke granulin and, by implication, to carcinogenesis during chronic opisthorchiasis, we employed an in vitro tubule formation assay (TFA) where human umbilical vein endothelial cells were grown on gelled basement matrix. Ten and 40 nM Ov-GRN-1 significantly stimulated angiogenesis as monitored by cellular proliferation and by TFA in real time. This demonstration of potent angiogenic property of Ov-GRN-1 bolsters earlier reports on the therapeutic potential for chronic non-healing wounds of diabetics, tobacco users, and the elderly and, in addition, showcases another of the hallmark of cancer characteristic of this carcinogenic liver fluke.

Topical application of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A accelerates the wound healing in streptozotocin induced T1DM rats

To investigate the effects of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A (HSYA), which is derived from safflower, on the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of cells in vitro and its potential efficacy in vivo when topically applied to a diabetic wound. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mouse macrophage cells (RAW264.7) were used to evaluate angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively. The influence of HSYA on the wound scratch assay was investigated in keratinocytes. A splinted excisional wound model in rats with TIDM induced by streptozotocin was used to assess the effects of wound healing. Collagen disposition and secretion of vascular growth factors (VEGF) as well as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were evaluated by an ELISA assay and histological staining. The in vitro results showed that HSYA could significantly enhance both the neovascularization of HUVECs and the migration of keratinocytes. It showed the significant inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production, indicating the anti-inflammatory activity of HSYA. In vivo, the topical application of HSYA significantly enhanced the wound closure rate, and the time to complete wound closure was 17 days, whereas 30 days were needed with PBS treatment. Further, treatment with HSYA exhibited significant granulation tissue formation with higher collagen content, re-epithelialization and angiogenesis according to Masson's trichrome staining evaluation, VEGE and TGF-β1 ELISA measurement. In conclusion, HSYA application could be considered a promising therapeutic strategy for treating chronic non-healing diabetic foot ulcers.

Effect of Low Molecular Weight Oligopeptides Isolated from Sea Cucumber on Diabetic Wound Healing in db/db Mice

Impaired wound healing is a major clinical problem in patients with diabetes and is the leading cause of lower limb amputation. This study is aimed to observe the effects of small molecule oligopeptides isolated from sea cucumber (SCCOPs) on the wound healing process in diabetic mice. Ninety db/db male mice were divided into five groups, including the model control group, whey protein group (0.50 g/kg) and three SCCOPs dose groups (0.25 g/kg, 0.50 g/kg and 1.00 g/kg). Additionally, 18 db/m male mice were used as normal control group. After full-thickness incisions on the dorsum, mice in SCCOPs-treated groups were intragastrically administered SCCOPs, while others were administered vehicle or whey protein. Mice were sacrificed on days 4, 7 and 14. The wound healing condition, inflammatory response, angiogenesis, collagen deposition, oxidative stress and nutritional status were evaluated. A pathological report showed increased vascularisation, collagen deposition and epithelialisation in SCCOPs-treated groups. SCCOPs-treated mice showed decreased C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents, and increased IL-10, stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α), nitric oxide (NO), albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PA) and transferrin (TRF) levels and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. All parameters were significant (p < 0.05) in comparison to model control group. These results suggest that treatment with SCCOPs can promote significant wound healing in diabetic mice.

Important signals regulating coronary artery angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a complex process of budding, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing microvessels, via migration, proliferation and survival. Vascular angiogenesis factors include different classes of molecules that have a fundamental role in blood vessel formation. Numerous inducers of angiogenesis, such as the members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), angiopoietin (Ang), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), have an important role in angiogenesis. However, VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) expression appear to be important in intraplaque angiogenesis. Interaction and combined effects between growth factors is essential in endothelial cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and endothelial cell-cell communication that ultimately lead to the microvessel formation. Since VEGF has a key role during angiogenesis; it may be considered as a good therapeutic target in the clinic. The essential function of several angiogenic factors involved in coronary angiogenesis and intraplaque angiogenesis in atherosclerosis are carefully considered along with the use of angiogenic factors in clinical practice.

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi ( Aroeira) leaves oil attenuates inflammatory responses in cutaneous wound healing in mice 1

PURPOSE

To investigated the inflammatory, angiogenic and fibrogenic activities of the Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaves oil (STRO) on wound healing.

METHODS

The excisional wound healing model was used to evaluate the effects of STRO. The mice were divided into two groups: Control, subjected to vehicle solution (ointment lanolin/vaseline base), or STRO- treated group, administered topically once a day for 3, 7 and 14 days post-excision. We evaluated the macroscopic wound closure rate; the inflammation was evaluated by leukocytes accumulation and cytokine levels in the wounds. The accumulation of neutrophil and macrophages in the wounds were determined by assaying myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities. The levels of TNF-α, CXCL-1 and CCL-2 in wound were evaluated by ELISA assay. Angiogenesis and collagen fibers deposition were evaluated histologically.

RESULTS

We observed that macroscopic wound closure rate was improved in wounds from STRO-group than Control-group. The wounds treated with STRO promoted a reduction in leucocyte accumulation and in pro-inflammatory cytokine. Moreover, STRO treatment increased significantly the number of blood vessels and collagen fibers deposition, as compared to control group.

CONCLUSION

Topical application of STRO display anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects, as well as improvement in collagen replacement, suggesting a putative use of this herb for the development of phytomedicines to treat inflammatory diseases, including wound healing.

TNFα contributes to diabetes impaired angiogenesis in fracture healing

Diabetes increases the likelihood of fracture, interferes with fracture healing and impairs angiogenesis. The latter may be significant due to the critical nature of angiogenesis in fracture healing. Although it is known that diabetes interferes with angiogenesis the mechanisms remain poorly defined. We examined fracture healing in normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and quantified the degree of angiogenesis with antibodies to three different vascular markers, CD34, CD31 and Factor VIII. The role of diabetes-enhanced inflammation was investigated by treatment of the TNFα-specific inhibitor, pegsunercept starting 10days after induction of fractures. Diabetes decreased both angiogenesis and VEGFA expression by chondrocytes. The reduced angiogenesis and VEGFA expression in diabetic fractures was rescued by specific inhibition of TNF in vivo. In addition, the TNF inhibitor rescued the negative effect of diabetes on endothelial cell proliferation and endothelial cell apoptosis. The effect of TNFα in vitro was enhanced by high glucose and an advanced glycation endproduct to impair microvascular endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation and to stimulate apoptosis. The effect of TNF, high glucose and an AGE was mediated by the transcription factor FOXO1, which increased expression of p21 and caspase-3. These studies indicate that inflammation plays a major role in diabetes-impaired angiogenesis in endochondral bone formation through its effect on microvascular endothelial cells and FOXO1.

Wound Healing Activity of Extracts and Formulations of Aloe vera, Henna, Adiantum capillus-veneris, and Myrrh on Mouse Dermal Fibroblast Cells

Background:

Among the most important factors in wound healing pathways are transforming growth factor beta1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Fibroblasts are the main cell in all phases wound closure. In this study, the extracts of plant materials such as Adiantum capillus-veneris, Commiphora molmol, Aloe vera, and henna and one mixture of them were used to treatment of normal mouse skin fibroblasts.

Methods:

Cytotoxic effects of each extract and their mixture were assessed on mouse skin fibroblasts cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. We performed migration assays to assess migration properties of mouse skin fibroblasts cells in response to the extracts. Changes in the gene expression of the Tgfβ1 and Vegf-A genes were monitored by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results:

A. capillus-veneris, C. molmol and henna extract improved the expression of Tgfβ1 gene. All used extracts upregulated the expression of Vegf-A gene and promoted the migration of mouse fibroblast cells in vitro.

Conclusions:

The present study demonstrated that the mentioned herbal extracts might be effective in wound healing, through the improvement in the migration of fibroblast cells and regulating the gene expression of Tgfβ1 and Vegf-A genes in fibroblast cells treated with extracts.

Functional Regulation of the Plasma Protein Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein by Zn2+ in Settings of Tissue Injury

Divalent metal ions are essential nutrients for all living organisms and are commonly protein-bound where they perform important roles in protein structure and function. This regulatory control from metals is observed in the relatively abundant plasma protein histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), which displays preferential binding to the second most abundant transition element in human systems, Zinc (Zn²⁺). HRG has been proposed to interact with a large number of protein ligands and has been implicated in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes including the formation of immune complexes, apoptotic/necrotic and pathogen clearance, cell adhesion, antimicrobial activity, angiogenesis, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Interestingly, these processes are often associated with sites of tissue injury or tumour growth, where the concentration and distribution of Zn²⁺ is known to vary. Changes in Zn²⁺ levels have been shown to modify HRG function by altering its affinity for certain ligands and/or providing protection against proteolytic disassembly by serine proteases. This review focuses on the molecular interplay between HRG and Zn²⁺, and how Zn²⁺ binding modifies HRG-ligand interactions to regulate function in different settings of tissue injury.

Chromolaena odorata: A neglected weed with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities (Review)

The study of wound‑healing plants has acquired an interdisciplinary nature with a systematic investigational approach. Several biochemicals are involved in the healing process of the body, including antioxidants and cytokines. Although several pharmaceutical preparations and formulations are available for wound care and management, it remains necessary to search for efficacious treatments, as certain current formulations cause adverse effects or lack efficacy. Phytochemicals or biomarkers from numerous plants suggest they have positive effects on different stages of the wound healing process via various mechanisms. Several herbal medicines have displayed marked activity in the management of wounds and various natural compounds have verified in vivo wound healing potential, and can, therefore, be considered as potential drugs of natural origin. Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Robinson is considered a tropical weed. However, it exhibits anti‑inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and numerous other relevant medicinal properties on an appreciable scale, and is known in some parts of the world as a traditional medicine used to treat various ailments. To understand its specific role as nature's gift for healing wounds and its contribution to affordable healthcare, this plant must be scientifically assessed based on the available literature. This review aims to summarize the role of C. odorata and its biomarkers in the wound healing activities of biological systems, which are crucial to its potential future drug design, development and application for the treatment of wounds.

Ancient Seed for Modern Cure - Pomegranate Review of Therapeutic Applications in Periodontics

Punica granatum (pomegranate), the member of Punicaceae family, is used in the prevention and treatment of health disorders. P. granatum contains diverse range of phytochemicals including ellagic acid, punicalagin, pedunculagin, quercetin, rutin, tannic acid, polyphenol, anthocyanins, and catechins. This review aims at providing an overview of the chemical constituents, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of P. granatum, and its role in the prevention and treatment of gingival and periodontal diseases.

Effect of the herbal mixture composed of Aloe Vera, Henna, Adiantum capillus-veneris, and Myrrha on wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

BACKGROUND

Wound healing is often impaired in diabetic animals and humans. Matrix metalloproteases act as pro-inflammatory agents in physiological wound healing pathways by stimulating cytokines including the interleukins, IL6, IL1A and IL1B, and the tumor necrosis factor and transforming growth factor beta1. Botanicals are traditionally used to assist healing of different types of wounds, because they produce fewer side effects. Our specific aim here was to develop a plant-based recipe supporting effective wound healing in diabetic animals.

METHODS

Plant materials from Adiantum capillus-veneris, Commiphora molmol, Aloe Vera, and henna were collected for this study, and oven-dried at 60 °C. The dried leaves and resins were then crumbled into a powder and mixed in equal parts with Vaseline as a preservative. This mixture was used as an ointment on wounds induced in 60 diabetic and non-diabetic rats that were divided into 6 subgroups receiving agent or control treatments. Necrotic tissue surrounding the wound was periodically removed during wound healing. RNA was extracted from the healing region of the wound at days 7, 14 and 21 for cDNA synthesis to monitor changes in Tgfb1, Mmp3, Mmp9, Il6 and Tnf α expression using real-time PCR.

RESULTS

The expression of the Mmp3, the Tnf α, and the Tgfb1 genes from wound tissue were significantly different (p < 0.05) between diabetic and non-diabetic (control) rats treated with the herbal mixture after 14 and 21 days. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) of the Mmp9 gene expression in diabetic and non-diabetic rats treated only with Vaseline after 7, 14, and 21 days. But, the expression of the Mmp9 gene decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in diabetic rats after 14 days in comparison to non-diabetic rats, when the herbal mixture was added to Vaseline.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study presents an herbal treatment that alters the gene expression signature at wounds induced in the rat model for type I diabetes in a manner consistent with accelerated healing, and demonstrates that this herbal treatment might be effective to treat wounds in diabetic patients.

Intrinsic FGF2 and FGF5 promotes angiogenesis of human aortic endothelial cells in 3D microfluidic angiogenesis system

The human body contains different endothelial cell types and differences in their angiogenic potential are poorly understood. We compared the functional angiogenic ability of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic cell culture system. HAECs and HUVECs exhibited similar cellular characteristics in a 2D culture system; however, in the 3D microfluidic angiogenesis system, HAECs exhibited stronger angiogenic potential than HUVECs. Interestingly, the expression level of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2 and FGF5 under vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A stimulation was significantly higher in HAECs than in HUVECs. Moreover, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of FGF2 and FGF5 more significantly attenuated vascular sprouting induced from HAECs than HUVECs. Our results suggest that HAECs have greater angiogenic potential through FGF2 and FGF5 upregulation and could be a compatible endothelial cell type to achieve robust angiogenesis.

Evaluation of the angiogenic potency of a novel exopolysaccharide produced by the MK1 bacterial strain

Angiogenesis is an essential physiological step in wound healing and other regenerative processes. Here, we evaluated the angiogenic properties of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) secreted by MK1 (MK1-EPS), a novel bacterial strain isolated from Neungee mushrooms. MK1-EPS significantly increased human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, migration, and vascular tube formation. MK1-EPS enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, which are mitogen-activated protein kinases. In addition, the expression of p21 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), but not of protein kinase B (AKT), were increased. Specific inhibitors of p38 (SB203580), ERK (PD98059), and JNK (SP600125) inhibited MK1-EPS-induced HUVEC proliferation, tube formation, and cell migration, and partially attenuated MKI-EPS-induced expression of p21 and ICAM1, and STAT3 phosphorylation. After surgical implantation into rabbit calvarial bone defects, new blood vessel formation was significantly higher with MK1-EPS composite bone granules than with granules alone, and new bone formation increased significantly. Therefore, MK1-EPS induces angiogenesis and may have potential for use as a bone regeneration agent in bone tissue engineering applications.

Evaluating Sarconesiopsis magellanica blowfly-derived larval therapy and comparing it to Lucilia sericata-derived therapy in an animal model

Larval therapy is used as alternative treatment for hard-to-heal chronic and infected wounds. Lucilia sericata is the most used blowfly species. However, it has been shown recently that Sarconesiopsis magellanica larval excretions and secretions have potent antibacterial activity; this blowfly belongs to the Calliphoridae family. The present work has dealt with evaluating larval therapy using S. magellanica on wounds induced in diabetic rabbits and its action was compared to the effect induced by L. sericata. Twelve New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used; they were divided into 4 groups, the first two being treated with larval therapy derived from both aforementioned necrophagous blowflies, an antibiotic was used in the third and the fourth was used as control. All the animals were wounded on the back and infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Samples of the secretion from each animal's infected wound were taken and sown on blood agar. The colony forming units were then counted. The PUSH scale was used for the macroscopic evaluation of the wounds. Bacterial control was encountered 48 h post-treatment in the treatments involving larval therapy and to a lesser extent with the antibiotic. Likewise, wound debridement was quicker and more efficient with larval therapy compared to the antibiotic group; however, wound closing time was 23 days in all treatments. The group treated with S. magellanica larvae had relatively quicker evolution until the proliferation phase and the start of maturation, even though there were no significant differences between both blowfly species evaluated here regarding treatments by the end of the treatment period. The present study has validated the diabetic rabbit model for inducing chronic wounds regarding larval therapy and has likewise confirmed the effectiveness of S. magellanica-derived larval therapy as an alternative for curing and healing wounds.

Carcinogenic Parasite Secretes Growth Factor That Accelerates Wound Healing and Potentially Promotes Neoplasia

Infection with the human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini induces cancer of the bile ducts, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Injury from feeding activities of this parasite within the human biliary tree causes extensive lesions, wounds that undergo protracted cycles of healing, and re-injury over years of chronic infection. We show that O. viverrini secreted proteins accelerated wound resolution in human cholangiocytes, an outcome that was compromised following silencing of expression of the fluke-derived gene encoding the granulin-like growth factor, Ov-GRN-1. Recombinant Ov-GRN-1 induced angiogenesis and accelerated mouse wound healing. Ov-GRN-1 was internalized by human cholangiocytes and induced gene and protein expression changes associated with wound healing and cancer pathways. Given the notable but seemingly paradoxical properties of liver fluke granulin in promoting not only wound healing but also a carcinogenic microenvironment, Ov-GRN-1 likely holds marked potential as a therapeutic wound-healing agent and as a vaccine against an infection-induced cancer of major public health significance in the developing world.

Etv2 and fli1b function together as key regulators of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

OBJECTIVE

The E26 transformation-specific domain transcription factor Etv2/Etsrp/ER71 is a master regulator of vascular endothelial differentiation during vasculogenesis, although its later role in sprouting angiogenesis remains unknown. Here, we investigated in the zebrafish model a role for Etv2 and related E26 transformation-specific factors, Fli1a and Fli1b in developmental angiogenesis.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

Zebrafish fli1a and fli1b mutants were obtained using transposon-mediated gene trap approach. Individual fli1a and fli1b homozygous mutant embryos display normal vascular patterning, yet the angiogenic recovery observed in older etv2 mutant embryos does not occur in embryos lacking both etv2 and fli1b. Etv2 and fli1b double-deficient embryos fail to form any angiogenic sprouts and show greatly increased apoptosis throughout the axial vasculature. In contrast, fli1a mutation did not affect the recovery of etv2 mutant phenotype. Overexpression analyses indicate that both etv2 and fli1b, but not fli1a, induce the expression of multiple vascular markers and of each other. Temporal inhibition of Etv2 function using photoactivatable morpholinos indicates that the function of Etv2 and Fli1b during angiogenesis is independent from the early requirement of Etv2 during vasculogenesis. RNA-Seq analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation suggest that Etv2 and Fli1b share the same transcriptional targets and bind to the same E26 transformation-specific sites.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data argue that there are 2 phases of early vascular development with distinct requirements of E26 transformation-specific transcription factors. Etv2 alone is required for early vasculogenesis, whereas Etv2 and Fli1b function redundantly during late vasculogenesis and early embryonic angiogenesis.

Chitosan-aluminum monostearate composite sponge dressing containing asiaticoside for wound healing and angiogenesis promotion in chronic wound

There are many factors that delay healing in chronic wounds including lowering level of growth factors and increasing exudate level comprising high amount of tissue destructive enzymes. Asiaticoside possesses interesting wound healing and angiogenic activities that are employed to stimulate tissue regeneration in wound healing application. This study attempted to develop chitosan-aluminum monostearate (Alst) composite sponge containing asiaticoside for use as an absorbent medical dressing in chronic wound. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was used to enhance homogeneity of asiaticoside in the polymer composite matrix. The sponge dressings were prepared by lyophilization and dehydrothermal treatment (DHT). Functional group interaction, crystallinity, and morphology of the prepared sponges were investigated using FT-IR, PXRD, and SEM, respectively. Physicochemical properties, porosity, hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties and mechanical property, were evaluated. Wound dressing properties, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), fluid absorbency, oxygen permeation (OP), and bio-adhesive property, were investigated. In vitro asiaticoside release study was conducted using immersion method. Cytotoxicity was studied in normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) and normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK). Angiogenic activity of asiaticoside was evaluated using chick-chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. FT-IR and PXRD results revealed the amidation after DHT to enhance the crystallinity of the prepared sponges. The prepared sponges had high porosity comprising high Alst-loaded amount that exhibited more compact structure. Alst enhanced hydrophobicity therefore it reduced the fluid absorption and WVTR together with bio-adhesion of the prepared sponge dressings. Porosity of all sponges was more than 85% therefore resulting in their high OP. Enhancing hydrophobicity of the material by Alst and more homogeneity caused by NMP eventually retarded the asiaticoside release for 7 days. The sponge extractions were non-toxic to the cells moreover they promoted NHDF and NHEK cell proliferation. Asiaticoside and asiaticoside-contained dressings exhibited dose-dependent angiogenic activity in CAM model.

The expression of miR-125b regulates angiogenesis during the recovery of heat-denatured HUVECs

BACKGROUND

In previous studies we found that miR-125b was down-regulated in denatured dermis of deep partial thickness burn patients. Moreover, miR-125b inhibited tumor-angiogenesis associated with the decrease of ERBB2 and VEGF expression in ovarian cancer cells and breast cancer cells, etc. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns and roles of miR-125b during the recovery of denatured dermis and heat-denatured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

METHODS

Deep partial thickness burns in Sprague-Dawley rats and the heat-denatured cells (52°C, 35 s) were used for analysis. Western blot analysis and real-time PCR were applied to evaluate the expression of miR-125b and ERBB2 and VEGF. The ability of angiogenesis in heat-denatured HUVECs was analyzed by scratch wound healing and tube formation assay after pri-miR-125b or anti-miR-125b transfection.

RESULTS

miR-125b expression was time-dependent during the recovery of heat-denatured dermis and HUVECs. Moreover, miR-125b regulated ERBB2 mRNA and Protein Expression and regulated angiogenesis association with regulating the expression of VEGF in heat-denatured HUVECs.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together our results show that the expression of miR-125b is time-dependent and miR-125b plays a regulatory role of angiogenesis during wound healing after burns.

Punica granatum: A review on its potential role in treating periodontal disease

A wide variety of plants possess enormous treasure of medicinal value. Majority of these medicinal plants have been used to treat various systemic conditions successfully. Over the recent years, use of these medicinal plants has resurfaced to treat oral conditions. Among the oral conditions, periodontal disease remains one of the most common. Alternative and preventive options has become the need of the hour in order to overcome the adverse effects of the antimicrobial agents used in large as an adjunct to mainstream periodontal treatment. Punica granatum (Pomegranate) is one of the oldest edible fruit which has a long history as a medicinal fruit. This review is an attempt to highlight the potential of Punica granatum as a preventive and therapeutic aid to periodontal disease.

Jaceosidin, a natural flavone, promotes angiogenesis via activation of VEGFR2/FAK/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathways in endothelial cells

Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes such as embryonic development wound healing and revascularization of tissues after exposure to ischemia. We investigated the effects of jaceosidin, a main constituent of medicinal herbs of the genus Artemisia, on angiogenesis and signaling pathways in endothelial cells. Jaceosidin stimulated proliferation, migration and tubulogenesis of ECs as well as ex vivo sprouting from aorta rings, which are phenomena typical of angiogenesis. Jaceosidin activated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, FLk-1/KDR) and angiogenic signaling molecules such as focal adhesion kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and its downstream target, the serine-threonine kinase AKTWe also demonstrated that jaceosidin activated the NF-κB-driven expression of a luciferase reporter gene and NF-κB binding to DNA. Jaceosidin-induced proliferation and migration of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells were strongly inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 and NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082, indicating that the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in jaceosidin-induced angiogenesis. Our results suggest that jaceosidin stimulates angiogenesis by activating the VEGFR2/FAK/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway and that it may be useful in developing angiogenic agents to promote the growth of collateral blood vessels in ischemic tissues.

Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of insulin-like growth factor 1 enhances wound healing and induces angiogenesis

BACKGROUND

Chronic wounds are characterized by a wound healing and neovascularization deficit. Strategies to increase neovascularization can significantly improve chronic wound healing. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is reported to be a keratinocyte mitogen and is believed to induce angiogenesis via a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent pathway. Using a novel ex vivo human dermal wound model and a diabetic-impaired wound healing murine model, we hypothesized that adenoviral overexpression of IGF-1 (Ad-IGF-1) will enhance wound healing and induce angiogenesis through a VEGF-dependent pathway.

METHODS

Ex vivo: 6-mm full-thickness punch biopsies were obtained from normal human skin, and 3-mm full-thickness wounds were created at the center. Skin explants were maintained at air liquid interface. Db/db murine model: 8-mm full-thickness dorsal wounds in diabetic (db/db) mice were created. Treatment groups in both human ex vivo and in vivo db/db wound models include 1×10(8) particle forming units of Ad-IGF-1 or Ad-LacZ, and phosphate buffered saline (n=4-5/group). Cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase) was quantified at days 3, 5, and 7 for the human ex vivo wound model. Epithelial gap closure (hematoxylin and eosin; Trichrome), VEGF expression (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and capillary density (CD 31+CAPS/HPF) were analyzed at day 7.

RESULTS

In the human ex vivo organ culture, the adenoviral vectors did not demonstrate any significant difference in cytotoxicity compared with phosphate buffered saline. Ad-IGF-1 overexpression significantly increases basal keratinocyte migration, with no significant effect on epithelial gap closure. There was a significant increase in capillary density in the Ad-IGF-1 wounds. However, there was no effect on VEGF levels in Ad-IGF-1 samples compared with controls. In db/db wounds, Ad-IGF-1 overexpression significantly improves epithelial gap closure and granulation tissue with a dense cellular infiltrate compared with controls. Ad-IGF-1 also increases capillary density, again with no significant difference in VEGF levels in the wounds compared with control treatments.

CONCLUSIONS

In two different models, our data demonstrate that adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of IGF-1 results in enhanced wound healing and induces angiogenesis via a VEGF-independent pathway. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of IGF-1 effects on angiogenesis may help produce novel therapeutics for chronic wounds or diseases characterized by a deficit in neovascularization.

Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of insulin-like growth factor 1 enhances wound healing and induces angiogenesis

BACKGROUND

Chronic wounds are characterized by a wound healing and neovascularization deficit. Strategies to increase neovascularization can significantly improve chronic wound healing. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is reported to be a keratinocyte mitogen and is believed to induce angiogenesis via a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent pathway. Using a novel ex vivo human dermal wound model and a diabetic-impaired wound healing murine model, we hypothesized that adenoviral overexpression of IGF-1 (Ad-IGF-1) will enhance wound healing and induce angiogenesis through a VEGF-dependent pathway.

METHODS

Ex vivo: 6-mm full-thickness punch biopsies were obtained from normal human skin, and 3-mm full-thickness wounds were created at the center. Skin explants were maintained at air liquid interface. Db/db murine model: 8-mm full-thickness dorsal wounds in diabetic (db/db) mice were created. Treatment groups in both human ex vivo and in vivo db/db wound models include 1×10(8) particle forming units of Ad-IGF-1 or Ad-LacZ, and phosphate buffered saline (n=4-5/group). Cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase) was quantified at days 3, 5, and 7 for the human ex vivo wound model. Epithelial gap closure (hematoxylin and eosin; Trichrome), VEGF expression (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and capillary density (CD 31+CAPS/HPF) were analyzed at day 7.

RESULTS

In the human ex vivo organ culture, the adenoviral vectors did not demonstrate any significant difference in cytotoxicity compared with phosphate buffered saline. Ad-IGF-1 overexpression significantly increases basal keratinocyte migration, with no significant effect on epithelial gap closure. There was a significant increase in capillary density in the Ad-IGF-1 wounds. However, there was no effect on VEGF levels in Ad-IGF-1 samples compared with controls. In db/db wounds, Ad-IGF-1 overexpression significantly improves epithelial gap closure and granulation tissue with a dense cellular infiltrate compared with controls. Ad-IGF-1 also increases capillary density, again with no significant difference in VEGF levels in the wounds compared with control treatments.

CONCLUSIONS

In two different models, our data demonstrate that adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of IGF-1 results in enhanced wound healing and induces angiogenesis via a VEGF-independent pathway. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of IGF-1 effects on angiogenesis may help produce novel therapeutics for chronic wounds or diseases characterized by a deficit in neovascularization.

Survival response of hippocampal neurons under low oxygen conditions induced by Hippophae rhamnoides is associated with JAK/STAT signaling

Janus activated kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STATs) pathway are associated with various neuronal functions including cell survival and inflammation. In the present study, it is hypothesized that protective action of aqueous extract of Hippophae rhamnoides in hippocampal neurons against hypoxia is mediated via JAK/STATs. Neuronal cells exposed to hypoxia (0.5% O2) display higher reactive oxygen species with compromised antioxidant status compared to unexposed control cells. Further, these cells had elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines; tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 and nuclear factor κappa B. Moreover, the expression of JAK1 was found to be highly expressed with phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5. Cells treated with JAK1, STAT3 and STAT5 specific inhibitors resulted in more cell death compared to hypoxic cells. Treatment of cells with extract prevented oxidative stress and inflammatory response associated with hypoxia. The extract treated cells had more cell survival than hypoxic cells with induction of JAK1 and STAT5b. Cells treated with extract having suppressed JAK1 or STAT3 or STAT5 expression showed reduced cell viability than the cell treated with extract alone. Overall, the findings from these studies indicate that the aqueous extract of Hippophae rhamnoides treatment inhibited hypoxia induced oxidative stress by altering cellular JAK1, STAT3 and STAT5 levels thereby enhancing cellular survival response to hypoxia and provide a basis for possible use of aqueous extract of Hippophae rhamnoides in facilitating tolerance to hypoxia.