1
|
Speciale I, Notaro A, Abergel C, Lanzetta R, Lowary TL, Molinaro A, Tonetti M, Van Etten JL, De Castro C. The Astounding World of Glycans from Giant Viruses. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15717-15766. [PMID: 35820164 PMCID: PMC9614988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Viruses are a heterogeneous ensemble of entities, all
sharing the
need for a suitable host to replicate. They are extremely diverse,
varying in morphology, size, nature, and complexity of their genomic
content. Typically, viruses use host-encoded glycosyltransferases
and glycosidases to add and remove sugar residues from their glycoproteins.
Thus, the structure of the glycans on the viral proteins have, to
date, typically been considered to mimick those of the host. However,
the more recently discovered large and giant viruses differ from this
paradigm. At least some of these viruses code for an (almost) autonomous
glycosylation pathway. These viral genes include those that encode
the production of activated sugars, glycosyltransferases, and other
enzymes able to manipulate sugars at various levels. This review focuses
on large and giant viruses that produce carbohydrate-processing enzymes.
A brief description of those harboring these features at the genomic
level will be discussed, followed by the achievements reached with
regard to the elucidation of the glycan structures, the activity of
the proteins able to manipulate sugars, and the organic synthesis
of some of these virus-encoded glycans. During this progression, we
will also comment on many of the challenging questions on this subject
that remain to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Speciale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Anna Notaro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale, Aix-Marseille University, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256, IMM, IM2B, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 9, France
| | - Chantal Abergel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale, Aix-Marseille University, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256, IMM, IM2B, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 9, France
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Section 2, Nangang 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michela Tonetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - James L Van Etten
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0900, United States.,Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0722, United States
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Veale CGL, Talukdar A, Vauzeilles B. ICBS 2021: Looking Toward the Next Decade of Chemical Biology. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:728-743. [PMID: 35293726 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G. L. Veale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Boris Vauzeilles
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Speciale I, Di Lorenzo F, Notaro A, Noel E, Agarkova I, Molinaro A, Van Etten JL, De Castro C. N-glycans from Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus MA-1D: Re-evaluation of the oligosaccharide common core structure. Glycobiology 2021; 32:260-273. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus MA-1D is a chlorovirus that infects Chlorella variabilis strain NC64A, a symbiont of the protozoan Paramecium bursaria. MA-1D has a 339-kb genome encoding ca. 366 proteins and 11 tRNAs. Like other chloroviruses, its major capsid protein (MCP) is decorated with N-glycans, whose structures have been solved in this work by using nuclear magnetic (NMR) spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry along with MS/MS experiments. This analysis identified three N-linked oligosaccharides that differ in the non-stoichiometric presence of three monosaccharides, with the largest oligosaccharide composed of eight residues organized in a highly branched fashion. The N-glycans described here share several features with those of the other chloroviruses except that they lack a distal xylose unit that was believed to be part of a conserved core region for all the chloroviruses. Examination of the MA-1D genome detected a gene with strong homology to the putative xylosyltransferase in the reference chlorovirus PBCV-1 and in virus NY-2A, albeit mutated with a premature stop codon. This discovery means that we need to reconsider the essential features of the common core glycan region in the chloroviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Speciale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Anna Notaro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Eric Noel
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0900, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0118, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Irina Agarkova
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0900, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0722, USA
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - James L Van Etten
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0900, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0722, USA
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Notaro A, Couté Y, Belmudes L, Laugeri ME, Salis A, Damonte G, Molinaro A, Tonetti MG, Abergel C, De Castro C. Expanding the Occurrence of Polysaccharides to the Viral World: The Case of Mimivirus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Notaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 21 80126 Naples Italy
- Information Génomique & Structurale Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 Aix-Marseille University Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IMM, IM2B 13288 Marseille Cedex 9 France
| | - Yohann Couté
- INSERM, CEA, UMR BioSanté U1292 Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA, FR2048 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- INSERM, CEA, UMR BioSanté U1292 Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA, FR2048 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Maria Elena Laugeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Annalisa Salis
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 21 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Michela G. Tonetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Chantal Abergel
- Information Génomique & Structurale Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 Aix-Marseille University Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IMM, IM2B 13288 Marseille Cedex 9 France
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II Via Università, 100 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Notaro A, Couté Y, Belmudes L, Laugeri ME, Salis A, Damonte G, Molinaro A, Tonetti MG, Abergel C, De Castro C. Expanding the Occurrence of Polysaccharides to the Viral World: The Case of Mimivirus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19897-19904. [PMID: 34241943 PMCID: PMC8456856 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The general perception of viruses is that they are small in terms of size and genome, and that they hijack the host machinery to glycosylate their capsid. Giant viruses subvert all these concepts: their particles are not small, and their genome is more complex than that of some bacteria. Regarding glycosylation, this concept has been already challenged by the finding that Chloroviruses have an autonomous glycosylation machinery that produces oligosaccharides similar in size to those of small viruses (6-12 units), albeit different in structure compared to the viral counterparts. We report herein that Mimivirus possesses a glycocalyx made of two different polysaccharides, now challenging the concept that all viruses coat their capsids with oligosaccharides of discrete size. This discovery contradicts the paradigm that such macromolecules are absent in viruses, blurring the boundaries between giant viruses and the cellular world and opening new avenues in the field of viral glycobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Notaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy.,Information Génomique & Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256, Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IMM, IM2B, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- INSERM, CEA, UMR BioSanté U1292, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, FR2048, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- INSERM, CEA, UMR BioSanté U1292, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, FR2048, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Maria Elena Laugeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salis
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Michela G Tonetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Chantal Abergel
- Information Génomique & Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256, Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IMM, IM2B, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mishra B, Manmode S, Walke G, Chakraborty S, Neralkar M, Hotha S. Synthesis of the hyper-branched core tetrasaccharide motif of chloroviruses. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1315-1328. [PMID: 33459320 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02176h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of complex oligosaccharides, especially those possessing hyper-branched structures with one or multiple 1,2-cis glycosidic bonds, is a challenging task. Complementary reactivity of glycosyl donors and acceptors and proper tuning of the solvent/temperature/activator coupled with compromised glycosylation yields for sterically congested glycosyl acceptors are among several factors that make such syntheses daunting. Herein, we report the synthesis of a semi-conserved hyper-branched core tetrasaccharide motif from chloroviruses which are associated with reduced cognitive function in humans as well as in mouse models. The target tetrasaccharide contains four different sugar residues in which l-fucose is connected to d-xylose and l-rhamnose via a 1,2-trans glycosidic bond, whereas with the d-galactose residue is connected through a 1,2-cis glycosidic bond. A thorough and comprehensive study of various accountable factors enabled us to install a 1,2-cis galactopyranosidic linkage in a stereoselective fashion under [Au]/[Ag]-catalyzed glycosidation conditions en route to the target tetrasaccharide motif in 14 steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijoyananda Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
| | - Sujit Manmode
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
| | - Gulab Walke
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
| | - Saptashwa Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
| | - Mahesh Neralkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chlorovirus PBCV-1 Multidomain Protein A111/114R Has Three Glycosyltransferase Functions Involved in the Synthesis of Atypical N-Glycans. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010087. [PMID: 33435207 PMCID: PMC7826918 DOI: 10.3390/v13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of the four N-linked glycans from the prototype chlorovirus PBCV-1 major capsid protein do not resemble any other glycans in the three domains of life. All known chloroviruses and antigenic variants (or mutants) share a unique conserved central glycan core consisting of five sugars, except for antigenic mutant virus P1L6, which has four of the five sugars. A combination of genetic and structural analyses indicates that the protein coded by PBCV-1 gene a111/114r, conserved in all chloroviruses, is a glycosyltransferase with three putative domains of approximately 300 amino acids each. Here, in addition to in silico sequence analysis and protein modeling, we measured the hydrolytic activity of protein A111/114R. The results suggest that domain 1 is a galactosyltransferase, domain 2 is a xylosyltransferase and domain 3 is a fucosyltransferase. Thus, A111/114R is the protein likely responsible for the attachment of three of the five conserved residues of the core region of this complex glycan, and, if biochemically corroborated, it would be the second three-domain protein coded by PBCV-1 that is involved in glycan synthesis. Importantly, these findings provide additional support that the chloroviruses do not use the canonical host endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi glycosylation pathway to glycosylate their glycoproteins; instead, they perform glycosylation independent of cellular organelles using virus-encoded enzymes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chlorovirus PBCV-1 protein A064R has three of the transferase activities necessary to synthesize its capsid protein N-linked glycans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28735-28742. [PMID: 33139538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016626117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus-1 (PBCV-1) is a large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus that infects the unicellular green alga Chlorella variabilis NC64A. Unlike many other viruses, PBCV-1 encodes most, if not all, of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of the glycans attached to its major capsid protein. Importantly, these glycans differ from those reported from the three domains of life in terms of structure and asparagine location in the sequon of the protein. Previous data collected from 20 PBCV-1 spontaneous mutants (or antigenic variants) suggested that the a064r gene encodes a glycosyltransferase (GT) with three domains, each with a different function. Here, we demonstrate that: domain 1 is a β-l-rhamnosyltransferase; domain 2 is an α-l-rhamnosyltransferase resembling only bacterial proteins of unknown function, and domain 3 is a methyltransferase that methylates the C-2 hydroxyl group of the terminal α-l-rhamnose (Rha) unit. We also establish that methylation of the C-3 hydroxyl group of the terminal α-l-Rha is achieved by another virus-encoded protein A061L, which requires an O-2 methylated substrate. This study, thus, identifies two of the glycosyltransferase activities involved in the synthesis of the N-glycan of the viral major capsid protein in PBCV-1 and establishes that a single protein A064R possesses the three activities needed to synthetize the 2-OMe-α-l-Rha-(1→2)-β-l-Rha fragment. Remarkably, this fragment can be attached to any xylose unit.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin S, Lowary TL. Synthesis of a Highly Branched Nonasaccharide Chlorella Virus N-Glycan Using a "Counterclockwise" Assembly Approach. Org Lett 2020; 22:7645-7649. [PMID: 32940477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chloroviruses produce a capsid protein containing N-linked glycans differing in structure from those found in all other organisms. These species feature a core "hyper-branched" fucose residue in which every hydroxyl group is glycosylated. We describe the synthesis of a nonasaccharide from Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1, one of most complex chlorovirus N-glycans reported, using a "counterclockwise" strategy involving the sequential addition of trisaccharide, disaccharide, and monosaccharide motifs to a trisaccharide containing the core fucose residue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Section 2, #128, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Speciale I, Duncan GA, Unione L, Agarkova IV, Garozzo D, Jimenez-Barbero J, Lin S, Lowary TL, Molinaro A, Noel E, Laugieri ME, Tonetti MG, Van Etten JL, De Castro C. The N-glycan structures of the antigenic variants of chlorovirus PBCV-1 major capsid protein help to identify the virus-encoded glycosyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5688-5699. [PMID: 30737276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chlorovirus Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1) is a large dsDNA virus that infects the microalga Chlorella variabilis NC64A. Unlike most other viruses, PBCV-1 encodes most, if not all, of the machinery required to glycosylate its major capsid protein (MCP). The structures of the four N-linked glycans from the PBCV-1 MCP consist of nonasaccharides, and similar glycans are not found elsewhere in the three domains of life. Here, we identified the roles of three virus-encoded glycosyltransferases (GTs) that have four distinct GT activities in glycan synthesis. Two of the three GTs were previously annotated as GTs, but the third GT was identified in this study. We determined the GT functions by comparing the WT glycan structures from PBCV-1 with those from a set of PBCV-1 spontaneous GT gene mutants resulting in antigenic variants having truncated glycan structures. According to our working model, the virus gene a064r encodes a GT with three domains: domain 1 has a β-l-rhamnosyltransferase activity, domain 2 has an α-l-rhamnosyltransferase activity, and domain 3 is a methyltransferase that decorates two positions in the terminal α-l-rhamnose (Rha) unit. The a075l gene encodes a β-xylosyltransferase that attaches the distal d-xylose (Xyl) unit to the l-fucose (Fuc) that is part of the conserved N-glycan core region. Last, gene a071r encodes a GT that is involved in the attachment of a semiconserved element, α-d-Rha, to the same l-Fuc in the core region. Our results uncover GT activities that assemble four of the nine residues of the PBCV-1 MCP N-glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Speciale
- From the Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici NA, Italy
| | - Garry A Duncan
- the Department of Biology, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Nebraska 68504-2794
| | - Luca Unione
- the Chemical Glycobiology Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bld 800, 48170 Derio, Spain
| | - Irina V Agarkova
- the Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0900.,the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0722
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Jesus Jimenez-Barbero
- the Chemical Glycobiology Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bld 800, 48170 Derio, Spain.,the Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), 48940 Bilbao, Spain.,the Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Sicheng Lin
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- the Department of Chemical Sciences, Università of Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Eric Noel
- the Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0900.,the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0118, and
| | - Maria Elena Laugieri
- the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Michela G Tonetti
- the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - James L Van Etten
- the Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0900, .,the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0722
| | - Cristina De Castro
- From the Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici NA, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Wu Y, Xiong D, Ye X. Total Synthesis of a Hyperbranched
N
‐Linked Hexasaccharide Attached to ATCV‐1 Major Capsid Protein without Precedent. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191 China
| | - De‐Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Xin‐Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191 China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
De Castro C, Duncan GA, Garozzo D, Molinaro A, Sturiale L, Tonetti M, Van Etten JL. Biophysical Approaches to Solve the Structures of the Complex Glycan Shield of Chloroviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1104:237-257. [PMID: 30484252 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2158-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The capsid of Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV-1) contains a heavily glycosylated major capsid protein, Vp54. The capsid protein contains four glycans, each N-linked to Asn. The glycan structures are unusual in many aspects: (1) they are attached by a β-glucose linkage, which is rare in nature; (2) they are highly branched and consist of 8-10 neutral monosaccharides; (3) all four glycoforms contain a dimethylated rhamnose as the capping residue of the main chain, a hyper-branched fucose residue and two rhamnose residues ''with opposite absolute configurations; (4) the four glycoforms differ by the nonstoichiometric presence of two monosaccharides, L-arabinose and D-mannose ; (5) the N-glycans from all of the chloroviruses have a strictly conserved core structure; and (6) these glycans do not resemble any structures previously reported in the three domains of life.The structures of these N-glycoforms remained elusive for years because initial attempts to solve their structures used tools developed for eukaryotic-like systems, which we now know are not suitable for this noncanonical glycosylation pattern. This chapter summarizes the methods used to solve the chlorovirus complex glycan structures with the hope that these methodologies can be used by scientists facing similar problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli, Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Garry A Duncan
- Department of Biology, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- CNR, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- CNR, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Catania, Italy
| | - Michela Tonetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - James L Van Etten
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Castro C, Holst O, Lam J. Microbial glycans: papers from the 7th biennial Baltic Meeting on Microbial Carbohydrates (BMMC). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 110:1373-1375. [PMID: 28956177 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Otto Holst
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Joseph Lam
- Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Van Etten JL, Agarkova I, Dunigan DD, Tonetti M, De Castro C, Duncan GA. Chloroviruses Have a Sweet Tooth. Viruses 2017; 9:E88. [PMID: 28441734 PMCID: PMC5408694 DOI: 10.3390/v9040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroviruses are large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that infect certain isolates of chlorella-like green algae. They contain up to approximately 400 protein-encoding genes and 16 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. This review summarizes the unexpected finding that many of the chlorovirus genes encode proteins involved in manipulating carbohydrates. These include enzymes involved in making extracellular polysaccharides, such as hyaluronan and chitin, enzymes that make nucleotide sugars, such as GDP-L-fucose and GDP-D-rhamnose and enzymes involved in the synthesis of glycans attached to the virus major capsid proteins. This latter process differs from that of all other glycoprotein containing viruses that traditionally use the host endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi machinery to synthesize and transfer the glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L Van Etten
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, USA.
| | - Irina Agarkova
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, USA.
| | - David D Dunigan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, USA.
| | - Michela Tonetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Christina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Garry A Duncan
- Department of Biology, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, NE 68504-2796, USA.
| |
Collapse
|