Paenibacillus frigoriresistens sp. nov., a novel psychrotroph isolated from a peat bog in Heilongjiang, Northern China

Halostreptopolyspora alba gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic actinobacterium isolated from saline soil of Xinjiang, Northwest of China

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, moderate halophilic actinobacterium, designated strain YIM 96095T, was isolated from a saline soil sample collected from Aiding Lake, Xinjiang, North-western China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate belonged to the family Nocardiopsidaceae, formed a distinct subclade, and was most closely related to Lipingzhangella halophila DSM 102030T and Allosalinactinospora lopnorensis DSM 45697T with sequence identity values of 95.8 and 95.1%, respectively. Optimal growth occurred at 37 °C, pH 7.0-8.0 and with 5-16% (w/v) NaCl, with well-developed, non-fragmented substrate mycelia and single-, double-, or triple-wrinkled spore(s) on the mature aerial hyphae. The chemical analysis presented meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan, and glucose, galactose and rhamnose as the major whole-cell sugars, and iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, unidentified phospholipids and unidentified glycolipid. The menaquinones were MK-10(H8), MK-10(H6) and MK-9(H10). Its G+C content was 69.7 mol% in the determined genome sequence. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, a novel genus and species named Halostreptopolyspora alba gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for isolate YIM 96095T (=KCTC 49266T=CGMCC 4.7636T).

Fluviispira vulneris sp. nov., isolated from human wound secretions

Human infections by environmental bacteria is becoming an increasing problem and has become a matter of great concern due to the adverse effects worldwide. In this study, we reported a new environmental pathogen. Isolate GX5518T was a novel Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, pleomorphic and red-pigmented bacterium, was isolated from human wound secretions (GuangXi, People's Republic of China). Growth occurred at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 10-37 °C (optimum, 28-32 °C) with 0-1.5% (w/v) NaCl in R2A agar. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that isolate GX5518T was closely related to Fluviispira sanaruensis JCM 31447T (99.73%) and Fluviispira multicolorata 33A1-SZDPT (98.49%). However, the estimated ANI values of the isolate GX5518T compared to the F. sanaruensis JCM 31447T and F. multicolorata 33A1-SZDPT were 88.67% and 77.35%, respectively. The estimated dDDH, ANI and AAI values between isolate GX5518T and its closely related strains were below the threshold values generally considered for recognizing a new species. The genome size was 3.6 Mbp and the DNA G + C content was 33.1%. The predominant fatty acids (> 5%) in GX5518T cells were iso-C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C17:1 ω8c and C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c. The major menaquinone was MK-8 (86.9%). The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and three unknown lipids (L1-3). The chemical composition was different from that of the F. sanaruensis JCM 31447T. Comparative genomics analysis between isolate GX5518T and its related strains revealed that there were a number of genes involved in resistance to antibiotics and toxic compounds in isolate GX5518T, which were responsible for the copper homeostasis, cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance, resistance to fluoroquinolones, and zinc resistance. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genomic analyses, isolate GX5518T (= CGMCC 1.18685T = KCTC 82149T) represents a novel species of the genus Fluviispira, for which the name Fluviispira vulneris sp. nov. is proposed.

Halomonas salinarum sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from saline soil in Yingkou, China

Strain G5-11^T, a Gram-negative, moderately halotolerant, facultatively aerobic, motile bacterium was isolated from saline soil collected from Yingkou, Liaoning, China. The cells of strain G5-11^T grew in the presence of 3–15% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5%), at between 4 and 35 °C (optimum 30 °C), and at a pH of 6.0–9.0 (optimum 8.0). The major respiratory quinone was Q-9 and the dominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c/C_18:1ω6c), C_16:0, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c/C_16:1ω6c). The major components of the polar lipid profile were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and unidentified aminolipid. The G + C content of the strain G5-11^T genome was 61.0 mol%. The isolated strain G5-11^T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity to Halomonas niordiana LMG 31227^T and Halomonas taeanensis DSM 16463^T, both reaching 98.3%, followed by Halomonas pacifica NBRC 102220^T. The results from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analyses showed that strain G5-11^T represented a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas salinarum sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain of Halomonas salinarum is G5-11^T (= CGMCC 1.12051^T = LMG 31677^T).

Roseococcus pinisoli sp. nov., lacking pufL and pufM bacteriochlorophyll a: synthesizing genes

A Gram-stain-negative, cocci-to-oval-shaped bacterial strain, designated XZZS9^T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Growth occurred at 20-35 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and in 0-1% NaCl (optimum, 0%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain XZZS9^T was related to members of the genus Roseococcus, with the highest sequence identity to Roseococcus microcysteis NIBR12^T (96.9%). The major cellular fatty acids (> 5% of the total) were C_18:1 ω7c and C_19:0 cyclo ω8c. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-9 and the polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified glycophospholipid, and an unidentified phospholipid. Genome sequencing revealed that had a genome size of 4.79 Mbp with a G + C content of 69.5%. Comparative genomic analyses clearly separated strain XZZS9^T from the known species of the genus Roseococcus based on average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values below the thresholds for species delineation. Genome annotations did not find pufL and pufM genes in strain XZZS9^T, suggesting a possible lack of photosynthetic reaction. Based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strain XZZS9^T represents a novel species of the genus Roseococcus, for which we propose the name Roseococcus pinisoli sp. nov. The type strain is XZZS9^T (= KCTC 82435^T = JCM 34402^T = GDMCC 1.2158^T).

Pseudaquidulcibacter saccharophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of family Caulobacteraceae, isolated from a water purification facility with supplement of starch as a carbon source

During a survey of microbial communities in the influent (ambient water) and effluent of a water purification facility with aeration and supplement of starch as carbon source, a novel bacterial strain, designated SZ9T, was isolated from the effluent sample. Colonies of strain SZ9T were small (approximately 0.5–1.0 mm in diameter), creamy-white, circular, smooth, translucent and convex. Cells were facultative anaerobic, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped, multiplied by binary fission, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive and catalase-negative. Growth occurred at 10–40 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and pH 5.5–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.5). The range of NaCl concentration for growth was 0–1.0 % (w/v), with an optimum of 0–0.5 % (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that strain SZ9T formed a lineage within the family Caulobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Aquidulcibacter paucihalophilus TH1-2T (92.44%), followed by Vitreimonas flagellata SYSU XM001T (89.61 %), Asprobacter aquaticus DRW22-8T (89.49 %) and Hyphobacterium vulgare WM6T (89.49%). The predominant fatty acids (>10 % of the total fatty acids) of strain SZ9T was summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1  ω6c and/or C16 : 1  ω7c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1  ω6c and/or C18 : 1  ω7c) and C16 : 0. The sole respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10, and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine and two unidentified glycolipids. The whole genome of strain SZ9T was 2 842 140 bp in size, including 2769 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and two rRNA genes, and the genomic G+C content was 41.4 mol%. The orthologous average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain SZ9T and other genera within the family Caulobacteraceae were 64.50–66.62 %, 46.96–54.17 % and 27.70–31.70 %, respectively. Therefore, based on the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, the isolated strain SZ9T could be distinguished from other genera, suggesting that it represents a novel species of a novel genus in the family Caulobacteraceae , for which the name Pseudaquidulcibacter saccharophilus gen. nov., sp. nov is proposed. The type strain is SZ9T (=CCTCC AB2021029T=KCTC 82788T).

Paraliobacillus salinarum sp. nov., isolated from saline soil in Yingkou, China

A novel Gram-stain-positive, facultatively aerobic, slightly halophilic, endospore-forming bacterium, designated G6-18^T, was isolated from saline soil collected in Yingkou, Liaoning, PR China. Cells of strain G6-18^T grew at 10-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and in the presence of 2-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 5 %). The strain could be clearly distinguished from the related species of the genus Paraliobacillus by its phylogenetic position and biochemical characteristics. It presented MK-7 as the major quinone and the dominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C_16 : 0, anteiso-C_15 : 0, C_16 : 0 and iso-C_14 : 0. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol as the major components. The G+C content of strain G6-18^T genome was 35.3 mol%. 16S rRNA analysis showed that strain G6-18^T had the highest similarity to Paraliobacillus ryukyuensis DSM 15140^T, reaching 97.0 %, followed by Paraliobacillus quinghaiensis CGMCC 1.6333^T with a value of 96.3 %. The average nucleotide identity values between strain G6-18^T and Paraliobacillus ryukyuensis DSM 15140^T, Paraliobacillus sedimins KCTC 33762^T, Paraliobacillus quinghaiensis CGMCC 1.6333^T and Paraliobacillus zengyii DSM 107811^T were 74.3, 72.0, 73.2 and 72.8 %, respectively, and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain G6-18^T and the neighbouring strains were 15.6, 13.8, 14.2 and 14.2 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic inferences, strain G6-18^T represents a novel species of the genus Paraliobacillus, for which the name Paraliobacillus salinarum sp. nov. (=CGMCC 1.12058^T=DSM 25428^T) is proposed.

Pigmentibacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium of the family Silvanigrellaceae isolated from human blood

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, pleomorphic, red-pigmented bacterium, designated HNSRY-1^T, was isolated from the blood sample of a near drowning patient in Republic of China. Strain HNSRY-1^T grew at 15-37 °C (optimum, 35 °C), with pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 0-1.5% (W/V) NaCl (optimum, 1%). The predominant fatty acids (> 5%) in HNSRY-1^T cells are iso-C_15:0, C_17:0, C_17:1 ω8c, C_16:0, and C_16:1 ω6c/C_16:1 ω7c. The major respiratory quinone is MK-8. The polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified lipids and four unidentified aminolipids. The 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain HNSRY-1^T belonged to the family Silvanigrellaceae, forming a distinct phylogenetic line distantly related (< 96.4% sequence similarity) to known species of the family. The ANI values of strain HNSRY-1^T compared to the closely related species were below the determined genus division threshold limit (92-94% ANI), and AAI values were lower than the determined genus division threshold limit (80% AAI). Whole genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 3.63 Mb with a DNA G + C content at 29.6%. The half-lethal dose of strain HNSRY-1^T on KM mice is about 1.12 × 10⁸ CFU/ml. Virulence gene analysis showed that the pathogenicity of HNSRY-1^T may be related to tufA, htpB, katA, wbtL, wbtM, pseB, clpP, cheY, cheV3, acpXL, pilB, fliN, ggt, flgG, fliP, nueB, pseA, bioB and flil. Based on these findings from the polyphasic taxonomy studies, a novel genus and species of the family Silvanigrellaceae. Pigmentibacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with type strain HNSRY-1^T (= KCTC 72920^T = CGMCC 1.18525^T).

Tepidiphilus olei sp. nov., isolated from the production water of a water-flooded oil reservoir in PR China

A novel, moderately thermophilic, Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated strain J18T, was isolated from a water-flooded oil reservoir. Cells were aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, with a polar flagellum. Growth occurred at 35–60 °C and at pH 6–8.5. The respiratory quinones were ubiquinone 8 and ubiquinone 9. The dominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1  ω7c/C18 : 1  ω6c). The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified aminophospholipid. The strain showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Tepidiphilus margaritifer DSM 15129T (98.6 %), Tepidiphilus succinatimandens DSM 15512T (98.4 %) and Tepidiphilus thermophilus DSM 27220T (98.1 %), respectively, and the similarity to other species was lower than 93 %. In the phylogenetic trees, it constituted a unique sub-cluster within the genus Tepidiphilus . The DNA G+C content of strain J18T was 64.44 mol%. As compared with the type strains, the genome-to-genome distances of strain J18T were 34.7–40 %. These results confirmed the separate species status of J18T with its close relatives. On the basis of physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses along with the low levels of identity at the whole-genome level, it can be concluded that strain J18T represents a new species of the genus Tepidiphilus , for which the name Tepidiphilus olei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of T. olei is J18T (=CGMCC 1.16800T=LMG 31400T).

Paenibacillus anseongense sp. nov. a Silver Nanoparticle Producing Bacterium Isolated from Rhizospheric Soil

A silver nanoparticle (AgNP) producing, Gram stain-positive, aerobic, motile, and rod-shaped novel bacterial strain, designated as MAH-34 ^T was isolated from rhizospheric soil of magnolia tree. The colonies were creamy white, smooth, circular, and 0.9-2.0 mm in diameter when grown on R2A agar. Strain MAH-34 ^T was found to be able to grow at 10-37 °C, at pH 6.0-9.5, and at 0-1% NaCl. The strain showed activity for both catalase, and oxidase tests, and was able to rapid synthesis of AgNPs. The TEM image revealed the spherical shape of biosynthesized AgNPs, and the size was 5 to 15 nm. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was shown to be a member of genus Paenibacillus, and the close type strains were Paenibacillus chondroitinus DSM 5051 ^T (98.3%), Paenibacillus aceris KUDC4121^T (98.2%), Paenibacillus nebraskensis JJ-59 ^T (97.8%), Paenibacillus alginolyticus DSM 5050 ^T (97.6%), Paenibacillus ferrarius CY1^T (97.4%), Paenibacillus frigoriresistens YIM 016 ^T (97.3%), and Paenibacillus pocheonensis Gsoil 1138 ^T (97.3%). Strain MAH-34 ^T had a genome size of 8,647,010 bp. The genomic G + C content was 46.0 mol %. The major isoprenoid quinone was determined as menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The major cellular fatty acids were determined as C_{15:0 anteiso}, and C_{16:0 iso}. Based on the DNA-DNA hybridization results, genotypic analysis, chemotaxonomic, and physiological data, strain MAH-34 ^T represents a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus anseongense sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-34 ^T as the type strain (= KACC 19974 ^T = CGMCC1.16610 ^T).

Oleiliquidispirillum nitrogeniifigens gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Rhodospirillaceae isolated from oil reservoir water

A novel Gram-staining-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium, designated strain 64-1^T, was isolated from oil reservoir water collected from Liaohe oilfield, north-eastern China. Growth occurred at 15-55 °C and pH 6.0-10.0. The sole respiratory quinone was Q-10. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1  ω7c /C_18 : 1  ω6c), C_16 : 0 and C_19 : 0 cyclo ω8c. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), an unidentified aminophospholipid (UAPL), an unidentified aminolipid (UAL) and two unidentified polar lipids (UPL). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 64-1^T was 64.5 mol%. Strain 64-1^T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Phaeospirillum chandramohanii JA145^T (92.0 %) and Telmatospirillum siberiense 26-4b1^T (91.8 %). In the phylogenetic trees, the strain constituted a sub-cluster within the family Rhodospirillaceae. Based on the results of morphological, physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic analysis, strain 64-1^T represents a new species of a novel genus within the family Rhodospirillaceae, for which the name Oleiliquidispirillum nitrogeniifigens gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 64-1^T (=CGMCC 1.16798^T=LMG 31399^T).

Roseibium aestuarii sp. nov., isolated from Pearl River Estuary

A novel bacterium, designated strain SYSU M00256-3T, was isolated from a water sample collected from Pearl River Estuary at Guangzhou, PR China. Its taxonomic position was determined by using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were Gram-staining-negative, motile, aerobic and rod-shaped with peritrichous flagella. It could grow at 15–45 °C, pH 4.0–10.0 and in the presence of 0–7.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The chemotaxonomic features of strain SYSU M00256-3T included ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) as the sole respiratory quinone; phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid as major polar lipids; summed feature 8 (C18 : 1  ω7c and C18 : 1  ω6c) as the predominant fatty acids (>70 %). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain SYSU M00256-3T was most closely related to the type strains of Roseibium hamelinense CGMCC 1.12584T (97.7 %) and R. aquae CGMCC 1.12426T (97.2 %), R. sediminis KCTC 52373T (96.7 %), R. denhamense CGMCC 1.12583T (96.4 %). The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between R. aestuarii SYSU M00256-3T and R. hamelinense CGMCC 1.12584T, R. aquae CGMCC 1.12426T, R. denhamense CGMCC 1.12583T and R. sediminis KCTC 52373T were 78.0, 78.2, 77.7 and 78.8, and the dDDH value is 20.0, 20.8, 20.1 and 20.6 correspondingly. Based on the analyses of the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain SYSU M00256-3T is characterized to represent a novel species of the genus Roseibium , for which the name Roseibium aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU M00256-3T (=NBRC 112946T=CGMCC 1.16156T).

Haemophilus seminalis sp. nov., isolated from human semen

Two Haemophilus-like isolates with similar biochemical characteristics, designated strains SZY H1^T and SZY H2, were isolated from human semen specimens. Cells were Gram-negative, non-motile, non-acid-fast, pleomorphic rods or coccobacilli. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were C_{16 : 0}, C_{14 : 0}, iso-C_{16 : 0} and/or C_{14 : 0} 3-OH and C_{16 : 1} ω6c and/or C_{16 : 1} ω7c. The polar lipids were determined to be phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified polar lipids and four unidentified aminolipids. The major polyamine was found to be cadaverine. The near-full-length (1462 nt) 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis showed the two isolates were nearly identical (>99.8 %), and closely matched Haemophilus haemolyticus ATCC 33390^T with 98.9-99.1 % sequence similarities. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and concatenation of 30 protein markers also revealed that the isolates clustered together with H. haemolyticus ATCC 33390^T, and formed a distinct lineage well separated from the other members of the genus Haemophilus. Further, the average nucleotide identity values between the two isolates and their related species were below the established cut-off values for species delineation (95 %). Based on these findings, the two isolates are considered to represent a new species of the genus Haemophilus, for which name Haemophilus seminalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SZY H1^T (=NBRC 113782^T=CGMCC 1.17137^T).

Aestuariivirga litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a proteobacterium isolated from a water sample, and proposal of Aestuariivirgaceae fam. nov

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, short rod and aerobic bacterium, designated strain SYSU M10001^T, was isolated from a water sample collected from the coastal region of Pearl River Estuary, Guangdong Province, PR China. Strain SYSU M10001^T showed optimal growth at 28 °C, pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and concatenation of 20 protein markers revealed a distinct lineage for strain SYSU M10001^T in the order Rhizobiales. Strain SYSU M10001^T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Hyphomicrobium nitrativorans NL23^T (91.1 %) and Hyphomicrobium hollandicum IFAM KB-677^T (91.1 %). The respiratory ubiquinone was Q-8. The polar lipids of the strain comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids identified were C19 : 0cyclo ω8c, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The G+C content was determined to be 65.5 % (genome). On the basis of differences in the phenotypic, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and results of the phylogenetic analyses, strain SYSU M10001^T is proposed to represent a novel species in a novel genus for which the name Aestuariivirga litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type species Aestuariivirga litoralis is SYSU M10001^T (=NBRC 112960^T=KCTC 52945^T). Besides, the distinct phylogenetic lineage and the distinct chemotaxonomic profile among the families in the order Rhizobiales indicated that strain SYSU M10001^T should represent a new family for which the name Aestuariivirgaceae fam. nov. is proposed.

Blastococcus deserti sp. nov., isolated from a desert sample

A Gram-positive and aerobic actinobacterium, strain SYSU D8006^T, was isolated from a desert sand sample collected from Gurbantunggut desert, China. Phenotypically, the strain was found to grow at 14-50 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 4% (w/v) NaCl. The chemotaxonomic features of strain SYSU D8006^T included menaquinone MK-9(H₄) as the respiratory quinone, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside as known polar lipids, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, C_17:1ω8c and C_18:1ω9c as the predominant fatty acids, and arabinose, galactose and glucose as the whole cell sugars. Strain SYSU D8006^T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with Blastococcus jejuensis DSM 19597^T (98.2%). Based on the analyses of the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain SYSU D8006^T is characterized to represent a novel species of the genus Blastococcus, for which the name Blastococcus deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU D8006^T (= CGMCC 1.15935^T = KCTC 49026^T = CPCC 204618^T).

Desertimonas flava gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from a desert soil, and proposal of Ilumatobacteraceae fam. nov

A non-motile, coccobacilli-shaped and yellow-coloured bacterium, designated strain SYSU D60003^T, was isolated from a desert soil sample. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative and oxidase-positive. The whole cell hydrolysates contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acid. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and iso-C16 : 0. The respiratory menaquinones were MK-9(H8), MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6). The DNA G+C content was determined to be 70.2 % (genome). The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid and seven unidentified polar lipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU D60003^T belonged to the order Acidimicrobiales (class Acidimicrobiia), but formed a clade closely linked to members of the genus Ilumatobacter. Data from a polyphasic taxonomy study suggested that the isolate represents a novel species of a novel genus in the order Acidimicrobiales, for which the name Desertimonas flava gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the proposed new taxon is SYSU D60003^T (=KCTC 39917^T=NBRC 112924^T). Additionally, the new taxon along with the genus Ilumatobater (family unassigned) were distinctly separated from the related families Acidimicrobiaceae, Iamiaceae and 'Microtrichaceae' in the phylogenetic trees, besides presenting a unique 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides. Therefore, we propose a new family Ilumatobacteraceae fam. nov. within the order Acidimicrobiales to accommodate members of these two genera.

Georgenia alba sp. nov., a novel halotolerant actinobacterium isolated from a desert sand sample

Strain SYSU D8008^T was isolated from a desert sand sample collected from Saudi Arabia. The strain was observed to be Gram-stain positive, non-motile and aerobic. It can grow at 15-37 °C, pH 6.0-10.0 and can tolerant up to 7% (w/v) NaCl. Pairwise comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain SYSU D8008^T shares high sequence similarities with Georgenia deserti SYSU D8004^T (96.8%) and Georgenia halophila YIM 93316^T (96.8%). Menaquinone MK-8(H₄) was detected as the respiratory isoprenologue. The polar lipid profile of strain SYSU D8008^T was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two phosphatidylinositol mannosides, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. Strain SYSU D8008^T was found to contain anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_15:0 as the predominant fatty acids. Galactose, glucose and rhamnose were detected as the whole cell sugars. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain SYSU D8008^T can be differentiated from other closely related members of the genus Georgenia. The strain SYSU D8008^T, therefore, is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Georgenia, for which the name Georgenia alba sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU D8008^T (= CGMCC 1.15800^T = KCTC 39988^T).

Ornithinimicrobium cavernae sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from a karst cave

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH 30183^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Luoyang, Henan Province. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain CFH 30183^T were observed to be Gram-stain positive, motile, asporogenous and coccoid to rod shaped. The strain was found to be aerobic and oxidase positive. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CFH 30183^T was found to be closely related to Ornithinimicrobium murale 01-Gi-040^T (97.8% sequence identity). The ANIb/ANIm values between strain CFH 30183^T and O. murale DSM 22056^T were found to be 80.3%/85.9%. Strain CFH 30183^T was found to grow optimally at 28-32 °C, at pH 8.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 7% NaCl (w/v). Whole cell hydrolysates of strain CFH 30183^T contained L-ornithine as the diagnostic diamino acid, and arabinose, glucose, mannose and rhamnose as whole cell sugars. The respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-8(H₄), while the major fatty acids were found to consist of iso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0. The polar lipids profile was found to include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid and four unidentified lipids. The DNA G + C content of strain CFH 30183^T was calculated to be 70.9%. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data obtained, strain CFH 30183^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which the name Ornithinimicrobium cavernae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 30183^T (= KCTC 49018^T = CGMCC 1.16393^T).

Georgenia deserti sp. nov., a halotolerant actinobacterium isolated from a desert sample

Strain SYSU D8004^T was isolated from a sample collected from an arid area in Saudi Arabia. The isolate was Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, aerobic and non-spore-forming. It could grow at 4-45 °C, at pH 6.0-10.0 and in the presence of up to 17 % (w/v) NaCl. Pairwise comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU D8004^T shared highest sequence similarity with Georgenia halophila YIM 93316^T (96.5 %). Menaquinone MK-8(H4) was detected as the respiratory quinone. The polar lipid profile of strain SYSU D8004^T consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two phosphatidylinositol mannosides, two unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified glycolipid. Strain SYSU D8004^T contained anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C14 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids (>10 %). Galactose, glucose and rhamnose were detected as whole-cell sugars. Based on analyses of the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, it was determined that strain SYSU D8004^T could be differentiated from other closely related members of the genus Georgenia. Strain SYSU D8004^T is therefore considered to represent a novel species of the genus Georgenia, for which the name Georgenia deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU D8004^T (=CGMCC 1.15793^T=KCTC 39987^T).

Microbacterium album sp. nov. and Microbacterium deserti sp. nov., two halotolerant actinobacteria isolated from desert soil

Strains SYSU D8007^T and SYSU D8014^T were isolated from desert soil collected from Saudi Arabia. The two isolates were Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, aerobic and non-spore-forming. These strains were able to grow at 4-45 °C and in the presence of up to 8 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain SYSU D8007^T could grow at pH 6.0-10.0, and strain SYSU D8014^T at pH 5.0-10.0. They shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Microbacterium marinilacus YM11-607^T and Microbacterium paludicola US15^T. Menaquinones MK-11 and MK-12 were detected as the respiratory quinones. The polar lipid profiles of strains SYSU D8007^T and SYSU D8014^T consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, but differed in the number of unidentified glycolipids. Strain SYSU D8007^T contained anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids, while strain SYSU D8014^T contained anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 as the major fatty acids (>10 %). While glucose, rhamnose and ribose were detected in strain SYSU D8007^T as the whole-cell sugars, galactose, glucose and rhamnose were present in strain SYSU D8014^T. The genomic DNA G+C content of strains SYSU D8007^T and SYSU D8014^T was 72.2 and 73.6 mol%, respectively. Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, it can be concluded that strains SYSU D8007^T and SYSU D8014^T represent two novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the names Microbacterium album sp. nov. and Microbacterium deserti sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strains are SYSU D8007^T (=CGMCC 1.15794^T=KCTC 39990^T) and SYSU D8014^T (=CPCC 204619^T=KCTC39991^T).

Siccirubricoccus deserti gen. nov., sp. nov., a proteobacterium isolated from a desert sample

Strain SYSU D8009^T was isolated from a desert sample collected from Saudi Arabia. The taxonomic position of the isolate was investigated by a polyphasic approach. The novel isolate was Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and non-spore-forming. It was able to grow at 4-45 °C and pH 4.0-8.0, and exhibited NaCl tolerance of up to 1.5 % (w/v). Strain SYSU D8009^T shared the closest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with members of the family Acetobacteraceae, with a value of less than 96.0 %. In the phylogenetic dendrograms, the strain clustered with the genera Paracraurococcus, Craurococcus and Crenalkalicoccus within the family Acetobacteraceae but with a distinct lineage, thereby demonstrating that the strain should be classified within the family Acetobacteraceae. The respiratory ubiquinone was found to be Q-10. The polar lipids of the strain comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and four unidentified aminolipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SYSU D8009^T was determined to be 71.6 mol%. Based on the results of the phylogenetic analyses and differences in the physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain SYSU D8009^T merits representation of a novel species of a new genus within the family Acetobacteraceae, for which the name Siccirubricoccus deserti gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Siccirubricoccus deserti sp. nov. is SYSU D8009^T (=CGMCC 1.15936^T=KCTC 62088^T).

Paenibacillus aceris sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Acer okamotoanum, a plant native to Ulleungdo Island, Republic of Korea

Strain KUDC4121^T was isolated from the rhizosphere of Acer okamotoanum, a plant native to the Korean island of Ulleungdo. The strain was a Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium that can grow at 18-37 °C and pH 6.0-7.5, with optimum growth at 30 °C and pH 7.0. It grew on tryptic soy agar containing less than 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl and in R2A broth. Cell length ranged from 2.0 to 2.5 µm. Strain KUDC4121^T was oxidase- and catalase-positive and did not hydrolyse starch or casein. The genomic G+C content was 48.8 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KUDC4121^T belongs to the genus Paenibacillus. The closest type strain was Paenibacillus chondroitinus DSM 5051^T, with 97.8 % similarity, followed by Paenibacillus alginolyticus DSM 5050^T (97.6 %), Paenibacillus ferrarius CY1^T (97.5 %), Paenibacillus pocheonensis Gsoil 1138^T (97.5 %), Paenibacillus frigoriresistens YIM 016^T (97.5 %), Paenibacillus pectinilyticus RCB-08^T (97.2 %) and Paenibacillus aestuarii CJ25^T (96.9 %). Based on its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic and genetic data, strain KUDC4121^T should be considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus aceris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KUDC4121^T (=KCTC 13870^T=DSM 24950^T).

Paenibacillus eucommiae sp. nov., isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal herbal plant, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

The taxonomic status of a novel bacterium, designated strain CPCC 100226T, isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal herbal plant, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The aerobic isolate formed pale white colonies on tryptic soy agar. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, motile and endospore-forming. Chemotaxonomic investigations revealed the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids, and the strain had a phospholipid pattern of phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified aminophospholipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the isolate was closely related to Paenibacillus aestuarii DSM 23861T with 95.1 % similarity. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 47.9 mol%. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, the isolate is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus. The name proposed for this taxon is Paenibacillus eucommiae sp. nov. with CPCC 100226T (=DSM 26048T=KCTC 33054T) as the type strain.

Paenibacillus oryzisoli sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of rice

A novel bacterium, strain 1ZS3-15^T, was isolated from rhizosphere of rice. Its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. The novel strain was observed to be Gram-stain positive, spore-forming, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 1ZS3-15^T was recovered within the genus Paenibacillus. It is closely related to Paenibacillus pectinilyticus KCTC 13222^T (97.9 % similarity), Paenibacillus frigoriresistens CCTCC AB 2011150^T (96.8 %), Paenibacillus alginolyticus JCM 9068^T (96.4 %) and Paenibacillus chondroitinus DSM 5051^T (95.5 %). The fatty acid profile of strain 1ZS3-15^T, which showed a predominance of anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0, supported the allocation of the strain into the genus Paenibacillus. The predominant menaquinone was found to be MK-7. The polar lipids profile of strain 1ZS3-15^T was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The cell wall peptidoglycan contains meso-diaminopimelic acid. Based on draft genome sequences, the DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 1ZS3-15^T and the closely related species P. pectinilyticus KCTC 13222^T are 24.2 ± 1.0 %, and the Average Nucleotide Identity values between the strains are 78.9 ± 0.1 %, which demonstrated that this isolate represents a new species in the genus Paenibacillus. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 45.3 mol%, which is within the range reported for Paenibacillus species. Characterisation by genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analysis indicated that strain 1ZS3-15^T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus oryzisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1ZS3-15^T (= ACCC 19783^T = JCM 30487^T).

Ochrobactrum endophyticum sp. nov., isolated from roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

A novel Gram-staining negative, motile, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterial strain, designated EGI 60010(T), was isolated from healthy roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis F. collected from Yili County, Xinjiang Province, North-West China. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain EGI 60010(T) showed 97.2 % sequence similarities with Ochrobactrum anthropi ATCC 49188(T) and Ochrobactrum cytisi ESC1(T), and 97.1 % with Ochrobactrum lupini LUP21(T). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the new isolate clustered with members of the genera Ochrobactrum, and formed a distinct clade in the neighbour-joining tree. Q-10 was identified as the respiratory quinone for strain EGI 60010(T). The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c), C19:0 cyclo ω8c, summed feature 4 (C17:1 iso I/anteiso B) and C16:0. The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. The DNA G+C content of strain EGI 60010(T) was determined to be 60.4 mol%. The genomic DNA relatedness values determined between strain EGI 60010(T) and the closely related strains O. anthropi JCM 21032(T), O. cytisi CCTCC AB2014258(T) and O. lupini NBRC 102587(T) were 50.3, 50.0 and 41.6 %, respectively. Based on the results of the molecular studies supported by its differentiating phenotypic characteristics, strain EGI 60010(T) was considered to represent a novel species within the genus Ochrobactrum, for which the name Ochrobactrum endophyticum sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is EGI 60010(T) (=CGMCC 1.15082(T) = KCTC 42485(T) = DSM 29930(T)).

Paenibacillus marchantiophytorum sp. nov., isolated from the liverwort Herbertus sendtneri

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain R55^T, was isolated from the liverwort Herbertus sendtneri growing at Gawalong glacier, Tibet, and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The major fatty acids of strain R55^T were anteiso-C_15 : 0, C_16 : 0 and iso-C_16 : 0. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were the predominant polar lipids and occurred along with two unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified phospholipid and one unidentified aminolipid. Strain R55^T contained MK-7 as the dominant menaquinone and meso-diaminopimelic acid as the major diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 36.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain R55^T was affiliated to species of the genus Paenibacillus, and was related most closely to Paenibacillus ferrarius CY1^T (97.1 % similarity). However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between this strain and strain R55^T was only 44.1 %. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain R55^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus marchantiophytorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R55^T ( = CGMCC 1.15043^T = DSM 29850^T).

Rhodococcus soli sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from soil using a resuscitative technique

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming strain, designated DSD51W(T), was isolated using a resuscitative technique from a soil sample collected from Kyoto park, Japan, and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the isolate were typical of those of members of the genus Rhodococcus. Strain DSD51W(T) was found to form a coherent cluster with Rhodococcus hoagii ATCC 7005(T), Rhodococcus equi NBRC 101255(T), Rhodococcus defluvii Call(T) and Rhodococcus kunmingensis YIM 45607(T) as its closest phylogenetic neighbours in 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. However, the DNA-DNA hybridization values with the above strains were 58.2 ± 2.2, 58.4 ± 1.9, 45.1 ± 1.4 and 40.3 ± 4.7 %, respectively. In combination with differences in physiological and biochemical properties, strain DSD51W(T) can be concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus soli sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DSD51W(T) (=KCTC 29259(T) = JCM 19627(T) = DSM 46662(T) = KACC 17838(T)).

Paenibacillus ferrarius sp. nov., isolated from iron mineral soil

A Gram-reaction-positive, endospore-forming, aerobic bacterium, designated strain CY1(T), was isolated from iron mineral soil of Hunan Province, China. The isolate was rod-shaped and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0 and the major quinone was menaquinone 7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol phosphatidylethanolamine. The genomic DNA G+C content was 50.5 mol% and the major diagnostic diamino acid in cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain CY1(T) is most closely related to Paenibacillus chondroitinus DSM 5051(T) (97.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Paenibacillus pocheonensis Gsoil 1138(T) (97.4%) and Paenibacillus frigoriresistens YIM 016(T) (97.0%). DNA-DNA hybridization dissociation values were lower than 49% with the most closely related species. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence, strain CY1(T) is affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus, but could be distinguished from the species of this genus. A novel species with the name Paenibacillus ferrarius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CY1(T) ( =KCTC 33419(T) =CCTCC AB 2013369(T)).

Zhizhongheella caldifontis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Comamonadaceae

An alkalitolerant, thermotolerant, strictly aerobic and Gram-staining negative bacterial strain, designated YIM 78140(T), was isolated from a water sample in Hehua hot spring, Tengchong, Yunnan province, south-west China. The colonies were light brown, convex and circular. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain YIM 78140(T) indicated that it was clustered with members of β-Proteobacteria (with the similarity from 96.9 to 93.6 %). Good growth occurred at 40-50 °C, pH 8.0-9.0 and in the presence of 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant ubiquinones were Q-8 and Q-9. The major fatty acids were C16:0, C17:0 cyclo, C18:1 ω7c and summed feature 3. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 70.8 mol%. The results of physiological and biochemical characteristics, phylogenetic analysis allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain YIM 78140(T) from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. Therefore, the strain YIM 78140(T) represents a novel genus of the family Comamonadaceae, for which the name Zhizhongheella caldifontis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 78140(T) (= BCRC 80649(T) = KCTC 32557(T)).

Paenibacillus darwinianus sp. nov., isolated from gamma-irradiated Antarctic soil

A novel bacterium, strain Br(T), was isolated from gamma-irradiated soils of the Britannia drift, Lake Wellman Region, Antarctica. This isolate was rod-shaped, endospore forming, Gram-stain-variable, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and strictly aerobic. Cells possessed a monotrichous flagellum. Optimal growth was observed at 18 °C, pH 7.0 in PYGV or R2A broth. The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 (63.4 %). Primary identified lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Total phospholipid was 60 % (w/w) of the total lipid extract. MK-7 was the dominant isoprenoid quinone. The genomic DNA G+C content was 55.6 mol%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain Br(T) clusters within the genus Paenibacillus with similarity values ranging from 93.9 to 95.1 %. Phylogenetic analyses by maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony and neighbour-joining methods revealed that strain Br(T) clusters with Paenibacillus daejeonensis (AF290916), Paenibacillus tarimensis (EF125184) and Paenibacillus pinihumi (GQ423057), albeit with weak bootstrap support. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, we propose that strain Br(T) represents a novel species, Paenibacillus darwinianus sp. nov. The type strain is Br(T) ( = DSM 27245(T) = ICMP 19912(T)).

List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published

The purpose of this announcement is to effect the valid publication of the following effectively published new names and new combinations under the procedure described in the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision). Authors and other individuals wishing to have new names and/or combinations included in future lists should send three copies of the pertinent reprint or photocopies thereof, or an electronic copy of the published paper, to the IJSEM Editorial Office for confirmation that all of the other requirements for valid publication have been met. It is also a requirement of IJSEM and the ICSP that authors of new species, new subspecies and new combinations provide evidence that types are deposited in two recognized culture collections in two different countries. It should be noted that the date of valid publication of these new names and combinations is the date of publication of this list, not the date of the original publication of the names and combinations. The authors of the new names and combinations are as given below, and these authors’ names will be included in the author index of the present issue. Inclusion of a name on these lists validates the publication of the name and thereby makes it available in bacteriological nomenclature. The inclusion of a name on this list is not to be construed as taxonomic acceptance of the taxon to which the name is applied. Indeed, some of these names may, in time, be shown to be synonyms, or the organisms may be transferred to another genus, thus necessitating the creation of a new combination.