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Xia X, Wang Q, Gurr GM, Vasseur L, Han S, You M. Gut bacteria mediated adaptation of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, to secondary metabolites of host plants. mSystems 2023; 8:e0082623. [PMID: 37909778 PMCID: PMC10734469 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00826-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this study, we identify an important role of gut bacteria in mediating the adaptation of diamondback moth (DBM) to plant secondary metabolites. We demonstrate that kaempferol's presence in radish seedlings greatly reduces the fitness of DBM with depleted gut biota. Reinstatement of gut biota, particularly Enterobacter sp. EbPXG5, improved insect performance by degrading kaempferol. This bacterium was common in the larval gut of DBM, lining the epithelium as a protective film. Our work highlights the role of symbiotic bacteria in insect herbivore adaptation to plant defenses and provides a practical and mechanistic framework for developing a more comprehensive understanding of insect-gut microbe-host plant co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian‐Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian‐Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Graham Centre, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liette Vasseur
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuncai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian‐Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian‐Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian‐Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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2
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Huang A, Wang S, Guo J, Gu Y, Li J, Huang L, Wang X, Tao Y, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Hao H. Prudent Use of Tylosin for Treatment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Based on Its Clinical Breakpoint and Lung Microbiota Shift. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712473. [PMID: 34566919 PMCID: PMC8458857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the prudent use of tylosin for the treatment of chronic respiratory infectious diseases in chickens caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) based on its clinical breakpoint (CBP) and its effect on lung microbiota. The CBP was established based on the wild-type/epidemiological cutoff value (COWT/ECV), pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) cutoff value (COPD), and clinical cutoff value (COCL) of tylosin against MG. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tylosin against 111 MG isolates was analyzed and the COWT was 2 μg/ml. M17 with MIC of 2 μg/ml was selected as a representative strain for the PK-PD study. The COPD of tylosin against MG was 1 μg/ml. The dosage regimen formulated by the PK-PD study was 3 days administration of tylosin at a dose of 45.88 mg/kg b.w. with a 24-h interval. Five different MIC MGs were selected for clinical trial, and the COCL of tylosin against MG was 0.5 μg/ml. According to the CLSI decision tree, the CBP of tylosin against MG was set up as 2 μg/ml. The effect of tylosin on lung microbiota of MG-infected chickens was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Significant change of the lung microbiota was observed in the infection group and treatment group based on the principal coordinate analysis and the Venn diagrams of the core and unique OTU. The phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria showed difference after MG infection and treatment. This study established the CBP of tylosin against MG. It also provided scientific data for the prudent use of tylosin based on the evaluation of MG infection and tylosin treatment on the lung microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxiong Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuge Wang
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Gu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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van der Eijk JAJ, de Vries H, Kjaer JB, Naguib M, Kemp B, Smidt H, Rodenburg TB, Lammers A. Differences in gut microbiota composition of laying hen lines divergently selected on feather pecking. Poult Sci 2020; 98:7009-7021. [PMID: 31226709 PMCID: PMC6869756 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Feather pecking (FP), a damaging behavior where laying hens peck and pull at feathers of conspecifics, is multifactorial and has been linked to numerous behavioral and physiological characteristics. The gut microbiota has been shown to influence host behavior and physiology in many species, and could therefore affect the development of damaging behaviors, such as FP. Yet, it is unknown whether FP genotypes (high FP [HFP] and low FP [LFP] lines) or FP phenotypes (i.e., individuals differing in FP, feather peckers and neutrals) differ in their gut microbiota composition. Therefore, we identified mucosa-associated microbiota composition of the ileum and cecum at 10 and 30 wk of age. At 30 wk of age, we further identified luminal microbiota composition from combined content of the ileum, ceca, and colon. FP phenotypes could not be distinguished from each other in mucosa-associated or luminal microbiota composition. However, HFP neutrals were characterized by a higher relative abundance of genera of Clostridiales, but lower relative abundance of Lactobacillus for the luminal microbiota composition compared to LFP phenotypes. Furthermore, HFP neutrals had a higher diversity and evenness for the luminal microbiota compared to LFP phenotypes. FP genotypes could not be distinguished from each other in mucosa-associated microbiota composition. Yet, FP genotypes could be distinguished from each other in luminal microbiota composition. HFP birds were characterized by a higher relative abundance of genera of Clostridiales, but lower relative abundance of Staphylococcus and Lactobacillus compared to LFP birds. Furthermore, HFP birds had a higher diversity and evenness for both cecal mucosa-associated and luminal microbiota compared to LFP birds at adult age. In conclusion, we here show that divergent selection on FP can (in)directly affect luminal microbiota composition. Whether differences in microbiota composition are causal to FP or a consequence of FP remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerine A J van der Eijk
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo de Vries
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joergen B Kjaer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, 29223 Celle, Germany
| | - Marc Naguib
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T Bas Rodenburg
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aart Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
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4
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van der Eijk JAJ, Rodenburg TB, de Vries H, Kjaer JB, Smidt H, Naguib M, Kemp B, Lammers A. Early-life microbiota transplantation affects behavioural responses, serotonin and immune characteristics in chicken lines divergently selected on feather pecking. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2750. [PMID: 32066789 PMCID: PMC7026165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59125-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota influences host behaviour and physiology, such as anxiety, stress, serotonergic and immune systems. These behavioural and physiological characteristics are related to feather pecking (FP), a damaging behaviour in chickens that reduces animal welfare and productivity. Moreover, high FP (HFP) and low FP (LFP) lines differed in microbiota composition. However, it is unknown whether microbiota can influence the development of FP. For the first time, we identified the effects of microbiota transplantation on FP, and behavioural and physiological characteristics related to FP. HFP and LFP chicks received sterile saline (control), HFP or LFP microbiota transplantation during the first two weeks post-hatch. Microbiota transplantation influenced behavioural responses of the HFP line during treatment and of the LFP line after treatment. In both lines, homologous microbiota transplantation (i.e., receiving microbiota from their line) resulted in more active behavioural responses. Furthermore, microbiota transplantation influenced immune characteristics (natural antibodies) in both lines and peripheral serotonin in the LFP line. However, limited effects on microbiota composition, stress response (corticosterone) and FP were noted. Thus, early-life microbiota transplantation had immediate and long-term effects on behavioural responses and long-term effects on immune characteristics and peripheral serotonin; however, the effects were dependent on host genotype. Since early-life microbiota transplantation influenced behavioural and physiological characteristics that are related to FP, it could thus influence the development of FP later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerine A J van der Eijk
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - T Bas Rodenburg
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo de Vries
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joergen B Kjaer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Naguib
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aart Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Saxena S, Saxena VK, Tomar S, Sapcota D, Gonmei G. Characterisation of caecum and crop microbiota of Indian indigenous chicken targeting multiple hypervariable regions within 16S rRNA gene. Br Poult Sci 2017; 57:381-9. [PMID: 26962896 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1161728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of caecum and crop microbiota of chick, grower and adult stages of Indian indigenous chickens was conducted to investigate the role of the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, which play an important role in host performance, health and immunity. High-throughput Illumina sequencing was performed for V3, V4 and V4-V6 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. M5RNA and M5NR databases under MG-RAST were used for metagenomic datasets annotation. In the crop, Firmicutes (~78%) and Proteobacteria (~16%) were the predominant phyla whereas in the caecum, Firmicutes (~50%), Bacteroidetes (~29%) and Actinobacteria (~10%) were predominant. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index suggested that sample richness and diversity increased as the chicken aged. For the first time, the presence of Lactobacillus species such as L. frumenti, L. antri, L. mucosae in the chicken crop along with Kineococcus radiotolerans, Desulfohalobium retbaense and L. jensenii in the caecum are reported. Many of these bacterial species have been found to be involved in immune response modulation and disease prevention in pigs and humans. The gut microbiome of the indigenous chicken was enriched with microbes having probiotic potential which might be essential for their adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saxena
- a Division of Avian Genetics and Breeding , Central Avian Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - V K Saxena
- a Division of Avian Genetics and Breeding , Central Avian Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - S Tomar
- a Division of Avian Genetics and Breeding , Central Avian Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - D Sapcota
- b Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science , Assam Agricultural University , Guwahati , India
| | - G Gonmei
- b Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science , Assam Agricultural University , Guwahati , India
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Roto SM, Rubinelli PM, Ricke SC. An Introduction to the Avian Gut Microbiota and the Effects of Yeast-Based Prebiotic-Type Compounds as Potential Feed Additives. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:28. [PMID: 26664957 PMCID: PMC4672232 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry has been searching for a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters in poultry feed as public concerns over the use of antibiotics and the appearance of antibiotic resistance has become more intense. An ideal replacement would be feed amendments that could eliminate pathogens and disease while retaining economic value via improvements on body weight and feed conversion ratios. Establishing a healthy gut microbiota can have a positive impact on growth and development of both body weight and the immune system of poultry while reducing pathogen invasion and disease. The addition of prebiotics to poultry feed represents one such recognized way to establish a healthy gut microbiota. Prebiotics are feed additives, mainly in the form of specific types of carbohydrates that are indigestible to the host while serving as substrates to select beneficial bacteria and altering the gut microbiota. Beneficial bacteria in the ceca easily ferment commonly studied prebiotics, producing short-chain fatty acids, while pathogenic bacteria and the host are unable to digest their molecular bonds. Prebiotic-like substances are less commonly studied, but show promise in their effects on the prevention of pathogen colonization, improvements on the immune system, and host growth. Inclusion of yeast and yeast derivatives as probiotic and prebiotic-like substances, respectively, in animal feed has demonstrated positive associations with growth performance and modification of gut morphology. This review will aim to link together how such prebiotics and prebiotic-like substances function to influence the native and beneficial microorganisms that result in a diverse and well-developed gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Roto
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Peter M. Rubinelli
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Raina HS, Singh A, Popli S, Pandey N, Rajagopal R. Infection of Bacterial Endosymbionts in Insects: A Comparative Study of Two Techniques viz PCR and FISH for Detection and Localization of Symbionts in Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136159. [PMID: 26287997 PMCID: PMC4546005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts have been associated with arthropods and large number of the insect species show interaction with such bacteria. Different approaches have been used to understand such symbiont- host interactions. The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, a highly invasive agricultural pest, harbors as many as seven different bacterial endosymbionts. These bacterial endosymbionts are known to provide various nutritional, physiological, environmental and evolutionary benefits to its insect host. In this study, we have tried to compare two techniques, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Flourescence in situ Hybridisation (FISH) commonly used for identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in B. tabaci as it harbors one of the highest numbers of endosymbionts which have helped it in becoming a successful global invasive agricultural pest. The amplified PCR products were observed as bands on agarose gel by electrophoresis while the FISH samples were mounted on slides and observed under confocal microscope. Analysis of results obtained by these two techniques revealed the advantages of FISH over PCR. On a short note, performing FISH, using LNA probes proved to be more sensitive and informative for identification as well as localization of bacterial endosymbionts in B. tabaci than relying on PCR. This study would help in designing more efficient experiments based on much reliable detection procedure and studying the role of endosymbionts in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh Raina
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ambika Singh
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Popli
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Neeti Pandey
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Mountzouris KC, Palamidi I, Tsirtsikos P, Mohnl M, Schatzmayr G, Fegeros K. Effect of dietary inclusion level of a multi-species probiotic on broiler performance and two biomarkers of their caecal ecology. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the dietary inclusion level of a three-species probiotic on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, caecal microbiota composition and volatile fatty acid (VFA) pattern was evaluated. Day-old Cobb broilers (n = 448) were allocated in four treatments for 6 weeks. Each treatment had four replicates (two per gender) of 28 broilers each. Depending on the type of addition per kg basal diet, treatments were C (no other addition), PL (108 colony forming units of probiotic), PH (109 colony forming units of probiotic) and A (2.5 mg avilamycin). Overall bodyweight gain was better (P = 0.002) in PL and PH than in the control (2082 g) by 8.7% and 7.5%, respectively, while treatment PL did not differ from A (2341 g), which showed the highest bodyweight gain. The ileal and total-tract apparent digestibility of DM and the apparent metabolisable energy content corrected for N improved linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with the probiotic level. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation analysis showed caecal Bifidobacterium levels to increase linearly (P = 0.006) with the probiotic level. Probiotic administration resulted in altered caecal VFA patterns compared with the control. Gender effects (P ≤ 0.05) were noted for caecal levels of C. histolyticum group, Bacteroides fragilis group and Streptococcus spp., while interactions (P ≤ 0.05) of treatment with gender were seen for Bifidobacterium and all VFA components, except for acetate. In conclusion, beneficial effects on bodyweight gain, DM digestibility, apparent metabolisable energy content corrected for N, caecal Bifidobacterium levels and VFA patterns were noted with both probiotic inclusion levels.
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Sheppard SK, Cheng L, Méric G, de Haan CPA, Llarena AK, Marttinen P, Vidal A, Ridley A, Clifton-Hadley F, Connor TR, Strachan NJC, Forbes K, Colles FM, Jolley KA, Bentley SD, Maiden MCJ, Hänninen ML, Parkhill J, Hanage WP, Corander J. Cryptic ecology among host generalist Campylobacter jejuni in domestic animals. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2442-51. [PMID: 24689900 PMCID: PMC4237157 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination between bacterial strains is theoretically capable of preventing the separation of daughter clusters, and producing cohesive clouds of genotypes in sequence space. However, numerous barriers to recombination are known. Barriers may be essential such as adaptive incompatibility, or ecological, which is associated with the opportunities for recombination in the natural habitat. Campylobacter jejuni is a gut colonizer of numerous animal species and a major human enteric pathogen. We demonstrate that the two major generalist lineages of C. jejuni do not show evidence of recombination with each other in nature, despite having a high degree of host niche overlap and recombining extensively with specialist lineages. However, transformation experiments show that the generalist lineages readily recombine with one another in vitro. This suggests ecological rather than essential barriers to recombination, caused by a cryptic niche structure within the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Sheppard
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordThe Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea UniversitySwansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 68, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guillaume Méric
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea UniversitySwansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Caroline P A de Haan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 66, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ann-Katrin Llarena
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 66, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Marttinen
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto UniversityP.O. Box 15400, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Ana Vidal
- Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA)New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anne Ridley
- Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA)New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Felicity Clifton-Hadley
- Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA)New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Thomas R Connor
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityMain Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Norval J C Strachan
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of AberdeenForesterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ken Forbes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AberdeenForesterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Frances M Colles
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordThe Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Keith A Jolley
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordThe Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Stephen D Bentley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteWellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordThe Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Marja-Liisa Hänninen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 66, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteWellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - William P Hanage
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public HealthKresge Building, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 68, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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A Novel Lactococcal Vaccine Expressing a Peptide from the M2 Antigen of H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus Prolongs Survival of Vaccinated Chickens. Vet Med Int 2013; 2013:316926. [PMID: 23766929 PMCID: PMC3674685 DOI: 10.1155/2013/316926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A cost-effective and efficacious influenza vaccine for use in commercial poultry farms would help protect against avian influenza outbreaks. Current influenza vaccines for poultry are expensive and subtype specific, and therefore there is an urgent need to develop a universal avian influenza vaccine. We have constructed a live bacterial vaccine against avian influenza by expressing a conserved peptide from the ectodomain of M2 antigen (M2e) on the surface of Lactococcus lactis (LL). Chickens were vaccinated intranasally with the lactococcal vaccine (LL-M2e) or subcutaneously with keyhole-limpet-hemocyanin conjugated M2e (KLH-M2e). Vaccinated and nonvaccinated birds were challenged with high pathogenic avian influenza virus A subtype H5N2. Birds vaccinated with LL-M2e or KLH-M2e had median survival times of 5.5 and 6.0 days, respectively, which were significantly longer than non-vaccinated birds (3.5 days). Birds vaccinated subcutaneously with KLH-M2e had a lower mean viral burden than either of the other two groups. However, there was a significant correlation between the time of survival and M2e-specific serum IgG. The results of these trials show that birds in both vaccinated groups had significantly (P < 0.05) higher median survival times than non-vaccinated birds and that this protection could be due to M2e-specific serum IgG.
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11
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Gey A, Werckenthin C, Poppert S, Straubinger RK. Identification of pathogens in mastitis milk samples with fluorescent in situ hybridization. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:386-94. [PMID: 23632662 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713486113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the bacteriological examination of mastitis milk samples is performed by culture followed by biochemical tests on the cultured bacteria to allow identification of the causative pathogen. Depending on the species involved, this classic identification is time-consuming compared to other techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), a culture-independent method that utilizes oligonucleotides (labeled with a fluorophore) that are specific to a string of target DNA/RNA. In the current study, the applicability of FISH was evaluated for the detection of mastitis pathogens directly in milk samples. To remove interfering lipids and proteins from mastitis milk samples prior to FISH, a previously published enzymatic treatment with savinase was evaluated. FISH was performed using oligonucleotides specific for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, and Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes. The enzymatic pretreatment and the sensitivity of FISH were evaluated using spiked whole milk samples and mastitis milk samples with bacterial loads of less than 10(3) up to 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU)/ml. Bacteria were reliably detected in milk samples with bacterial numbers of 10(6) CFU/ml or higher. However, bacteria present in numbers below 10(6) CFU/ml were not detectable in all cases. The ability of FISH to identify mastitis-causing pathogens directly in milk samples, and therefore earlier than classical culture methods, can supplement the classic diagnostic procedures for mastitis milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annerose Gey
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 München, Germany
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12
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Machado A, Almeida C, Salgueiro D, Henriques A, Vaneechoutte M, Haesebrouck F, Vieira MJ, Rodrigues L, Azevedo NF, Cerca N. Fluorescence in situ Hybridization method using Peptide Nucleic Acid probes for rapid detection of Lactobacillus and Gardnerella spp. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:82. [PMID: 23586331 PMCID: PMC3637831 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection occurring in women of reproductive age. It is widely accepted that the microbial switch from normal microflora to BV is characterized by a decrease in vaginal colonization by Lactobacillus species together with an increase of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes. Our goal was to develop and optimize a novel Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) Fluorescence in situ Hybridization assay (PNA FISH) for the detection of Lactobacillus spp. and G. vaginalis in mixed samples. RESULTS Therefore, we evaluated and validated two specific PNA probes by using 36 representative Lactobacillus strains, 22 representative G. vaginalis strains and 27 other taxonomically related or pathogenic bacterial strains commonly found in vaginal samples. The probes were also tested at different concentrations of G. vaginalis and Lactobacillus species in vitro, in the presence of a HeLa cell line. Specificity and sensitivity of the PNA probes were found to be 98.0% (95% confidence interval (CI), from 87.8 to 99.9%) and 100% (95% CI, from 88.0 to 100.0%), for Lactobacillus spp.; and 100% (95% CI, from 92.8 to 100%) and 100% (95% CI, from 81.5 to 100.0%) for G. vaginalis. Moreover, the probes were evaluated in mixed samples mimicking women with BV or normal vaginal microflora, demonstrating efficiency and applicability of our PNA FISH. CONCLUSIONS This quick method accurately detects Lactobacillus spp. and G. vaginalis species in mixed samples, thus enabling efficient evaluation of the two bacterial groups, most frequently encountered in the vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Machado
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
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13
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Machado A, Almeida C, Carvalho A, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Rodrigues L, Cerca N, Azevedo NF. Fluorescence in situ hybridization method using a peptide nucleic acid probe for identification of Lactobacillus spp. in milk samples. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:64-70. [PMID: 23357093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus species constitute one of the dominant and beneficial bacteria in our body and are used in developed countries as a microbial adjuvant. Identification of these probiotic bacteria is traditionally performed by culture-based techniques. However, such methods are very time-consuming and can give inaccurate results, especially when Lactobacillus is present in mixed bacterial complex communities. Our study aimed to accurately identify Lactobacillus spp. using a novel Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) probe. The probe (Lac663) was tested on 36 strains belonging to different Lactobacillus species and on 20 strains of other bacterial species. The sensitivity and specificity of the method were 100% (95% confidence interval (CI), 88.0 to 100.0%) and 95.0% (95% CI, 73.1 to 99.7%), respectively. Additionally, we tested the applicability of the method on milk samples added with Lactobacillus strains at probiotic range concentrations and other taxonomically related bacteria, as well as pathogenic bacteria. The Lac663 probe bound exclusively to Lactobacillus strains and the described PNA-FISH method was capable of directly quantifying Lactobacillus spp. in concentrations at which these potential probiotic bacteria are considered to have an effective benefit on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Machado
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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14
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Garcia GD, Carvalho MAR, Diniz CG, Marques JL, Nicoli JR, Farias LM. Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group strains recovered from broiler faeces. Br Poult Sci 2012; 53:71-6. [PMID: 22404807 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.662272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective was to evaluate the occurrence of cultivable components of the Bacteroides fragilis group in faeces of broiler chickens and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. 2. Faecal samples of 36 × 45-d-old Cobb broilers of both sexes from 15 different flocks on one farm were diluted 10-fold and plated on to Bacteroides-bile-esculin agar for colony count and isolation. Identification was by molecular methods and antimicrobial susceptibility in the agar dilution assay. 3. A total of 236 isolates was recovered from a mean population of 3·32 × 10(7 )colony-forming units/g of faeces. B. fragilis was shown to be the predominant Bacteroides species (45·3%), followed by B. distasonis (35·6%), B. vulgatus (8·9%), B. ovatus (2·5%) and B. stercoris (1·3%). 4. Among 204 bacterial isolates tested, high resistance to ampicillin (98·5%), norfloxacin (95·1%) and tetracycline (88·2%) were observed. High (89·7%) multi-drug resistance was observed to 3-7 of the tested drugs. 5. Components of the B. fragilis group were sub-dominant in broiler faecal microbiota, with a different species pattern compared with human and high antimicrobial multi-drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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15
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Priya NG, Pandey N, Rajagopal R. LNA probes substantially improve the detection of bacterial endosymbionts in whole mount of insects by fluorescent in-situ hybridization. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:81. [PMID: 22624773 PMCID: PMC3536699 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of unculturable bacteria and their localization in the host, by fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), is a powerful technique in the study of host-bacteria interaction. FISH probes are designed to target the 16 s rRNA region of the bacteria to be detected. LNA probes have recently been used in FISH studies and proven to be more efficient. To date no report has employed LNA probes for FISH detection of bacterial endosymbiont in the whole mount tissues. Further, though speculated, bacteriocytes have not been reported from males of Bemisia tabaci. Results In this study, we compared the efficiency in detecting bacteria by fluorescent DNA oligonucleotides versus modified probes containing Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) substitution in their structure. We used the insect Bemisia tabaci as the experimental material since it carried simultaneous infection by two bacteria: one a primary endosymbiont, Portiera (and present in more numbers) while the other a secondary endosymbiont Arsenophonus (and present in less numbers). Thus a variation in the abundance of bacteria was expected. While detecting both the bacteria, we found a significant increase in the signal whenever LNA probes were used. However, the difference was more pronounced in detecting the secondary endosymbiont, wherein DNA probes gave weak signals when compared to LNA probes. Also, signal to noise ratio for LNA probes was higher than DNA probes. We found that LNA considerably improved sensitivity of FISH, as compared to the commonly used DNA oligonucleotide probe. Conclusion By employing LNA probes we could detect endosymbiotic bacteria in males, which have never been reported previously. We were able to detect bacteriocytes containing Portiera and Arsenophonus in the males of B. tabaci. Thus, employing LNA probes at optimized conditions will help to significantly improve detection of bacteria at the lowest concentration and may give a comprehensible depiction about their specific distribution within samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Gayatri Priya
- Gut Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No 117, Delhi 110007, India
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16
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Porcheron G, Chanteloup NK, Trotereau A, Brée A, Schouler C. Effect of fructooligosaccharide metabolism on chicken colonization by an extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35475. [PMID: 22514747 PMCID: PMC3325963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains cause many diseases in humans and animals. While remaining asymptomatic, they can colonize the intestine for subsequent extra-intestinal infection and dissemination in the environment. We have previously identified the fos locus, a gene cluster within a pathogenicity island of the avian ExPEC strain BEN2908, involved in the metabolism of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS). It is assumed that these sugars are metabolized by the probiotic bacteria of the microbiota present in the intestine, leading to a decrease in the pathogenic bacterial population. However, we have previously shown that scFOS metabolism helps BEN2908 to colonize the intestine, its reservoir. As the fos locus is located on a pathogenicity island, one aim of this study was to investigate a possible role of this locus in the virulence of the strain for chicken. We thus analysed fos gene expression in extracts of target organs of avian colibacillosis and performed a virulence assay in chickens. Moreover, in order to understand the involvement of the fos locus in intestinal colonization, we monitored the expression of fos genes and their implication in the growth ability of the strain in intestinal extracts of chicken. We also performed intestinal colonization assays in axenic and Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) chickens. We demonstrated that the fos locus is not involved in the virulence of BEN2908 for chickens and is strongly involved in axenic chicken cecal colonization both in vitro and in vivo. However, even if the presence of a microbiota does not inhibit the growth advantage of BEN2908 in ceca in vitro, overall, growth of the strain is not favoured in the ceca of SPF chickens. These findings indicate that scFOS metabolism by an ExPEC strain can contribute to its fitness in ceca but this benefit is fully dependent on the bacteria present in the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Porcheron
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Katy Chanteloup
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Angélina Trotereau
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Annie Brée
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Catherine Schouler
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
- * E-mail:
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Parsley LC, Newman MM, Liles MR. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of bacterial cell suspensions. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2010:pdb.prot5493. [PMID: 20810640 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify and enumerate specific bacteria within a mixed culture or environmental sample has become a powerful tool in combining microscopy with molecular phylogenetic discrimination. However, processing a large number of samples in parallel can be difficult because the bacterial cells are typically fixed and hybridized on microscope slides rather than processed in solution. In addition, gram-positive cells and certain environmental samples present a unique challenge to achievement of adequate cell fixation and uniform hybridization for optimal FISH analysis. Here, we describe a protocol for FISH in solution that can be performed entirely in suspension, in a microcentrifuge tube format, prior to microscopy. This protocol can be applied to both gram-positive and -negative cells, as well as complex microbial assemblages. The method employs a rapid technique for performing multiple hybridizations simultaneously, which may be used to qualitatively assess the presence of specific phylogenetic groups in bacterial cultures or environmental samples, and/or directly quantify fluorescence by fluorometry or flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C Parsley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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18
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Purification of bacterial genomic DNA in less than 20 min using chelex-100 microwave: examples from strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from soil samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 98:465-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Evaluation of Lactobacillus sobrius/L. amylovorus as a new microbial marker of pig manure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 76:1456-61. [PMID: 20038684 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01895-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on a comparison of the dominant microbial populations in 17 pig manure samples and using a molecular typing method, we identified a species, Lactobacillus sobrius and Lactobacillus amylovorus (which now are considered a single species and are designated L. sobrius/amylovorus here), that was consistently found in manure. The aim of the present study was to confirm by real-time PCR the relevance of this species as a marker of pig fecal contamination. The specificity of L. sobrius/amylovorus was evaluated in human and animal DNA extracted from feces. The real-time PCR assay then was applied to water samples, including effluents from urban wastewater treatment plants, runoff water, and rivers. L. sobrius/amylovorus was consistently present in all samples of swine origin: 48 fecal samples, 18 from raw manure and 10 from biologically treated manure at mean concentrations of 7.2, 5.9, and 5.0 log(10) cells/g, respectively. The species was not detected in any of the other livestock feces (38 samples from cattle and 16 from sheep), in the 27 human fecal samples, or in the 13 effluent samples from urban wastewater treatment plants. Finally, L. sobrius/amylovorus was not detected in runoff water contaminated by cattle slurry, but it was quantified at concentrations ranging from 3.7 to 6.5 log(10) cells/100 ml in runoff water collected after pig manure was spread on soil. Among the stream water samples in which cultured Escherichia coli was detected, 23% tested positive for L. sobrius/amylovorus. The results of this study indicate that the quantification of L. sobrius/amylovorus using real-time PCR will be useful for identifying pig fecal contamination in surface waters.
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Molecular analysis of microbial community structure in the chicken ileum following organic acid supplementation. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:345-53. [PMID: 19269115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To compensate for possible decreases in animal production due to restrictions on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters, several non-antibiotic alternatives have been investigated. Organic acid supplementation (OAS) of feed or water has shown some promising results for affecting intestinal microbiota and reducing pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, few studies have explored the effects of OAS on microbial communities using objective molecular-based techniques. The aim of the present study was to characterize via 16S rRNA gene-based approaches responses of the intestinal microbiota after OAS in chicks. Newborn chicks were randomly divided in four treatments: (a) control (no antibiotic, no OAS); (b) antibiotic administration (bacitracin MD); (c) organic acid blend dl-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio) butanoic acid [HMTBA]; lactic, and phosphoric acid (HLP); and (d) organic acid blend HMTBA, formic, and propionic acid (HFP). Ileal contents and mucosal scrapings from 7 chicks/treatment/day were taken at 15, 22, and 29 days of age, and genomic DNA was isolated for the molecular analysis of the intestinal microbiota. The data demonstrate that HFP blend treatment for 29 consecutive days affected ileal microbial populations as indicated by community fingerprinting analysis (16S rRNA PCR-DGGE). In parallel, total bacterial and lactobacilli populations were increased by the HFP blend treatment as demonstrated by targeted qPCR analysis of 16S rRNA. In summary, the present data demonstrate that OAS, HFP blend treatment in particular, shifts intestinal microbiota, generates more homogenous and distinct populations, and increases Lactobacillus spp. colonization of the chick ileum.
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