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Evaluation of Longitudinal Lymphatic Function Changes upon Injury in the Mouse Tail with Photodynamic Therapy. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2022; 14:204-216. [PMID: 36403192 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-022-00645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lymphatic system is an essential but often understudied component of the circulatory system in comparison with its cardiovascular counterpart. Such disparity could often be explained by the difficulty in imaging lymphatics and the specialized microsurgical skills that are often required for lymphatic injury models. Recently, it has been shown that verteporfin, a photosensitive drug used for photodynamic therapy (PDT) to ablate the blood vessels, provides a similar effect on lymphatic vessels. Here, we seek to administer verteporfin and perform a modified form of PDT on collecting lymphatics in the mouse tail, a commonly used location for the study of lymphatic disorders, and examine lymphatic remodeling, contractility, and transport in response to the procedure. METHODS Mice collecting lymphatics in the tail were injured by PDT through an intradermal injection of verteporfin in the distal tip of the tail followed by light activation on the proximal portion of the tail downstream of the injection site. Lymphatic function was evaluated using a near-infrared (NIR) imaging system weekly for up to 28 days after injury. RESULTS PDT resulted in a loss in lymphatic function contractile frequency that persisted for up to 7 days after injury. Packet transport and packet amplitude, measurements reflective of the strength of contraction, were significantly reduced 14 days after injury. The lymphatics showed a delayed increase in lymphatic leakage at 7 days that persisted until the study endpoint on day 28. CONCLUSION This technique provides an easy-to-use method for injuring lymphatics to understand their remodeling response to injury by PDT as well as potentially for screening therapeutics that seek to normalize lymphatic permeability or contractile function after injury.
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Green LA, O'Dea MR, Hoover CA, DeSantis DF, Smith CJ. The embryonic zebrafish brain is seeded by a lymphatic-dependent population of mrc1 + microglia precursors. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:849-864. [PMID: 35710983 PMCID: PMC10680068 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the CNS that serve critical roles in brain construction. Although human brains contain microglia by 4 weeks gestation, an understanding of the earliest microglia that seed the brain during its development remains unresolved. Using time-lapse imaging in zebrafish, we discovered a mrc1a+ microglia precursor population that seeds the brain before traditionally described microglia. These early microglia precursors are dependent on lymphatic vasculature that surrounds the brain and are independent of pu1+ yolk sac-derived microglia. Single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets reveal Mrc1+ microglia in the embryonic brains of mice and humans. We then show in zebrafish that these early mrc1a+ microglia precursors preferentially expand during pathophysiological states in development. Taken together, our results identify a critical role of lymphatics in the microglia precursors that seed the early embryonic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Michael R O'Dea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Camden A Hoover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Dana F DeSantis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Cody J Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
- The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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3
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Roy S, Banerjee P, Ekser B, Bayless K, Zawieja D, Alpini G, Glaser SS, Chakraborty S. Targeting Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis in Liver Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:2052-2063. [PMID: 34509441 PMCID: PMC8647434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis, the important prognostic indicators of aggressive hepatobiliary malignancies such as hepatocellular cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, are associated with poor patient outcome. The liver produces 25% to 50% of total lymphatic fluid in the body and has a dense network of lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic system plays critical roles in fluid homeostasis and inflammation and immune response. Yet, lymphatic vessel alterations and function are grossly understudied in the context of liver pathology. Expansion of the lymphatic network has been documented in clinical samples of liver cancer; and although largely overlooked in the liver, tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis is an important player, increasing tumor metastasis in several cancers. This review aims to provide a detailed perspective on the current knowledge of alterations in the hepatic lymphatic system during liver malignancies, as well as various molecular signaling mechanisms and growth factors that may provide future targets for therapeutic intervention. In addition, the review also addresses current mechanisms and bottlenecks for effective therapeutic targeting of tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Roy
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kayla Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - David Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Richard L Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shannon S Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas.
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4
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Current concepts on communication between the central nervous system and peripheral immunity via lymphatics: what roles do lymphatics play in brain and spinal cord disease pathogenesis? Biol Futur 2021; 72:45-60. [PMID: 34554497 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-021-00066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) lacks conventional lymphatics within the CNS parenchyma, yet still maintains fluid homeostasis and immunosurveillance. How the CNS communicates with systemic immunity has thus been a topic of interest for scientists in the past century, which has led to several theories of CNS drainage routes. In addition to perineural routes, rediscoveries of lymphatics surrounding the CNS in the meninges revealed an extensive network of lymphatics, which we now know play a significant role in fluid homeostasis and immunosurveillance. These meningeal lymphatic networks exist along the superior sagittal sinus and transverse sinus dorsal to the brain, near the cribriform plate below the olfactory bulbs, at the base of the brain, and surrounding the spinal cord. Inhibition of one or all of these lymphatic networks can reduce CNS autoimmunity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), while augmenting these lymphatic networks can improve immunosurveillance, immunotherapy, and clearance in glioblastoma, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and cerebrovascular injury. In this review, we will provide historical context of how CNS drainage contributes to immune surveillance, how more recently published studies fit meningeal lymphatics into the context of CNS homeostasis and neuroinflammation, identify the complex dualities of lymphatic function during neuroinflammation and how therapeutics targeting lymphatic function may be more complicated than currently appreciated, and conclude by identifying some unresolved questions and controversies that may guide future research.
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5
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Rezzola S, Sigmund EC, Halin C, Ronca R. The lymphatic vasculature: An active and dynamic player in cancer progression. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:576-614. [PMID: 34486138 PMCID: PMC9291933 DOI: 10.1002/med.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature has been widely described and explored for its key functions in fluid homeostasis and in the organization and modulation of the immune response. Besides transporting immune cells, lymphatic vessels play relevant roles in tumor growth and tumor cell dissemination. Cancer cells that have invaded into afferent lymphatics are propagated to tumor‐draining lymph nodes (LNs), which represent an important hub for metastatic cell arrest and growth, immune modulation, and secondary dissemination to distant sites. In recent years many studies have reported new mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature affects cancer progression, ranging from induction of lymphangiogenesis to metastatic niche preconditioning or immune modulation. In this review, we provide an up‐to‐date description of lymphatic organization and function in peripheral tissues and in LNs and the changes induced to this system by tumor growth and progression. We will specifically focus on the reported interactions that occur between tumor cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), as well as on interactions between immune cells and LECs, both in the tumor microenvironment and in tumor‐draining LNs. Moreover, the most recent prognostic and therapeutic implications of lymphatics in cancer will be reported and discussed in light of the new immune‐modulatory roles that have been ascribed to LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena C Sigmund
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Manspeaker MP, Thomas SN. Lymphatic immunomodulation using engineered drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:19-35. [PMID: 33058931 PMCID: PMC7736326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Though immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer to improve disease outcomes, an array of challenges remain that limit wider clinical success, including low rate of response and immune-related adverse events. Targeting immunomodulatory drugs to therapeutically relevant tissues offers a way to overcome these challenges by potentially enabling enhanced therapeutic efficacy and decreased incidence of side effects. Research highlighting the importance of lymphatic tissues in the response to immunotherapy has increased interest in the application of engineered drug delivery systems (DDSs) to enable specific targeting of immunomodulators to lymphatic tissues and cells that they house. To this end, a variety of DDS platforms have been developed that enable more efficient uptake into lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes to provide targeted modulation of the immune response to cancer. This can occur either by delivery of immunotherapeutics to lymphatics tissues or by direct modulation of the lymphatic vasculature itself due to their direct involvement in tumor immune processes. This review will highlight DDS platforms that, by enabling the activities of cancer vaccines, chemotherapeutics, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies, and anti- or pro-lymphangiogenic factors to lymphatic tissues through directed delivery and controlled release, augment cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret P Manspeaker
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Abdurashitov A, Dubrovsky A, Klimova M, Agranovich I, Terskov A, Shirokov A, Vinnik V, Kuzmina A, Lezhnev N, Blokhina I, Shnitenkova A, Tuchin V, Rafailov E, Kurths J. Photobiomodulation of lymphatic drainage and clearance: perspective strategy for augmentation of meningeal lymphatic functions. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:725-734. [PMID: 32206394 PMCID: PMC7041454 DOI: 10.1364/boe.383390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a hypothesis that augmentation of the drainage and clearing function of the meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) might be a promising therapeutic target for preventing neurological diseases. Here we investigate mechanisms of photobiomodulation (PBM, 1267 nm) of lymphatic drainage and clearance. Our results obtained at optical coherence tomography (OCT) give strong evidence that low PBM doses (5 and 10 J/cm2) stimulate drainage function of the lymphatic vessels via vasodilation (OCT data on the mesenteric lymphatics) and stimulation of lymphatic clearance (OCT data on clearance of gold nanorods from the brain) that was supported by confocal imaging of clearance of FITC-dextran from the cortex via MLVs. We assume that PBM-mediated relaxation of the lymphatic vessels can be possible mechanisms underlying increasing the permeability of the lymphatic endothelium that allows molecules transported by the lymphatic vessels and explain PBM stimulation of lymphatic drainage and clearance. These findings open new strategies for the stimulation of MLVs functions and non-pharmacological therapy of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arkady Abdurashitov
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin’s Ave., Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation, Russia
| | | | - Maria Klimova
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Ilana Agranovich
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Andrey Terskov
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Alexander Shirokov
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Entusiastov Str. 13, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Valeria Vinnik
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Anna Kuzmina
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Nikita Lezhnev
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Inna Blokhina
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | | | - Valery Tuchin
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin’s Ave., Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation, Russia
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya Str., Saratov 410028, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - Edik Rafailov
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
- Optoelectronics and Biomedical Photonics Group, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Jurgen Kurths
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
- Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
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8
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Kilarski WW, Martin C, Pisano M, Bain O, Babayan SA, Swartz MA. Inherent biomechanical traits enable infective filariae to disseminate through collecting lymphatic vessels. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2895. [PMID: 31263185 PMCID: PMC6603047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filariases are diseases caused by arthropod-borne filaria nematodes. The related pathologies depend on the location of the infective larvae when their migration, the asymptomatic and least studied phase of the disease, comes to an end. To determine factors assisting in filariae dissemination, we image Litomosoides sigmodontis infective larvae during their escape from the skin. Burrowing through the dermis filariae exclusively enter pre-collecting lymphatics by mechanical disruption of their wall. Once inside collectors, their rapid and unidirectional movement towards the lymph node is supported by the morphology of lymphatic valves. In a microfluidic maze mimicking lymphatic vessels, filariae follow the direction of the flow, the first biomechanical factor capable of helminth guidance within the host. Finally, non-infective nematodes that rely on universal morpho-physiological cues alone also migrate through the dermis, and break in lymphatics, indicating that the ability to spread by the lymphatic route is an ancestral trait rather than acquired parasitic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold W Kilarski
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Coralie Martin
- UMR7245, MCAM, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Marco Pisano
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Odile Bain
- UMR7245, MCAM, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Belotto R, Santos RE, Tardivo JP, Fernandes R, Baptista M, Itri R, Chavantes MC. Photodynamic therapy in vulvar lymphangioma: Case report. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 25:84-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Louveau A, Herz J, Alme MN, Salvador AF, Dong MQ, Viar KE, Herod SG, Knopp J, Setliff JC, Lupi AL, Da Mesquita S, Frost EL, Gaultier A, Harris TH, Cao R, Hu S, Lukens JR, Smirnov I, Overall CC, Oliver G, Kipnis J. CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1380-1391. [PMID: 30224810 PMCID: PMC6214619 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are characterized by invasion of the brain by autoreactive T cells. The mechanism for how T cells acquire their encephalitogenic phenotype and trigger disease remains, however, unclear. The existence of lymphatic vessels in the meninges indicates a relevant link between the CNS and peripheral immune system, perhaps affecting autoimmunity. Here we demonstrate that meningeal lymphatics fulfill two critical criteria: they assist in the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid components and enable immune cells to enter draining lymph nodes in a CCR7-dependent manner. Unlike other tissues, meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells do not undergo expansion during inflammation, and they express a unique transcriptional signature. Notably, the ablation of meningeal lymphatics diminishes pathology and reduces the inflammatory response of brain-reactive T cells during an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Our findings demonstrate that meningeal lymphatics govern inflammatory processes and immune surveillance of the CNS and pose a valuable target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Louveau
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maria Nordheim Alme
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrea Francesca Salvador
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael Q Dong
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Viar
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S Grace Herod
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James Knopp
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joshua C Setliff
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexander L Lupi
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Frost
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tajie H Harris
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christopher C Overall
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Gutenberg Research Fellowship Group of Neuroimmunology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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11
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Da Mesquita S, Louveau A, Vaccari A, Smirnov I, Cornelison RC, Kingsmore KM, Contarino C, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Farber E, Raper D, Viar KE, Powell RD, Baker W, Dabhi N, Bai R, Cao R, Hu S, Rich SS, Munson JM, Lopes MB, Overall CC, Acton ST, Kipnis J. Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2018; 560:185-191. [PMID: 30046111 PMCID: PMC6085146 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is a major risk factor for many neurological pathologies, but its mechanisms remain unclear. Unlike other tissues, the parenchyma of the central nervous system (CNS) lacks lymphatic vasculature and waste products are removed partly through a paravascular route. (Re)discovery and characterization of meningeal lymphatic vessels has prompted an assessment of their role in waste clearance from the CNS. Here we show that meningeal lymphatic vessels drain macromolecules from the CNS (cerebrospinal and interstitial fluids) into the cervical lymph nodes in mice. Impairment of meningeal lymphatic function slows paravascular influx of macromolecules into the brain and efflux of macromolecules from the interstitial fluid, and induces cognitive impairment in mice. Treatment of aged mice with vascular endothelial growth factor C enhances meningeal lymphatic drainage of macromolecules from the cerebrospinal fluid, improving brain perfusion and learning and memory performance. Disruption of meningeal lymphatic vessels in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease promotes amyloid-β deposition in the meninges, which resembles human meningeal pathology, and aggravates parenchymal amyloid-β accumulation. Meningeal lymphatic dysfunction may be an aggravating factor in Alzheimer's disease pathology and in age-associated cognitive decline. Thus, augmentation of meningeal lymphatic function might be a promising therapeutic target for preventing or delaying age-associated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Da Mesquita
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Antoine Louveau
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Andrea Vaccari
- Virginia Image and Video Analysis Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Chase Cornelison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kathryn M Kingsmore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christian Contarino
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Emily Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Daniel Raper
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Viar
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Romie D Powell
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wendy Baker
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nisha Dabhi
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robin Bai
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, College of Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - M Beatriz Lopes
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christopher C Overall
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Scott T Acton
- Virginia Image and Video Analysis Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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12
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Doh SJ, Yamakawa M, Santosa SM, Montana M, Guo K, Sauer JR, Curran N, Han KY, Yu C, Ema M, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Fluorescent reporter transgenic mice for in vivo live imaging of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:677-698. [PMID: 29971641 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The study of lymphangiogenesis is an emerging science that has revealed the lymphatic system as a central player in many pathological conditions including cancer metastasis, lymphedema, and organ graft rejection. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms of lymphatic growth will play a key role in the development of therapeutic strategies against these conditions. Despite the known potential of this field, the study of lymphatics has historically lagged behind that of hemangiogenesis. Until recently, significant strides in lymphatic studies were impeded by a lack of lymphatic-specific markers and suitable experimental models compared to those of the more immediately visible blood vasculature. Lymphangiogenesis has also been shown to be a key phenomenon in developmental biological processes, such as cell proliferation, guided migration, differentiation, and cell-to-cell communication, making lymphatic-specific visualization techniques highly desirable and desperately needed. Imaging modalities including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization are limited by the need to sacrifice animal models for tissue harvesting at every experimental time point. Moreover, the processes of mounting and staining harvested tissues may introduce artifacts that can confound results. These traditional methods for investigating lymphatic and blood vasculature are associated with several problems including animal variability (e.g., between mice) when replicating lymphatic growth environments and the cost concerns of prolonged, labor-intensive studies, all of which complicate the study of dynamic lymphatic processes. With the discovery of lymphatic-specific markers, researchers have been able to develop several lymphatic and blood vessel-specific, promoter-driven, fluorescent-reporter transgenic mice for visualization of lymphatics in vivo and in vitro. For instance, GFP, mOrange, tdTomato, and other fluorescent proteins can be expressed under control of a lymphatic-specific marker like Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1), which is a highly conserved transcription factor for determining embryonic organogenesis in vertebrates that is implicated in lymphangiogenesis as well as several human cancers. Importantly, Prox1-null mouse embryos develop without lymphatic vessels. In human adults, Prox1 maintains lymphatic endothelial cells and upregulates proteins associated with lymphangiogenesis (e.g., VEGFR-3) and downregulates angiogenesis-associated gene expression (e.g., STAT6). To visualize lymphatic development in the context of angiogenesis, dual fluorescent-transgenic reporters, like Prox1-GFP/Flt1-DsRed mice, have been bred to characterize lymphatic and blood vessels simultaneously in vivo. In this review, we discuss the trends in lymphatic visualization and the potential usage of transgenic breeds in hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis research to understand spatial and temporal correlations between vascular development and pathological progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Doh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mario Montana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph R Sauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Curran
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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13
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Kilarski WW. Physiological Perspective on Therapies of Lymphatic Vessels. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2018; 7:189-208. [PMID: 29984111 PMCID: PMC6032671 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Growth of distinctive blood vessels of granulation tissue is a central step in the post-developmental tissue remodeling. Even though lymphangiogenesis is a part of the regeneration process, the significance of the controlled restoration of lymphatic vessels has only recently been recognized. Recent Advances: Identification of lymphatic markers and growth factors paved the way for the exploration of the roles of lymphatic vessels in health and disease. Emerging pro-lymphangiogenic therapies use vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C to combat fluid retention disorders such as lymphedema and to enhance the local healing process. Critical Issues: The relevance of recently identified lymphatic functions awaits verification by their association with pathologic conditions. Further, despite a century of research, the complete etiology of secondary lymphedema, a fluid retention disorder directly linked to the lymphatic function, is not understood. Finally, the specificity of pro-lymphangiogenic therapy depends on VEGF-C transfection efficiency, dose exposure, and the age of the subject, factors that are difficult to standardize in a heterogeneous human population. Future Directions: Further research should reveal the role of lymphatic circulation in internal organs and connect its impairment with human diseases. Pro-lymphangiogenic therapies that aim at the acceleration of tissue healing should focus on the controlled administration of VEGF-C to increase their capillary specificity, whereas regeneration of collecting vessels might benefit from balanced maturation and differentiation of pre-existing lymphatics. Unique features of pre-nodal lymphatics, fault tolerance and functional hyperplasia of capillaries, may find applications outreaching traditional pro-lymphangiogenic therapies, such as immunomodulation or enhancement of subcutaneous grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold W. Kilarski
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Hally C, Rodríguez-Amigo B, Bresolí-Obach R, Planas O, Nos J, Boix-Garriga E, Ruiz-González R, Nonell S. Photodynamic Therapy. THERANOSTICS AND IMAGE GUIDED DRUG DELIVERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788010597-00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a clinical technique for the treatment of cancers, microbial infections and other medical conditions by means of light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species using photosensitising drugs. The intrinsic fluorescence of many such drugs make them potential theranostic agents for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy. This chapter reviews the basic chemical and biological aspects of photodynamic therapy with an emphasis on its applications in theranostics. The roles of nanotechnology is highlighted, as well as emerging trends such as photoimmunotherapy, image-guided surgery and light- and singlet-oxygen dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac Hally
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Roger Bresolí-Obach
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Oriol Planas
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jaume Nos
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ester Boix-Garriga
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rubén Ruiz-González
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
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15
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Kilarski WW, Herbert J, Bikfalvi A. Methods for Mapping the Extracellular and Membrane Proteome in the Avian Embryo, and Identification of Putative Vascular Targets or Endothelial Genes. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1722:31-56. [PMID: 29264797 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7553-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a protocol for the specific labeling and isolation of proteins from the membrane surface of endothelial cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix of organs, experimental wounds and tumors using chicken embryos. Proteins are deglycosylated on streptavidin resin and purified after gentle elution and trypsin digestion. Peptides are analyzed by spectroscopy and reverse proteomic fingerprinting. The major advantages of this protocol include reductions in both the background and overrepresentation of single proteins that would otherwise mask less well-represented proteins in the mass spectroscopy analysis. We also present methods to identify putative vascular and endothelial cell targets from isolated chicken membranes and extracellular proteins. The use of human genome and transcriptome data facilitates this analysis. Human orthologs of isolated chicken proteins are identified using best hit BLAST searches against the Human Reference Sequence Database. The expression of Human orthologs is then assessed for endothelial and non-endothelial cell enrichment using second generation RNA-seq sequenced libraries. Scanning of the published literature then provides a ranking score of those genes most likely involved in cancer or having a link to angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold W Kilarski
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Herbert
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas Bikfalvi
- Angiogenesis and tumor microenvironment laboratory, INSERM U1029, Pessac, France.
- Angiogenesis and tumor microenvironment laboratory, University Bordeaux, Pessac, France.
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16
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Muchowicz A, Wachowska M, Stachura J, Tonecka K, Gabrysiak M, Wołosz D, Pilch Z, Kilarski WW, Boon L, Klaus TJ, Golab J. Inhibition of lymphangiogenesis impairs antitumour effects of photodynamic therapy and checkpoint inhibitors in mice. Eur J Cancer 2017; 83:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Güç E, Briquez PS, Foretay D, Fankhauser MA, Hubbell JA, Kilarski WW, Swartz MA. Local induction of lymphangiogenesis with engineered fibrin-binding VEGF-C promotes wound healing by increasing immune cell trafficking and matrix remodeling. Biomaterials 2017; 131:160-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Munger SJ, Davis MJ, Simon AM. Defective lymphatic valve development and chylothorax in mice with a lymphatic-specific deletion of Connexin43. Dev Biol 2016; 421:204-218. [PMID: 27899284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic valves (LVs) are cusped luminal structures that permit the movement of lymph in only one direction and are therefore critical for proper lymphatic vessel function. Congenital valve aplasia or agenesis can, in some cases, be a direct cause of lymphatic disease. Knowledge about the molecular mechanisms operating during the development and maintenance of LVs may thus aid in the establishment of novel therapeutic approaches to treat lymphatic disorders. In this study, we examined the role of Connexin43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), during valve development. Mouse embryos with a null mutation in Cx43 (Gja1) were previously shown to completely lack mesenteric LVs at embryonic day 18. However, interpreting the phenotype of Cx43-/- mice was complicated by the fact that global deletion of Cx43 causes perinatal death due to heart defects during embryogenesis. We have now generated a mouse model (Cx43∆LEC) with a lymphatic-specific ablation of Cx43 and show that the absence of Cx43 in LECs causes a delay (rather than a complete block) in LV initiation, an increase in immature valves with incomplete leaflet elongation, a reduction in the total number of valves, and altered lymphatic capillary patterning. The physiological consequences of these lymphatic changes were leaky valves, insufficient lymph transport and reflux, and a high incidence of lethal chylothorax. These results demonstrate that the expression of Cx43 is specifically required in LECs for normal development of LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Davis
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Alexander M Simon
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85724, USA.
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19
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Gardenier JC, Hespe GE, Kataru RP, Savetsky IL, Torrisi JS, Nores GDG, Dayan JJ, Chang D, Zampell J, Martínez-Corral I, Ortega S, Mehrara BJ. Diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of lymphatic endothelial cells results in progressive lymphedema. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e84095. [PMID: 27699240 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.84095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of novel treatments for lymphedema has been limited by the fact that the pathophysiology of this disease is poorly understood. It remains unknown, for example, why limb swelling resulting from surgical injury resolves initially, but recurs in some cases months or years later. Finding answers for these basic questions has been hampered by the lack of adequate animal models. In the current study, we used Cre-lox mice that expressed the human diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) driven by a lymphatic-specific promoter in order to noninvasively ablate the lymphatic system of the hind limb. Animals treated in this manner developed lymphedema that was indistinguishable from clinical lymphedema temporally, radiographically, and histologically. Using this model and clinical biopsy specimens, we show that the initial resolution of edema after injury is dependent on the formation of collateral capillary lymphatics and that this process is regulated by M2-polarized macrophages. In addition, we show that despite these initial improvements in lymphatic function, persistent accumulation of CD4+ cells inhibits lymphangiogenesis and promotes sclerosis of collecting lymphatics, resulting in late onset of edema and fibrosis. Our findings therefore provide strong evidence that inflammatory changes after lymphatic injury play a key role in the pathophysiology of lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Gardenier
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Hespe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Raghu P Kataru
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Ira L Savetsky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy S Torrisi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriela D García Nores
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph J Dayan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - David Chang
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jamie Zampell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Inés Martínez-Corral
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sagrario Ortega
- Transgenic Mice Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
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20
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Investigation of cell death mechanisms in human lymphatic endothelial cells undergoing photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 14:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Stachura J, Wachowska M, Kilarski WW, Güç E, Golab J, Muchowicz A. The dual role of tumor lymphatic vessels in dissemination of metastases and immune response development. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1182278. [PMID: 27622039 PMCID: PMC5006909 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1182278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature plays a crucial role in the immune response, enabling transport of dendritic cells (DCs) and antigens (Ags) into the lymph nodes. Unfortunately, the lymphatic system has also a negative role in the progression of cancer diseases, by facilitating the metastatic spread of many carcinomas to the draining lymph nodes. The lymphatics can promote antitumor immune response as well as tumor tolerance. Here, we review the role of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in tumor progression and immunity and mechanism of action in the newest anti-lymphatic therapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stachura
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wachowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold W Kilarski
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Esra Güç
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Yu X, Li H, Fu D, Jin C, Li JI. Characterization of the role of the photosensitizer, deuteporfin, in the detection of lymphatic metastases in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1430-1436. [PMID: 26622685 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the use of photosensitizers as tracer agents to detect lymphatic metastases is a developing area of study in the field of pancreatic cancer treatment. In the present study, deuteporfin, a novel photosensitizer, was used as a tracer agent to detect lymphatic metastases in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of deuteporfin, following intravenous administration and injection of deuteporfin into the left rear footpad, were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The increased difference in deuteporfin concentration between the cancerous and normal tissues was directly observed through the application of a Wood's lamp. In addition, the highly lymphatic BxPC-3-LN5 human metastatic pancreatic cancer cell line was generated from BxPC-3 cells using a continuous screening and seeding method in vivo. A xenograft model of the BxPC-3-LN5 human pancreatic cancer cell line transplanted into the left rear footpad of nude mice, was established. The effects of deuteporfin as a tracer agent in the detection of lymphatic metastases were then characterized in the pancreatic cancer xenograft model. Following intravenous administration, deuteporfin was rapidly enriched in the pancreas and popliteal fossa lymph nodes compared with that of the left rear footpad administration group. In addition, deuteporfin appeared to be selectively enriched in the cancerous pancreatic lymph nodes of the pancreatic cancer xenograft model. These results indicated that deuteporfin may be developed as a novel photosensitizer tracer agent for the detection of lymphatic metastases in pancreatic cancer. The advantages of deuteporfin are that it has a selective tumor-targeting effect due to high tissue uptake, and that it may be administered intravenously and is therefore suitable for surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Hengchao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Deliang Fu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - J I Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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23
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Abstract
Lymphatic vessels in the tumor microenvironment are known to foster tumor metastasis in many cancers, and they can undergo activation, hyperplasia, and lymphangiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment and in the tumor-draining lymph node. The mechanism underlying this correlation was originally considered as lymphatic vessels providing a physical route for tumor cell dissemination, but recent studies have highlighted new roles of the lymphatic endothelium in regulating host immunity. These include indirectly suppressing T-cell function by secreting immunosuppressive factors and inhibiting dendritic cell (DC) maturation, as well as directly driving T-cell tolerance by antigen presentation in the presence of inhibitory ligands. Furthermore, lymphatic endothelium scavenges and regulates transendothelial transport actively, controlling the sustained delivery of lymph-borne antigens from chronically inflamed tissues to draining lymph nodes where immature DCs, in the absence of danger signals, along with lymph node stromal cells present these antigens to T cells for maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens, a mechanism that may be hijacked by some tumors. This Masters of Immunology primer aims to present an overview of research in this area and highlight emerging evidence that suggests lymphatic vessels, and lymphangiogenesis, play important immunomodulatory roles in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody A Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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24
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Nowak-Sliwinska P, Weiss A, van Beijnum JR, Wong TJ, Kilarski WW, Szewczyk G, Verheul HMW, Sarna T, van den Bergh H, Griffioen AW. Photoactivation of lysosomally sequestered sunitinib after angiostatic treatment causes vascular occlusion and enhances tumor growth inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1641. [PMID: 25675301 PMCID: PMC4669819 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The angiogenesis inhibitor sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts mainly on the VEGF and PDGF pathways. We have previously shown that sunitinib is sequestered in the lysosomes of exposed tumor and endothelial cells. This phenomenon is part of the drug-induced resistance observed in the clinic. Here, we demonstrate that when exposed to light, sequestered sunitinib causes immediate destruction of the lysosomes, resulting in the release of sunitinib and cell death. We hypothesized that this photoactivation of sunitinib could be used as a vaso-occlusive vascular-targeting approach to treating cancer. Spectral properties of sunitinib and its lysosomal accumulation were measured in vitro. The human A2780 ovarian carcinoma transplanted onto the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and the Colo-26 colorectal carcinoma model in Balb/c mice were used to test the effects of administrating sunitinib and subsequently exposing tumor tissue to light. Tumors were subsequently resected and subject to immunohistochemical analysis. In A2780 ovarian carcinoma tumors, treatment with sunitinib+light resulted in immediate specific angio-occlusion, leading to a necrotic tumor mass 24 h after treatment. Tumor growth was inhibited by 70% as compared with the control group (**P<0.0001). Similar observations were made in the Colo-26 colorectal carcinoma, where light exposure of the sunitinib-treated mice inhibited tumor growth by 50% as compared with the control and by 25% as compared with sunitinib-only-treated tumors (N≥4; P=0.0002). Histology revealed that photoactivation of sunitinib resulted in a change in tumor vessel architecture. The current results suggest that the spectral properties of sunitinib can be exploited for application against certain cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nowak-Sliwinska
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Weiss
- 1] Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J R van Beijnum
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T J Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W W Kilarski
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, SV IBI LLCB, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - H M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - H van den Bergh
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A W Griffioen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Güç E, Fankhauser M, Lund AW, Swartz MA, Kilarski WW. Long-term intravital immunofluorescence imaging of tissue matrix components with epifluorescence and two-photon microscopy. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24797928 PMCID: PMC4174858 DOI: 10.3791/51388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides being a physical scaffold to maintain tissue morphology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is actively involved in regulating cell and tissue function during development and organ homeostasis. It does so by acting via biochemical, biomechanical, and biophysical signaling pathways, such as through the release of bioactive ECM protein fragments, regulating tissue tension, and providing pathways for cell migration. The extracellular matrix of the tumor microenvironment undergoes substantial remodeling, characterized by the degradation, deposition and organization of fibrillar and non-fibrillar matrix proteins. Stromal stiffening of the tumor microenvironment can promote tumor growth and invasion, and cause remodeling of blood and lymphatic vessels. Live imaging of matrix proteins, however, to this point is limited to fibrillar collagens that can be detected by second harmonic generation using multi-photon microscopy, leaving the majority of matrix components largely invisible. Here we describe procedures for tumor inoculation in the thin dorsal ear skin, immunolabeling of extracellular matrix proteins and intravital imaging of the exposed tissue in live mice using epifluorescence and two-photon microscopy. Our intravital imaging method allows for the direct detection of both fibrillar and non-fibrillar matrix proteins in the context of a growing dermal tumor. We show examples of vessel remodeling caused by local matrix contraction. We also found that fibrillar matrix of the tumor detected with the second harmonic generation is spatially distinct from newly deposited matrix components such as tenascin C. We also showed long-term (12 hours) imaging of T-cell interaction with tumor cells and tumor cells migration along the collagen IV of basement membrane. Taken together, this method uniquely allows for the simultaneous detection of tumor cells, their physical microenvironment and the endogenous tissue immune response over time, which may provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying tumor progression and ultimate success or resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Güç
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute of Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
| | - Manuel Fankhauser
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute of Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute of Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute of Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
| | - Witold W Kilarski
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute of Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne;
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