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Bacon AM, Charlesford J, Hyland M, Puskas T, Hughes P. Finding Silver Linings in the Covid-19 Pandemic: A 2-Wave Study in the UK. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231219788. [PMID: 38032051 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231219788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in widespread anxiety, fear and depression, yet focussing only on these negative issues may obscure the opportunity to promote positivity and resilience. Traumatic events can often result in positive life changes (adversarial growth) though there is little evidence in the context of pandemics, and no previous studies in Covid-19 with the general public. The present research investigated whether adversarial growth was perceived in Covid-19 and whether this could account for variance in wellbeing, over and above effects of personality traits. Participants recruited from the UK public (N = 183) completed the Big Five Personality Inventory, the WHO-5 Wellbeing Scale and the Silver Lining Questionnaire (SLQ) measure of adversarial growth. Questionnaires were completed online, at two timepoints, nine months apart. At Time 1, wellbeing was negatively associated with trait Neuroticism and positively associated with Openness to experience. Both associations were positively mediated by SLQ score. At Time 2, SLQ score again mediated the effects of Openness on wellbeing, and also the influence of wellbeing at Time 1 on that at Time 2. Reported Silver Linings included strengthened personal relationships at Time 1, and improved ability to handle life events at Time 2. This suggests a shift from an appreciation of relationships to an awareness of personal development once life returned to some semblance of normality. Overall, results suggest that perceived adversarial growth supported wellbeing during the pandemic and highlight a focus for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Bacon
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Michael Hyland
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Tilla Puskas
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Poppy Hughes
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Haase SR, Billings R, Vance DE, Fazeli PL. The Association Between Intrapersonal Resilience Resources and Quality of Life Among Older Persons Living With HIV: A Systematic Review. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2023; 34:502-526. [PMID: 37815846 PMCID: PMC10593503 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite positive improvements in health care, older persons living with HIV (PWH) still face psychosocial challenges and medical issues that affect their overall quality of life (QoL). Intrapersonal resilience resources may serve as a protective factor allowing PWH to better cope with adversity, thereby improving their well-being. In our systematic review, we examined intrapersonal resilience resources and their association with QoL outcomes among middle-aged and older PWH (≥40 years). Four databases (CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase) were searched, and 1,400 articles were yielded. Following screening and full-text review, 19 studies met full criteria and were included. Based on our findings from these studies, trait resilience, spirituality, and self-efficacy were the most common resilience resources investigated. Resilience resources were positively associated with QoL outcomes and mediated the association between various psychosocial factors (e.g., stigma) and QoL. Future studies should explore resilience resources and QoL over time among diverse populations of PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakaye R. Haase
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rebecca Billings
- UAB Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David E. Vance
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Pariya L. Fazeli
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Licchelli S, King A, Smith KJ. "It's Still in the Test Tube and Finding out How the Experiment Ends… ". A Qualitative Study on Health and Aging in Older Gay Males Living with HIV in England. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2023; 22:23259582221144448. [PMID: 36594233 PMCID: PMC9830087 DOI: 10.1177/23259582221144448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper highlights experiences and perceptions of older gay males living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in relation to age, sexual orientation, HIV status and how they perceive health. Participants were gay males aged 50 and over living in England, diagnosed with HIV for longer than 2 years. In total, 19 interviews were conducted between March 2020 and March 2021. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Three major themes were generated: 1.) Health as holistic and as a balance; 2.) The impact of HIV on people's lives; 3.) The Intersectionality of stigma: a lifetime of discrimination. Participants highlighted the changing nature of the concept of health through their lifespan while the intersectionality of stigma in different contexts is examined considering the personal journey of living with HIV. The implications of health as a complex concept and intersectional stigma on the planning and delivering of care in this population are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew King
- Department of Sociology, 3660University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Ma H, Bu M, Zhai H, Li B, Xiong L. New Insight into HIV-Related Psychological Distress: A Concept Analysis. Clin Nurs Res 2023; 32:60-72. [PMID: 35259946 DOI: 10.1177/10547738221081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychological distress is a frequently reported outcome measure in HIV research. However, because of its poor conceptualization, many studies only partially capture it because they focus solely on depression or anxiety based on symptoms. This study undertook a concept analysis of HIV-related psychological distress (HRPD) using Walker and Avant's method. The findings include HRPD's (a) attributes, including changes to emotional status, symptom burden, HIV disclosure distress and HIV-related stigma; (b) antecedents, including HIV-related stressors, cognitive appraisal of stressors and difficulty coping with the disease or treatment; and (c) consequences, including poor health outcomes and posttraumatic growth. Lazarus and Folkman's theory and the conservation of resources theory were adapted to further understand HRPD. This article provides insight into HRPD and increases the awareness of how to screen and assess HRPD at an early stage. The findings indicate the need to develop specific and rigorous measures and to provide appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Ma
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengru Bu
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Zhai
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xiong
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Pięta M, Rzeszutek M. Posttraumatic growth and well-being among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis in recognition of 40 years of HIV/AIDS. Qual Life Res 2022; 31:1269-1288. [PMID: 34518989 PMCID: PMC9023429 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-021-02990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize, analyze, and critically review existing studies on the relationship between posttraumatic growth (PTG) and psychological well-being (operationalized either via positive or negative well-being indicators) among people living with HIV (PLWH). We also investigated whether this association varies as a function of socio-demographic, clinical characteristics, and study publication year. METHOD We conducted a structured literature search on Web of Science, Scopus, MedLine, PsyARTICLES, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. The most important inclusion criteria encompassed quantitative and peer-reviewed articles published in English. RESULTS After selection, we accepted 27 articles for further analysis (N = 6333 participants). Eight studies used positive indicators of well-being. The other 19 studies focused on negative indicators of well-being. Meta-analysis revealed that there was a negative weak-size association between PTG and negative well-being indicators (r = - 0.18, 95% CI [- 0.23; - 0.11]) and a positive medium-size association between PTG and positive well-being measures (r = 0.35, 95% CI [0.21; 0.47]). We detected no moderators. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis and systematic review revealed expected negative and positive associations between PTG and negative versus positive well-being indicators among PLWH. Specifically, the relationship between PTG and positive well-being indicators was more substantial than the link between PTG and negative well-being measures in these patients. Finally, observed high heterogeneity between studies and several measurement problems call for significant modification and improvement of PTG research among PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pięta
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Rzeszutek
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
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Ju N, Yang X, Ma X, Wang B, Fu L, Hu Y, Luo D, Xiao X, Zheng W, Xu H, Fang Y, Chan PSF, Xu Z, Chen P, He J, Zhu H, Tang H, Huang D, Hong Z, Xiao F, Sun F, Hao Y, Cai L, Yang J, Ye S, Chen YQ, Yuan J, Wang Z, Zou H. Hospitalization, interpersonal and personal factors of social anxiety among COVID-19 survivors at the six-month follow-up after hospital treatment: the minority stress model. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2019980. [PMID: 35111284 PMCID: PMC8803063 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.2019980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a highly infectious disease with human-to-human transmission characteristics, COVID-19 has caused panic in the general public. Those who have recovered from COVID-19 may experience discrimination and internalized stigma. They may be more likely to worry about social interaction and develop social anxiety. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the associations among hospitalization factors, social/interpersonal factors, personal factors, and social anxiety to reveal the mechanism of social anxiety in COVID-19 survivors. METHODS A cross-sectional, multicenter telephone survey was conducted from July to September 2020 in five Chinese cities (i.e. Wuhan, Nanning, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Dongguan); adult COVID-19 survivors were recruited 6 months after they were discharged from the hospital. Linear regressions and path analysis based on the minority stress model were conducted to test the relationships among hospitalization, social/interpersonal factors, personal factors, and social anxiety. RESULTS The response rate was 74.5% (N = 199, 55.3% females). Linear regression analyses showed that various hospitalization, social/interpersonal, and personal factors were statistically significantly associated with social anxiety. Path analysis showed that the proposed model fit the data well (χ2(df) = 3.196(3), p = .362, CFI = .999, NNFI = .996, RMSEA = .018). Internalized stigma fully mediated the association between perceived discrimination/social support and social anxiety, while it partially mediated the association between perceived affiliate stigma and social anxiety. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that social/interpersonal and personal factors have a stronger association with social anxiety than hospitalization factors and highlight the importance of internalized stigma in understanding the mechanisms of these relationships. Clinical psychologists can refer to these modifiable psychosocial factors to develop efficient interventions for mental health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Ju
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue Yang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Leiwen Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqing Hu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center for Optometry and Visual Science, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Weiran Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Shing Fong Chan
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ping Chen
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiaoling He
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Hongqiong Zhu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Huiwen Tang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Dixi Huang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhongsi Hong
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | | | - Yanrong Hao
- Department of Scientific Research, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Lianying Cai
- Department of Education, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreas and Spleen Surgery, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Shupei Ye
- Department of Emergency, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Yao-Qing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Shenzhen Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.,Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Wanjala SW, Too EK, Luchters S, Abubakar A. Psychometric Properties of the Berger HIV Stigma Scale: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13074. [PMID: 34948690 PMCID: PMC8701211 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Addressing HIV-related stigma requires the use of psychometrically sound measures. However, despite the Berger HIV stigma scale (HSS) being among the most widely used measures for assessing HIV-related stigma, no study has systematically summarised its psychometric properties. This review investigated the psychometric properties of the HSS. A systematic review of articles published between 2001 and August 2021 was undertaken (CRD42020220305) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Additionally, we searched the grey literature and screened the reference lists of the included studies. Of the total 1241 studies that were screened, 166 were included in the review, of which 24 were development and/or validation studies. The rest were observational or experimental studies. All the studies except two reported some aspect of the scale's reliability. The reported internal consistency ranged from acceptable to excellent (Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.70) in 93.2% of the studies. Only eight studies reported test-retest reliability, and the reported reliability was adequate, except for one study. Only 36 studies assessed and established the HSS's validity. The HSS appears to be a reliable and valid measure of HIV-related stigma. However, the validity evidence came from only 36 studies, most of which were conducted in North America and Europe. Consequently, more validation work is necessary for more precise insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley W. Wanjala
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Campus UZ-Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Social Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi P.O. Box 195-80108, Kenya
| | - Ezra K. Too
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi P.O. Box 30270-00100, Kenya; (E.K.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Stanley Luchters
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Campus UZ-Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi P.O. Box 30270-00100, Kenya; (E.K.T.); (A.A.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi P.O. Box 30270-00100, Kenya; (E.K.T.); (A.A.)
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi P.O. Box 195-80108, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
- Neuroassessment Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi P.O. Box 230-80108, Kenya
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Drewes J, Ebert J, Langer PC, Kleiber D, Gusy B. Comorbidities and psychosocial factors as correlates of self-reported falls in a nationwide sample of community-dwelling people aging with HIV in Germany. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1544. [PMID: 34384399 PMCID: PMC8359602 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falls are a frequent health problem with potentially severe consequences among the elderly. Due to the aging HIV population, there is a growing interest in falls as a geriatric syndrome in HIV research and clinical practice. Previous studies found rather high prevalences of falls in this population and focused on biomedical and demographic risk factors for falls. Psychosocial risk factors like stigma, social support or loneliness were not previously assessed as correlates of fall events in this population. METHODS We assessed self-reported fall frequency in the past 12 months in a nationwide sample of 897 community-dwelling people aged 50 years or older living with HIV in Germany using a cross-sectional study design. We calculated odds of any fall for sociodemographic and HIV-related variables in bivariate analyses and for comorbidities, and psychosocial variables in bivariate and adjusted analyses. RESULTS Eighteen percent of our participants reported at least one fall in the preceding 12 months, 12 % reported recurring falls. A lower socioeconomic status, being single and living alone were significantly associated with a higher risk for falling. An AIDS diagnosis was related to fall risk, but time since diagnosis and a detectable viral load were not. Reporting at least one comorbidity increased fall risk in our sample 2.5 times (95% CI: 1.59; 3.97). The strongest association with fall risk was found for diseases of the central nervous system, heart disease, rheumatism, osteoporosis, and chronic pain. Experienced HIV stigma (AOR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.58; 2.83) and internalized HIV stigma (AOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.12; 1.85), as well as social support (AOR: .92; 95% CI: .86; .99) and loneliness (AOR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.22; 1.87) were significantly related to fall risk in bivariate and adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS We found a low prevalence of falls in our sample of community-dwelling people aging with HIV. Our results show evidence for a strong association between comorbidity and falling, and between psychosocial factors and falling. Especially the strong association between experienced HIV stigma and fall risk is noteworthy and adds falls to the list of health outcomes affected by HIV stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Drewes
- Public Health: Prevention and Psychosocial Health Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Ebert
- Public Health: Prevention and Psychosocial Health Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phil C Langer
- International Psychoanalytic University, Stromstr. 3b, 10555, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Kleiber
- Public Health: Prevention and Psychosocial Health Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Gusy
- Public Health: Prevention and Psychosocial Health Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Yıldırım M, Arslan G. A Moderated Mediation Effect of Stress-Related Growth and Meaning in Life in the Association Between Coronavirus Suffering and Satisfaction With Life: Development of the Stress-Related Growth Measure. Front Psychol 2021; 12:648236. [PMID: 33796058 PMCID: PMC8008138 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As previous pandemics, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has direct and indirect effects on mental health and well-being. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether meaning in life mediated the association between coronavirus suffering and satisfaction with life and whether stress-related growth moderated the mediating effect of meaning in life on the association between these variables. Stress-Related Growth Measure (SGM) was also conducted for the purpose of this study. The participants were 402 (66% women) young adults who completed the Suffering Measure During COVID-19, Meaningful Living Measure, Satisfaction With Life Scale, and SGM. The results indicated that the SGM has adequate psychometric properties with unidimensional structure of stress-related growth in the face of adversity. Moderated mediation analysis revealed that coronavirus suffering directly influenced satisfaction with life as well as indirectly by its effect on meaning in life. Additionally, stress-related growth was found as a moderator in the relationship between coronavirus suffering-meaning in life and coronavirus suffering-satisfaction with life. These results suggest that meaning in life mitigates the effect of coronavirus suffering on satisfaction with life, and this mediating effect is moderated by stress-related growth in young adults. While meaning in life helps explain the relationship between coronavirus suffering and satisfaction with life, the stress-related growth functions as a protective factor against the adverse effect of coronavirus experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Yıldırım
- Department of Psychology, Ağri İbrahim Çeçen University, Agri, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gökmen Arslan
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- International Network on Personal Meaning, Toronto, ON, Canada
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