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Carey LM, Alexandrou G, Ladouce S, Kourtis D, Berchicci M, Hunter AM, Donaldson DI. Commit to your putting stroke: exploring the impact of quiet eye duration and neural activity on golf putting performance. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1424242. [PMID: 39055992 PMCID: PMC11270600 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1424242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a growing interest in characterizing the cognitive-motor processes that underlie superior performance in highly skilled athletes. The aim of this study was to explore neural markers of putting performance in highly skilled golfers by recording mobile EEG (electroencephalogram) during the pre-shot period. Methods Twenty-eight right-handed participants (20 males) with a mean age of 24.2 years (± 6.4) and an average handicap of +1.7 (± 6.4) completed a testing session. Following the warm-up, participants completed 140 putts from a distance of 8ft (2.4m), with putts taken from 5 different positions. While putting, participants wore an eye tracker and a gel-based EEG system with 32 electrodes. Time and frequency domain features of the EEG signals were extracted to characterize Movement-Related Cortical Potentials (MRCP) and rhythmic modulations of neural activity in theta, alpha, sensorimotor and beta frequency bands associated with putting performance. Results Eye-tracking data demonstrate that mean Quiet Eye durations are not a reliable marker of expertise as the same duration was found for both successful and unsuccessful putts. Following rigorous data processing data from 12 participants (8 males, mean age 21.6 years ± 5.4, average handicap +1.5 ± 4.4) were included in the EEG analysis. MRCP analysis revealed performance-based differences, with unsuccessful putts having a greater negative amplitude in comparison to successful putts. Time frequency analysis of the EEG data revealed that successful putts exhibit distinct neural activity profiles compared to unsuccessful ones. For successful putts, greater suppression of beta was present in the central region prior to the putt. By contrast, increased frontal theta power was present for unsuccessful putts immediately before the putt (consistent with hesitation and the need for motor plan adjustments prior to execution). Discussion We propose that neural activity may provide plausible insights into the mechanisms behind why identical QE durations can lead to both success and failure. From an applied perspective, this study highlights the merits of a multi-measure approach to gain further insights into performance differences within highly skilled golfers. We discuss considerations for future research and solutions to address the challenges related to the complexities of collecting clean EEG signals within naturalistic sporting contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Carey
- Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Alexandrou
- Institute of Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dimitrios Kourtis
- Psychology and Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Donaldson
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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Havlucu H, Akgun B, Eskenazi T, Coskun A, Ozcan O. Toward Detecting the Zone of Elite Tennis Players Through Wearable Technology. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:939641. [PMID: 35784805 PMCID: PMC9247244 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.939641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearable devices fall short in providing information other than physiological metrics despite athletes' demand for psychological feedback. To address this, we introduce a preliminary exploration to track psychological states of athletes based on commercial wearable devices, coach observations and machine learning. Our system collects Inertial Measuring Unit data from tennis players, while their coaches provide labels on their psychological states. A recurrent neural network is then trained to predict coach labels from sensor data. We test our approach by predicting being in the zone, a psychological state of optimal performance. We conduct two experimental games with two elite coaches and four professional players for evaluation. Our learned models achieve above 85% test accuracy, implying that our approach could be utilized to predict the zone at relatively low cost. Based on these findings, we discuss design implications and feasibility of this approach by contextualizing it in a real-life scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayati Havlucu
- User Experience Research Group (LUX), University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
- *Correspondence: Hayati Havlucu
| | - Baris Akgun
- Department of Computer Science, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Terry Eskenazi
- Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Coskun
- Koc University-Arcelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Ozcan
- Koc University-Arcelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Visser A, Büchel D, Lehmann T, Baumeister J. Continuous table tennis is associated with processing in frontal brain areas: an EEG approach. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1899-1909. [PMID: 35467129 PMCID: PMC9142473 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coordinative challenging exercises in changing environments referred to as open-skill exercises seem to be beneficial on cognitive function. Although electroencephalographic research allows to investigate changes in cortical processing during movement, information about cortical dynamics during open-skill exercise is lacking. Therefore, the present study examines frontal brain activation during table tennis as an open-skill exercise compared to cycling exercise and a cognitive task. 21 healthy young adults conducted three blocks of table tennis, cycling and n-back task. Throughout the experiment, cortical activity was measured using 64-channel EEG system connected to a wireless amplifier. Cortical activity was analyzed calculating theta power (4-7.5 Hz) in frontocentral clusters revealed from independent component analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to identify within subject differences between conditions (table tennis, cycling, n-back; p < .05). ANOVA revealed main-effects of condition on theta power in frontal (p < .01, ηp2 = 0.35) and frontocentral (p < .01, ηp2 = 0.39) brain areas. Post-hoc tests revealed increased theta power in table tennis compared to cycling in frontal brain areas (p < .05, d = 1.42). In frontocentral brain areas, theta power was significant higher in table tennis compared to cycling (p < .01, d = 1.03) and table tennis compared to the cognitive task (p < .01, d = 1.06). Increases in theta power during continuous table tennis may reflect the increased demands in perception and processing of environmental stimuli during open-skill exercise. This study provides important insights that support the beneficial effect of open-skill exercise on brain function and suggest that using open-skill exercise may serve as an intervention to induce activation of the frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Visser
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Department Exercise and Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33100, Paderborn, Germany.
| | - D Büchel
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Department Exercise and Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33100, Paderborn, Germany
| | - T Lehmann
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Department Exercise and Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33100, Paderborn, Germany
| | - J Baumeister
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Department Exercise and Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33100, Paderborn, Germany
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Hansen M, Petersen K, Østergaard S, Nielsen T, Jensen N, Mrachacz-Kersting N, Oliveira A. Retention following a short-term cup stacking training: Performance and electrocortical activity. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chang M, Büchel D, Reinecke K, Lehmann T, Baumeister J. Ecological validity in exercise neuroscience research: A systematic investigation. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:487-509. [PMID: 34997653 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of cortical processes to adaptive motor behaviour is of great interest in the field of exercise neuroscience. Next to established criteria of objectivity, reliability and validity, ecological validity refers to the concerns of whether measurements and behaviour in research settings are representative of the real world. Because exercise neuroscience investigations using mobile electroencephalography are oftentimes conducted in laboratory settings under controlled environments, methodological approaches may interfere with the idea of ecological validity. This review utilizes an original ecological validity tool to assess the degree of ecological validity in current exercise neuroscience research. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify articles investigating cortical dynamics during goal-directed sports movement. To assess ecological validity, five elements (environment, stimulus, response, body and mind) were assessed on a continuum of artificiality-naturality and simplicity-complexity. Forty-seven studies were included in the present review. Results indicate lowest average ratings for the element of environment. The elements stimulus, body and mind had mediocre ratings, and the element of response had the highest overall ratings. In terms of the type of sport, studies that assessed closed-skill indoor sports had the highest ratings, whereas closed-skill outdoor sports had the lowest overall rating. Our findings identify specific elements that are lacking in ecological validity and areas of improvement in current exercise neuroscience literature. Future studies may potentially increase ecological validity by moving from reductionist, artificial environments towards complex, natural environments and incorporating real-world sport elements such as adaptive responses and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chang
- Exercise Science & Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Daniel Büchel
- Exercise Science & Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Kirsten Reinecke
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Tim Lehmann
- Exercise Science & Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Jochen Baumeister
- Exercise Science & Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
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Hülsdünker T, Ostermann M, Mierau A. Motion-Onset Visual Potentials Evoked in a Sport-Specific Visuomotor Reaction Task. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 42:280-291. [PMID: 32663802 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although neural visual processes play a crucial role in sport, experiments have been restricted to laboratory conditions lacking ecological validity. Therefore, this study examined the feasibility of measuring visual evoked potentials in a sport-specific visuomotor task. A total of 18 international elite young table tennis athletes (mean age 12.5 years) performed a computer-based and a sport-specific visuomotor reaction task in response to radial motion-onset stimuli on a computer screen and table tennis balls played by a ball machine, respectively. A 64-channel electroencephalography system identified the N2 and N2-r motion-onset visual evoked potentials in the motion-sensitive midtemporal visual area. Visual evoked potential amplitudes were highly correlated between conditions (N2 r = .72, N2-r r = .74) although significantly lower in the sport-specific task than in the lab-based task (N2 p < .001, N2-r p < .001). The results suggest that sport-specific visual stimulation is feasible to evoke visual potentials. This emphasizes the investigation of visual processes under more ecologically valid conditions in sport and exercise science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Ostermann
- Fédération Luxemburgeoise de Tennis du Table
- China Table Tennis College Europe
| | - Andreas Mierau
- LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports
- German Sport University Cologne
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Differences in motivation during the bench press movement with progressive loads using EEG analysis. Biol Sport 2020; 36:351-356. [PMID: 31938006 PMCID: PMC6945046 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2019.88757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering our preliminary research with EEG analysis of the bench press in experienced powerlifters, we hypothesized that there would be significant differences in motivation between novice and elite powerlifters. Therefore the main objective of this study was to identify patterns of frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) of the prime movers by alpha frequency band analysis (named as alpha motivation values) for each 35–100% one-repetition maximum (1RM) during the flat bench press. Ten novice powerlifters with no more than 2.5 years of resistance training experience and ten elite powerlifters with at least 7.5 years of training experience participated in the study. All participants were required to squat, bench press, and deadlift 100, 125, and 150% of their body mass, respectively. The athletes constituted a homogeneous group with respect to age (mean 22.3 ± 0.5 years). The EEG recordings were conducted using automatic headcups with 19 electrodes that were placed according to the International 10-20 Electrode Placement System. Signals from 8–12 Hz considering points F3 and F4 were analyzed. Furthermore, electromyographic (EMG) signals from the trapezius muscle were recorded. Before testing, moods and emotions of subjects were assessed to eliminate subjects with intense emotions. The results showed brain activity before, during and after cognitive and motor performance using electroencephalography (EEG). However, considering the still existing problems of movement artefacts during EEG measurements, eligible sports and exercises are limited to those that are relatively motionless during execution. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.
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Short CE, DeSmet A, Woods C, Williams SL, Maher C, Middelweerd A, Müller AM, Wark PA, Vandelanotte C, Poppe L, Hingle MD, Crutzen R. Measuring Engagement in eHealth and mHealth Behavior Change Interventions: Viewpoint of Methodologies. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20:e292. [PMID: 30446482 PMCID: PMC6269627 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.9397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement in electronic health (eHealth) and mobile health (mHealth) behavior change interventions is thought to be important for intervention effectiveness, though what constitutes engagement and how it enhances efficacy has been somewhat unclear in the literature. Recently published detailed definitions and conceptual models of engagement have helped to build consensus around a definition of engagement and improve our understanding of how engagement may influence effectiveness. This work has helped to establish a clearer research agenda. However, to test the hypotheses generated by the conceptual modules, we need to know how to measure engagement in a valid and reliable way. The aim of this viewpoint is to provide an overview of engagement measurement options that can be employed in eHealth and mHealth behavior change intervention evaluations, discuss methodological considerations, and provide direction for future research. To identify measures, we used snowball sampling, starting from systematic reviews of engagement research as well as those utilized in studies known to the authors. A wide range of methods to measure engagement were identified, including qualitative measures, self-report questionnaires, ecological momentary assessments, system usage data, sensor data, social media data, and psychophysiological measures. Each measurement method is appraised and examples are provided to illustrate possible use in eHealth and mHealth behavior change research. Recommendations for future research are provided, based on the limitations of current methods and the heavy reliance on system usage data as the sole assessment of engagement. The validation and adoption of a wider range of engagement measurements and their thoughtful application to the study of engagement are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E Short
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ann DeSmet
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Woods
- Health Research Institute, Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Susan L Williams
- Physical Activity Research Group, Appleton Institute, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Carol Maher
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anouk Middelweerd
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andre Matthias Müller
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Petra A Wark
- Centre for Innovative Research Across the Life Course, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Corneel Vandelanotte
- Physical Activity Research Group, Appleton Institute, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Louise Poppe
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Melanie D Hingle
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rik Crutzen
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Thompson CJ, Fransen J, Skorski S, Smith MR, Meyer T, Barrett S, Coutts AJ. Mental Fatigue in Football: Is it Time to Shift the Goalposts? An Evaluation of the Current Methodology. Sports Med 2018; 49:177-183. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-1016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Towards a Grand Unified Theory of sports performance. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 56:139-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Duncan S, Oppici L, Borg C, Farrow D, Polman R, Serpiello FR. Expertise-related differences in the performance of simple and complex tasks: an event-related potential evaluation of futsal players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1398408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Duncan
- Research and Innovation, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | - Luca Oppici
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cecylia Borg
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damian Farrow
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Remco Polman
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fabio R. Serpiello
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Cheron G, Petit G, Cheron J, Leroy A, Cebolla A, Cevallos C, Petieau M, Hoellinger T, Zarka D, Clarinval AM, Dan B. Brain Oscillations in Sport: Toward EEG Biomarkers of Performance. Front Psychol 2016; 7:246. [PMID: 26955362 PMCID: PMC4768321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain dynamics is at the basis of top performance accomplishment in sports. The search for neural biomarkers of performance remains a challenge in movement science and sport psychology. The non-invasive nature of high-density electroencephalography (EEG) recording has made it a most promising avenue for providing quantitative feedback to practitioners and coaches. Here, we review the current relevance of the main types of EEG oscillations in order to trace a perspective for future practical applications of EEG and event-related potentials (ERP) in sport. In this context, the hypotheses of unified brain rhythms and continuity between wake and sleep states should provide a functional template for EEG biomarkers in sport. The oscillations in the thalamo-cortical and hippocampal circuitry including the physiology of the place cells and the grid cells provide a frame of reference for the analysis of delta, theta, beta, alpha (incl.mu), and gamma oscillations recorded in the space field of human performance. Based on recent neuronal models facilitating the distinction between the different dynamic regimes (selective gating and binding) in these different oscillations we suggest an integrated approach articulating together the classical biomechanical factors (3D movements and EMG) and the high-density EEG and ERP signals to allow finer mathematical analysis to optimize sport performance, such as microstates, coherency/directionality analysis and neural generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Université de Mons-HainautMons, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Petit
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julian Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Leroy
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Haute Ecole CondorcetCharleroi, Belgium
| | - Anita Cebolla
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlos Cevallos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Petieau
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hoellinger
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Zarka
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Clarinval
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Dan
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Inkendaal Rehabilitation HospitalVlezembeek, Belgium
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