Evaluation of Sex Positive! A Video eHealth Intervention for Men Living with HIV

We Don't Haze: Testing the Effectiveness of a Video-Based Hazing Prevention Training for College Students

This research reports findings from a study to explore the efficacy of a video-based training with college students to determine the extent to which the training shifted student perceptions of hazing, increased willingness and ability to intervene in situations where hazing is occurring, and altered student perceptions of hazing social norms. The study included two experimental groups and a control group at each of the three data-gathering sessions at three U.S. universities. Each of the universities belonged to the Hazing Prevention Consortium and had demonstrated a willingness to prevent hazing on their campuses. The 17-minute hazing prevention documentary We Don't Haze, developed using a bystander intervention framework, was administered in two experimental conditions: video-only and video plus facilitated discussion. Participants (n = 318) were members of a leadership development program, resident advisors, and club sport athletes and were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups or the control group. Students who viewed the video-based training and students who viewed the video and engaged in a follow-up facilitated discussion significantly shifted their perceptions of hazing and indicated an increased willingness and ability to intervene and help others who are experiencing or have experienced hazing, compared to students who viewed a general leadership video. The results of this study indicate that the tested hazing prevention trainings-both the stand-alone video, We Don't Haze, and the video plus discussion-hold promise for strengthening knowledge of the full range of harm associated with hazing, while amplifying perceptions that support hazing prevention and diminishing perceptions that contribute to normalizing hazing.

Longitudinal Modeling of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Sexual Minority Men Living with HIV

Bacterial sexually transmitted infections (BSTIs) are largely preventable, yet their rates remain high across the U.S., particularly among sexual minority men (SMM) living with HIV (LWH). We explored longitudinal factors associated with BSTI acquisition in a national online sample of SMM LWH with recent suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) or virologic non-suppression, such as spread within sexual networks, drug use in a sexual context (chemsex), and mental health issues. Participants completed online surveys over 12 months as part of an eHealth intervention. Over 12 months, 30% of participants self-reported at least one BSTI, with 28-45% reporting recurrent infections in consecutive surveys. Using generalized estimating equations with a binomial distribution and an exchangeable correlation structure, we found that BSTI accumulation was associated with chemsex, a higher number of anal sex partners, participation in exchange sex, and depressive symptoms. To reduce the burden of BSTIs among SMM LWH, public health initiatives and clinical settings should adopt a comprehensive sexual health approach, addressing chemsex, exchange sex, and associated mental health conditions. Addressing these factors can mitigate BSTI recurrence and improve overall sexual health among SMM LWH.

Personality Traits and eHealth Study Enrollment Among Racial and Sexual Minoritized Men Living with HIV

Inequities in eHealth research enrollment persist among Black and Latinx sexual minoritized men (SMM) partly due to socio-ecological barriers. Less is known about how personality traits are associated with their study enrollment. We examined the role of personality traits among 1,285 U.S. Black and Latinx SMM living with HIV recruited from sexual networking websites/apps for an eHealth intervention. Lower neuroticism and higher openness were associated with greater odds of study enrollment among Latinx SMM. Given these exploratory findings, future research should examine this phenomenon, along with well-established socio-ecological factors such as medical mistrust to better understand eHealth study enrollment gaps among Black and Latinx SMM.

Developing an mHealth program to improve HIV care continuum outcomes among young Black gay and bisexual men

BACKGROUND

Young Black gay and bisexual men (YBGBM) in the United States face significant disparities in HIV care outcomes. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have shown promise with improving outcomes for YBGBM across the HIV care continuum.

METHODS

We developed an mHealth application using human-centered design (HCD) from 2019-2021 in collaboration with YBGBM living with HIV and with HIV service providers. Our HCD process began with six focus groups with 50 YBGBM and interviews with 12 providers. These insights were used to inform rapid prototyping, which involved iterative testing and refining of program features and content, with 31 YBGBM and 12 providers. We then collected user feedback via an online survey with 200 YBGBM nationwide and usability testing of a functional prototype with 21 YBGBM.

RESULTS

Focus groups and interviews illuminated challenges faced by YBGBM living with HIV, including coping with an HIV diagnosis, stigma, need for social support, and a dearth of suitable information sources. YBGBM desired a holistic approach that could meet the needs of those newly diagnosed as well as those who have been living with HIV for many years. Program preferences included video-based content where users could learn from peers and experts, a range of topics, a community of people living with HIV, and tools to support their health and well-being. Providers expressed enthusiasm for an mHealth program to improve HIV care outcomes and help them serve clients. Rapid prototyping resulted in a list of content topics, resources, video characteristics, community features, and mHealth tools to support adherence, retention, goal setting, and laboratory results tracking, as well as tools to help organization staff to support clients. Online survey and usability testing confirmed the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of the content, tools, and features.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates the potential of a video-based mHealth program to address the unique needs of YBGBM living with HIV, offering support and comprehensive information through a user-friendly interface and videos of peers living with HIV and of experts. The HCD approach allowed for continuous improvements to the concept to maximize cultural appropriateness, utility, and potential effectiveness for both YBGBM and HIV service organizations.

Association Between Age of Anal Sex Debut and Adult Health Behaviors Among Sexual Minoritized Men Living with HIV

Earlier age of anal sex debut (ASD) has been linked with contemporary and long-term health outcomes, including vulnerability to HIV acquisition. The goal of this study was to utilize a life course approach to examine associations between earlier ASD and recent health behaviors among sexual minoritized men (SMM) living with HIV. A total of 1156 U.S. SMM living with HIV recruited from social and sexual networking apps and websites completed online surveys as part of a longitudinal eHealth intervention. Data from baseline surveys were analyzed to determine associations between age of ASD and adult health outcomes, including mental health, HIV viral load, and substance use. The median age of ASD among these participants was 17 years old, consistent with other work. Earlier ASD was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of past 2-week anxiety (AOR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.07-1.97) and past 3-month opioid use (AOR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.13-2.26); no significant associations were found for recent depression, HIV viral load, or stimulant use. Earlier ASD may function as an important proxy measure for deleterious health outcomes in adulthood, particularly recent anxiety and opioid use. Expansion of comprehensive and affirming sexual health education is critical to early engagement of individuals with a higher risk of HIV acquisition, with plausible downstream health benefits lasting into adulthood among SMM living with HIV.

Video selection and assessment for an app-based HIV prevention messaging intervention: formative research

BACKGROUND

Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) continue to be overrepresented in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States. HIV prevention and care interventions that are tailored to an individual's serostatus have the potential to lower the rate of new infections among GBMSM. Mobile technology is a critical tool for disseminating targeted messaging and increasing uptake of basic prevention services including HIV testing, sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Mobile Messaging for Men (M-Cubed) is a mobile health HIV prevention intervention designed to deliver video- and text-based prevention messages, provide STI and HIV information, and link GBMSM to prevention and healthcare resources. The current report describes an iterative process of identifying and selecting publicly available videos to be used as part of the M-Cubed intervention. We also conducted interviews with GBMSM to assess the acceptability, comprehension, and potential audience reach of the selected video messages.

METHODS

The selection of videos included balancing of specific criteria [e.g., accuracy of scientific information, video length, prevention domains: HIV/STI testing, antiretroviral therapy (ART), PrEP, engagement in care, and condom use] to ensure that they were intended for our GBMSM audiences: HIV-negative men who engage in condomless anal sex, HIV-negative men who do not engage in condomless anal sex, and men living with HIV. This formative study included in-person interviews with 26 GBMSM from three U.S. cities heavily impacted by the HIV epidemic-New York City, Detroit, and Atlanta.

RESULTS

Following a qualitative content analysis, the study team identified five themes across the interviews: participant reactions to the video messages, message comprehension, PrEP concerns, targeting of video messaging, and prompted action.

CONCLUSIONS

Study results informed a final selection of 12 video messages for inclusion in a randomized controlled trial of M-Cubed. Findings may serve as a guide for researchers who plan to develop HIV prevention interventions that utilize publicly available videos to promote behavioral change. Further, the findings presented here suggest the importance of developing videos with broad age and gender diversity for use in interventions such as M-Cubed, and in other health promotion settings.

Leveraging mHealth for the Treatment and Management of PLHIV

Objective

The objective of this systematic review was to analyze published literature from the last five years to assess facilitators and barriers to the adoption of mHealth as interventions to treat and manage HIV for PLHIV (people living with HIV). The primary outcomes were physical and mental conditions. The secondary outcomes were behavior based (substance use, care engagement, and healthy habits).

Methods

Four databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) were queried on 9/2/2022 for peer-reviewed studies on the treatment and management of PLHIV with mHealth as the intervention. The review was conducted in accordance with the Kruse Protocol and reported in accordance with PRISMA 2020.

Results

Five mHealth interventions were identified across 32 studies that resulted in improvements in physical health, mental health, care engagement, and behavior change. mHealth interventions offer both convenience and privacy, meet a digital preference, increase health knowledge, decrease healthcare utilization, and increase quality of life. Barriers are cost of technology and incentives, training of staff, security concerns, digital literacy gap, distribution of technology, technical issues, usability, and visual cues are not available over the phone.

Conclusion

mHealth offers interventions to improve physical health, mental health, care engagement, and behavior for PLHIV. There are many advantages to this intervention and very few barriers to its adoption. The barriers are strong, however, and should be addressed through policy. Further research should focus on specific apps for younger versus older PLHIV, based on preferences and the digital literacy gap.

Talking to My Partners About PrEP: Factors Associated with PrEP-Related Communication in a Longitudinal US Study of Sexual Minority Men Living with HIV

Treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have reduced HIV transmission among sexual minority men (SMM). However, little is known about PrEP-related communication in serodiscordant partnerships. In 2015-2016, 965 US SMM living with HIV (Mage = 39; 63% White, 19% Black, 18% Latinx) enrolled in a year-long longitudinal study with surveys every 3 months (2,850 surveys). Multilevel models explored factors associated with PrEP-related communication with HIV-negative partners. Most participants (77%) reported PrEP-related communication. Participants were more likely to discuss PrEP during periods with more sexual partners, AOR = 2.89, p < .001, and group sex, AOR = 1.99, p = .001. Those with more partners on average, β = 0.48, p < .001, and those engaging in other drug use more frequently, β = 0.11, p = .002, were more likely to discuss PrEP. PrEP-related communication was more common for men who disclosed their HIV status, β = 0.22, p < .001, and who had undetectable viral loads, β = 0.25, p = .007. Communication was also more common for those with higher incomes, β = 0.12, p = .02, and from larger cities, β = 0.07, p = .048, and less common for Black participants, β =  - 0.29, p = .003, and older participants, β =  - 0.18, p < .001. PrEP-related communication increased over the course of the study, AOR = 1.16, p= .02. PrEP can confer additional HIV prevention benefits within serodiscordant partnerships, and future research should continue to explore the role PrEP plays in these partnerships.

Effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV acquisition and transmission among gay and bisexual men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in high income settings: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

HIV transmission continues among gay and bisexual men who have sex with men (GBMSM), with those who are younger, or recent migrants, or of minority ethnicity or who are gender diverse remaining at increased risk. We aimed to identify and describe recent studies evaluating the effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions for GBMSM in high income countries.

METHODS

We searched ten electronic databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), conducted in high income settings, and published since 2013 to update a previous systematic review (Stromdahl et al, 2015). We predefined four outcome measures of interest: 1) HIV incidence 2) STI incidence 3) condomless anal intercourse (CLAI) (or measure of CLAI) and 4) number of sexual partners. We used the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK) Quality Appraisal of Intervention Studies tool to assess the quality of papers included in the review. As the trials contained a range of effect measures (e.g. odds ratio, risk difference) comparing the arms in the RCTs, we converted them into standardized effect sizes (SES) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS

We identified 39 original papers reporting 37 studies. Five intervention types were identified: one-to-one counselling (15 papers), group interventions (7 papers), online interventions (9 papers), Contingency Management for substance use (2 papers) and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) (6 papers). The quality of the studies was mixed with over a third of studies rated as high quality and 11% rated as poor quality. There was some evidence that one-to-one counselling, group interventions (4-10 participants per group) and online (individual) interventions could be effective for reducing HIV transmission risk behaviours such as condomless anal intercourse. PrEP was the only intervention that was consistently effective at reducing HIV incidence.

CONCLUSIONS

Our systematic review of the recent evidence that we were able to analyse indicates that PrEP is the most effective intervention for reducing HIV acquisition among GBMSM. Targeted and culturally tailored behavioural interventions for sub-populations of GBMSM vulnerable to HIV infection and other STIs should also be considered, particularly for GBMSM who cannot access or decline to use PrEP.

eHealth Interventions to Address HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections, Sexual Risk Behavior, Substance Use, and Mental Ill-health in Men Who Have Sex With Men: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background

Men who have sex with men experience disproportionately high levels of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), sexual risk behavior, substance use, and mental ill-health. These experiences are interrelated, and these interrelations are potentiated by structural conditions of discrimination, stigma, and unequal access to appropriate health services, and they magnify each other and have intersecting causal pathways, worsening both risk for each condition and risk for the negative sequelae of each condition. eHealth interventions could address these issues simultaneously and thus have wide-ranging and greater effects than would be for any 1 outcome alone.

Objective

We systematically reviewed the evidence for the effectiveness of eHealth interventions in addressing these outcomes separately or together.

Methods

We searched 19 databases for randomized trials of interactive or noninteractive eHealth interventions delivered via mobile phone apps, internet, or other electronic media to populations consisting entirely or principally of men who have sex with men to prevent HIV, STIs, sexual risk behavior, alcohol and drug use, or common mental illnesses. We extracted data and appraised each study, estimated meta-analyses where possible by using random effects and robust variance estimation, and assessed the certainty of our findings (closeness of the estimated effect to the true effect) by using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations).

Results

We included 14 trials, of which 13 included active versus control comparisons; none reported mental health outcomes, and all drew from 12 months or less of follow-up postintervention. Findings for STIs drew on low numbers of studies and did not suggest consistent short-term (<3 months postintervention; d=0.17, 95% CI –0.18 to 0.52; I²=0%; 2 studies) or midterm (3-12 months postintervention, no meta-analysis, 1 study) evidence of effectiveness. Eight studies considering sexual risk behavior outcomes suggested a short-term, nonsignificant reduction (d=–0.14, 95% CI –0.30 to 0.03) with very low certainty, but 6 studies reporting midterm follow-ups suggested a significant impact on reducing sexual risk behavior (d=–0.12, 95% CI –0.19 to –0.05) with low certainty. Meta-analyses could not be undertaken for alcohol and drug use (2 heterogeneous studies) or for HIV infections (1 study for each of short-term or midterm follow-up), and alcohol outcomes alone were not captured in the included studies. Certainty was graded as low to very low for most outcomes, including all meta-analyses.

Conclusions

To create a comprehensive eHealth intervention that targets multiple outcomes, intervention evaluations should seek to generalize both mechanisms and components that are successfully used to achieve change in 1 outcome over multiple outcomes. However, additional evaluations of interventions seeking to address outcomes other than sexual risk behavior are needed before development and evaluation of a joined-up intervention.

Interpersonal Stigma, Mental Health, and Sexual Compulsivity Among an Online U.S. Sample of Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV

This cross-sectional study sought to determine whether HIV-related interpersonal stigma was associated with the presence of sexual compulsivity (SC) in a national online sample of 936 men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV who reported recent suboptimal adherence to their antiretroviral therapy (ART) or virologic non-suppression. A modest association was found between perceptions of HIV-related interpersonal stigma and SC that was partially mediated by current mental health symptoms. White MSM were significantly more likely than Black MSM to report SC or HIV-related interpersonal stigma. Findings signal the need for therapeutic interventions that include behavioral and/or pharmacologic therapy to address overlapping intervention targets, including mental health, substance use, and sexual health. Future research should assess temporality of HIV-related interpersonal stigma and SC, as well as racial differences in relation to these constructs.

E-health interventions targeting STIs, sexual risk, substance use and mental health among men who have sex with men: four systematic reviews

Background

Human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted infections, sexual risk, substance (alcohol and other legal and illegal drugs) use and mental ill health constitute a ‘syndemic’ of mutually reinforcing epidemics among men who have sex with men. Electronic health (e-health) interventions addressing these epidemics among men who have sex with men might have multiplicative effects. To our knowledge, no systematic review has examined the effectiveness of such interventions on these epidemics among men who have sex with men.

Objective

The objective was to synthesise evidence addressing the following: (1) What approaches and theories of change do existing e-health interventions employ to prevent human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted infections, sexual risk, alcohol/drug use or mental ill health among men who have sex with men? (2) What factors influence implementation? (3) What are the effects of such interventions on the aforementioned epidemics? (4) Are such interventions cost-effective?

Data sources

A total of 24 information sources were searched initially (October–November 2018) [the following sources were searched: ProQuest Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts; Campbell Library; EBSCO Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Plus, Wiley Online Library The Cochrane Library; Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases (the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects and the NHS Economic Evaluation Database); the Health Technology Assessment database; Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre) database of health promotion research (Bibliomap); ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global; OvidSP EconLit; OvidSP EMBASE; OvidSP Global Health; OvidSP Health Management Information Consortium; ProQuest International Bibliography of the Social Sciences; Ovid MEDLINE ALL; OvidSP PsycINFO; Web of Science Science Citation Index Expanded; Elsevier Scopus; OvidSP Social Policy & Practice; Web of Science Social Sciences Citation Index Expanded; ProQuest Sociological Abstracts; ClinicalTrials.gov; World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform; EPPI-Centre Trials Register of Promoting Health Interventions; and the OpenGrey database], and an updated search of 19 of these was conducted in April 2020. Reference lists of included reports were searched and experts were contacted.

Review methods

Eligible reports presented theories of change and/or process, outcome and/or economic evaluations of e-health interventions offering ongoing support to men who have sex with men to prevent human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted infections, sexual risk behaviour, alcohol/drug use and/or common mental illnesses. References were screened by title/abstract, then by full text. Data extraction and quality assessments used existing tools. Theory and process reports were synthesised using qualitative methods. Outcome and economic data were synthesised narratively; outcome data were meta-analysed.

Results

Original searches retrieved 27 eligible reports. Updated searches retrieved 10 eligible reports. Thirty-seven reports on 28 studies of 23 interventions were included: 33 on theories of change, 12 on process evaluations, 16 on outcome evaluations and one on an economic evaluation. Research question 1: five intervention types were identified – ‘online modular’, ‘computer games’ and ‘non-interactive’ time-limited/modular interventions, and open-ended interventions with ‘content organised by assessment’ and ‘general content’. Three broad types of intervention theories of change were identified, focusing on ‘cognitive/skills’, ‘self-monitoring’ and ‘cognitive therapy’. Research question 2: individual tailoring based on participant characteristics was particularly acceptable, and participants valued intervention content reflecting their experiences. Research question 3: little evidence was available of effects on human immunodeficiency virus or sexually transmitted infections. The analysis did not suggest that interventions were effective in reducing instances of human immunodeficiency virus or sexually transmitted infections. The overall meta-analysis for sexually transmitted infections reported a small non-significant increase in sexually transmitted infections in the intervention group, compared with the control group. Meta-analyses found a significant impact on sexual risk behaviour. The findings for drug use could not be meta-analysed because of study heterogeneity. Studies addressing this outcome did not present consistent evidence of effectiveness. Trials did not report effects on alcohol use or mental health. Research question 4: evidence on cost-effectiveness was limited.

Limitations

The quality of the eligible reports was variable and the economic synthesis was limited to one eligible study.

Conclusions

There is commonality in intervention theories of change and factors affecting receipt of e-health interventions. Evidence on effectiveness is limited.

Future work

Future trials should assess the impact of interventions on multiple syndemic factors, among them sexual risk, substance use and mental health; incorporate sufficient follow-up and sample sizes to detect the impact on human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted infections; and incorporate rigorous process and economic evaluations.

Study registration

This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42018110317.

Funding

This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 10, No. 4. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

An Evaluation of 5-Year Web Analytics for HeadsUpGuys: A Men's Depression E-Mental Health Resource

The present study reports an evaluation of web analytics, over a 5-year period, for HeadsUpGuys.org, an eHealth resource for men with depression. Google Analytics, Search Console, and Tag Manager were used to monitor user activity over the course of the website's first 5 years (June 15, 2015-June 15, 2020). Through this period, HeadsUpGuys had a total of 1,665,356 unique users, amounting to 1,948,481 sessions and 3,328,258 page views. Organic traffic accounted for the highest proportion (53.44%; n = 1,041,277) of website sessions. Four of the top 10 Google search queries that brought users to the website related to suicidality. Three countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada) accounted for almost three-quarters (71.10%; n = 1,385,485) of the site's traffic. Nearly three-quarters (73.35%; n = 1,429,285) of sessions occurred on a mobile device. The goal conversion rate for the Self Check was 60.27%. The average time on page was 2 min 53 s, with a bounce rate of 65.92%, and an exit rate of 57.20%. The goal conversion rate for the Stress Test was 52.89%. The average time on page was 4 min 8 s, with a bounce rate of 72.40% and an exit rate of 48.88%. The conversion rate for the final goal was 11.53%, indicating that approximately one in 10 visitors to the site had a session of at least 3 min. The findings illustrate the potential of eHealth resources to support men's mental health and provide a real-world benchmark to help advance the men's eHealth field.

eHealth Interventions to Address Sexual Health, Substance Use, and Mental Health Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: Systematic Review and Synthesis of Process Evaluations

Background

Men who have sex with men (MSM) face disproportionate risks concerning HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, substance use, and mental health. These outcomes constitute an interacting syndemic among MSM; interventions addressing all 3 together could have multiplicative effects. eHealth interventions can be accessed privately, and evidence from general populations suggests these can effectively address all 3 health outcomes. However, it is unclear how useable, accessible, or acceptable eHealth interventions are for MSM and what factors affect this.

Objective

We undertook a systematic review of eHealth interventions addressing sexual risk, substance use, and common mental illnesses among MSM and synthesized evidence from process evaluations.

Methods

We searched 19 databases, 3 trials registers, OpenGrey, and Google, and supplemented this by reference checks and requests to experts. Eligible reports were those that discussed eHealth interventions offering ongoing support to MSM aiming to prevent sexual risk, substance use, anxiety or depression; and assessed how intervention delivery or receipt varied with characteristics of interventions, providers, participants, or context. Reviewers screened citations on titles, abstracts, and then full text. Reviewers assessed quality of eligible studies, and extracted data on intervention, study characteristics, and process evaluation findings. The analysis used thematic synthesis.

Results

A total of 12 reports, addressing 10 studies of 8 interventions, were eligible for process synthesis. Most addressed sexual risk alone or with other outcomes. Studies were assessed as medium and high reliability (reflecting the trustworthiness of overall findings) but tended to lack depth and breadth in terms of the process issues explored. Intervention acceptability was enhanced by ease of use; privacy protection; use of diverse media; opportunities for self-reflection and to gain knowledge and skills; and content that was clear, interactive, tailored, reflective of MSM’s experiences, and affirming of sexual-minority identity. Technical issues and interventions that were too long detracted from acceptability. Some evidence suggested that acceptability varied by race or ethnicity and educational level; findings on variation by socioeconomic status were mixed. No studies explored how intervention delivery or receipt varied by provider characteristics.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that eHealth interventions targeting sexual risk, substance use, and mental health are acceptable for MSM across sociodemographic groups. We identified the factors shaping MSM’s receipt of such interventions, highlighting the importance of tailored content reflecting MSM’s experiences and of language affirming sexual-minority identities. Intervention developers can draw on these findings to increase the usability and acceptability of integrated eHealth interventions to address the syndemic of sexual risk, substance use, and mental ill health among MSM. Evaluators of these interventions can draw on our findings to plan evaluations that explore the factors shaping usability and acceptability.

Longitudinal Viral Load Monitoring Using Home-Collected Dried Blood Spot Specimens of MSM Living with HIV: Results from a Feasibility Pilot Study

Novel viral load monitoring strategies are needed to help individuals maintain an undetectable viral load (UVL). In 2018, U.S. MSM living with HIV with a past detectable VL received a dried blood spot (DBS) kit at baseline and 3-month follow-up and returned specimens to a research laboratory. Of 56 consenting participants, 91% returned specimens at baseline and 77% at 3-month follow-up; 74% who returned two specimens had UVL at both time points. At-home DBS collection and longitudinal VL monitoring is feasible among U.S. MSM with fluctuating viral load. This complementary approach to clinical care could improve viral suppression maintenance.

Theories of change for e-health interventions targeting HIV/STIs and sexual risk, substance use and mental ill health amongst men who have sex with men: systematic review and synthesis

BACKGROUND

Sexual risk, substance use, and mental ill health constitute a syndemic of co-occurring, mutually reinforcing epidemics amongst men who have sex with men (MSM). Developed since 1995, e-health interventions offer accessible, anonymous support and can be effective in addressing these outcomes, suggesting the potential value of developing e-health interventions that address these simultaneously amongst MSM. We conducted a systematic review of e-health interventions addressing one or more of these outcomes amongst MSM and in this paper describe the theories of change underpinning relevant interventions, what these offer and how they might complement each other.

METHODS

We identified eligible reports via expert requests, reference-checking and database and Google searches. Results were screened for reports published in 1995 or later; focused on MSM; reporting on e-health interventions providing ongoing support to prevent HIV/STIs, sexual risk behaviour, substance use, anxiety or depression; and describing intervention theories of change. Reviewers assessed report quality, extracted intervention and theory of change data, and developed a novel method of synthesis using diagrammatic representations of theories of change.

RESULTS

Thirty-three reports on 22 intervention theories of change were included, largely of low/medium-quality. Inductively grouping these theories according to their core constructs, we identified three distinct groupings of theorised pathways. In the largest, the 'cognitive/skills' grouping, interventions provide information and activities which are theorised to influence behaviour via motivation/intention and self-efficacy/perceived control. In the 'self-monitoring' grouping, interventions are theorised to trigger reflection, self-reward/critique and self-regulation. In the 'cognitive therapy' grouping, the theory of change is rooted in cognitive therapy techniques, aiming to reframe negative emotions to improve mental health.

CONCLUSIONS

The synthesised theories of change provide a framework for developing e-health interventions that might holistically address syndemic health problems amongst MSM. Improving reporting on theories of change in primary studies of e-health interventions would enable a better understanding of how they are intended to work and the evidence supporting this. The novel diagrammatic method of theory of change synthesis used here could be used for future reviews where interventions are driven by existing well-defined behaviour and behaviour change theories.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42018110317.

Mobile apps for HIV prevention: how do they contribute to our epidemic response for adolescents and young adults?

Mobile health (mHealth) tools to address the HIV epidemic have proliferated in recent years. Yet when applied to the United States (US) epidemic, which is driven by new HIV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM), it is not clear how mHealth tools fit in the overall portfolio of biobehavioral prevention interventions and clinical services proven to be efficacious. Adolescent and young adult MSM are particularly vulnerable and reducing HIV incidence among this priority population will require substantial levels of uptake of multiple prevention strategies (i.e., HIV testing, condom use, sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and treatment for those with HIV infection). Starting from the premise that adolescents are avid consumers of technology, this paper considers the particular strengths and opportunities of mHealth tools to address HIV prevention and provides examples of mHealth approaches that have been tested or are in development in these areas. Even after mHealth interventions are proven effective, there will be important intervening steps before such tools can be deployed and integrated into existing prevention programs given the diverse landscape of prevention service delivery. We anticipate some of the likely barriers to broad implementation of proven mHealth interventions in the context of the US public health funding and service delivery infrastructure and provide recommendations to increase efforts for future scale-up and dissemination.

A mobile health intervention in HIV primary care: supporting patients at risk for ART non-adherence

Mobile health (mHealth) interventions that are integrated in HIV clinical settings to facilitate ongoing patient-provider communication between primary care visits are garnering evidence for their potential in improving HIV outcomes. Rango is an mHealth intervention to support engagement in HIV care and treatment adherence. This study used a single-arm prospective design with baseline and 6-month assessments for pre-post comparisons, as well as a matched patient sample for between-group comparisons to test Rango's preliminary efficacy in increasing viral suppression. The Rango sample (n = 406) was predominantly 50 years of age or older (63%; M = 50.67; SD = 10.97, 23-82), Black/African-American (44%) or Hispanic/Latinx (38%), and male (59%). At baseline, 18% reported missing at least one dose of ART in the prior three days and chart reviews of recent VL showed that nearly 82% of participants were virally suppressed. Overall 95% of the patients enrolled in Rango returned for a medical follow-up visit. Of the 65 unsuppressed patients at baseline who returned for a medical visit, 38 (59%) achieved viral suppression and only 5% of the suppressed group at baseline had an increase in viral load at 6 months despite being at risk for ART non-adherence. While viral suppression was similar between Rango participants and patients receiving treatment as usual over the same time period, it is unknown whether those patients were similarly at risk for non-adherence. Our findings support efforts to formally test this innovative approach in addressing ART non-adherence and viral suppression particularly to reach HIV treatment goals.

A Syndemic Model of Exchange Sex Among HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men

Exchange sex is a behavior associated with HIV transmission risk among men who have sex with men (MSM). Few studies have examined exchange sex among HIV-positive MSM. We utilize a syndemic framework to account for co-occurring psychosocial problems that suggest the presence of intertwining epidemics (i.e., syndemics), which have not been examined within the context of exchange sex among HIV-positive MSM. In 2015, MSM were recruited via online sexual networking Web site and app advertisements for Sex Positive![+], a video-based online intervention that aimed to improve health outcomes for men living with HIV. Participants completed surveys every three months for a year. Surveys covered demographics, drug use, exchange sex, intimate partner violence (IPV), and past 2-week depressive symptoms. We conducted three logistic regression models to assess syndemic factors associated with exchange sex in the past 3 months. Of the 722 HIV-positive MSM included in the sample, 59 (8%) reported exchange sex in the past 3 months at 12-month follow-up. HIV-positive MSM who had more syndemic factors had greater odds of exchange sex. Exchange sex was associated with being African-American/Black, age 18-29 years, past and present experiences with IPV, stimulant use, polysubstance use, and depressive symptoms. Exchange sex was associated with multiple psychosocial factors, indicating exchange sex may be part of a syndemic involving substance use, depression, HIV, and IPV. Interventions should address the social and behavioral circumstances that perpetuate environments that can foster multiple negative health outcomes.

Mapping Canadian Men's Recent and Intended Health Behavior Changes Through the Don't Change Much Electronic Health Program

Background

Although evaluation studies confirm the strong potential of men’s electronic health (eHealth) programs, there have been calls to more fully understand acceptability, engagement, and behavior change to guide future work. Relatedly, mapping of behavior changes using health promotion theories including the transtheoretical model (or stages of change) has been recommended to build a translatable empirical base to advance design and evaluation considerations for men’s eHealth programs.

Objective

This study aimed to use a benchmark sample as a reference group to map the recent and intended health behavior changes in Canadian men who use the Don’t Change Much (DCM) eHealth program. The hypothesis being tested was that increased exposure to DCM would be positively associated with men’s recent and intended health behavior changes.

Methods

DCM users (n=863) were sampled for demographic data and self-reported recent and intended health behavior changes. Respondents also reported their usage (frequency and duration) for each of the 3 DCM components (web, newsletter, and social media) and were allocated to limited exposure (257/863, 29.8%), low exposure (431/863, 49.9%), and high exposure (175/863, 20.3%) subgroups. A benchmark sample (n=2000), comprising respondents who had not accessed DCM provided a reference group. Bivariate analysis of recent and intended health behavior changes and DCM exposure levels were used to compute the strength of association between the independent variables (exposure levels) and the 10 categorical dependent variables (recent and intended health behavior changes). Binary logistic regression models were computed for each of the 10 recent and intended health behavior changes. Linear regression was used to model the association between the number of recent and intended changes and the level of exposure to DCM.

Results

Compared with the benchmark reference group, DCM high-exposure respondents had significantly increased odds for 9 of the 10 health behavior changes, with the largest effect size observed for Changed diet or Improved eating habits (odds ratio [OR] 5.628, 95% CI 3.932-8.055). High-exposure respondents also had significantly increased odds for 9 intended health changes, with the largest effect sizes observed for Reduce stress level (OR 4.282, 95% CI 3.086-5.941). Moderate effect size (goodness of fit) was observed for increased total number of recent (F_12,2850=25.52; P.001; adjusted R²=.093) and intended health behavior changes (F_12,2850=36.30; P.001; adjusted R²=.129) among high-exposure respondents.

Conclusions

DCM respondents contrasted the predominately precontemplative benchmark sample mapping across the contemplative, preparation, and action stages of the transtheoretical health behavior change model. Almost 10% of variation in the recent and 13% of variation in the intended health behavior changes can be explained by DCM exposure and demographic factors, indicating the acceptability of this men’s eHealth resource.

Changes in Sleep Quality and Associated Health Outcomes among Gay and Bisexual Men Living with HIV

Objectives/Background: Although gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) bear a disproportionate burden of HIV in the U.S., they are underrepresented in HIV-related sleep research. This study sought to (a) investigate changes in self-reported sleep quality among a sample of GBMSM living with HIV during participation in an online sexual risk reduction intervention and (b) examine whether changes in sleep quality predicted later health outcomes.Method/Participants: Men (n = 505) completed measures of sleep quality, psychological distress, condom use self-efficacy, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. Analyses focused on data obtained from participants as part of the eligibility survey, baseline assessment, and the 9- and 12-month follow-up assessments.Results: Most participants did not report changes in their sleep quality (i.e., 50.1% maintained good sleep quality, 22.8% maintained poor sleep quality) between study screening and 9-month follow-up. Nevertheless, 17.0% indicated improved sleep quality and 10.1% indicated a negative change in sleep quality. Compared to those who maintained good sleep quality during the study, men whose sleep quality declined by 9 months reported significantly greater symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as lower ART adherence and condom use self-efficacy at 12 months. Similarly, men who maintained poor sleep quality reported greater symptoms of depression and anxiety at 12 months. Men whose sleep quality improved reported better mental health than those with poor or worsening sleep quality.Conclusions: Findings suggest that optimizing sleep health should be prioritized in interventions aimed at improving overall well-being of GBMSM living with HIV.