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Jiang N, Xie T, Li C, Ma R, Gao A, Liu M, Wang S, Zhou Q, Wei X, Li J, Hu W, Feng X. Molecular assessment of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations in Rhipicephalus microplus from Guangxi, China. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:307. [PMID: 39014392 PMCID: PMC11253372 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroid chemicals are one of the main acaricides used against ticks. Resistance to these chemicals has been reported to be associated with mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene of the Rhipicephalus microplus. This study investigates R. microplus resistance to pyrethroids in Guangxi region of China, marking one of the first research efforts in this area. The findings are intended to provide vital baseline for the effective implementation of localized tick control strategies. METHODS From March to July 2021, 447 R. microplus tick samples were collected from five prefecture-level cities in Guangxi. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) was used to amplify segments C190A and G215T of the domain II S4-5 linker and T2134A of domain III S6 in the VGSC, to detect nucleotide mutations associated with resistance to pyrethroid acaricides. Subsequent analyses were conducted to ascertain the prevalence, types of mutations, and genotypic distributions within the sampled populations. RESULTS Mutations within VGSC gene were identified across all five studied populations of R. microplus, although the mutation rates remained generally low. Specifically, the most prevalent mutation was C190A, observed in 4.9% of the samples (22/447), followed by G215T at 4.0% (18/447), and T2134A at 1.3% (6/447). The distribution of mutations across three critical sites of the VGSC gene revealed four distinct mutation types: C190A, G215T, C190A + G215T, and T2134A. Notably, the single mutation C190A had the highest mutation frequency, accounting for 4.3%, and the C190A + G215T combination had the lowest, at only 0.7%. The analysis further identified seven genotypic combinations, with the wild-type combination C/C + G/G + T/T predominating at a frequency of 90.4%. Subsequently, the C/A + G/G + T/T combination was observed at a frequency of 4.3%, whereas the C/C + T/T + T/T combination exhibited the lowest frequency (0.2%). Additionally, no instances of simultaneous mutations at all three sites were detected. Geographical differences in mutation types were apparent. Both samples from Hechi to Chongzuo cities exhibited the same three mutation types; however, C190A was the most prevalent in Hechi, while G215T dominated in Chongzuo. In contrast, samples from Beihai to Guilin each exhibited only one mutation type: G215T occurred in 12.5% (4/32) of Beihai samples, and C190A in 7.5% (4/53) of Guilin samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the relatively low frequency of VGSC gene mutations in R. microplus associated with pyrethroid resistance in the Guangxi, China. Moreover, the variation in mutation types and genotypic distributions across different locales highlights the need for regionalized strategies in monitoring and managing pyrethroid resistance in tick populations. This molecular surveillance is crucial for informing targeted control measures and mitigating the risk of widespread resistance emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Hechi Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Hechi, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunfu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ai Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Mengyun Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shurong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiankai Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
- Basic Medical College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyu Feng
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, 20025, China.
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Sankar M, Kumar B, Manjunathachar HV, Parthasarathi BC, Nandi A, Neethu CKS, Nagar G, Ghosh S. Genetic Diversity of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus for a Global Scenario: A Comprehensive Review. Pathogens 2024; 13:516. [PMID: 38921813 PMCID: PMC11206262 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus poses a substantial threat to livestock health and agricultural economies worldwide. Its remarkable adaptability to diverse environments and hosts is a testament to its extensive genetic diversity. This review delves into the genetic diversity of R. microplus, employing three pivotal genetic markers: the cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) gene, ribosomal genes, and microsatellites. The COX1 gene, a crucial tool for genetic characterization and phylogenetic clustering, provides insights into the adaptability of ticks. Ribosomal genes, such as internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and2) as well as 18S and 28S, are routinely utilized for species differentiation. However, their use is limited due to indels (insertions and deletions). Microsatellites and minisatellites, known for their high polymorphism, have been successfully employed to study populations and genetic diversity across various tick species. Despite their effectiveness, challenges such as null alleles and marker variations warrant careful consideration. Bm86, a well-studied vaccine candidate, exhibits substantial genetic diversity. This diversity directly influences vaccine efficacy, posing challenges for developing a universally effective Bm86-based vaccine. Moreover, the review emphasizes the prevalence of genes associated with synthetic pyrethroid resistance. Identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms in the acaricide-resistant genes of R. microplus has facilitated the development of molecular markers for detecting and monitoring resistance against synthetic pyrethroids. However, mutations in sodium channels, the target site for synthetic pyrethroid, correlate well with the resistance status of R. microplus, which is not the case with other acaricide target genes. This study underscores the importance of understanding genetic diversity in developing effective tick management strategies. The choice of genetic marker should be tailored based on the level of taxonomic resolution and the group of ticks under investigation. A holistic approach combining multiple markers and integrating additional molecular and morphological data may offer a more comprehensive understanding of tick diversity and relationships. This research has far-reaching implications in formulating breeding programs and the development of vaccine against ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) as well as strategies for the management of resistant ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Sankar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India; (M.S.); (C.K.S.N.); (G.N.)
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Kishanganj 855107, India;
| | - Haranahally Vasanthachar Manjunathachar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Department of Health Research, Govt. of India, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India;
| | | | - Abhijit Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India;
| | - Chemmangat Kunnath Subramanian Neethu
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India; (M.S.); (C.K.S.N.); (G.N.)
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India; (M.S.); (C.K.S.N.); (G.N.)
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India; (M.S.); (C.K.S.N.); (G.N.)
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37, Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, India
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Gupta S, Sangwan N, Sangwan AK, Mann S, Gupta S, Kumar A, Kumar S. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks to synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates in south-west regions of Haryana, North India. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105634. [PMID: 37945265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical control of tick infestation on dairy farms in India strongly relies upon the use of synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin) and organophosphate (coumaphos) drugs. Therefore, the present manuscript aims to investigate the resistance status of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks against these acaricides. Fully engorged adult R. microplus ticks were randomly collected from 8 dairy farms in North India and evaluated for acaricide resistance by using the Larval Packet Test (LPT). Of these, ticks collected from one and three farms showed the emergence of Level I acaricide resistance against deltamethrin and coumaphos, respectively. Significant positive correlations were found in the enzymatic activity (α-esterase, β-esterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and mono-oxygenase) of R. microplus tick resistant against coumaphos. Native electrophoretogram analysis showed six different types of esterase activity in R. microplus (EST-1b to EST-6b), and EST-5b activity was more predominantly expressed in resistant ticks. Further, inhibitor studies using various esterase inhibitors suggested that EST-5b is a putative acetylcholine-esterase (AchE), and increased expression of one of the AchE might be responsible for the emergence of acaricide resistance. Further, no mutations were detected in the carboxylesterase (G1120A) and domain II S4-5 linker region (C190A) of the sodium channel genes of resistant R. microplus ticks, indicating that increased expression of detoxification enzymes was the probable mechanism for the development of acaricide resistance in the resistant ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India.
| | - Nirmal Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Arun Kumar Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Jalukie, Nagaland, India
| | - Sushila Mann
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
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Waldman J, Klafke GM, Tirloni L, Logullo C, da Silva Vaz I. Putative target sites in synganglion for novel ixodid tick control strategies. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102123. [PMID: 36716581 PMCID: PMC10033424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acaricide resistance is a global problem that has impacts worldwide. Tick populations with broad resistance to all commercially available acaricides have been reported. Since resistance selection in ticks and their role in pathogen transmission to animals and humans result in important economic and public health burden, it is essential to develop new strategies for their control (i.e., novel chemical compounds, vaccines, biological control). The synganglion is the tick central nervous system and it is responsible for synthesizing and releasing signaling molecules with different physiological functions. Synganglion proteins are the targets of the majority of available acaricides. In this review we provide an overview of the mode-of-action and resistance mechanisms against neurotoxic acaricides in ticks, as well as putative target sites in synganglion, as a supporting tool to identify new target proteins and to develop new strategies for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Waldman
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Marcondes Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, IBqM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Renault D, Elfiky A, Mohamed A. Predicting the insecticide-driven mutations in a crop pest insect: Evidence for multiple polymorphisms of acetylcholinesterase gene with potential relevance for resistance to chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18937-18955. [PMID: 36219281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious invasive herbivorous insect pest worldwide. The excessive use of pesticides has progressively selected B. tabaci specimens, reducing the effectiveness of the treatments, and ultimately ending in the selection of pesticide-resistant strains. The management of this crop pest has thus become challenging owing to the level of resistance to all major classes of recommended insecticides. Here, we used in silico techniques for detecting sequence polymorphisms in ace1 gene from naturally occurring B. tabaci variants, and monitor the presence and frequency of the detected putative mutations from 30 populations of the silverleaf whitefly from Egypt and Pakistan. We found several point mutations in ace1-type acetylcholinesterase (ace1) in the studied B. tabaci variants naturally occurring in the field. By comparing ace1 sequence data from an organophosphate-susceptible and an organophosphate-resistant strains of B. tabaci to ace1 sequence data retrieved from GenBank for that species and to nucleotide polymorphisms from other arthropods, we identified novel mutations that could potentially influence insecticide resistance. Homology modeling and molecular docking analyses were performed to determine if the mutation-induced changes in form 1 acetylcholinesterase (AChE1) structure could confer resistance to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides. Mutations had small effects on binding energy (ΔGb) interactions between mutant AChE1 and insecticides; they altered the conformation of the peripheral anionic site of AChE1, and modified the enzyme surface, and these changes have potential effects on the target-site sensitivity. Altogether, the results from this study provide information on genic variants of B. tabaci ace1 for future monitoring insecticide resistance development and report a potential case of environmentally driven gene variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renault
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), UMR, 6553, Rennes, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Abdo Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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Obaid MK, Islam N, Alouffi A, Khan AZ, da Silva Vaz I, Tanaka T, Ali A. Acaricides Resistance in Ticks: Selection, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Mitigation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941831. [PMID: 35873149 PMCID: PMC9299439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood-feeding ecto-parasites that have a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Ticks cause economic losses in the form of reduced blood, meat and dairy products, as well as pathogen transmission. Different acaricides such as organochlorines, organophosphates, formamidines (e.g. amitraz), synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, fipronil, and fluazuron are currently used sequentially or simultaneously to control tick infestations. Most acaricide treatments now face increasingly high chances of failure, due to the resistance selection in different tick populations against these drugs. Acaricide resistance in ticks can be developed in different ways, including amino acid substitutions that result in morphological changes in the acaricide target, metabolic detoxification, and reduced acaricide entry through the outer layer of the tick body. The current literature brings a plethora of information regarding the use of different acaricides for tick control, resistance selection, analysis of mutations in target sites, and resistance mitigation. Alternatives such as synergistic use of different acaricides, plant-derived phytochemicals, fungi as biological control agents, and anti-tick vaccines have been recommended to avoid and mitigate acaricide resistance. The purpose of this review was to summarize and discuss different acaricides applied for tick control, their mechanisms of action and resistance selection, genetic polymorphisms in their target molecules, as well as the approaches used for diagnosis and mitigation of acaricide resistance, specifically in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabila Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alam Zeb Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Dzemo WD, Thekisoe O, Vudriko P. Development of acaricide resistance in tick populations of cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08718. [PMID: 35059516 PMCID: PMC8760414 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of acaricide resistance in ticks infesting cattle is a major problem in the livestock industry in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. To determine the current global trends and prevalence of acaricide resistance development (ARD) in tick populations of cattle, a systematic review and meta-analysis with an emphasis on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was conducted. Data searches from five English electronic databases yielded 88 journal articles published between 1992 and 2020. In total, 218 in - vitro bioassays were used to investigate 3939 tick populations of cattle; of these, the 57.6% that exhibited ARD were largely limited to South America (Brazil), Central America (Mexico), and Asia (India). A total of 3391 of these tick populations were R. (B.) microplus, of which 2013 exhibited ARD. Random effects meta-analyses indicated that the exhibition of ARD was higher in R. (B.) microplus (66.2%) than in other tick species. Global prevalence estimates of ARD in R. (B.) microplus vary as a function of geography, detection methods, and acaricide compounds. In general, high heterogeneity was noted among the studies. However, homogeneity was observed among studies from India, suggesting the establishment of acaricide resistance in Indian R. (B.) microplus populations. Current tick control interventions are urgently required to limit the evolution and implications of resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Diymba Dzemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa.,Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Paixão J, Prata M, Furlong J, Tassinari W, Bittencourt V, Pires M, Angelo I. Assessment of weight gain and control of parasitism by Rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cattle in the field using organosynthetic parasiticide, phytotherapics and homeopathy. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The goal of this research was to compare the effect of the following products on dairy cattle, parasitized by Rhipicephalus microplus: organosynthetics - Clorfenvinfós and Ivermectina (OG); phytotherapics - Eucalyptus oil (EG) and Neem cake (NG); Homeopathy (HG); The control group (CG) received no treatment. Infestation was by R. microplus (MIC) and weight gain (GP) were evaluated. The study included 60 animals (5 groups) from – Dutch / Zebu, aged between 25-44 months and initial weight between 211-477kg. EG and NG showed MIC 84.9% and 14.0% greater than CG, respectively (P <0.05; P = 0). HG and OG had MIC less than CG 24.4% and 16.9%, respectively (P<0.05; P <0.05). EG, NG and OG obtained GP lower than CG in 7.9%, 8.9% and 8.06% (P <0.05) respectively. The HG GP was 4.9% higher (P <0.05) than CG. This was the first research to prove parasitism control by R. microplus in a field test, using homeopathy. The methodology for choosing Homeopathy for the control of enzooties, developed and tested for the first time in this study, proved to be adequate and efficient, opening the possibility for establishing a new methodology for strategic control of parasitism by R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.L.F. Paixão
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - I.C. Angelo
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Comparative susceptibility of Rhipicephalus microplus collected from the northern state of India to coumaphos, malathion, deltamethrin, ivermectin, and fipronil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:460. [PMID: 34542704 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The chemical-based tick management method is gradually losing its clutch due to the establishment of resistant ticks. For development of region-specific tick management strategies, the present study was aimed to evaluate the comparative resistance profile of Rhipicephalus microplus isolates collected from seven districts of Uttar Pradesh, a northern state of India. Comparative analysis of the dose-response data using adult immersion test (AIT) against coumaphos, malathion, deltamethrin, ivermectin, and fipronil revealed that all the isolates were resistant to discriminating concentration of deltamethrin having LC50 of 295.12-436.52 ppm with a resistance ratio of 22.02-32.58. An emerging low level of ivermectin resistance (resistance ratio, RR50 = 1.03-2.26) with LC50 in the range of 22.39-48.98 ppm was found across the isolates. The coumaphos was highly effective against all except Amethi (AMT) isolate. Similarly, malathion was efficacious against most of the isolates except Pratapgarh (PRT) and Sultanpur (SUL) isolates showing LC50 of 5128.61 and 5623.41 ppm, respectively. All the isolates were responsive to fipronil. Comparative detoxifying enzymes profiles revealed a significant correlation between the increased activity of esterase and deltamethrin resistance. The GST activity was 51.2% correlated with RR50 of malathion while esterase activity was significantly correlated (68.9%) with RR50 of coumaphos. No correlation between the ivermectin resistance and enzyme activity was established. Multiple sequence analysis of S4-5 linker region of the sodium channel gene of all the isolates revealed a point mutation at 190th position (C190A) which is associated with deltamethrin resistance. The possible tick management strategies in this part of the country are discussed.
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Ebani VV, Mancianti F. Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060479. [PMID: 34071435 PMCID: PMC8229426 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets. Their impact on animal and human health has been stressed, examining the weaknesses and strengths of conventional treatments. Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the most widely employed agents. Their activities have been reviewed, considering the feasibility of an in-field application and the effectiveness of the administration alone or combined with conventional and alternative drugs is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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11
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Agwunobi DO, Yu Z, Liu J. A retrospective review on ixodid tick resistance against synthetic acaricides: implications and perspectives for future resistance prevention and mitigation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104776. [PMID: 33771255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ending of the nineteenth-century was characterized by an escalation of ticks and tick-borne diseases that resulted in the death of many cattle. This necessitated the search for an effective means of tick control. Arsenicals were introduced in Australia in 1895, and arsenic-based dipping vats went on to be used for about 40 years until resistance was found in ticks and more effective alternatives - chemical acaricides - were developed after World War II. However, the development of resistance by ticks, environmental persistence, and mammalian toxicity militated against the sustained use of subsequent chemical acaricides. Furthermore, the development of resistance is a phenomenon that would always evolve, and the multiple mechanisms underlying the synthetic acaricides resistance are of great importance for future integrated control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Hence, this study retrospectively reviewed the development of synthetic acaricides and the underlying mechanisms of tick resistance against synthetic acaricides in the hope of providing the implications and perspectives for resistance prevention and mitigation for future tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond O Agwunobi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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12
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Nagar G, Upadhaya D, Sharma AK, Kumar R, Fular A, Ghosh S. Association between overexpression of cytochrome P450 genes and deltamethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101610. [PMID: 33285351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases mediated metabolic detoxification has been recognized as one of the mechanisms involved in resistance to pyrethroids, which is a class of pesticides that includes acaricides such as deltamethrin. Several cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes were identified in arthropod pests which are upregulated in response to exposure to pesticides used as acaricides. However, to date, limited information is available with respect to CYP genes and their response to acaricide exposure in ticks. We cloned and sequenced four CYP genes, the CYP41, CYP3006G8, CYP319A1 and CYP4W1 from reference susceptible IVRI-I strain of Rhipicephalus microplus. The expression pattern of the genes was investigated using qPCR in reference susceptible IVRI-I, pyrethroid-resistant IVRI-IV and multi-acaricide resistant IVRI-V strains. The effect of a single exposure of deltamethrin, at a concentration of 2600 μg/mL and 299.7 μg/mL on IVRI-IV and IVRI-V strains, respectively, on the expression of the four CYP genes was evaluated. In IVRI-IV strain, the CYP41 gene was highly overexpressed (FC 8.72) while CYP3006G8 was underexpressed with FC of 0.06. All the four genes were overexpressed in IVRI-V strain. After exposure to deltamethrin, the CYP3006G8 transcript levels were significantly upregulated at all time intervals in both resistant strains with the highest FC of 11.62 at 12 h in IVRI-IV and 13.38 at 3 h in IVRI-V. Our results suggest that the constitutive overexpression of CYP41 and deltamethrin induced upregulation of CYP3006G8 contribute to the development of pyrethroid resistance, specifically deltamethrin, in these two reference strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Rinesh Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India.
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13
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Quadros DG, Johnson TL, Whitney TR, Oliver JD, Oliva Chávez AS. Plant-Derived Natural Compounds for Tick Pest Control in Livestock and Wildlife: Pragmatism or Utopia? INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080490. [PMID: 32752256 PMCID: PMC7469192 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a significant economic hindrance for livestock production and a menace to public health. The expansion of tick populations into new areas, the occurrence of acaricide resistance to synthetic chemical treatments, the potentially toxic contamination of food supplies, and the difficulty of applying chemical control in wild-animal populations have created greater interest in developing new tick control alternatives. Plant compounds represent a promising avenue for the discovery of such alternatives. Several plant extracts and secondary metabolites have repellent and acaricidal effects. However, very little is known about their mode of action, and their commercialization is faced with multiple hurdles, from the determination of an adequate formulation to field validation and public availability. Further, the applicability of these compounds to control ticks in wild-animal populations is restrained by inadequate delivery systems that cannot guarantee accurate dosage delivery at the right time to the target animal populations. More work, financial support, and collaboration with regulatory authorities, research groups, and private companies are needed to overcome these obstacles. Here, we review the advancements on known plant-derived natural compounds with acaricidal potential and discuss the road ahead toward the implementation of organic control in managing ticks and tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo G. Quadros
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, San Angelo, TX 76901, USA; (D.G.Q.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Tammi L. Johnson
- Department of Rangelands, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, Uvalde, TX 78801, USA;
| | - Travis R. Whitney
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, San Angelo, TX 76901, USA; (D.G.Q.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Jonathan D. Oliver
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Adela S. Oliva Chávez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-1946
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14
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da Silva LC, de Souza Perinotto WM, Sá FA, de Souza MAA, de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt R, Sanavria A, Santos HA, Marie-Magdeleine C, da Costa Angelo I. In vitro acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus and Mentha arvensis against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol 2020; 216:107937. [PMID: 32535114 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition and acaricidal activity of plant-derived essential oils was assessed against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. The essential oils of Mentha arvensis, Cymbopogon citratus and C. nardus were assessed for acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oils (EO) of plants were separated by hydrodistillation (three times) and analyzed using gas chromatography - mass spectrometer (GC-MS). For bioassays, engorged females of R. microplus were exposed to C. citratus and C. nardus EO at 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% concentrations; and to M. arvensis EO at 1%, 3%, and 5% for 5 min. The weight egg mass, nutrient index (N.I), egg production index (E.P.I), hatching and control rate were evaluated. Non-feed larvae of R. microplus were exposed to essential oils with 0.25%, 0.5%; 1%; 1.5% and 2% concentrations; the mortality rate was measured after 48 h. Only engorged females presented reduced biological activities (oviposition, E.P.I) after exposure to M. arvensis at 3%, when in comparison to both positive and negative controls. The hatchability of R. microplus larvae ranged from 66.9% (after exposure to C. nardus EO at 5%) to 99.2% (positive control). The nutrition index was lower (46.6%) for the exposure to M. arvensis EO at 5%. M. arvensis at 3% and 5% concentrations was significantly efficient for engorged females when compared to control (53.7% and 47.5%, respectively). C. citratus EO at 1%, 1.5% and 2% concentrations yielded better results in the larval packet test, causing 100% mortality. Nonetheless, C. nardus and M. arvensis EO at 2% yielded 66% and 39% mortality, respectively. The study showed that M. arvensis presented potential for the control of R. microplus engorged females while C. citratus and C. nardus presented potential as a larvicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Clara da Silva
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Fillipe Araujo Sá
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural of University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marco André Alves de Souza
- Department of Chemistry Exact Institute Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Argemiro Sanavria
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Huarrisson Azevedo Santos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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15
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Kumar R, Klafke GM, Miller RJ. Voltage-gated sodium channel gene mutations and pyrethroid resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101404. [PMID: 32035899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid pesticides are extensively used to manage animal and human disease vectors including the southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini). The indiscriminate and incorrect use of pyrethroids has led to the almost ubiquitous development of resistance to this pesticide class for this tick species. Voltage-gated sodium channels (Na-channels) are the primary target-site of pyrethroids and several studies on the involvement of mutations in the coding gene among pyrethroid-resistant R. microplus populations from different parts of the world have shown that there are various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with resistance to pyrethroids. Identification of the exact location of the mutations in the protein coding regions of the targeted gene facilitates the design of various molecular tools for genotyping the resistant populations and thus promotes the rapid detection of resistance. This review aims to provide an update on the identification of pyrethroid resistance-associated Na-channel mutations from R. microplus.The database of diverse mutations from different regions of the world helped us to develop the molecular markers for resistance monitoring in a rapid and efficient manner. Their role and the development of different forms of molecular tools for genotyping ticks for mutations in the Na-channel gene are also discussed. In this review, the word mutation is used interchangeably with SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa, 486001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal (IPVDF), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robert J Miller
- USDA-ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, USA
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16
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Kumar R, Sharma AK, Ghosh S. Menace of acaricide resistance in cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus in India: Status and possible mitigation strategies. Vet Parasitol 2019; 278:108993. [PMID: 31954273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Livestock in general and dairy sector in particular plays a vital role in the Indian economy and in the socio-economic development of millions of people. Rhipicephalus microplus, a one-host and the most prevalent cattle tick in various agro climatic zones of India. This tick species is responsible for severe economic losses to livestock owners both through the direct effects of blood sucking, injection of toxins and indirectly by transmitting pathogens. Due to inadvertent and indiscriminate use of chemicals to kill ticks, field tick population has developed resistance to almost all chemicals that are used to manage them. The intention of this review is to provide the current status of resistance in ticks, the possible mechanisms of resistance operating in the tick population, factors contributing to the development of resistance and the managemental strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinesh Kumar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India.
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