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Saadh MJ, Ahmed HH, Singh A, Mustafa MA, Al Zuhairi RAH, Ghildiyal P, Jawad MJ, Alsaikhan F, Khalilollah S, Akhavan-Sigari R. Small molecule and big function: MicroRNA-mediated apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 261:155508. [PMID: 39116571 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune condition and chronic inflammatory disease, mostly affecting synovial joints. The complex pathogenesis of RA is supportive of high morbidity, disability, and mortality rates. Pathological changes a common characteristic in RA synovial tissue is attributed to the inadequacy of apoptotic pathways. In that regard, apoptotic pathways have been the center of attention in RA therapeutic approaches. As the regulators in the complex network of apoptosis, microRNAs (miRNAs) are found to be vital modulators in both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways through altering their regulatory genes. Indeed, miRNA, a member of the family of non-coding RNAs, are found to be an important player in not even apoptosis, but proliferation, gene expression, signaling pathways, and angiogenesis. Aberrant expression of miRNAs is implicated in attenuation and/or intensification of various apoptosis routes, resulting in culmination of human diseases including RA. Considering the need for more studies focused on the underlying mechanisms of RA in order to elevate the unsatisfactory clinical treatments, this study is aimed to delineate the importance of apoptosis in the pathophysiology of this disease. As well, this review is focused on the critical role of miRNAs in inducing or inhibiting apoptosis of RA-synovial fibroblasts and fibroblast-like synoviocytes and how this mechanism can be exerted for therapeutic purposes for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan.
| | | | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560069, India; Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303012, India
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa
- School of Pharmacy-Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh-247341, India; Department of Pharmacy, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand- 831001, India.
| | | | - Pallavi Ghildiyal
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India.
| | | | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; School of Pharmacy, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shayan Khalilollah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw Management University Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Araujo-Abad S, Rizzuti B, Soto-Conde L, Vidal M, Abian O, Velazquez-Campoy A, Neira JL, de Juan Romero C. Citrullinating enzyme PADI4 and transcriptional repressor RING1B bind in cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133163. [PMID: 38878927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Polycomb groups (PcGs) are transcriptional repressors, formed by a complex of several proteins, involved in multicellular development and cancer epigenetics. One of these proteins is the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING1 (or RING1B), associated with the regulation of transcriptional repression and responsible for monoubiquitylation of the histone H2A. On the other hand, PADI4 is one of the human isoforms of a family of enzymes implicated in the conversion of arginine to citrulline, and it is also involved in the development of glioblastoma, among other types of cancers. In this work, we showed the association of PADI4 and RING1B in the nucleus and cytosol in several cancer cell lines by using immunofluorescence and proximity ligation assays. Furthermore, we demonstrated that binding was hampered in the presence of GSK484, an enzymatic PADI4 inhibitor, suggesting that RING1B could bind to the active site of PADI4, as confirmed by protein-protein docking simulations. In vitro and in silico findings showed that binding to PADI4 occurred for the isolated fragments corresponding to both the N-terminal (residues 1-221) and C-terminal (residues 228-336) regions of RING1B. Binding to PADI4 was also hampered by GSK484, as shown by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments for the sole N-terminal region, and by both NMR and ITC for the C-terminal one. The dissociation constants between PADI4 and any of the two isolated RING1B fragments were in the low micromolar range (~2-10 μM), as measured by fluorescence and ITC. The interaction between RING1B and PADI4 might imply citrullination of the former, leading to several biological consequences, as well as being of potential therapeutic relevance for improving cancer treatment with the generation of new antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Araujo-Abad
- Cancer Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, 170124 Quito, Ecuador; IDIBE, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain.
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, SS Rende (CS), Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Vidal
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Abian
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adrian Velazquez-Campoy
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José L Neira
- IDIBE, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain; Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Camino de Juan Romero
- IDIBE, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain; Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, 03203 Elche (Alicante), Spain.
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3
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Oliveira SR, de Arruda JAA, Schneider AH, Bemquerer LM, de Souza RMS, Barbim P, de Mattos-Pereira GH, Calderaro DC, Machado CC, Alves SF, Moreira PR, de Oliveira RDR, Louzada-Júnior P, Abreu LG, Cunha FQ, Silva TA. Neutrophil extracellular traps in rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis: Contribution of PADI4 gene polymorphisms. J Clin Periodontol 2024; 51:452-463. [PMID: 38115803 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM We sought to investigate the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in neutrophils from individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and controls and compare the presence of NETs in gingival tissues according to periodontal status. Also, the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the peptidyl arginine deaminase type 4 (PADI4) gene and the GTG haplotype with RA, periodontitis and NETs was evaluated in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral neutrophils were isolated by density gradient, and NET concentration was determined by the PicoGreen method. Immunofluorescence was studied to identify NETs by co-localization of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-citrullinated histone H3 (H3Cit). Genotyping for SNPs (PADI4_89; PADI4_90; PADI4_92; and PADI4_104) was performed in 87 individuals with RA and 111 controls. RESULTS The release of NETs in vitro was significantly higher in individuals with RA and periodontitis and when stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Gingival tissues from subjects with RA and periodontitis revealed increased numbers of MPO-H3Cit-positive cells. Individuals with the GTG haplotype showed a higher release of NETs in vitro and worse periodontal parameters. CONCLUSIONS The release of NETs by circulating neutrophils is associated with RA and periodontitis and is influenced by the presence of the GTG haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicília Rezende Oliveira
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Alcides Almeida de Arruda
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ayda Henriques Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Marques Bemquerer
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Maria Soalheiro de Souza
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Barbim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique de Mattos-Pereira
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Cerqueira Calderaro
- Department of Locomotor Apparatus, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Caio Cavalcante Machado
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Fukada Alves
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rocha Moreira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Louzada-Júnior
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Guimarães Abreu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarcília Aparecida Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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4
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Bashir M, Mateen W, Khurshid S, Mehmood Malik J, Agha Z, Khan F, Ajmal M, Ali SHB. A common missense variant rs874881 of PADI4 gene and rheumatoid arthritis: Genetic association study and in-silico analysis. Gene 2023; 854:147123. [PMID: 36535460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The peptidylarginine-deiminase 4 (PADI4) is involved in the post-translational catalytic conversion of arginine into citrulline. The autoantibodies including anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) produced in response to hypercitrullinated proteins are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) autoimmunity. Therefore, the role of a missense variant rs874881 (Gly112Ala) of PADI4 in RA susceptibility was analyzed, along with in-silico analysis of structural and functional impacts of this substitution. We did a case-control association study and in-silico analysis. For the case-control study, confirmed RA cases and healthy controls were recruited. Genotyping for rs874881 (n = 750) was performed through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to determine association. The in-silico analysis was carried out through HOPE, VarMap, MutationAssessor, MutPred2, SIFT, PolyPhen, CADD, REVEL and MetaLR. In the case-control study, the rs874881 exhibited a strong association with increased RA susceptibility (G vs C odds ratio = 3.85, 95 % confidence interval = 2.81-5.27). Interaction analysis revealed significant interaction of genotype with smoking and gender (p < 0.05). Significant results (p < 0.05) were also obtained in stratified analysis by presence/absence of comorbidities and radiographic damage. According to in-silico pathogenicity prediction analysis, this Gly112Ala substitution does not exert a major effect on protein structure and function including its enzymatic activity. We report a significant association of PADI4 rs874881 with overall RA susceptibility. To our knowledge, this is the first study to do the interaction and stratified analyses on the PADI4 rs874881 in RA. Similar detailed studies should also be performed in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutshaba Bashir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Mateen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Khurshid
- Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Abbottabad International Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Zehra Agha
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ajmal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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5
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Christensen AO, Li G, Young CH, Snow B, Khan SA, DeVore SB, Edwards S, Bouma GJ, Navratil AM, Cherrington BD, Rothfuss HM. Peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes and citrullinated proteins in female reproductive physiology and associated diseases†. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:1395-1410. [PMID: 36087287 PMCID: PMC10248218 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullination, the post-translational modification of arginine residues, is catalyzed by the four catalytically active peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD or PADI) isozymes and alters charge to affect target protein structure and function. PADs were initially characterized in rodent uteri and, since then, have been described in other female tissues including ovaries, breast, and the lactotrope and gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. In these tissues and cells, estrogen robustly stimulates PAD expression resulting in changes in levels over the course of the female reproductive cycle. The best-characterized targets for PADs are arginine residues in histone tails, which, when citrullinated, alter chromatin structure and gene expression. Methodological advances have allowed for the identification of tissue-specific citrullinomes, which reveal that PADs citrullinate a wide range of enzymes and structural proteins to alter cell function. In contrast to their important physiological roles, PADs and citrullinated proteins are also involved in several female-specific diseases including autoimmune disorders and reproductive cancers. Herein, we review current knowledge regarding PAD expression and function and highlight the role of protein citrullination in both normal female reproductive tissues and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda O Christensen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Guangyuan Li
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Coleman H Young
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Bryce Snow
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Stanley B DeVore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sydney Edwards
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gerrit J Bouma
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Amy M Navratil
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Brian D Cherrington
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Heather M Rothfuss
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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6
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Zhu D, Lu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. PAD4 and Its Inhibitors in Cancer Progression and Prognosis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2414. [PMID: 36365233 PMCID: PMC9699117 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The systemic spread of malignancies and the risk of cancer-associated thrombosis are major clinical challenges in cancer therapy worldwide. As an important post-translational modification enzyme, peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) could mediate the citrullination of protein in different components (including nucleus and cytoplasm, etc.) of a variety of cells (tumor cells, neutrophils, macrophages, etc.), thus participating in gene regulation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and macrophage extracellular trap (MET). Thereby, PAD4 plays an important role in enhancing the growth of primary tumors and facilitating the distant metastasis of cancer cells. In addition, it is related to the formation of cancer-associated thrombosis. Therefore, the development of PAD4-specific inhibitors may be a promising strategy for treating cancer, and it may improve patient prognosis. In this review, we describe PAD4 involvement in gene regulation, protein citrullination, and NET formation. We also discuss its potential role in cancer and cancer-associated thrombosis, and we summarize the development and application of PAD4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
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7
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Matuz-Flores MG, Rosas-Rodríguez JA, Tortoledo-Ortiz O, Muñoz-Barrios S, Martínez-Bonilla GE, Hernández-Bello J, Baños-Hernández CJ, Pacheco-Tena C, Sánchez-Zuno GA, Panduro-Espinoza B, Muñoz-Valle JF. PADI4 Haplotypes Contribute to mRNA Expression, the Enzymatic Activity of Peptidyl Arginine Deaminase and Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk in Patients from Western Mexico. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4268-4281. [PMID: 36135205 PMCID: PMC9498032 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrullination is catalyzed by the peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) enzyme, encoded by the PADI4 gene. Increased PAD4 activity promotes the onset and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to evaluate the association of PADI4 haplotypes with RA risk, mRNA expression, and the PAD4 activity in patients with RA from Mexico. Methodology: 100 RA patients and 100 control subjects (CS) were included. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP method, PADI4 mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR, the contribution of PADI4 alleles (PADI4_89 G>A, PADI4_90 T>C, and PADI4_92 G>C) to mRNA expression by the ASTQ method, and PAD4 activity by HPLC. Also, the anti-CCP and anti-PADI4 antibodies were quantified by ELISA. Results: The three PADI4 polymorphisms were associated with RA susceptibility (OR = 1.72, p = 0.005; OR = 1.62; p = 0.014; OR = 1.69; p = 0.009; respectively). The 89G, 90T, and 92G alleles have a higher relative contribution to PADI4 mRNA expression from RA patients than 89A, 90C, and 92C alleles in RA patients. Moreover, the GTG/GTG haplotype was associated with RA susceptibility (OR = 2.86; p = 0.024). The GTG haplotype was associated with higher PADI4 mRNA expression (p = 0.04) and higher PAD4 enzymatic activity (p = 0.007) in RA patients. Conclusions: The evaluated polymorphisms contribute to PADI4 mRNA expression and the enzymatic activity of PAD4 in leukocytes. Therefore, the GTG haplotype is a genetic risk factor for RA in western Mexico, and is associated with increased PADI4 mRNA expression and higher PAD4 activity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alfredo Rosas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur, Navojoa 85880, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Orlando Tortoledo-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Coordinación de Nutrición, Lab. de Cromatografía, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Salvador Muñoz-Barrios
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39086, Guerrero, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Christian Johana Baños-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Cesar Pacheco-Tena
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31109, Chih., Mexico
| | - Gabriela Athziri Sánchez-Zuno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Panduro-Espinoza
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Correspondence: or
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8
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Human Enzyme PADI4 Binds to the Nuclear Carrier Importin α3. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142166. [PMID: 35883608 PMCID: PMC9319256 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PADI4 is a peptidyl-arginine deiminase (PADI) involved in the conversion of arginine to citrulline. PADI4 is present in macrophages, monocytes, granulocytes, and several cancer cells. It is the only PADI family member observed within both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. PADI4 has a predicted nuclear localization sequence (NLS) comprising residues Pro56 to Ser83, to allow for nuclear translocation. Recent predictors also suggest that the region Arg495 to Ile526 is a possible NLS. To understand how PADI4 is involved in cancer, we studied the ability of intact PADI4 to bind importin α3 (Impα3), a nuclear transport factor that plays tumor-promoting roles in several cancers, and its truncated species (ΔImpα3) without the importin-binding domain (IBB), by using fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Furthermore, the binding of two peptides, encompassing the first and the second NLS regions, was also studied using the same methods and molecular docking simulations. PADI4 interacted with both importin species, with affinity constants of ~1–5 µM. The isolated peptides also interacted with both importins. The molecular simulations predict that the anchoring of both peptides takes place in the major binding site of Impα3 for the NLS of cargo proteins. These findings suggest that both NLS regions were essentially responsible for the binding of PADI4 to the two importin species. Our data are discussed within the framework of a cell mechanism of nuclear transport that is crucial in cancer.
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9
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Yang YF, Wang CM, Hsiao IH, Liu YL, Lin WH, Lin CL, Hung HC, Liu GY. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 promotes T helper 17-like T cell activation and activated T cell-autonomous death (ACAD) through an endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy coupling mechanism. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:19. [PMID: 35236296 PMCID: PMC8903576 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptididylarginine deiminase type 2 (PADI2) catalyzes the conversion of arginine residues to citrulline residues on proteins. We demonstrate that PADI2 induces T cell activation and investigate how PADI2 promotes activated T cell autonomous death (ACAD). In activated Jurkat T cells, overexpression of PADI2 significantly increases citrullinated proteins and induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling, ultimately resulting in the expression of autophagy-related proteins and autophagy. PADI2 promoted autophagy and resulted in the early degradation of p62 and the light chain 3B (LC3B)-II accumulation. In Jurkat T cells, silencing the autophagy-related gene (Atg) 12 protein inhibits PADI2-mediated autophagy and promotes ER stress and apoptosis, whereas overexpression of Atg12 decreased ER stress and prolonged autophagy to promote cell survival. Additionally, PADI2 regulates T cell activation and the production of Th17 cytokines in Jurkat T cells (interleukins 6, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22). In Jurkat T cells, silencing IL-6 promotes autophagy mediated by PADI2 and inhibits PADI2-induced apoptosis, whereas silencing Beclin-1 increases the activation and survival of Th17-like T cells while decreasing autophagy and apoptosis. PADI2 silencing alleviates ER stress caused by PADI2 and decreases cytokine expression associated with Th17-like T cell activation and ACAD. We propose that PADI2 was involved in Th17 lymphocyte ACAD via a mechanism involving ER stress and autophagy that was tightly regulated by PADI2-mediated citrullination. These findings suggest that inhibiting Th17 T cell activation and the development of severe autoimmune diseases may be possible through the use of novel antagonists that specifically target PADI2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Ming Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital (CYCH), Chia-Yi, 60002, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsin Hsiao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Liang Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hao Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, 40227, Taiwan. .,Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, 40227, Taiwan. .,iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, NCHU, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan. .,Department of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.
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10
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Zhao J, Jiang P, Guo S, Schrodi SJ, He D. Apoptosis, Autophagy, NETosis, Necroptosis, and Pyroptosis Mediated Programmed Cell Death as Targets for Innovative Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:809806. [PMID: 35003139 PMCID: PMC8739882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.809806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease that can lead to clinical manifestations of systemic diseases. Its leading features include chronic synovial inflammation and degeneration of the bones and joints. In the past decades, multiple susceptibilities for rheumatoid arthritis have been identified along with the development of a remarkable variety of drugs for its treatment; which include analgesics, glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic response modifiers (bDMARDs). Despite the existence of many clinical treatment options, the prognosis of some patients remains poor due to complex mechanism of the disease. Programmed cell death (PCD) has been extensively studied and ascertained to be one of the essential pathological mechanisms of RA. Its dysregulation in various associated cell types contributes to the development of RA. In this review, we summarize the role of apoptosis, cell death-associated neutrophil extracellular trap formation, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy in the pathophysiology of RA to provide a theoretical reference and insightful direction to the discovery and development of novel therapeutic targets for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhao
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Steven J Schrodi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dongyi He
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
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11
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Neira JL, Araujo-Abad S, Cámara-Artigas A, Rizzuti B, Abian O, Giudici AM, Velazquez-Campoy A, de Juan Romero C. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of PADI4 supports its involvement in cancer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 717:109125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Wei JCC, Leong PY, Liu GY. Chaperone/scaffolding/adaptor protein 14-3-3η (eta): A diagnostic marker of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2020; 23:1439-1442. [PMID: 33225576 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pui-Ying Leong
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Probing the Roles of Calcium-Binding Sites during the Folding of Human Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2429. [PMID: 28546558 PMCID: PMC5445078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) demonstrate that its non-catalytic Ca2+-binding sites play a crucial role in the assembly of the correct geometry of the enzyme. Here, we examined the folding mechanism of PAD4 and the role of Ca2+ ions in the folding pathway. Multiple mutations were introduced into the calcium-binding sites, and these mutants were termed the Ca1_site, Ca2_site, Ca3_site, Ca4_site and Ca5_site mutants. Our data indicate that during the unfolding process, the PAD4 dimer first dissociates into monomers, and the monomers then undergo a three-state denaturation process via an intermediate state formation. In addition, Ca2+ ions assist in stabilizing the folding intermediate, particularly through binding to the Ca3_site and Ca4_site to ensure the correct and active conformation of PAD4. The binding of calcium ions to the Ca1_site and Ca2_site is directly involved in the catalytic action of the enzyme. Finally, this study proposes a model for the folding of PAD4. The nascent polypeptide chains of PAD4 are first folded into monomeric intermediate states, then continue to fold into monomers, and ultimately assemble into a functional and dimeric PAD4 enzyme, and cellular Ca2+ ions may be the critical factor governing the interchange.
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14
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Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Reyes-Castillo Z, Muñoz-Barrios S, Ruiz-Noa Y, Martínez-Bonilla GE, Parra-Rojas I, Palafox-Sánchez CA, Muñoz-Valle JF. Polymorphisms and functional haplotype in PADI4: further evidence for contribution on rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in a western Mexican population. Immunol Lett 2015; 163:214-20. [PMID: 25562673 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase IV (PADI4) enzyme catalyzes the citrullination of proteins, which are recognized by anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Here, we determined the association between PADI4 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with RA susceptibility and clinical characteristics in a western Mexican population. The relationship of PADI4 polymorphisms with anti-CCP and PADI4 mRNA expression was also evaluated. PADI4_89, PADI4_90 and PADI4_92 polymorphisms were individually associated with RA susceptibility. The GTG haplotype was significantly associated with: RA susceptibility; disease onset at ≤ 40 years and anti-CCP antibodies. PADI4 expression was three fold higher in RA patients carrying the susceptibility haplotype (GTG) than in non-susceptibility haplotype carriers (ACC). In conclusion, polymorphisms and functional haplotype (GTG) in PADI4 are associated with RA susceptibility as well as anti-CCP antibodies in a Mexican population. This supports the role of PADI4 early in RA pathogenesis by promoting the generation of citrullinated autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Zyanya Reyes-Castillo
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Salvador Muñoz-Barrios
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Yeniley Ruiz-Noa
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Claudia Azucena Palafox-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital General de Occidente, Secretaría de Salud Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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15
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Rebl A, Rebl H, Korytář T, Goldammer T, Seyfert HM. The proximal promoter of a novel interleukin-8-encoding gene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is strongly induced by CEBPA, but not NF-κB p65. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:155-164. [PMID: 24721762 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL8) is an immediate-early chemokine that has been well characterized in several fish species. Ten IL8 gene variants have already been described in rainbow trout, but none of their promoters has structurally been defined or functionally characterized in teleost fish. To uncover key factors regulating IL8 expression, we intended to functionally characterize an IL8 promoter from rainbow trout. Incidentally, we isolated a novel IL8 gene variant (IL8-G). It is structurally highly similar to the other trout IL8 gene variants and its mRNA concentration increased significantly in secondary lymphoid tissues after infecting healthy fish with Aeromonas salmonicida. The proximal promoter sequence of the IL8-G-encoding gene features in close proximity two consensus elements for CEBP attachment. The proximal site overlaps with a NF-κB-binding site. Cotransfection of an IL8-G promoter-driven reporter gene together with vectors expressing various mammalian CEBP or NF-κB factors revealed in human HEK-293 cells that CEBPA and NF-κB p50, but not NF-κB p65 activate this promoter. The stimulatory effect of NF-κB p50 is likely conveyed by synergizing with CEBPA. Deletion or mutation of either the distal or the proximal CEBP-binding site, respectively, caused a significant decrease in IL8-G promoter activation. We confirmed the significance of the CEBPA factor for IL8-G expression by comparing the stimulatory capacity of the trout CEBPA and -B factors, thereby reducing the evolutionary distance in the inter-species expression assays. Similar promoter induction potential and intracellular localization of the mammalian and teleostean CEBPA and -B factors suggests their functional conservation throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henrike Rebl
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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16
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Three isozymes of peptidylarginine deiminase in the chicken: molecular cloning, characterization, and tissue distribution. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 167:65-73. [PMID: 24161753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD; EC 3.5.3.15) is a post-translational modification enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protein-bound arginine to citrulline (deimination) in a calcium ion dependent manner. Although PADI genes are widely conserved among vertebrates, their function in the chicken is poorly understood. Here, we cloned and sequenced three chicken PADI cDNAs and analyzed the expression of their proteins in various tissues. Immunoblotting analysis showed that chicken PAD1 and PAD3 were present in cells of several central neuron system tissues including the retina; the chicken PAD2 protein was not detected in any tissue. We expressed recombinant chicken PADs in insect cells and characterized their enzymatic properties. The chicken PAD1 and PAD3 recombinant proteins required calcium ions as an essential cofactor for their catalytic activity. The two recombinant proteins showed similar substrate specificities toward synthetic arginine derivatives. By contrast to them, chicken PAD2 did not show any activity. We found that one of the conserved active centers in mammalian PADs had been altered in chicken PAD2; we prepared a reverse mutant but we did not detect an activity. We conclude that chicken PAD1 and PAD3 might play specific roles in the nervous system, but that chicken PAD2 might not be functional under normal physiological conditions.
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17
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Kim EH, Kim IH, Lee MJ, Thach Nguyen C, Ha JA, Lee SC, Choi S, Choi KT, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Anti-oxidative stress effect of red ginseng in the brain is mediated by peptidyl arginine deiminase type IV (PADI4) repression via estrogen receptor (ER) β up-regulation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:474-485. [PMID: 23665163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Ginseng has been used as an anti-stress agent, and its active ingredient, ginsenoside, is similar in structure to estrogen. However, the effect of ginseng on the stressed brain is not completely understood. The aim of this study is to understand systematically how red ginseng (RG) affects gene expressions in the brain of immobilization (IMO) stressed mice to elucidate its underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS For in vivo experiments, mice were stressed by immobilization for 30, 45, or 60 min, and gene expression in the mice brain was analyzed by microarray and system biology. Apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and gene expression by Western blot or qPCR. For in vitro study, the SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells were stressed by H2O2 exposure. The resultant cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay, and gene expression by Western blot, ELISA, or qPCR. RESULTS Microarray analysis of genes in IMO stressed mice brains showed that RG administration prior to IMO stress downregulated >40 genes including peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4). Interestingly, PADI4 was up-regulated by various stresses such as H2O2, acrylamide, and tunicamycin in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells but inhibited by RG. IMO stress and in vitro H2O2 stress depressed the estrogen receptor (ER)-β expression but not ERα. However, RG treatment increased ERβ expression both in vivo and in vitro. Comparative analysis regarding the networks by systems biology revealed that TNF-α plays a critical role in IMO stress, and the cell death associated network was much higher than other categories. Consistently, the IMO stress induced TNF-α and Cox-2 expressions, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cell death in the brain, whereas RG administration inhibited these inductions in vivo. siRNA and transient expression studies revealed that ERβ inhibited the PADI4 expression. CONCLUSION PADI4 could be used as an oxidative stress marker. RG seems to inhibit oxidative stress-inducible PADI4 by up-regulating ERβ expression in the brain thus protecting brain cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Su-Won 440-746, South Korea
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18
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Sharma P, Azebi S, England P, Christensen T, Møller-Larsen A, Petersen T, Batsché E, Muchardt C. Citrullination of histone H3 interferes with HP1-mediated transcriptional repression. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002934. [PMID: 23028349 PMCID: PMC3441713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease associated with abnormal expression of a subset of cytokines, resulting in inappropriate T-lymphocyte activation and uncontrolled immune response. A key issue in the field is the need to understand why these cytokines are transcriptionally activated in the patients. Here, we have examined several transcription units subject to pathological reactivation in MS, including the TNFα and IL8 cytokine genes and also several Human Endogenous RetroViruses (HERVs). We find that both the immune genes and the HERVs require the heterochromatin protein HP1α for their transcriptional repression. We further show that the Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 (PADI4), an enzyme with a suspected role in MS, weakens the binding of HP1α to tri-methylated histone H3 lysine 9 by citrullinating histone H3 arginine 8. The resulting de-repression of both cytokines and HERVs can be reversed with the PADI-inhibitor Cl-amidine. Finally, we show that in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MS patients, the promoters of TNFα, and several HERVs share a deficit in HP1α recruitment and an augmented accumulation of histone H3 with a double citrulline 8 tri-methyl lysine 9 modifications. Thus, our study provides compelling evidence that HP1α and PADI4 are regulators of both immune genes and HERVs, and that multiple events of transcriptional reactivation in MS patients can be explained by the deficiency of a single mechanism of gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Biologie du Développement, CNRS URA2578, Unité de Régulation Epigénétique, Paris, France
| | - Saliha Azebi
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Biologie du Développement, CNRS URA2578, Unité de Régulation Epigénétique, Paris, France
| | - Patrick England
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, CNRS UMR3528, Plate-Forme de Biophysique des Macromolécules et de Leurs Interactions, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Thor Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eric Batsché
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Biologie du Développement, CNRS URA2578, Unité de Régulation Epigénétique, Paris, France
| | - Christian Muchardt
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Biologie du Développement, CNRS URA2578, Unité de Régulation Epigénétique, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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19
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Liu YL, Chiang YH, Liu GY, Hung HC. Functional role of dimerization of human peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4). PLoS One 2011; 6:e21314. [PMID: 21731701 PMCID: PMC3120853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is a homodimeric enzyme that catalyzes Ca2+-dependent protein citrullination, which results in the conversion of arginine to citrulline. This paper demonstrates the functional role of dimerization in the regulation of PAD4 activity. To address this question, we created a series of dimer interface mutants of PAD4. The residues Arg8, Tyr237, Asp273, Glu281, Tyr435, Arg544 and Asp547, which are located at the dimer interface, were mutated to disturb the dimer organization of PAD4. Sedimentation velocity experiments were performed to investigate the changes in the quaternary structures and the dissociation constants (Kd) between wild-type and mutant PAD4 monomers and dimers. The kinetic data indicated that disrupting the dimer interface of the enzyme decreases its enzymatic activity and calcium-binding cooperativity. The Kd values of some PAD4 mutants were much higher than that of the wild-type (WT) protein (0.45 µM) and were concomitant with lower kcat values than that of WT (13.4 s−1). The Kd values of the monomeric PAD4 mutants ranged from 16.8 to 45.6 µM, and the kcat values of the monomeric mutants ranged from 3.3 to 7.3 s−1. The kcat values of these interface mutants decreased as the Kd values increased, which suggests that the dissociation of dimers to monomers considerably influences the activity of the enzyme. Although dissociation of the enzyme reduces the activity of the enzyme, monomeric PAD4 is still active but does not display cooperative calcium binding. The ionic interaction between Arg8 and Asp547 and the Tyr435-mediated hydrophobic interaction are determinants of PAD4 dimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Liang Liu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (H-CH); (G-YL)
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (H-CH); (G-YL)
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20
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Rebl A, Köllner B, Anders E, Wimmers K, Goldammer T. Peptidylarginine deiminase gene is differentially expressed in freshwater and brackish water rainbow trout. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2333-9. [PMID: 19693695 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI)-like cDNA sequence was isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It consists of a 111-bp 5'-untranslated region, a 731-bp 3'-UTR, and a 2,010-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 669 amino acids. In the presence of calcium ions, PADI enzymes catalyze the post-translational modification reaction generating citrulline residues. Mammalian PADI enzymes are involved in a number of regulatory processes during cell differentiation and development such as skin keratinization, myelin maturation, and histone deimination. Though five PADI isotypes have been isolated from mammals, in bony fish only one PADI enzyme is present, which contains conserved amino acid residues responsible for catalysis and calcium ion-binding. Sequence identity of piscine PADI protein sequences available at gene databases exceeds 67%. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that not only piscine, but also amphibian and avian PADI-like proteins share most identical amino acid residues with mammalian PADI2. mRNA level of trout PADI-like gene is high in skin, fin, gills, brain, and spleen of rainbow trout. Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR revealed that PADI gene is differentially expressed in liver, trunk kidney, and spleen of two trout strains, the freshwater-cultured STEELHEAD trout and the brackish water strain BORN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rebl
- Forschungsinstitut für die Biologie landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Coenen MJH, Gregersen PK. Rheumatoid arthritis: a view of the current genetic landscape. Genes Immun 2008; 10:101-11. [PMID: 18987647 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The field of genetics and autoimmune diseases is undergoing a rapid and unprecedented expansion with new genetic findings being reported at an astounding pace. It is now clear that multiple genes contribute to each of the major autoimmune disorders, with significant genetic overlaps among them. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is no exception to this, and emerging data are beginning to reveal the outlines of new diagnostic subgroups, complex overlapping relationships with other autoimmune disorders and potential new targets for therapy. This review describes the evolving genetic landscape of RA, with the full knowledge that our current view is far from complete. However, with the first round of genome-wide association scans now completed, it is reasonable to begin to take stock of the direction in which the major common genetic risk factors are leading us.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J H Coenen
- Department of Human Genetics of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Fan LY, Wang WJ, Wang Q, Zong M, Yang L, Zhang H, Sun LS, Lu TB, Han J. A functional haplotype and expression of thePADI4gene associated with increased rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in Chinese. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 72:469-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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