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Shi J, Wang X, Chen Z, Mao D, Luo Y. Spatial distribution of two acaricides and five neonicotinoids in beehives and surrounding environments in China. J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:133892. [PMID: 38461662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Managed bees commonly suffer from cross-contamination with acaricides and neonicotinoids, posing robust threats to bee population health. However, their residual characteristics and spatial distribution in beehives and surrounding environments are poorly understood. This study detected two common acaricides and five neonicotinoids in 240 beehive samples and 44 surrounding environmental samples collected from 25 Chinese provinces. The results showed that 40.0% of the honey samples contained acaricides and 83.1% contained neonicotinoids. Neonicotinoid concentrations in honey were geographically distinguished by the "Hu Huanyong line", and concentrations of neonicotinoids in honey from eastern areas were 2.65-fold higher than those in honey from western areas. Compared to the approved acaricide amitraz, the banned acaricide coumaphos was detected more frequently in honey and was positively correlated with that quantified in the paired pollen samples. Although coumaphos was identified in only three soil samples, lower coumaphos residues in honey might be associated with persistent pollution in the surrounding environment. Conversely, neonicotinoids were detected at higher levels in honey than in the pollen and soil, demonstrating that the neonicotinoid residues in honey have a cumulative effect. This study contributes to a better understanding of the pesticide contamination scenarios that underlie the exposure risks of bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Zeyou Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Daqing Mao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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2
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Luna A, Murcia-Morales M, Hernando MD, Van der Steen JJM, Fernández-Alba AR, Flores JM. Comparison of APIStrip passive sampling with conventional sample techniques for the control of acaricide residues in honey bee hives. Sci Total Environ 2023; 905:167205. [PMID: 37730056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Western honey bees are very sensitive bioindicators for studying environmental conditions, hence frequently included in many investigations. However, it is very common in both research studies and health surveillance programs to sample different components of the colony, including adult bees, brood and their food reserves. These practices are undoubtedly aggressive for the colony as a whole, and may affect its normal functioning and even compromise its viability. APIStrip-based passive sampling allows long-term monitoring of residues without affecting the colony in any way. In this study, we compared the effectiveness in the control of acaricide residues by using passive and conventional sampling, where the residue levels of the acaricides coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and amitraz were evaluated. Conventional and APIStrip-based sampling differ in methods for evaluating bee exposure to residues. APIStrip is less invasive than conventional sampling, offers more efficient measurement of environmental contaminants, and can be stored at room temperature, saving costs and minimizing operator error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Luna
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Research Council- Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, CSIC-INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain; International Doctoral School, Doctorate in Science (Environmental Chemistry line), National University of Distance Education, C/Bravo Murillo 38, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Murcia-Morales
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Hernando
- Department of Desertification and Geoecology, Arid Zones Experimental Station, EEZA-CSIC, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | | | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Flores
- Department of Zoology, University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Gupta S, Sangwan N, Sangwan AK, Mann S, Gupta S, Kumar A, Kumar S. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks to synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates in south-west regions of Haryana, North India. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 196:105634. [PMID: 37945265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical control of tick infestation on dairy farms in India strongly relies upon the use of synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin) and organophosphate (coumaphos) drugs. Therefore, the present manuscript aims to investigate the resistance status of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks against these acaricides. Fully engorged adult R. microplus ticks were randomly collected from 8 dairy farms in North India and evaluated for acaricide resistance by using the Larval Packet Test (LPT). Of these, ticks collected from one and three farms showed the emergence of Level I acaricide resistance against deltamethrin and coumaphos, respectively. Significant positive correlations were found in the enzymatic activity (α-esterase, β-esterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and mono-oxygenase) of R. microplus tick resistant against coumaphos. Native electrophoretogram analysis showed six different types of esterase activity in R. microplus (EST-1b to EST-6b), and EST-5b activity was more predominantly expressed in resistant ticks. Further, inhibitor studies using various esterase inhibitors suggested that EST-5b is a putative acetylcholine-esterase (AchE), and increased expression of one of the AchE might be responsible for the emergence of acaricide resistance. Further, no mutations were detected in the carboxylesterase (G1120A) and domain II S4-5 linker region (C190A) of the sodium channel genes of resistant R. microplus ticks, indicating that increased expression of detoxification enzymes was the probable mechanism for the development of acaricide resistance in the resistant ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India.
| | - Nirmal Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Arun Kumar Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Jalukie, Nagaland, India
| | - Sushila Mann
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
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Mu XQ, Wang D, Meng LY, Wang YQ, Chen J. Glutathione-modified graphene quantum dots as fluorescent probes for detecting organophosphorus pesticide residues in Radix Angelica Sinensis. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 286:122021. [PMID: 36283209 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent sensor was developed in this study based on glutathione-functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQDs@GSH) to detect organophosphorus pesticide residues in Radix Angelica Sinensis. GQDs@GSH was synthesized by a one-step pyrolysis method with a fluorescence quantum yield as high as 33.9% and its structure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. GQDs@GSH exhibited excellent fluorescence property showing strong blue fluorescence under UV irradiation. The fluorescence of GQDs@GSH could be quenched by Fe3+ by electron transfer and the quenched fluorescence could be recovered due to the strong chelating and reducing ability of phytic acid (PA). Under the catalyzation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChOx), acetylcholine (ACh) could be decomposed to H2O2, which could further oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ thus quenching the fluorescence of GQDs@GSH once again. Coumaphos, a kind of organophosphorus pesticide, could inhibit AChE activity, thus making the quenched fluorescence turn on again. Several parameters influencing the fluorescence response such as Fe3+, PA, ACh and coumaphos concentration, pH value and reaction time were optimized. Based on such a fluorescence "off-on-off-on" ngkmechanism, GQDs@GSH was successfully applied to the detection of coumaphos in Radix Angelica Sinensis. A good linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and coumaphos concentration was obtained in the range of 0.1-10.0 μmol·L-1. By a standard addition method, the recoveries were measured to be 101.44-117.90% with RSDs lower than 1.98%. The biosensor system is simple, sensitive and accurate. It has a good application prospect in the detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicine and agricultural products, and also expanded the application scope for glutathione as a highly selective biological molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qiong Mu
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730101, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730101, China
| | - Ling-Yu Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730101, China
| | - Yin-Quan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730101, China; Northwest Collaborative Innovation Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Co-constructed by Gansu Province & MOE of PRC, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730101, China.
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Perez-Cobo I, Fernández-Alba AR, Hernando MD. First national survey of residues of active substances in honeybee apiaries across Spain between 2012 and 2016. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:155614. [PMID: 35504369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This nationwide monitoring aimed to investigate the prevalence of residues of plant protection products (PPPs) and veterinary medicine products (VMPs) based on random selection of apiaries of Apis mellifera. For a three-year period (2012, 2013 and 2016), this study targeted 306 PPPs, VMPs and other active substances in 442 samples of bee bread honeycomb (BBHC) and 89 samples of honeybees collected from up to 177 apiaries. The results indicate that honeybees were most often exposed to residues of coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate, chlorfenvinphos, and acrinathrin, with a prevalence from a maximum of 98.8% to 49.4% in BBHC samples. Residues of coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate, amitraz (DMF + DMPF), carbendazim and orthophenylphenol were also frequently detected, from a maximum of 55.1% to 13.5% of the honeybee samples. Neonicotinoid residues, namely clothianidin and thiamethoxam, whose outdoor uses in crops are completely banned in EU, were not detected. Imidacloprid was found in 3.4% to 13.3% of samples during 2013 and 2016, respectively. Imidacloprid exceeded its acute toxicity (LD50) value for honey bees in two samples of BBHC. Fipronil was detected in 0.5% of the samples during 2013. The diversity of active substances found (% of different residues analyzed) ranged from 33.9% to 37.2% in BBHC from 2012, 2013 to 2016, and was of 26.5% in honeybees in 2016. In at least 54% of the samples, the total residue load was in the range of 200 to 1500 μg·kg-1. Up to 50% of BBHC samples were positive for one or two residues. No toxic residues for honeybees were detected in up to 88.8% of bee samples. This systematic surveillance of active substances assisted the evaluation of which target pesticides to look for and provided support to the competent authorities in the bee health decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iratxe Perez-Cobo
- Central Veterinary-Animal Health Laboratory (LCV), 28110 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M Dolores Hernando
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Marti JNG, Kilchenmann V, Kast C. Evaluation of pesticide residues in commercial Swiss beeswax collected in 2019 using ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:32054-32064. [PMID: 35018599 PMCID: PMC9054900 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine residue levels of pesticides in Swiss commercial beeswax. Foundation samples were collected in 2019 from nine commercial manufacturers for analysis of 21 pesticides using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Individual samples showed the variability and residue ranges and pooled samples represented the average annual residue values of the Swiss production. In total, 17 pesticides were identified and 13 pesticides were quantified. They included 13 acaricides and/or insecticides, two fungicides as well as a synergist and a repellent. The means calculated from individual samples were similar to the average annual residue values for most tested pesticides. Mean values of 401, 236, 106 and 3 μg·kg-1 were obtained for the beekeeping-associated contaminants coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate, bromopropylate and N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-formamide (DMF; breakdown product of amitraz), respectively. For the other pesticides, the mean values were 203 μg·kg-1 (synergist piperonyl butoxide), 120 μg·kg-1 (repellent N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, DEET), 19 μg·kg-1 (chlorfenvinphos) and 4 μg·kg-1 ((E)-fenpyroximate), while the means for acrinathrin, azoxystrobin, bendiocarb, boscalid, chlorpyrifos, flumethrin, permethrin, propoxur and thiacloprid were below the limit of quantification (< LOQ). Individual samples contained from seven to 14 pesticides. The ranges of values for coumaphos and piperonyl butoxide (from 14 to 4270 μg·kg-1; from 6 to 1555 μg·kg-1, respectively) were larger as compared to the ranges of values for DEET and tau-fluvalinate (from < LOQ to 585 μg·kg-1; from 16 to 572 μg·kg-1, respectively). In conclusion, the most prominent contaminants were the pesticides coumaphos and tau-fluvalinate, which are both acaricides with previous authorization for beekeeping in Switzerland, followed by piperonyl butoxide, a synergist to enhance the effect of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N G Marti
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Verena Kilchenmann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christina Kast
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003, Bern, Switzerland.
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Fular A, Sharma AK, Upadhaya D, Nandi A, Nagar G, Bisht N, Shakya M, Kumar S, Kumar S, Kumar R, Ghosh S. Evaluation of acaricidal resistance status of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from the hilly state (Uttarakhand) of India and evaluation of efficacy of a natural formulation for the management of resistant ticks. Exp Appl Acarol 2021; 85:355-377. [PMID: 34766246 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The resistance status against deltamethrin, cypermethrin, coumaphos and ivermectin was assessed of Rhipicephalus microplus from five districts of Uttarakhand, through adult immersion test and larval packet test. The field isolates were highly resistant to deltamethrin (median resistance ratio [RR50] = 9.10-29.13-fold) followed by cypermethrin (2.23-3.55). Surprisingly the isolates were susceptible to coumaphos (0.34-3.17). Emerging resistance against ivermectin (1.55-3.27) was also observed in all the isolates. Elevated levels of esterases (enzyme ratio = 2.93-5.84-fold), glutathione S-transferases (5.10-10.06) and monooxygenases (1.68-4.02) in resistant fields isolates were highly correlated (47.4-86.0%) with the resistant factor (RR50) determined by bioassay. All the isolates except Uttarkashi possess mutation at the 190th position in domain II of the sodium channel gene. As a mitigation strategy an Ageratum conyzoides-based characterized natural formulation was tested against all the isolates and was found effective at the concentration of 10.1-11.5%. The possibility of using the natural formulation for the management of multi-acaricide resistant ticks is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Abhijit Nandi
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Mukesh Shakya
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat, 387310, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India.
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Murcia-Morales M, Díaz-Galiano FJ, Guitérrez-Tirado I, Flores JM, Van der Steen JJM, Fernández-Alba AR. Dissipation and cross-contamination of miticides in apiculture. Evaluation by APIStrip-based sampling. Chemosphere 2021; 280:130783. [PMID: 33964758 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The active substances coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and amitraz are among the most commonly employed synthetic miticides to control varroa infestations in apiculture. These compounds can persist inside the beehive matrices and can be detected long time after their application. The present study describes the application of a new passive sampling methodology to assess the dissipation of these miticides as well as the cross-contamination in neighboring beehives. The APIStrips are a recently developed sampling device based on the sorbent Tenax, which shows a remarkable versatility for the sorption of molecules onto its surface. This avoids the need of actively sampling apicultural matrices such as living bees, wax or reserves (honey and pollen), therefore allowing to obtain representative information of the contamination in the beehive environment in one single matrix. The results show that the amitraz-based treatments have the fastest dissipation rate (half-life of 11-14 days), whereas tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos remain inside the beehive environment for longer time periods, with a half-life up to 39 days. In the present study, tau-fluvalinate originated an intense cross-contamination, as opposed to coumaphos and amitraz. This study also demonstrates the contribution of drifting forager bees in the pesticide cross-contamination phenomena. Moreover, the sampling of adult living bees has been compared to the APIStrip-based sampling, and the experimental results show that the latter is more effective and consistent than traditional active sampling strategies. The active substances included in this study do not migrate to the honey from the treated colonies in significant amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Murcia-Morales
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco José Díaz-Galiano
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel Flores
- Department of Zoology, University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain.
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Bommuraj V, Chen Y, Birenboim M, Barel S, Shimshoni JA. Concentration- and time-dependent toxicity of commonly encountered pesticides and pesticide mixtures to honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Chemosphere 2021; 266:128974. [PMID: 33228988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Honeybees are exposed to a wide range of pesticides for long periods via contaminated water, pollen and nectar. Some of those pesticides might constitute health hazards in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Time-dependent toxicity profiles for many applied pesticides are lacking, despite the fact that such profiles are crucial for toxicological evaluations. Therefore, we sought to determine the time-dependent toxicities of pesticides/pesticide metabolites frequently found in Israeli beehives, namely, amitraz metabolites, N'-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-methylformamidine (DMPF) and N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-formamide (DMF), coumaphos, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, acetamiprid and dimethoate (toxic reference). By applying accepted methodological approaches such as the modified Haber's rule (product of concentration and exposure duration leads to a constant effect) and comparisons between cumulative doses at different time points, we determined the time-dependent toxicities of these pesticides. We also studied the mixture toxicities of frequently occurring pesticide combinations and estimated their potential contributions to the overall toxicities of neonicotinoids. Thiacloprid was the only pesticide that complied with Haber's rule. DMPF, dimethoate and imidacloprid exhibited time-diminished -toxicities. In contrast, DMF and acetamiprid exhibited time-reinforced toxicities. Neither the binary mixtures nor the tertiary mixtures of DMF, DMPF and coumaphos at 10 times their environmentally relevant concentrations potentiated the neonicotinoids' toxicities. DMPF and imidacloprid were found to present the greatest hazard to honeybees, based on their 50% lethal cumulative dose and 50% lethal time. Amitraz's instability, its low detection frequency and high toxicity profile of its metabolite, DMPF, lead us to the conclusion that DMPF constitutes the actual toxic entity responsible for amitraz's toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Bommuraj
- Department of Food Quality & Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Yaira Chen
- Department of Food Quality & Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Matan Birenboim
- Department of Food Quality & Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Shimon Barel
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Department of Toxicology, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Jakob A Shimshoni
- Department of Food Quality & Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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10
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Vu PD, Rault LC, Jenson LJ, Bloomquist JR, Anderson TD. Voltage-gated chloride channel blocker DIDS as an acaricide for Varroa mites. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 167:104603. [PMID: 32527437 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Varroa mite is a primary driver behind periodical losses of honey bee colonies. These mites require honey bees for food and reproduction and, in turn, elicit physiological deficiencies and diseases that compromise colony health. Current acaricides for Varroa mite control, such as Apistan® (the pyrethroid tau-fluvalinate), CheckMite+® (the organophosphate coumaphos), and Apivar® (the formamidine amitraz) target the nervous system, can have adverse health effects on honey bees, and have limited effectiveness due to reported resistance issues. New target sites are needed to circumvent these obstacles in Varroa mite management, and voltage-gated chloride channels (VGCCs) are promising candidates due to their important role in the maintenance of nerve and muscle excitability in arthropod pests. Toxicological analysis of Varroa mites sensitive to tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos and Varroa mites with reduced sensitivity to these acaricides showed a significant increase in metabolic detoxification enzyme activities for the latter. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the Varroa mites exhibiting reduced mortality to coumaphos was significantly less sensitive to coumaphos-oxon compared to coumaphos-sensitive Varroa mites, which suggests target-site insensitivity to the acaricide. Voltage-gated chloride channel blocker DIDS had significantly greater field efficacy compared to Apistan® and CheckMite+® against Varroa mites from honey bee hives where tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos were observed to be ineffective, respectively. These data suggest that DIDS, and potentially other stilbene chemistries, might serve as candidates for continued field efficacy testing of alternative acaricides in apiaries where Apistan®- and CheckMite+® efficacy has been. reduced or lost for Varroa mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philene D Vu
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Leslie C Rault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lacey J Jenson
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Troy D Anderson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Tomé HVV, Schmehl DR, Wedde AE, Godoy RSM, Ravaiano SV, Guedes RNC, Martins GF, Ellis JD. Frequently encountered pesticides can cause multiple disorders in developing worker honey bees. Environ Pollut 2020; 256:113420. [PMID: 31813703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is regarded as a contributing factor to the high gross loss rates of managed colonies of Apis mellifera. Pesticides enter the hive through contaminated nectar and pollen carried by returning forager honey bees or placed in the hive by beekeepers when managing hive pests. We used an in vitro rearing method to characterize the effects of seven pesticides on developing brood subjected dietary exposure at worse-case environmental concentrations detected in wax and pollen. The pesticides tested included acaricides (amitraz, coumaphos, fluvalinate), insecticides (chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid), one fungicide (chlorothalonil), and one herbicide (glyphosate). The larvae were exposed chronically for six days of mimicking exposure during the entire larval feeding period, which is the worst possible scenario of larval exposure. Survival, duration of immature development, the weight of newly emerged adult, morphologies of the antenna and the hypopharyngeal gland, and gene expression were recorded. Survival of bees exposed to amitraz, coumaphos, fluvalinate, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil was the most sensitive endpoint despite observed changes in many developmental and physiological parameters across the seven pesticides. Our findings suggest that pesticide exposure during larvae development may affect the survival and health of immature honey bees, thus contributing to overall colony stress or loss. Additionally, pesticide exposure altered gene expression of detoxification enzymes. However, the tested exposure scenario is unlikely to be representative of real-world conditions but emphasizes the importance of proper hive management to minimize pesticide contamination of the hive environment or simulates a future scenario of increased contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson V V Tomé
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil; Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Daniel R Schmehl
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ashlyn E Wedde
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Raquel S M Godoy
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Samira V Ravaiano
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Raul N C Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - James D Ellis
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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12
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Ravindran R, Jyothimol G, Amithamol KK, Sunil AR, Chandrasekhar L, Lenka DR, Amritha A, Sreelekha K, Sathish N, Udayan D, Krishna TPA, Divya TM, Juliet S, Kumar KGA, Nair SN, Ghosh S. In vitro efficacy of amitraz, coumaphos, deltamethrin and lindane against engorged female Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks. Exp Appl Acarol 2018; 75:241-253. [PMID: 29737450 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study compares the in vitro efficacy of four chemical acaricides, viz. amitraz, coumaphos, deltamethrin and lindane, against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks based on adult immersion tests. Amitraz, at 350 ppm, elicited 29.2 ± 4.17% mortality against R. (B.) annulatus, 100% inhibition of fecundity and absence of hatching of eggs laid by treated ticks. The same compound at 300 ppm caused 62.5 ± 12.5% mortality against H. bispinosa, 96.7% inhibition of fecundity and complete blocking of eclosion. The LC50 value of amitraz against susceptible H. bispinosa was 181 ppm. Deltamethrin at 400 ppm, elicited 25.0 ± 4.81% adult R. (B.) annulatus mortality, 97.5% inhibition of fecundity and absence of egg hatching. Complete blocking of egg hatching was observed even at 30 ppm. However, deltamethrin (at 50 ppm) elicited 75.0 ± 10.76% mortality against H. bispinosa, 65.8% inhibition of fecundity and very low egg hatching (10%). The LC50 for deltamethrin against susceptible H. bispinosa was 33.8 ppm. Coumaphos at 50 ppm, caused mortality of 70.8 ± 4.17% with R. (B.) annulatus whereas 100% mortality was observed against H. bispinosa. The LC50 values of coumaphos against R. (B.) annulatus and H. bispinosa were 9 and 8.75 ppm, respectively. Complete inhibition (100%) of fecundity was observed even at 30 ppm against both parasites. Complete blocking of egg hatching was also observed even at 10 ppm of coumaphos. Lindane at 1000 ppm caused mortality of 87.5 ± 7.98% against R. (B.) annulatus and 83.3% mortality against H. bispinosa at 100 ppm. The LC50 values of lindane against R. (B.) annulatus and H. bispinosa were 157 and 8.61 ppm, respectively. Complete inhibition of fecundity was observed with R. (B.) annulatus treated with lindane above 200 ppm and with H. bispinosa at a concentration above 50 ppm. Complete blocking of egg hatching was observed in R. (B.) annulatus, even at 100 ppm. Lindane caused 100% blocking of egg hatching at 1 ppm in the case of H. bispinosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India.
| | - Gopi Jyothimol
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Krishnan Kavillimakkil Amithamol
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Athalathil Ramankutty Sunil
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Leena Chandrasekhar
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Dibya Ranjan Lenka
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Achuthkumar Amritha
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Padannakkad, Kasargod, Kerala, 671314, India
| | - Kanapadinchareveetil Sreelekha
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Nanjundappa Sathish
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Darsana Udayan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | | | - Thirumangalath Meethal Divya
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Karapparambu Gopalan Ajith Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Suresh Narayanan Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243122, India
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Thullner F, Willadsen P, Kemp D. Acaricide rotation strategy for managing resistance in the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acarina: Ixodidae): laboratory experiment with a field strain from Costa Rica. J Med Entomol 2007; 44:817-21. [PMID: 17915514 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[817:arsfmr]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, resistance to pyrethroids within the cattle tick genus Boophilus has caused tick control problems in various tropical countries, mainly in Latin America, southern Africa, Australia, and New Caledonia. A Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) strain from Costa Rica, exhibiting resistance to the pyrethroid deltamethrin but only a very low resistance to organophosphates (OP) was kept under selection pressure for 9 to 11 generations by using deltamethrin or coumaphos (OP), either exclusively or in rotation. The objective of this acaricide rotation was to examine the possibility of delaying or reducing the full emergence of pyrethroid resistance. In the substrain selected with deltamethrin at the LD50 concentration, resistance to deltamethrin was measured after five generations (resistance factor [RF] = 9.2) and very high resistance after 11 generations (RF = 756), compared with the starting field strain from Costa Rica. In the substrain selected with deltamethrin then coumaphos in rotation, resistance to deltamethrin was variable from one generation to the next (RF = 1-4.2), but no high, stable resistance developed. After 10 generations of rotation, the deltamethrin RF was 1.6. In the substrains selected continuously with coumaphos or coumaphos and deltamethrin in rotation, no consistent change in resistance to coumaphos was observed. Rotation of deltamethrin with coumaphos seems to delay the development of strong resistance to deltamethrin in a population that had initially a low level of deltamethrin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Thullner
- Bezirksamt Marzahn-Hellersdorf von Berlin, Veterinär-, Lebensmittelaufsichts-, Gewerbe- und Ordnungsamt, Premnitzer Str. 11, 12681 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Miller RJ, Rentaria JAE, Martinez HQ, George JE. Characterization of permethrin-resistant Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from the state of Coahuila, Mexico. J Med Entomol 2007; 44:895-7. [PMID: 17915523 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[895:copbma]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Southern cattle ticks, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae), collected in Coahuila, Mexico, were determined to be resistant to permethrin. Discriminating concentration (DC) tests at the LC99 and 2X the LC99 of susceptible ticks produced 0 and 0.5% mortality, respectively, for permethrin. However, measured mortalities for coumaphos and amitraz acaricides were within the expected ranges. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of this strain detected a 99% frequency of homozygous resistant individuals in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Miller
- USDA-ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Moore Air Base, Bldg. 6419, 22675 North Moorefield Road, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA.
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15
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Eguaras M, Palacio MA, Faverin C, Basualdo M, Del Hoyo ML, Velis G, Bedascarrasbure E. Efficacy of formic acid in gel for Varroa control in Apis mellifera L.: importance of the dispenser position inside the hive. Vet Parasitol 2003; 111:241-5. [PMID: 12531298 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of formic acid in a gel matrix was evaluated in two groups of honeybee colonies. In Group 1, a dispenser with 120 g of formic acid (70%) in gel was placed on the brood combs and another dispenser with the same dose was located on the hive bottom (total dose, 240 g). Group 2 received two doses of 240 g of formic acid (70%) in gel and each application was applied in two dispensers containing 120 g of the formic acid solution each and they were located over the brood chamber (total dose, 480 g). In Group 2, the period between both applications was 15 days, and the efficacies after the first and both applications were calculated. Significant differences were registered for final efficacy between both groups. When final efficacy of Group 1 was compared with efficacy after first application of Group 2, significant differences were found (P=0.0005). Same doses in different positions within the hive have different final efficacy. The higher efficacy was registered when the dispensers were placed over brood combs and on the hive bottom. It is suggested that efficacy is related to dispenser position within the hive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eguaras
- CONICET, Dpto. Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina.
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16
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Abstract
The cattle tick Boophilus microplus causes significant economic losses in cattle in the tropical areas of Central and South America. Acaricides are widely used to control tick infestations, with the consequent selection of tolerant and resistant subpopulations. Detoxifying enzymes, and esterases in particular, have been associated with organophosphate resistance in Mexican isolates of B. microplus ticks. Here, we present results of the biochemical detection of esterases and oxidases in 20 isolates of larvae and adult ticks and the effect of esterase and oxidase inhibitors on larvae and adult stages of the tick. Our results indicate the presence of significant differences both in vivo and in vitro between esterase and oxidase activities of OP-susceptible and OP-resistant isolates, even when samples were collected in the same area. The importance of such differences in regionalized integrated pest management and in the US Tick Eradication Program is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Villarino
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University-USDA, CFTRL Mission, 6508 N 33rd Street, Mc Allen, Texas 78504, USA.
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17
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Webster TC, Thacker EM, Vorisek FE. Live Varroa jacobsoni (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) fallen from honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. J Econ Entomol 2000; 93:1596-1601. [PMID: 11142286 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The proportion of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans that were alive and mobile when they fell from honey bees, Apis mellifera L., in hives was measured during a 20-wk period to determine the potential use of systems that prevent these mites from returning to the bees. Traps designed to discriminate between the live, fallen mites and those that are dead or immobile were used on hive bottom boards. A large fraction of the fallen mites was alive when acaricide was not in use and also when fluvalinate or coumaphos treatments were in the hives. The live proportion of mitefall increased during very hot weather. The proportion of mitefall that was alive was higher at the rear and sides of the hive compared with that falling from center frames near the hive entrance. More sclerotized than callow mites were alive when they fell. A screen-covered trap that covers the entire hive bottom board requires a sticky barrier to retain all live mites. This trap or another method that prevents fallen, viable mites from returning to the hive is recommended as a part of an integrated control program. It also may slow the development of acaricide resistance in V. jacobsoni and allow the substitution of less hazardous chemicals for the acaricides currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Webster
- Community Research Service, Kentucky State University, Frankfort 40601, USA
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Miller RJ, Davey RB, George JE. Characterization of pyrethroid resistance and susceptibility to coumaphos in Mexican Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 1999; 36:533-538. [PMID: 10534945 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/36.5.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two patterns of pyrethroid resistance were characterized from Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) collected in Mexico. One was characteristic of a kdr mutation and the other involved esterase and cytochrome P450 enzyme systems. Very high resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin, and flumethrin, not synergized by TPP and PBO and high resistance to DDT, characterized the kdr-like pattern found in the Corrales and San Felipe strains. Esterase and cytochrome P450-dependent resistance was found in the Coatzacoalcos strain. It was characterized by resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin, and flumethrin, synergized by TPP and PBO, but no resistance to DDT. The Coatzacoalcos strain also showed 3.6-fold resistance to the organophosphate coumaphos. This factor appeared to be independent of pyrethroid resistance. Pyrethroid resistance patterns found in Mexico were similar to those found earlier in Australia. The significance of pyrethroid and coumaphos resistance to the U.S. cattle fever tick quarantine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Miller
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX 78028-9184, USA
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19
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Kunz SE, Estrada MO, Sanchez HF. Status of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) insecticide resistance in northeastern Mexico. J Med Entomol 1995; 32:726-729. [PMID: 7473628 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/32.5.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), populations in northeastern Mexico were surveyed for resistance to fenvalerate and coumaphos. Compared with a susceptible strain of horn flies, resistance levels among field populations for the pyrethroid, fenvalerate, ranged from 36 to 199 times at the LD50 level, indicating that horn fly control with pyrethroids would be unsatisfactory. Resistance to the organophosphate compound, coumaphos, was less evident, with flies at only 1 of 5 locations showing levels of tolerance that might interfere with adequate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Kunz
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
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Abstract
To evaluate the applicability of formic acid in the control of varroatosis, a trial on 55 hives was carried out during the second half of August. Into the moving base of the hive were inserted 60% formic-acid-soaked pads. The treatment was administered according to two different schedules: weekly treatment for 4 weeks, and treatment every 3 days for 2.5-3 weeks. With the first schedule, efficacy equal to 94.3% and 89.6% in 22 and 15 hives, respectively, was obtained; in eight hives treated using the second schedule, efficacy of 98.8% was obtained. As controls, 10 hives treated with Apistan were used. No adverse effects on bees were observed in the hives treated with formic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
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21
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Rawlins SC, Whitten CJ, McInnis DO. Survey of resistance to insecticides among screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) populations from various geographical regions. J Econ Entomol 1983; 76:330-336. [PMID: 6863716 DOI: 10.1093/jee/76.2.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Abstract
The susceptibilities (dosage-response regression curves) of northern fowl mites collected from six poultry farms in North Carolina were determined for five acaricides by exposure of the mites for 24 hr to acaricide residues inside glass pipettes. The residue concentrations were expressed as parts per million on a weight-volume basis of the acaricide-acetone solution in which the pipettes were immersed prior to testing. All of the acaricides, except malathion, were highly toxic to the northern fowl mites. The mean LD50 values (ppm) were: permethrin, .53; tetrachlorvinphos, 4.06; carbaryl, 4.11; and coumaphos, 5.04. For malathion, the mean LD50 for mites from three caged layer flocks was 119.35 ppm while concentrations as high as 500 ppm gave only low mortalities (20% or less) of mites from the other flocks and LD50 values could not be calculated. These data show that northern fowl mites are highly resistant to malathion in North Carolina, as has been reported elsewhere, but there is no evidence of resistance to the other acaricides tested. The effect of temperature on the toxicity to northern fowl mites of the newest acaricide, permethrin, was determined. Permethrin was significantly more toxic at 20 C than at 25, 30, or 35 C.
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Abstract
This paper describes the susceptibility of various samples of Boophilus microplus from the southern region of Minas Gerais State in Brazil to the 4 commonest organophosphorus acaricides employed in the area. All samples showed some degree of resistance to each of the compounds used. The resistance factor varied from 1.42 to 132.90, being less in the case of dicrotophos fenthion than with chlorpyrifos and coumaphos.
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Abstract
Three new insecticide smear preparations for the control of Chrysomya bezziana larvae infesting wounds of cattle have been tested under field and laboratory conditions and compared with an established preparation EQ 335 which is based on 3% lindane. Two preparations based on 3% coumaphos proved comparable to EQ 335 in the field trials and exhibited more prolonged residual effectiveness in laboratory tests. A smear preparation based on 2.5% methoxychlor was only effective in controlling 1 and 2 day-old larvae in wounds and was generally inferior to other smears tested in the laboratory.
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26
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[Organic phosphorus compunds]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1973; 98:723-30. [PMID: 4725551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Ivanova GB, Roslavtseva SA, Evtiushina TM, Poliakova VK. [Characteristics of a strain of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) resistant to coumaphos]. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1972; 41:175-80. [PMID: 5042556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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KNAPP FW. LOW CONCENTRATION OF COUMAPHOS AND TRICHLORFON SPRAY TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF THE CATTLE LICE SOLENOPOTES CAPILLATUS AND BOVICOLA BOVIS. J Econ Entomol 1965; 58:585-586. [PMID: 14298474 DOI: 10.1093/jee/58.3.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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29
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KNAPP FW. THE EFFECT OF FREE-CHOICE COUMAPHOS SALT MIXTURES ON CATTLE AND CATTLE PARASITES. J Econ Entomol 1965; 58:197-199. [PMID: 14317624 DOI: 10.1093/jee/58.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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FAULKNER LC, CARROLL EJ, BENJAMIN M. EFFECT OF COUMAPHOS ON BULLS. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1964; 145:456-9. [PMID: 14215377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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TOSHKOV A, KOSTOV V, KAMBUROV G. [Liquoid, naganol and asuntol in hemocultures in leptospirosis]. Izv Mikrobiol Inst (Sofiia) 1960; 11:159-68. [PMID: 13777639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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