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Su AL, Lash LH, Loch-Caruso R. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine and aminooxyacetic acid differentially modulate toxicity of the trichloroethylene metabolite S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in human placental villous trophoblast BeWo cells. Toxicology 2023; 495:153611. [PMID: 37544576 PMCID: PMC10874504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a known human carcinogen with toxicity attributed to its metabolism. S-(1,2-Dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) is a metabolite of TCE formed downstream in TCE glutathione (GSH) conjugation and is upstream of several toxic metabolites. Despite knowledge that DCVC stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis in placental cells, the extent to which these outcomes are attributable to DCVC metabolism is unknown. The current study used N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) at 5 mM and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) at 1 mM as pharmacological modifiers of DCVC metabolism to investigate DCVC toxicity at concentrations of 5-50 µM in the human placental trophoblast BeWo cell model capable of forskolin-stimulated syncytialization. Exposures of unsyncytialized BeWo cells, BeWo cells undergoing syncytialization, and syncytialized BeWo cells were studied. NAC pre/co-treatment with DCVC either failed to inhibit or exacerbated DCVC-induced H2O2 abundance, PRDX2 mRNA expression, and BCL2 mRNA expression. Although NAC increased mRNA expression of CYP3A4, which would be consistent with increased generation of the toxic metabolite N-acetyl-DCVC sulfoxide (NAcDCVCS), a CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole did not significantly alter BeWo cell responses. Moreover, AOAA failed to inhibit cysteine conjugate β-lyase (CCBL), which bioactivates DCVC, and did not affect the percentage of nuclei condensed or fragmented, a measure of apoptosis, in all BeWo cell models. However, syncytialized cells had higher CCBL activity compared to unsyncytialized cells, suggesting that the former may be more sensitive to DCVC toxicity. Together, although neither NAC nor AOAA mitigated DCVC toxicity, differences in CCBL activity and potentially CYP3A4 expression dictated the differential toxicity derived from DCVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Su
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Rita Loch-Caruso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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Mohammed AI, Sangha S, Nguyen H, Shin DH, Pan M, Park H, McCullough MJ, Celentano A, Cirillo N. Assessment of Oxidative Stress-Induced Oral Epithelial Toxicity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1239. [PMID: 37627304 PMCID: PMC10452318 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules generated in living organisms and an excessive production of ROS culminates in oxidative stress and cellular damage. Notably, oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of a number of oral mucosal diseases, including oral mucositis, which remains one of cancer treatments' most common side effects. We have shown previously that oral keratinocytes are remarkably sensitive to oxidative stress, and this may hinder the development and reproducibility of epithelial cell-based models of oral disease. Here, we examined the oxidative stress signatures that parallel oral toxicity by reproducing the initial events taking place during cancer treatment-induced oral mucositis. We used three oral epithelial cell lines (an immortalized normal human oral keratinocyte cell line, OKF6, and malignant oral keratinocytes, H357 and H400), as well as a mouse model of mucositis. The cells were subjected to increasing oxidative stress by incubation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at concentrations of 100 μM up to 1200 μM, for up to 24 h, and ROS production and real-time kinetics of oxidative stress were investigated using fluorescent dye-based probes. Cell viability was assessed using a trypan blue exclusion assay, a fluorescence-based live-dead assay, and a fluorometric cytotoxicity assay (FCA), while morphological changes were analyzed by means of a phase-contrast inverted microscope. Static and dynamic real-time detection of the redox changes in keratinocytes showed a time-dependent increase of ROS production during oxidative stress-induced epithelial injury. The survival rates of oral epithelial cells were significantly affected after exposure to oxidative stress in a dose- and cell line-dependent manner. Values of TC50 of 800 μM, 800 μM, and 400 μM were reported for H400 cells (54.21 ± 9.04, p < 0.01), H357 cells (53.48 ± 4.01, p < 0.01), and OKF6 cells (48.64 ± 3.09, p < 0.01), respectively. Oxidative stress markers (MPO and MDA) were also significantly increased in oral tissues in our dual mouse model of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. In summary, we characterized and validated an oxidative stress model in human oral keratinocytes and identified optimal experimental conditions for the study of oxidative stress-induced oral epithelial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali I. Mohammed
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.I.M.); (H.N.); (M.J.M.); (A.C.)
- College of Dentistry, The University of Tikrit, Tikrit 34001, Iraq
| | - Simran Sangha
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.I.M.); (H.N.); (M.J.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Huynh Nguyen
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.I.M.); (H.N.); (M.J.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Dong Ha Shin
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.I.M.); (H.N.); (M.J.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Michelle Pan
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.I.M.); (H.N.); (M.J.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Hayoung Park
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.I.M.); (H.N.); (M.J.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Michael J. McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.I.M.); (H.N.); (M.J.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Celentano
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.I.M.); (H.N.); (M.J.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.I.M.); (H.N.); (M.J.M.); (A.C.)
- College of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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Zhang C, Cao J, Xu M, Wu D, Li W, Chang Y. The role of neutrophils in chorioamnionitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1198831. [PMID: 37475854 PMCID: PMC10354368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis, commonly referred to as intrauterine infection or inflammation, is pathologically defined by neutrophil infiltration and inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface. Chorioamnionitis is the common complication during late pregnancy, which lead to a series of serious consequences, such as preterm labor, preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes, and fetal inflammatory response syndrome. During infection, a large number of neutrophils migrate to the chorio-decidua in response to chemokines. Although neutrophils, a crucial part of innate immune cells, have strong anti-inflammatory properties, over-activating them can harm the body while also eliminating pathogens. This review concentrated on the latest studies on chorioamnionitis-related consequences as well as the function and malfunction of neutrophils. The release of neutrophil extracellular traps, production of reactive oxygen species, and degranulation from neutrophils during intrauterine infection, as well as their pathological roles in complications related to chorioamnionitis, were discussed in detail, offering fresh perspectives on the treatment of chorioamnionitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ying Chang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin central hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Tianjin, China
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Geisler HC, Safford HC, Mitchell MJ. Rational Design of Nanomedicine for Placental Disorders: Birthing a New Era in Women's Reproductive Health. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300852. [PMID: 37191231 PMCID: PMC10651803 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is a transient organ that forms during pregnancy and acts as a biological barrier, mediating exchange between maternal and fetal circulation. Placental disorders, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, placenta accreta spectrum, and gestational trophoblastic disease, originate in dysfunctional placental development during pregnancy and can lead to severe complications for both the mother and fetus. Unfortunately, treatment options for these disorders are severely lacking. Challenges in designing therapeutics for use during pregnancy involve selectively delivering payloads to the placenta while protecting the fetus from potential toxic side effects. Nanomedicine holds great promise in overcoming these barriers; the versatile and modular nature of nanocarriers, including prolonged circulation times, intracellular delivery, and organ-specific targeting, can control how therapeutics interact with the placenta. In this review, nanomedicine strategies are discussed to treat and diagnose placental disorders with an emphasis on understanding the unique pathophysiology behind each of these diseases. Finally, prior study of the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying these placental disorders has revealed novel disease targets. These targets are highlighted here to motivate the rational design of precision nanocarriers to improve therapeutic options for placental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Geisler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Hannah C. Safford
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Michael J. Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19014, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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Milyutina YP, Arutjunyan AV, Korenevsky AV, Selkov SA, Kogan IY. Neurotrophins: are they involved in immune tolerance in pregnancy? Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 89:e13694. [PMID: 36792972 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, an attempt was made to substantiate the possibility for neurotrophins to be involved in the development of immune tolerance based on data accumulated on neurotrophin content and receptor expression in the trophoblast and immune cells, in particular, in natural killer cells. Numerous research results are reviewed to show that the expression and localization of neurotrophins along with their high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptors and low-affinity p75NTR receptor in the mother-placenta-fetus system indicate the important role of neurotrophins as binding molecules in regulating the crosstalk between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems in pregnancy. An imbalance between these systems can occur with tumor growth and pathological processes observed in pregnancy complications and fetal development anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia P Milyutina
- D.O. Ott Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander V Arutjunyan
- D.O. Ott Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey V Korenevsky
- D.O. Ott Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey A Selkov
- D.O. Ott Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor Yu Kogan
- D.O. Ott Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Clemente L, Bird IM. The epidermal growth factor receptor in healthy pregnancy and preeclampsia. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:e220105. [PMID: 36197759 PMCID: PMC9742168 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed robustly in the placenta, and critical processes of pregnancy such as placental growth and trophoblast fusion are dependent on EGFR function. However, the role that aberrant EGFR signaling might play in the etiology and/or maintenance of preeclampsia (PE) remains largely unexplored. Recently, we have shown that overexpression of EGFR in cultured uterine artery endothelial cells (UAEC), which express little endogenous EGFR, remaps responsiveness away from vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling and toward EGFR, suggesting that endothelial EGFR expression may be kept low to preserve VEGFR control of angiogenesis. Here we will consider the evidence for the possibility that the endothelial dysfunction observed in PE might in some cases result from elevation of endothelial EGFR. During pregnancy, trophoblasts are known to synthesize large amounts of EGFR protein, and the placenta regularly releases syncytiotrophoblast-derived exosomes and microparticles into the maternal circulation. Although there are no reports of elevated EGFR gene expression in preeclamptic endothelial cells, the ongoing shedding of placental vesicles into the vascular system raises the possibility that EGFR-rich vesicles might fuse with endothelium, thereby contributing to the symptoms of PE by interrupting angiogenesis and blocking pregnancy-adapted vasodilatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Clemente
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Ian M. Bird
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
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Ozer Cora A, Guven S, Sal H, Tosun I, Guvendag Guven ES. Serum MUC3 Protein as a Novel Marker of Gestational Hypertensive Disorders. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2022; 72:497-502. [PMID: 36506895 PMCID: PMC9732153 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-022-01677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the serum levels of mucoprotein 3 in hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. Methods In total, 60 consecutive women with gestational hypertensive diseases (gestational hypertension (n = 20), severe preeclampsia (n = 20), HELLP syndrome (n = 20)) and 20 pregnant women without any gestational hypertensive diseases were included for this prospective controlled study. Serum MUC3 protein levels were measured with commercially available ELISA kits. Results Serum MUC3 protein level was the lowest in normal pregnant women (0.1047 ± 0.0295 ng/ml); while the severity of the disease increases, it significantly increased in severe preeclampsia (0.2700 ± 0.0199 ng/mL) and HELLP syndrome group (0.3494 ± 0.0455 ng/mL), but less in the gestational hypertension (0.2172 ± 0.0354 ng/mL) group. Mean serum MUC3 protein level differences were found the least in gestational hypertension (0.1125 ± 0.0107, p < 0.001), the most in HELLP syndrome (-0.2546 ± 0.0107, p < 0.001) compared with the pregnant control group. Conclusion The increase in serum MUC3 protein concentration in these women supported the argument that serum MUC3 protein may be used as a marker indicating the severity of the gestational hypertensive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Ozer Cora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Guven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hidayet Sal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Tosun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Emine Seda Guvendag Guven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Davenport BN, Wilson RL, Jones HN. Interventions for placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction. Placenta 2022; 125:4-9. [PMID: 35414477 PMCID: PMC10947607 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy complications adversely impact both mother and/or fetus throughout the lifespan. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) occurs when a fetus fails to reach their intrauterine potential for growth, it is the second highest leading cause of infant mortality, and leads to increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases in later life due 'fetal programming'. Abnormal placental development, growth and/or function underlies approximately 75% of FGR cases and there is currently no treatment save delivery, often prematurely. We previously demonstrated in a murine model of FGR that nanoparticle mediated, intra-placental human IGF-1 gene therapy maintains normal fetal growth. Multiple models of FGR currently exist reflecting the etiologies of human FGR and have been used by us and others to investigate the development of in utero therapeutics as discussed here. In addition to the in vivo models discussed herein, utilizing human models including in vitro (Choriocarcinoma cell lines and primary trophoblasts) and ex vivo (term villous fragments and placenta cotyledon perfusion) we have demonstrated robust nanoparticle uptake, transgene expression, nutrient transporter regulation without transfer to the fetus. For translational gene therapy application in the human placenta, there are multiple avenues that require investigation including syncytial uptake from the maternal circulation, transgene expression, functionality and longevity of treatment, impact of treatment on the mother and developing fetus. The potential impact of treating the placenta during gestation is high, wide-ranging across pregnancy complications, and may offer reduced risk of developing associated cardio-metabolic diseases in later life impacting at both an individual and societal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baylea N Davenport
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States
| | - Rebecca L Wilson
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States
| | - Helen N Jones
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States.
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Zou Z, Harris LK, Forbes K, Heazell AEP. Sex-specific effects of Bisphenol a on the signalling pathway of ESRRG in the human placenta. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:1278-1291. [PMID: 35220427 PMCID: PMC9198953 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure during pregnancy is associated with low fetal weight, particularly in male fetuses. The expression of estrogen-related receptor gamma (ESRRG), a receptor for BPA in the human placenta, is reduced in fetal growth restriction. This study sought to explore whether ESRRG signaling mediates BPA-induced placental dysfunction and determine whether changes in the ESRRG signaling pathway are sex-specific. Placental villous explants from 18 normal term pregnancies were cultured with a range of BPA concentrations (1 nM–1 μM). Baseline BPA concentrations in the placental tissue used for explant culture ranged from 0.04 to 5.1 nM (average 2.3 ±1.9 nM; n = 6). Expression of ESRRG signaling pathway constituents and cell turnover were quantified. BPA (1 μM) increased ESRRG mRNA expression after 24 h in both sexes. ESRRG mRNA and protein expression was increased in female placentas treated with 1 μM BPA for 24 h but was decreased in male placentas treated with 1 nM or 1 μM for 48 h. Levels of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17B1) and placenta specific-1 (PLAC1), genes downstream of ESRRG, were also affected. HSD17B1 mRNA expression was increased in female placentas by 1 μM BPA; however, 1 nM BPA reduced HSD17B1 and PLAC1 expression in male placentas at 48 h. BPA treatment did not affect rates of proliferation, apoptosis, or syncytiotrophoblast differentiation in cultured villous explants. This study has demonstrated that BPA affects the ESRRG signaling pathway in a sex-specific manner in human placentas and a possible biological mechanism to explain the differential effects of BPA exposure on male and female fetuses observed in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zou
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, University of Manchester, 5th floor (Research), St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9WL
| | - Lynda K Harris
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, University of Manchester, 5th floor (Research), St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9WL
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Karen Forbes
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, University of Manchester, 5th floor (Research), St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9WL
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alexander E P Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, University of Manchester, 5th floor (Research), St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9WL
- St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Targeted Delivery of Epidermal Growth Factor to the Human Placenta to Treat Fetal Growth Restriction. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111778. [PMID: 34834193 PMCID: PMC8618188 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental dysfunction is the underlying cause of pregnancy complications such as fetal growth restriction (FGR) and pre-eclampsia. No therapies are available to treat a poorly functioning placenta, primarily due to the risks of adverse side effects in both the mother and the fetus resulting from systemic drug delivery. The use of targeted liposomes to selectively deliver payloads to the placenta has the potential to overcome these issues. In this study, we assessed the safety and efficacy of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-loaded, peptide-decorated liposomes to improve different aspects of placental function, using tissue from healthy control pregnancies at term, and pregnancies complicated by FGR. Phage screening identified a peptide sequence, CGPSARAPC (GPS), which selectively homed to mouse placentas in vivo, and bound to the outer syncytiotrophoblast layer of human placental explants ex vivo. GPS-decorated liposomes were prepared containing PBS or EGF (50–100 ng/mL), and placental explants were cultured with liposomes for up to 48 h. Undecorated and GPS-decorated liposomes containing PBS did not affect the basal rate of amino acid transport, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) release or cell turnover in placental explants from healthy controls. GPS-decorated liposomes containing EGF significantly increased amino acid transporter activity in healthy control explants, but not in placental explants from women with FGR. hCG secretion and cell turnover were unaffected by EGF delivery; however, differential activation of downstream protein kinases was observed when EGF was delivered via GPS-decorated vs. undecorated liposomes. These data indicate that targeted liposomes represent a safe and useful tool for the development of new therapies for placental dysfunction, recapitulating the effects of free EGF.
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Pathare-Ingawale P, Chavan-Gautam P. The balance between cell survival and death in the placenta: Do neurotrophins have a role? Syst Biol Reprod Med 2021; 68:3-12. [PMID: 34615417 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2021.1980132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NT) are a closely related family of growth factors, which regulate the nervous system's development, maintenance, and function. Although NTs have been well studied in neuronal cells, they are also expressed in the placenta. Despite their suggested role in regulating fetoplacental development, their precise functional significance in the placenta remains elusive. NT activate two different classes of receptors. These include the Trk, tropomyosin-related kinase family of high-affinity tropomyosin-related kinase receptors, which induces cell survival, and the p75NTR, p75 neurotrophin receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor(TNF) receptor superfamily, which induces apoptosis in neuronal cells. Mature NT molecule results from proteolysis of a biologically active precursor form called pro-neurotrophins (pro-NT) by the intracellular proprotein convertase or furin. Pro-NTs have a regulatory role in determining cell survival and apoptosis. Here, we review the literature on the expression and functions of NTs and their receptors in the placenta and discuss their possible role in placental tissue development and apoptosis. The possible implications of imbalance in pro-NT and mature-NT levels for fetoplacental development are also discussed.Abbreviations AGE/ALEs: Advanced glycation/lipoxidation end products; Bax: Bcl 2 Associated X; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; FAS/FASL: Fas cell surface death receptor/ ligand; IUGR: Intrauterine growth restriction; JNK: c-Jun amino-terminal kinase; MAP: mitogen-activated protein k; mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid; NGF: Nerve growth factor; NT: Neurotrophins; NRAGE: Neurotrophin receptor-interacting MAGE homolog; NRIF: Neurotrophin receptor interacting factor; PE: Preeclampsia; PI3k: Phosphoinositide 3- kinase; PLC: Phospholipase C; p75NTR: p75 neurotrophin receptor; Pro-NT: Pro-neurotrophins; PTB: Preterm birth; p53: Tumor protein p53; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TRAF: TNFR-associated factors; Trk: Tropomyosin-related kinase; siRNA: small interfering ribonucleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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Wu Y, Xin M, Han Q, Wang J, Yin X, He J, Yin C. Extensive serum biomarker analysis in the prethrombotic state of recurrent spontaneous abortion. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6679-6694. [PMID: 34132454 PMCID: PMC8278118 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prethrombotic state (PTS) is a possible cause of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). The aim of this study was to identify serum biomarkers for the detection of RSA with PTS (PSRSA). A Quantibody array 440 was used to screen novel serum‐based biomarkers for PSRSA/NRSA (RSA without PTS). Proteins differentially expressed in PSRSA were analysed using bioinformatics methods and subjected to a customized array and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) validation. We used receiver operating characteristic to calculate diagnostic accuracy, and machine learning methods to establish a biomarker model for evaluation of the identified targets. 20 targets were selected for validation using a customized array, and seven targets via ELISA. The decision tree model showed that IL‐24 was the first node and eotaxin‐3 was the second node distinguishing the PSRSA and NRSA groups (an accuracy rate of 100% and an AUC of 1). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) as the node distinguished the PSRSA and NC groups (an accuracy rate of 100% and an AUC of 1). EGF as the node distinguished the NRSA and NC groups (an accuracy rate of 96.5% and an AUC of 0.998). Serum DNAM‐1, BAFF, CNTF, LAG‐3, IL‐24, Eotaxin‐3 and EGF represent a panel of promising diagnostic biomarkers to detect the PSRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Xin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Han
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingshang Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Yin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junqin He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hypoxia and oxidative stress induce sterile placental inflammation in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7281. [PMID: 33790316 PMCID: PMC8012380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) and stillbirth are associated with placental dysfunction and inflammation and hypoxia, oxidative and nitrative stress are implicated in placental damage. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are elevated in pregnancies at increased risk of FGR and stillbirth and are associated with increase in pro-inflammatory placental cytokines. We hypothesised that placental insults lead to release of DAMPs, promoting placental inflammation. Placental tissue from uncomplicated pregnancies was exposed in vitro to hypoxia, oxidative or nitrative stress. Tissue production and release of DAMPs and cytokines was determined. Oxidative stress and hypoxia caused differential release of DAMPs including uric acid, HMGB1, S100A8, cell-free fetal DNA, S100A12 and HSP70. After oxidative stress pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, CCL2) were increased both within explants and in conditioned culture medium. Hypoxia increased tissue IL-1α/β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα levels, and release of IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-8, whereas CCL2 and IL-10 were reduced. IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra) treatment prevented hypoxia- and oxidative stress-induced IL-6 and IL-8 release. These findings provide evidence that relevant stressors induce a sterile inflammatory profile in placental tissue which can be partially blocked by IL1Ra suggesting this agent has translational potential to prevent placental inflammation evident in FGR and stillbirth.
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14
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Kasture V, Sahay A, Joshi S. Cell death mechanisms and their roles in pregnancy related disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 126:195-225. [PMID: 34090615 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are catabolic pathways essential for homeostasis. They play a crucial role for normal placental and fetal development. These cell death mechanisms are exaggerated in placental disorders such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Apoptosis is widely studied, highly controlled and regulated whereas; autophagy is an orderly degradation and recycling of the cellular components. Cellular senescence may be initiated by a variety of stimuli, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, reduction in survival signals and nutrition deprivation. Apoptosis is regulated by two types of pathways intrinsic and extrinsic. Extrinsic pathway is initiated by apoptosis inducing cells such as macrophages, natural killer cells whereas; intrinsic pathway is initiated in response to DNA damage, cell injury and lack of oxygen. In autophagy, the cell or organelles undergo lysosomal degradation. Placental apoptosis increases as the gestation progresses while autophagy plays a role in trophoblast differentiation and invasion. In pregnancy disorders like preeclampsia and IUGR, proapoptotic markers such as caspase 3, 8, BAX are higher and antiapoptotic markers like Bcl-2 are lower. In GDM, apoptotic markers are reduced resulting in increased placental mass and fetal macrosomia. Apoptosis in the pathological pregnancies is also influenced by the reduced levels of micronutrients and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids resulting in disturbed placental biology. This chapter describes the role of various key molecular events involved in cellular senescence and the various factors influencing them. This will help identify future therapeutic strategies for better management of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kasture
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Akriti Sahay
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.
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15
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Hernández N, López-Morató M, Perianes MJ, Sánchez-Mateos S, Casas-Rua V, Domínguez-Arroyo JA, Sánchez-Margallo FM, Álvarez IS. 4-Hydroxyestradiol improves mouse embryo quality, epidermal growth factor-binding capability in vitro and implantation rates. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:gaaa075. [PMID: 33237288 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo implantation in the uterus is a critical step to achieve success following ART. Despite favorable uterine conditions, a great number of good quality embryos fail to implant, often for reasons that are unknown. Hence, improving the implantation potential of embryos is a subject of great interest. 4-Hydroxyestradiol (4-OH-E2), a metabolic product of estradiol produced by endometrial cells, plays a key role in endometrial-embryonic interactions that are necessary for implantation. Nonetheless, the effects of 4-OH-E2 on embryos obtained in vitro have not been yet described. This study was designed to determine whether culture media enriched in 4-OH-E2 could improve the quality and implantation rate of embryos obtained in vitro, using both in vitro and in vivo models. We also analyzed its effects on the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-binding capability of the embryos. Our results showed that the presence of 4-OH-E2 in the culture media of embryos during the morula to blastocyst transition increases embryo quality and attachment to endometrial cells in vitro. 4-OH-E2 can also improve viable pregnancy rates of mouse embryos produced in vitro, reaching success rates that are similar to those from embryos obtained directly from the uterus. 4-OH-E2 improved the embryos' ability to bind EGF, which could be responsible for the increased embryo implantation potential observed. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that 4-OH-E2 is a strong candidate molecule to supplement human IVF culture media in order to improve embryo implantation. However, further research is required before these findings can be translated with efficacy and safety to fertility clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Hernández
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marta López-Morató
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mario J Perianes
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Soledad Sánchez-Mateos
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Vanessa Casas-Rua
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio S Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- Instituto Extremeño de Reproducción Asistida-Quirónsalud, Badajoz, Spain
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He B, Li QY, Wu YY, Ruan JL, Teng XM, Li DJ, Tang CL. Cyclosporin A protects JEG-3 cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the p53 and JNK/p38 signaling pathways. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:100. [PMID: 33046085 PMCID: PMC7549196 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trophoblast cells are required for the establishment of pregnancy and fetal development. Apoptosis is an essential feature for trophoblast invasion. Uncontrolled trophoblast apoptosis is related to some complicate pregnancies. Oxidative stress (OS) is an important inducer of trophoblast apoptosis. Cyclosporin A (CsA) has been shown to promote the activity of trophoblast cells and reduce OS-induced oxidative injury. We investigated the role and mechanism of CsA in oxidative stress-induced trophoblast cell apoptosis. METHODS JEG-3 cells were cocultured with H2O2 and CsA. Cell viability and morphology were measured by MTT assay and DAPI staining. Cell apoptosis was tested with annexin V/PI staining. The expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2), cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and pro-caspase-3 was assayed by western blotting. The protein expression and phosphorylation of p53 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases (JNK, ERK1/2 and p38) were examined by western blotting. RESULTS CsA increased the viability, alleviated morphological injury and reduced cell apoptosis of the H2O2-treated JEG-3 cells. CsA also attenuated the activation of p53, decreased the expression of Bax and cleavage of PARP, and increased the expression of Bcl-2 and pro-caspase-3 in the JEG-3 treated with H2O2. Furthermore, CsA reduced the activation of JNK and P38 but had no significant effect on the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the H2O2-treated JEG-3 cells. Promoting the activation of JNK and p38 impaired the protective effect of CsA on OS-induced trophoblast apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that CsA protected trophoblast cells from OS-induced apoptosis via the inhibition of the p53 and JNK/p38 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Qi Yue Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Wu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Jing Ling Ruan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Xiao Ming Teng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Da Jin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chuan Ling Tang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China.
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MiR-195 modulates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial energy production in human trophoblasts via flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent oxidoreductase domain-containing protein 1 and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase regulatory subunit. J Hypertens 2019; 36:306-318. [PMID: 28858979 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preeclampsia is a severe pregnancy-specific syndrome defined as newly onset hypertension and proteinuria. Abnormal placental development has been generally accepted as the initial cause of the disorder. Recently, miR-195 was identified as one of the downregulated small RNAs in preeclamptic placentas. METHODS The potential targets of miR-195 in human trophoblast cells were screened by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-based mass spectrum analysis. Localization of miR-195 and its targets was examined by in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in human placenta. Real-time PCR, western blotting and luciferase assay were used for target validation. Apoptosis was accessed by Annexin V/PI costaining, whereas mitochondrial function by ATP measurement and tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester fluorescence. RESULTS Two mitochondria-associated proteins, flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent oxidoreductase domain-containing protein 1 (FOXRED1) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase regulatory subunit (PDPR), were identified as targets of miR-195. Overexpression of miR-195 in HTR8/SVneo cells resulted in enhanced apoptosis, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP content upon hydrogen peroxide stimulation. The effects could be partially rescued by FOXRED1 or PDPR. In preeclamptic patients, lowered circulating level of miR-195 were found at early-to-mid gestation and term pregnancy, and marked increase in FOXRED1 and PDPR expression were observed in the placenta when compared with gestational week-matched controls. In addition, chronic hydrogen peroxide stimuli suppressed miR-195 expression in trophoblast cells. CONCLUSION MiR-195 could suppress mitochondrial energy production via targeting FOXRED1 and PDPR, and lead to trophoblast cell apoptosis under oxidative stress. In preeclamptic placenta, lowered level of miR-195 might be induced by chorionic oxidative stress and subsequently form a compensation mechanism to defend the disturbed energy production and cell apoptosis upon oxidative stress.
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18
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Liu Y, Shan N, Yuan Y, Tan B, He C, Tong C, Qi H. Knockdown of activated Cdc42-associated kinase inhibits human extravillous trophoblast migration and invasion and decreases protein expression of pho-Akt and matrix metalloproteinase. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 33:1125-1133. [PMID: 30282494 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1515196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The sufficient invasion and migration of human extravillous trophoblast (EVTs) cells are crucial for placentation. Inadequate invasion of trophoblasts may correlate with the development of preeclampsia. Many studies have suggested that activated Cdc42-associated kinase (ACK1) is associated with tumor metastasis and invasion. This study investigated the ACK1 expression and its function in trophoblasts during placental development.Methods: ACK1 expression in human placentas was determined through immunofluorescence. We investigated the migration/invasion of the immortalized human first-trimester EVT cell line HTR8/SVneo. Hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) conditions were applied to mimic preeclampsia model in vitro. Lentiviral vector-based short-hairpin RNA directed against the sequence of ACK1 (ACK1 shRNA) was used to knock down ACK1 expression in HTR8/SVneo cells. Cell apoptosis and proliferation were determined through flow cytometry and cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, respectively. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2/9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1/2 was measured by western blotting.Results: ACK1 localized within trophoblasts of human placental villi, decidual cells in the maternal decidua. ACK1 levels in preeclampsia (PE) placentas were significantly lower than those in controls. ACK1 shRNA significantly inhibited HTR8/SVneo cells migration and invasion but did not affect their apoptosis and proliferation. ACK1 knockdown decreased MMP2/9 and increased TIMP1/2 expression, as well as downregulated the phosphorylation of AKt (p-Akt). In addition, ACK1 and MMP2/9 were downregulated following treatment with LY294002, whereas ACK1 shRNA had no effect on phosphorylation of PI3K(p-PI3K). After exposed in H/R condition, ACK1 expression, MMP2/9 protein, and p-Akt were also significantly decreased.Discussion and conclusions: ACK1 expression is lowered in preeclamptic placentas and promotes trophoblast cell invasion, migration. H/R conditions decrease ACK1 expression and appear to decouple the positive relationship between ACK1 expression and Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangming Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengjin He
- Department of Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Tong
- Department of Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Li J, Tong C, Xu P, Wang L, Han TL, Wen L, Luo X, Tan B, Zhu F, Gui S, Gao R, Qi H, Baker PN. QSOX1 regulates trophoblastic apoptosis in preeclampsia through hydrogen peroxide production. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:3708-3715. [PMID: 29712536 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1471459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE), by inducing trophoblast cell death and consequent placental dysfunction. Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) is upregulated in many types of cancer cells; it promotes disulfide bond formation as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. The aims of present study are to investigate the expression pattern of QSOX1 in placentae of pregnancies complicated by PE and the role of QSOX1 in the regulation of trophoblastic function, thus providing in-depth understanding of the putative involvement of QSOX1 in the development of PE. Methods: Human term placenta from normal pregnancies and from pregnancies complicated by PE was collected to measure QSOX1 expression and H2O2 levels. Down-regulation of QSOX1 in HTR-8/SVneo cells was achieved by siRNA interference. An in vitro cellular PE model was generated by hypoxic incubation. Protein expression levels were assessed by Western blotting, and H2O2 levels were determined in the cell culture medium as well as in the cell lysate. Trophoblast apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining. Results: QSOX1 was overexpressed in the PE placenta. Inhibition of QSOX1 expression in HTR-8/SVneo cells attenuated cell apoptosis and intracellular H2O2 levels. Hypoxia-induced QSOX1 expression in HTR-8/SVneo cells and led to apoptosis of HTR-8/SVneo cells, and knock-down of QSOX1 rescued hypoxia-induced trophoblast apoptosis. Conclusions: Hypoxia-induced upregulation of QSOX1 and a consequent elevation in intracellular H2O2 increased apoptosis in placentae of pregnancies complicated by PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- a Department of Obstetrics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Chao Tong
- a Department of Obstetrics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Ping Xu
- a Department of Obstetrics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Lianlian Wang
- d Department of Reproduction Health and Infertility , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- a Department of Obstetrics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,e Liggins Institute, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Li Wen
- a Department of Obstetrics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiaofang Luo
- a Department of Obstetrics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Bin Tan
- a Department of Obstetrics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Fangyu Zhu
- a Department of Obstetrics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Shunping Gui
- a Department of Obstetrics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Rufei Gao
- b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,f Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- a Department of Obstetrics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Philip N Baker
- b International Collaborative Joint Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Ministry of Education of China , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,e Liggins Institute, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,g College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology , University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
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20
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Calvert SJ, Longtine MS, Cotter S, Jones CJP, Sibley CP, Aplin JD, Nelson DM, Heazell AEP. Studies of the dynamics of nuclear clustering in human syncytiotrophoblast. Reproduction 2016; 151:657-71. [PMID: 27002000 PMCID: PMC4911178 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Syncytial nuclear aggregates (SNAs), clusters of nuclei in the syncytiotrophoblast of
the human placenta, are increased as gestation advances and in pregnancy pathologies.
The origins of increased SNAs are unclear; however, a better appreciation of the
mechanism may give insight into placental ageing and factors underpinning
dysfunction. We developed three models to investigate whether SNA formation results
from a dynamic process of nuclear movement and to generate alternative hypotheses.
SNA count and size were measured in placental explants cultured over 16 days and
particles released into culture medium were quantified. Primary trophoblasts were
cultured for 6 days. Explants and trophoblasts were cultured with and without
cytoskeletal inhibitors. An in silico model was developed to examine
the effects of modulating nuclear behaviour on clustering. In explants, neither
median SNA number (108 SNA/mm2 villous area) nor size (283
μm2) changed over time. Subcellular particles from conditioned
culture medium showed a wide range of sizes that overlapped with those of SNAs.
Nuclei in primary trophoblasts did not change position relative to other nuclei;
apparent movement was associated with positional changes of the syncytial cell
membrane. In both models, SNAs and nuclear clusters were stable despite
pharmacological disruption of cytoskeletal activity. In silico,
increased nuclear movement, adhesiveness and sites of cytotrophoblast fusion were
related to nuclear clustering. The prominence of SNAs in pregnancy disorders may not
result from an active process involving cytoskeleton-mediated rearrangement of
syncytial nuclei. Further insights into the mechanism(s) of SNA formation will aid
understanding of their increased presence in pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Calvert
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreInstitute of Human Development, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK St Mary's HospitalCentral Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - M S Longtine
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - S Cotter
- School of MathematicsAlan Turing Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C J P Jones
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreInstitute of Human Development, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK St Mary's HospitalCentral Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - C P Sibley
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreInstitute of Human Development, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK St Mary's HospitalCentral Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - J D Aplin
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreInstitute of Human Development, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK St Mary's HospitalCentral Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - D M Nelson
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - A E P Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreInstitute of Human Development, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK St Mary's HospitalCentral Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Díaz P, Sibley CP, Greenwood SL. Oxygen-Sensitive K+ Channels Modulate Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Secretion from Human Placental Trophoblast. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149021. [PMID: 26863525 PMCID: PMC4749290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a key autocrine/paracrine regulator of placental syncytiotrophoblast, the transport epithelium of the human placenta. Syncytiotrophoblast hCG secretion is modulated by the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and potassium (K+) channels. Here we test the hypothesis that K+ channels mediate the effects of pO2 and ROS on hCG secretion. Placental villous explants from normal term pregnancies were cultured for 6 days at 6% (normoxia), 21% (hyperoxia) or 1% (hypoxia) pO2. On days 3–5, explants were treated with 5mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or tetraethylammonium (TEA), blockers of pO2-sensitive voltage-gated K+ (KV) channels, or ROS (10–1000μM H2O2). hCG secretion and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, a marker of necrosis, were determined daily. At day 6, hCG and LDH were measured in tissue lysate and 86Rb (K+) efflux assessed to estimate syncytiotrophoblast K+ permeability. hCG secretion and 86Rb efflux were significantly greater in explants maintained in 21% pO2 than normoxia. 4-AP/TEA inhibited hCG secretion to a greater extent at 21% than 6% and 1% pO2, and reduced 86Rb efflux at 21% but not 6% pO2. LDH release and tissue LDH/hCG were similar in 6%, 21% and 1% pO2 and unaffected by 4-AP/TEA. H2O2 stimulated 86Rb efflux and hCG secretion at normoxia but decreased 86Rb efflux, without affecting hCG secretion, at 21% pO2. 4-AP/TEA-sensitive K+ channels participate in pO2-sensitive hCG secretion from syncytiotrophoblast. ROS effects on both hCG secretion and 86Rb efflux are pO2-dependent but causal links between the two remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Díaz
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Colin P. Sibley
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L. Greenwood
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Spradley FT, Palei AC, Granger JP. Increased risk for the development of preeclampsia in obese pregnancies: weighing in on the mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1326-43. [PMID: 26447211 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00178.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disorder typically presenting as new-onset hypertension and proteinuria. While numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that obesity increases the risk of PE, the mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Growing evidence from animal and human studies implicate placental ischemia in the etiology of this maternal syndrome. It is thought that placental ischemia is brought about by dysfunctional cytotrophoblast migration and invasion into the uterus and subsequent lack of spiral arteriole widening and placental perfusion. Placental ischemia/hypoxia stimulates the release of soluble placental factors into the maternal circulation where they cause endothelial dysfunction, particularly in the kidney, to elicit the clinical manifestations of PE. The most recognized of these factors are the anti-angiogenic sFlt-1 and pro-inflammatory TNF-α and AT1-AA, which promote endothelial dysfunction by reducing levels of the provasodilator nitric oxide and stimulating production of the potent vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 and reactive oxygen species. We hypothesize that obesity-related metabolic factors increase the risk for developing PE by impacting various stages in the pathogenesis of PE, namely, 1) cytotrophoblast migration and placental ischemia; 2) release of soluble placental factors into the maternal circulation; and 3) maternal endothelial and vascular dysfunction. This review will summarize the current experimental evidence supporting the concept that obesity and metabolic factors like lipids, insulin, glucose, and leptin affect placental function and increase the risk for developing hypertension in pregnancy by reducing placental perfusion; enhancing placental release of soluble factors; and by increasing the sensitivity of the maternal vasculature to placental ischemia-induced soluble factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Spradley
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, Women's Health Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ana C Palei
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, Women's Health Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Joey P Granger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, Women's Health Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Abstract
Placental explant culture, and cellular cytolysis and cellular differentiation have been previously studied. However, oxidative stress and nitric oxide profiles have not been evaluated in these systems. The aim of this study was to determine the release of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide from placental explants cultured over a seven day period. Placental explants were maintained for seven days in culture and the medium was changed every 24 hours. The response was assessed in terms of syncytiotrophoblast differentiation (human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG), cellular cytolysis (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), and nitric oxide (NO). Levels of hCG increased progressively from day two to attain its highest level on days four and five after which it decreased gradually. In contrast, the levels of LDH, TBARS, and NO were elevated in the early days of placental culture when new syncytiotrophoblast from cytotrophoblast were forming and also in the last days of culture when tissue was declining. In conclusion, the levels of NO and lipid peroxidation follow a pattern similar to LDH and contrary to hCG. Future placental explant studies to evaluate oxidative stress and NO should consider the physiological changes inherent during the time of culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvic M Goncalves
- a Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Central de Venezuela , Caracas , Venezuela and.,b Departamento de Biología de Organismos , Universidad Simón Bolívar , Baruta , Venezuela
| | - Ysabel C Casart
- a Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Central de Venezuela , Caracas , Venezuela and
| | - María I Camejo
- b Departamento de Biología de Organismos , Universidad Simón Bolívar , Baruta , Venezuela
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24
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Oxidative Stress Alters miRNA and Gene Expression Profiles in Villous First Trimester Trophoblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:257090. [PMID: 26339600 PMCID: PMC4538339 DOI: 10.1155/2015/257090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between oxidative stress and miRNA changes in placenta as a potential mechanism involved in preeclampsia (PE) is not fully elucidated. We investigated the impact of oxidative stress on miRNAs and mRNA expression profiles of genes associated with PE in villous 3A first trimester trophoblast cells exposed to H2O2 at 12 different concentrations (0-1 mM) for 0.5, 4, 24, and 48 h. Cytotoxicity, determined using the SRB assay, was used to calculate the IC50 of H2O2. RNA was extracted after 4 h exposure to H2O2 for miRNA and gene expression profiling. H2O2 exerted a concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity on 3A trophoblast cells. Short-term exposure of 3A cells to low concentration of H2O2 (5% of IC50) significantly altered miRNA profile as evidenced by significant changes in 195 out of 595 evaluable miRNAs. Tool for annotations of microRNAs (TAM) analysis indicated that these altered miRNAs fall into 43 clusters and 34 families, with 41 functions identified. Exposure to H2O2 altered mRNA expression of 22 out of 84 key genes involved in dysregulation of placental development. In conclusion, short-term exposure of villous first trimester trophoblasts to low concentrations of H2O2 significantly alters miRNA profile and expression of genes implicated in placental development.
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Can circulating M30 and M65 levels be beneficial markers in the diagnosis and management of patients with complete hydatidiform mole? Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 128:566-571. [PMID: 25869758 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of M30 and M65 levels as markers of apoptotic activity and maternal serum oxidative stress in patients with complete hydatidiform mole (CHM). METHODS In total, 68 pregnant women were included in the study. The study group included 34 pregnant with CHM, while 34 healthy pregnant were employed as a control group. Venous blood samples were drawn to assess the maternal serum oxidative stress and M30-M65 levels. In addition, a second blood sample was drawn from patients with CHM on day 8 after dilatation evacuation. RESULTS Maternal serum oxidative stress and M30-M65 levels were found to be significantly higher in patients with CHM as compared with the control group. It was found that serum β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) level had a significant positive correlation with M30-M65 levels in patients with CHM. In addition, serum M65 level was found to be as effective as β-hCG in the identification of the patients with CHM. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that oxidative stress and apoptosis may play significant roles in CHM development. In addition, it seems that serum M30-M65 levels can presumably be an ancillary laboratory test to β-hCG in the diagnosis and follow-up of the patients with CHM.
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Ospina-Prieto S, Chaiwangyen W, Pastuschek J, Schleussner E, Markert UR, Morales-Prieto DM. STAT5 is Activated by Epidermal Growth Factor and Induces Proliferation and Invasion in Trophoblastic Cells. Reprod Sci 2015; 22:1358-66. [PMID: 25862676 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115578923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is expressed by decidual and trophoblast cells and influences manifold cellular functions during embryo implantation. Thus far, signaling of EGF via Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (STAT5) has been only partially investigated. STAT5 stimulates proliferation and cell cycle progression in several cell types. Its dysregulation is associated with pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate STAT5 activation and function mediated by EGF in 2 trophoblastic cell lines, namely, HTR8/SVneo and JAR. Additionally, expression of STAT5B messenger RNA (mRNA) in trophoblast models has been compared to that of primary cells isolated from term placentas. Our results demonstrate the highest STAT5B mRNA expression in isolated trophoblast cells, lower expression in HTR8/SVneo cells, and the significantly lowest in JAR cells. Moreover, EGF-mediated STAT5 activation increases cell proliferation and viability in both cell lines. The STAT5 knockdown results in significant decrease in cell viability induced by EGF. Only in HTR8/SVneo cells, invasion decreases after STAT5 silencing and this effect cannot be rescued by further addition of EGF. These results demonstrate that STAT5 activated by EGF constitutes an important cascade for the regulation of cell proliferation and invasion in trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wittaya Chaiwangyen
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Placenta-Lab, Bachstraße, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Pastuschek
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Placenta-Lab, Bachstraße, Jena, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Schleussner
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Placenta-Lab, Bachstraße, Jena, Germany
| | - Udo R Markert
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Placenta-Lab, Bachstraße, Jena, Germany
| | - Diana M Morales-Prieto
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Placenta-Lab, Bachstraße, Jena, Germany
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Desforges M, Whittaker H, Farmer E, Sibley CP, Greenwood SL. Effects of taurine depletion on human placental syncytiotrophoblast renewal and susceptibility to oxidative stress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 803:63-73. [PMID: 25833488 PMCID: PMC5166970 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Desforges
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK,
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Maternal obesity is associated with a reduction in placental taurine transporter activity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:557-64. [PMID: 25547282 PMCID: PMC4389721 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Maternal obesity increases the risk of poor pregnancy outcome including stillbirth, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction and fetal overgrowth. These pregnancy complications are associated with dysfunctional syncytiotrophoblast, the transporting epithelium of the human placenta. Taurine, a β-amino acid with antioxidant and cytoprotective properties, has a role in syncytiotrophoblast development and function and is required for fetal growth and organ development. Taurine is conditionally essential in pregnancy and fetal tissues depend on uptake of taurine from maternal blood. We tested the hypothesis that taurine uptake into placental syncytiotrophoblast by the taurine transporter protein (TauT) is lower in obese women (body mass index (BMI)⩾30 kg m−2) than in women of ideal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg m−2) and explored potential regulatory factors. Subjects/Methods: Placentas were collected from term (37–42-week gestation), uncomplicated, singleton pregnancies from women with BMI 19–49 kg m−2. TauT activity was measured as the Na+-dependent uptake of 3H-taurine into placental villous fragments. TauT expression in membrane-enriched placental samples was investigated by western blot. In vitro studies using placental villous explants examined whether leptin or IL-6, adipokines/cytokines that are elevated in maternal obesity, regulates TauT activity. Results: Placental TauT activity was significantly lower in obese women (BMI⩾30) than women of ideal weight (P<0.03) and inversely related to maternal BMI (19–49 kg m−2; P<0.05; n=61). There was no difference in TauT expression between placentas of ideal weight and obese class III (BMI⩾40) subjects. Long-term exposure (48 h) of placental villous explants to leptin or IL-6 did not affect TauT activity. Conclusions: Placental TauT activity at term is negatively related to maternal BMI. We propose that the reduction in placental TauT activity in maternal obesity could lower syncytiotrophoblast taurine concentration, compromise placental development and function, and reduce the driving force for taurine efflux to the fetus, thereby increasing the risk of poor pregnancy outcome.
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29
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Armant DR, Fritz R, Kilburn BA, Kim YM, Nien JK, Maihle NJ, Romero R, Leach RE. Reduced expression of the epidermal growth factor signaling system in preeclampsia. Placenta 2014; 36:270-8. [PMID: 25589361 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling system regulates trophoblast differentiation, and its disruption could contribute to perinatal disease. We hypothesized that this pathway is altered in preeclampsia, a disorder associated with trophoblast apoptosis and failure to invade and remodel the uterine spiral arteries. METHODS Six EGF family peptides and a truncated EGF receptor splice variant (p110/EGFR) were examined using immunohistochemistry in the trophoblast of placentas (N = 76) from women with preeclampsia, and compared to placentas from women of similar gestational age (GA) with preterm labor (PTL) or small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses, as well as normal term placentas. EGF, transforming growth factor-α (TGFA), and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF) were evaluated using ELISA in maternal plasma from another 20 pregnancies with or without preeclampsia. Cell death was evaluated in the HTR-8/SVneo human cytotrophoblast cell line using TUNEL to evaluate the protective effects of EGF peptides. RESULTS Trophoblast HBEGF, TGFA, and EGF were significantly reduced in preeclampsia compared to PTL and SGA, while p110/EGFR accumulated significantly on the surface of the chorionic villi (p < 0.05). Plasma EGF levels were significantly decreased in preeclamptic patients, compared to non-preeclamptic patients (p < 0.05). HBEGF, EGF, TGFA, epiregulin, and betacellulin each blocked cytotrophoblast cell death in vitro (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Three members of the EGF family are dysregulated in placentas with preeclampsia, whereas p110/EGFR, a potential EGF receptor antagonist, is overexpressed. These findings are consistent with the concept that disruption of the EGF signaling system contributes to aberrant trophoblast development associated with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Armant
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States; Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD United States.
| | - R Fritz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - B A Kilburn
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Y M Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - J K Nien
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - N J Maihle
- Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - R E Leach
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Spectrum Health Medical Group, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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Sohlberg S, Wikström AK, Olovsson M, Lindgren P, Axelsson O, Mulic-Lutvica A, Weis J, Wikström J. In vivo ³¹P-MR spectroscopy in normal pregnancy, early and late preeclampsia: a study of placental metabolism. Placenta 2014; 35:318-23. [PMID: 24612844 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia affects about 3% of pregnancies and the placenta is believed to play a major role in its pathophysiology. Lately, the role of the placenta has been hypothesised to be more pronounced in preeclampsia of early (<34 weeks) rather than late (≥ 34 weeks) onset. (31)P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) enables non-invasive, in vivo studies of placental metabolism. Our aim was to study placental energy and membrane metabolism in women with normal pregnancies and those with early and late onset preeclampsia. METHODS The study population included fourteen women with preeclampsia (five with early onset and nine with late onset preeclampsia) and sixteen women with normal pregnancy (seven with early and nine with late pregnancy). All women underwent a (31)P-MRS examination of the placenta. RESULTS The phosphodiester (PDE) spectral intensity fraction of the total (31)P signal and the phosphodiester/phosphomonoester (PDE/PME) spectral intensity ratio was higher in early onset preeclampsia than in early normal pregnancy (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02). In normal pregnancy the PDE spectral intensity fraction and the PDE/PME spectral intensity ratio increased with increasing gestational age (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001). DISCUSSION Since PDE and PME are related to cell membrane degradation and formation, respectively, our findings indicate increased cell degradation and maybe also decreased cell proliferation in early onset preeclampsia compared to early normal pregnancy, and with increasing gestational age in normal pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings could be explained by increased apoptosis due to ischaemia in early onset preeclampsia and also increased apoptosis with increasing gestational age in normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sohlberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A-K Wikström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - M Olovsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - P Lindgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - O Axelsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A Mulic-Lutvica
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - J Weis
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - J Wikström
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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31
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Integrative transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of canonical cancer molecular pathways in placenta leading to preeclampsia. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2407. [PMID: 23989136 PMCID: PMC3757356 DOI: 10.1038/srep02407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously suggested links between specific XPD mutations in the fetal genome and the risk of placental maldevelopment and preeclampsia, possibly due to impairment of Transcription Factor (TF)IIH-mediated functions in placenta. To identify the underlying mechanisms, we conducted the current integrative analysis of several relevant transcriptome data sources. Our meta-analysis revealed downregulation of TFIIH subunits in preeclamptic placentas. Our overall integrative analysis suggested that, in the presence of hypoxia and oxidative stress, EGFR signaling deficiency, which can be caused by TFIIH impairment as well as by other mechanisms, results in ATF3 upregulation, inducing mediators of clinical symptoms of preeclampsia such as FLT1 and ENG. EGFR- and ATF3-dependent pathways play prominent roles in cancer development. We propose that dysregulation of these canonical cancer molecular pathways occurs in preeclampsia and delineate the relevance of TFIIH, providing etiologic clues which could eventually translate into a therapeutic approach.
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32
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Bevilacqua E, Paulesu L, Ferro EAV, Ietta F, Faria MR, Lorenzon AR, Costa AF, Martucci M. Review: putative roles for the macrophage migratory inhibitory factor at the maternal fetal interface. Placenta 2013; 35 Suppl:S51-6. [PMID: 24215782 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex and dynamic networks of molecules participate in the essential interactions between maternal organism, placenta and fetus in a healthy and successful pregnancy. Macrophage migratory inhibitory factor (MIF) is one of several molecules produced at implantation sites; MIF is mostly expressed by trophoblast cells. This has led to expectations of MIF's relevance as a partner in the maternal/fetal dialog. MIF is known by its biological interactions and functional roles as an activator of innate immunity, regulating subsequent adaptive responses, which include inhibition of migration of mononuclear cells in vitro, antagonism of glucocorticoids, and regulation of expression of Toll-like receptor 4. Beyond roles in the inflammatory response, MIF can interfere with proliferative activities in different cell types, as well as with cell death pathways. This intriguing factor found at the human, porcine, ovine, bovine and rodent maternal-fetal interfaces is present in a time- and spatially-dependent manner, indicating regulatory roles in the process of embryo implantation, placental development, maintenance of pregnancy and birth. Here, we will review MIF participation in placental physiology, including new evidence for a dialog with uterine cells, and a potential role in protection of uterine decidual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bevilacqua
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - L Paulesu
- Department of Life Sciences, Reproductive Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - E A V Ferro
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - F Ietta
- Department of Life Sciences, Reproductive Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - M R Faria
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A R Lorenzon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A F Costa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Cell Biology, Stomatology Department, Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Martucci
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Coleman SJ, Gerza L, Jones CJP, Sibley CP, Aplin JD, Heazell AEP. Syncytial nuclear aggregates in normal placenta show increased nuclear condensation, but apoptosis and cytoskeletal redistribution are uncommon. Placenta 2013; 34:449-55. [PMID: 23507147 PMCID: PMC3661987 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Syncytial nuclear aggregates (SNAs) are increased in pregnancy complications; however, little is known about their origin or function. This study aimed to characterise SNAs in more detail than has been reported previously. Methods Immunohistochemistry and morphological examination at the light and ultrastructural level were used to determine the nature and structure of SNAs. Results SNAs comprising bridges and syncytial knots had similar frequency with 974 per mm3 of villous tissue (IQR 717–1193) and 833 per mm3 (IQR 766–1190), respectively while there were approximately four times as many sectioning artefacts than knots and bridges combined. SNAs had increased proportions of condensed nuclei compared to the remaining syncytiotrophoblast (33.3% vs. 8.9%) and decreased proportions of euchromatic nuclei (0.0% vs. 16.2%), as assessed by examination of an electron micrograph archive. SNAs showed little evidence of apoptosis, with weak positivity for the apoptosis markers M30-neoepitope at 16.6% and TUNEL at 10.0%; strong staining was rarely seen for either marker. Immunofluorescence demonstrated rare association of actin (α, β or γ) with SNAs, whereas tubulin was in close proximity to SNAs and cytokeratin was seen within and surrounding SNAs. Discussion M30-positive SNAs traced through serial sections were significantly more likely to be syncytial knots or sectioning artefacts than bridges. Nuclei within SNAs showed signs consistent with degeneration; however, this is unlikely to be an apoptotic process. There are few changes in configuration of cytoskeletal proteins around SNAs. Conclusions These data suggest that the biogenesis and functional significance of SNAs still require resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Coleman
- Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, UK.
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Tetz LM, Cheng AA, Korte CS, Giese RW, Wang P, Harris C, Meeker JD, Loch-Caruso R. Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate induces oxidative stress responses in human placental cells in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 268:47-54. [PMID: 23360888 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is an environmental contaminant commonly used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride products. Exposure to DEHP has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes in humans including preterm birth, low birth-weight, and pregnancy loss. Although oxidative stress is linked to the pathology of adverse pregnancy outcomes, effects of DEHP metabolites, including the active metabolite, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), on oxidative stress responses in placental cells have not been previously evaluated. The objective of the current study is to identify MEHP-stimulated oxidative stress responses in human placental cells. We treated a human placental cell line, HTR-8/SVneo, with MEHP and then measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using the dichlorofluorescein assay, oxidized thymine with mass-spectrometry, redox-sensitive gene expression with qRT-PCR, and apoptosis using a luminescence assay for caspase 3/7 activity. Treatment of HTR-8 cells with 180μM MEHP increased ROS generation, oxidative DNA damage, and caspase 3/7 activity, and resulted in differential expression of redox-sensitive genes. Notably, 90 and 180μM MEHP significantly induced mRNA expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), an enzyme important for synthesis of prostaglandins implicated in initiation of labor. The results from the present study are the first to demonstrate that MEHP stimulates oxidative stress responses in placental cells. Furthermore, the MEHP concentrations used were within an order of magnitude of the highest concentrations measured previously in human umbilical cord or maternal serum. The findings from the current study warrant future mechanistic studies of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and prostaglandins as molecular mediators of DEHP/MEHP-associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Tetz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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Jeon SY, Lee HJ, Na KH, Cha DH, Kim JK, Park JW, Yoon TK, Kim GJ. Hypoxia-induced downregulation of XIAP in trophoblasts mediates apoptosis via interaction with IMUP-2: Implications for placental development during pre-eclampsia. J Cell Biochem 2012; 114:89-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Murata M, Fukushima K, Takao T, Seki H, Takeda S, Wake N. Oxidative stress produced by xanthine oxidase induces apoptosis in human extravillous trophoblast cells. J Reprod Dev 2012; 59:7-13. [PMID: 22986926 PMCID: PMC3943235 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2012-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been recognized as an important factor in the pathophysiology of
preeclampsia. It has been reported that the expression of xanthine oxidase (XO) in the
cytotrophoblast and plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level are
significantly higher in preeclamptics than in control women. The aim of this study was to
clarify the biological influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by XO on
extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells. TCL1 cells, a human immortalized EVT cell line, were
incubated with xanthine and XO (X/XO). We then measured the cell number, urate level of
the culture media and the apoptotic cell ratio. Similar experiments were performed with
additional administration of allopurinol, catalase, L-NAME or D-NAME, and with
administration of H2O2 in substitution for X/XO. We assessed the
effects of H2O2 on invasion ability, tube-like formation and protein
expression of HIF1A and ITGAV of TCL1. Finally, the apoptotic cell ratio using primary
cultured trophoblasts was measured following exposure to H2O2. X/XO
decreased the relative cell number and increased the urate level and apoptotic cell ratio
significantly. Elevation of the urate level and apoptotic cell ratio was attenuated by
allopurinol and catalase, respectively. L-NAME and D-NAME had no influence on these
effects. H2O2 also decreased the relative cell number. Pretreatment
with H2O2 significantly inhibited the invasion ability, tube-like
formation and HIF1A and ITGAV of TCL1. H2O2 also induced apoptosis
in primary cultured trophoblasts. In conclusion, ROS produced by XO induced apoptosis and
affected EVT function including invasion and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Murata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Zhou X, Zhang GY, Wang J, Lu SL, Cao J, Sun LZ. A novel bridge between oxidative stress and immunity: the interaction between hydrogen peroxide and human leukocyte antigen G in placental trophoblasts during preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206:447.e7-16. [PMID: 22542123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association between hydrogen peroxide and human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) in preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN We explored the correlation between HLA-G and hydrogen peroxide in preeclamptic (n = 30) and normotensive (n = 30) placentas, which was confirmed by in vitro experiments. Furthermore, RNA interference was used to explore the influence of HLA-G on the proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells when exposed to hydrogen peroxide. RESULTS We found an inverse correlation between hydrogen peroxide and HLA-G expression in preeclamptic placentas. High levels of hydrogen peroxide could down-regulate HLA-G expression in HTR-8/SVneo. Compared with HLA-G knockdown HTR-8/SVneo, increased proliferation inhibition, higher apoptosis, and decreased cell invasion were found in the cell expressing HLA-G when exposed to hydrogen peroxide. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight that high levels of hydrogen peroxide can down-regulate HLA-G expression in trophoblasts during preeclampsia and trophoblasts expressing HLA-G are vulnerable to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Effects of SAC on oxidative stress and NO availability in placenta: potential benefits to preeclampsia. Placenta 2012; 33:487-94. [PMID: 22405339 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a major cause of fetal growth restriction and perinatal mortality, which involves oxidative stress and vasodilator signaling disorder. S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) is one of the most abundant compounds in garlic extracts, and possesses several biological activities. This research was designed to investigate the protective effects of SAC against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative insults, as well as the effects on NO/cGMP signaling pathway in placenta. We used TEV-1 cells and placental explants to detect the effects of SAC. TEV-1 cells and human placental explants were separately exposed to SAC, H(2)O(2), or a combination of H(2)O(2) and SAC. Intracellular ROS was detected by flow cytometry; the NO level was detected by an NO metabolites (NOx) assay; the cGMP level was simultaneously measured by the method of radioimmunoassay; the expression of eNOS in TEV-1 cells was measured by immunochemistry and Western blot. Our findings showed that H(2)O(2) treatment increased ROS productions in TEV-1 cells and significantly decreased cGMP and NO level either in TEV-1 cells or explants compared to the control groups (p < 0.05). The expression of eNOS in TEV-1 cells also significantly decreased in H(2)O(2) treated group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Co-treatment of H(2)O(2) and SAC significantly decreased ROS productions, and increased NO, cGMP and eNOS level compared to the H(2)O(2) treated alone groups (p < 0.05), which were all reverted back to near control levels. Further more, SAC treatment increased NO and cGMP level of TEV-1 cells and explants in a dose-dependent manner even at non-oxidative stress status (p < 0.05). However, when the TEV-1 cells were cultured in the presence of NOS inhibitor (L-NAME) and NO donor (SNP), additional SAC treatment still significantly increased the NO level in comparison with SAC non-treated group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that ROS (H(2)O(2)-mediated) can induce insults to NO/cGMP pathway, while SAC could antagonize this insult. And SAC also possesses the ability to increase NO and cGMP level at non-oxidative stress status in TEV-1 cells and placenta explants. SAC is therefore hypothesized to be a potential drug for PE treatment.
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Kweider N, Fragoulis A, Rosen C, Pecks U, Rath W, Pufe T, Wruck CJ. Interplay between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2): implications for preeclampsia. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42863-72. [PMID: 22033923 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recently published studies have suggested that decreasing VEGF levels result in placental oxidative stress in preeclampsia, although the question as to how decreased VEGF concentrations increase oxidative stress still remains unanswered. Here, we show that VEGF activated Nrf2, the main regulating factor of the intracellular redox balance, in the cytotrophic cell line BeWo. In turn, this activated the production of antioxidative enzymes thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and heme oxygenase-1, which showed a decrease in their expression in the placentas of preeclamptic women. Nevertheless, this activation occurred without oxidative stress stimulus. As a consequence, the activation of Nrf2 protected BeWo cells against H(2)O(2)/Fe(2+)-induced oxidative damage. We further show that VEGF up-regulated the expression of itself. A positive feedback loop was described in which VEGF activated Nrf2 in an ERK1/2-dependent manner; the up-regulation of HO-1 expression by Nrf2 augmented the production of carbon monoxide, which in turn up-regulated VEGF expression. In conclusion, VEGF induces the Nrf2 pathway to protect against oxidative stress and, via a positive feedback loop, to elevate VEGF expression. Therefore, decreased VEGF bioavailability during preeclampsia may result in higher vulnerability to placental oxidative cell damage and a further reduction of VEGF bioavailability, a vicious circle that may end up in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen Kweider
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Fujita K, Tatsumi K, Kondoh E, Chigusa Y, Mogami H, Fujii T, Yura S, Kakui K, Konishi I. Differential expression and the anti-apoptotic effect of human placental neurotrophins and their receptors. Placenta 2011; 32:737-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Koster MPH, Pennings JLA, Imholz S, Rodenburg W, Visser GHA, de Vries A, Schielen PCJI. Proteomics and Down syndrome screening: a validation study. Prenat Diagn 2011; 30:1039-43. [PMID: 20827711 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a previous discovery study, we identified seven potential screening markers for Down syndrome (DS). Here, we report on an extended study to validate the discriminative potential of these markers. METHODS Concentrations of the seven analytes were measured using bead-based multiplexed immunoassays in maternal serum from 27 DS pregnancies and 27 matched controls. Control samples were matched to the cases by gestational age (exact day), maternal weight ( ± 5 kg), and maternal age ( ± 1 year) and by closest sample date. Prediction values were obtained for current screening markers [pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (fβ-hCG) and nuchal translucency (NT)] and seven markers identified before based on concentration fold ratios between DS and controls. Models were fitted based on data of the discovery study or this study and also tested on both datasets. RESULTS A significantly higher fold ratio was only found for epidermal growth factor (EGF) (-1.96; p = 0.006). In the prediction model for the current dataset, EGF improved the detection rate (DR) of DS by 5.7% [at a fixed 5% false-positive rate (FPR)] when added to the currently used screening markers. CONCLUSIONS Validation of previously identified biomarkers only confirmed EGF for further consideration as a DS screening marker. This underlines the importance of validating biomarkers; in this study, limiting the range of plausible biomarkers to only one suitable biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P H Koster
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Sugimura S, Akai T, Somfai T, Hirayama M, Aikawa Y, Ohtake M, Hattori H, Kobayashi S, Hashiyada Y, Konishi K, Imai K. Time-Lapse Cinematography-Compatible Polystyrene-Based Microwell Culture System: A Novel Tool for Tracking the Development of Individual Bovine Embryos1. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:970-8. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.085522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Abstract
Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is an essential feature of normal placental development but is exaggerated in association with placental disease. Placental development relies upon effective implantation and invasion of the maternal decidua by the placental trophoblast. In normal pregnancy, trophoblast apoptosis increases with placental growth and advancing gestation. However, apoptosis is notably exaggerated in the pregnancy complications, hydatidiform mole, pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Placental apoptosis may be initiated by a variety of stimuli, including hypoxia and oxidative stress. In common with other cell-types, trophoblast apoptosis follows the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways culminating in the activation of caspases. In contrast, the formation of apoptotic bodies is less clearly identified, but postulated by some to involve the clustering of apoptotic nuclei and liberation of this material into the maternal circulation. In addition to promoting a favorable maternal immune response, the release of this placental-derived material is thought to provoke the endothelial dysfunction of pre-eclampsia. Widespread apoptosis of the syncytiotrophoblast may also impair trophoblast function leading to the reduction in nutrient transport seen in IUGR. A clearer understanding of placental apoptosis and its regulation may provide new insights into placental pathologies, potentially suggesting therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Sharp
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Chandiramani M, Joash K, Shennan AH. Options and decision-making: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Future Cardiol 2010; 6:535-46. [PMID: 20608825 DOI: 10.2217/fca.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension remains the most commonly encountered medical condition in pregnant women, complicating up to 15% of all pregnancies. It results in frequent hospital admissions, maternal morbidity and mortality and iatrogenic preterm birth with concomitant neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprise a spectrum of severity ranging from a mild elevation of blood pressure to severe pre-eclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet syndrome that may result in transient or chronic multiorgan failure. As regular antenatal surveillance is the only manner by which to accurately identify those who are at risk, antenatal care schedules have been designed to detect hypertension and proteinuria. Early referral for specialist care for those who are at risk and those who develop hypertension is encouraged in the hope that this will translate into improved management of women with prophylactic, antihypertensive and anticonvulsant therapy. Advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are likely to influence future research into both identifying those who are at risk and the role of interventions, and so lead to improved maternal and neonatal outcomes. This article highlights the pathophysiology of these conditions, the classification and identification of high-risk women, clinical manifestations and options for management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Chandiramani
- 10th Floor North Wing, KCL Division of Reproduction & Endocrinology, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Han J, Li L, Hu J, Yu L, Zheng Y, Guo J, Zheng X, Yi P, Zhou Y. Epidermal growth factor stimulates human trophoblast cell migration through Rho A and Rho C activation. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1732-42. [PMID: 20150581 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the roles of Rho protein in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced trophoblast cell migration and its mechanism. Using choriocarcinoma cell lines JEG-3 and JAR and first-trimester human chorionic villus explant cultures on matrigel, we examined EGF-mediated stimulation of trophoblast migration. EGF is shown to have a dose-dependent effect on trophoblast migration. A low concentration of EGF (1 ng/ml) has a stimulatory effect on cell migration, whereas high concentrations of EGF (100 ng/ml) shows an inhibitory effect. EGF (1 ng/ml) activates RhoA and RhoC, but not RhoB, through elevated protein levels and activity. EGF-induced migration was shown to be inhibited by either cell-permeable C3 exoenzyme transferase or selective RhoA or RhoC small interfering RNAs. The inhibition was not mitigated by the addition of EGF, suggesting that RhoA and RhoC play an important role in trophoblast migration and are obligatory for EGF action. Treatment of JEG-3 and JAR cells with RhoA small interfering RNA induced F-actin cytoskeleton disruption and cell shrinkage, which is consistent with the effect of C3 exoenzyme transferase, and this action was not mitigated by EGF treatment. RhoC small interfering RNA had no apparent effect on the F-actin arrangement, suggesting that RhoA but not RhoC takes part in the EGF-induced migration through F-actin rearrangement. These results indicate that RhoA and RhoC play more important roles than RhoB in EGF-mediated migration of trophoblast cells, and RhoA but not RhoC regulates this migration through F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiangzhilu, Daping, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
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Jessmon P, Kilburn BA, Romero R, Leach RE, Armant DR. Function-specific intracellular signaling pathways downstream of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor utilized by human trophoblasts. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:921-9. [PMID: 20130271 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.082305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF) is expressed by trophoblast cells throughout gestation. First-trimester cytotrophoblast cells are protected from hypoxia-induced apoptosis because of the accumulation of HBEGF through a posttranscriptional autocrine mechanism. Exogenous application of HBEGF is cytoprotective in a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury model and initiates trophoblast extravillous differentiation to an invasive phenotype. The downstream signaling pathways induced by HBEGF that mediate these various cellular activities were identified using two human first-trimester cytotrophoblast cell lines, HTR-8/SVneo and SW.71, with similar results. Recombinant HBEGF (1 nM) induced transient phosphorylation of MAPK3/1 (ERK), MAPK14 (p38), and AKT within 15 min and JNK after 1-2 h. To determine which downstream pathways regulate the various functions of HBEGF, cells were treated with specific inhibitors of the ERK upstream regulator MEK (U0126), the AKT upstream regulator phosphoinositide-3 (PI3)-kinase (LY294002), MAPK14 (SB203580), and JNK (SP600125), as well as with inactive structural analogues. Only SB203580 specifically prevented HBEGF-mediated rescue during H/R, while each inhibitor attenuated HBEGF-stimulated cell migration. Accumulation of HBEGF at reduced oxygen was blocked only by a combination of U0126, SB203580, and SP600125. We conclude that HBEGF advances trophoblast extravillous differentiation through coordinate activation of PI3 kinase, ERK, MAPK14, and JNK, while only MAPK14 is required for its antiapoptotic activity. Additionally, hypoxia induces an autocrine increase in HBEGF protein levels through MAPK14, JNK or ERK. These experiments reveal a complexity of the intracellular signaling circuitry that regulates trophoblast functions critical for implantation and placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Jessmon
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1405, USA
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Koster MPH, Pennings JLA, Imholz S, Rodenburg W, Visser GHA, de Vries A, Schielen PCJI. Bead-based multiplexed immunoassays to identify new biomarkers in maternal serum to improve first trimester Down syndrome screening. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:857-62. [PMID: 19488973 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify new discriminative biomarkers for Down syndrome (DS) pregnancies using a bead-based multiplexed immunoassay, and to use the newly identified biomarkers to construct a prediction model for non-invasive DS screening. METHODS Maternal serum samples of 14 DS pregnancies and 15 matched controls were analyzed with a bead-based multiplexed immunoassay containing immunoassays for 90 different analytes. Potential biomarkers were selected on the basis of concentration fold ratios between DS and control samples. For these markers and the current screening markers (pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, PAPP-A; free beta subunit of human chorion gonadotrophin (fbeta-hCG) and nuchal translucency) prediction values were obtained and used to calculate detection rates (DR) at a 5% false positive rate. RESULTS Seven potential biomarkers of which the fold ratio exceeded 1.3 or -1.3 were selected for further analysis. All 14 DS cases in this study were detected using the combination of all currently used and newly identified markers. The modelled DR for all markers extrapolated to the general pregnant population was 82.5%, compared to a modelled DR of 56.2% for the current screening markers. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the possibility of improving the performance of the current first-trimester DS screening by addition of new biomarkers, which were identified using bead-based multiplexed immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P H Koster
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Than NG, Romero R, Tarca AL, Draghici S, Erez O, Chaiworapongsa T, Kim YM, Kim SK, Vaisbuch E, Tromp G. Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase mRNA expression in human chorioamniotic membranes and its association with labor, inflammation, and infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22:1000-13. [PMID: 19900038 DOI: 10.3109/14767050903019676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human parturition is characterized by the activation of genes involved in acute inflammatory responses in the fetal membranes. Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) is a mitochondrial enzyme that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mn SOD is up-regulated in sites of inflammation and has an important role in the down-regulation of acute inflammatory processes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the differences in Mn SOD mRNA expression in the fetal membranes in patients with term and preterm labor (PTL) as well as in acute chorioamnionitis. STUDY DESIGN Fetal membranes were obtained from patients in the following groups: (1) term not in labor (n = 29); (2) term in labor (n = 29); (3) spontaneous PTL with intact mebranes (n = 16); (4) PTL with histological chorioamnionitis (n = 12); (5) preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes (PPROM; n = 17); and (6) PPROM with histological chorioamnionitis (n = 21). Mn SOD mRNA expression in the membranes was determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS (1) Mn SOD mRNA expression was higher in the fetal membranes of patients at term in labor than those not in labor (2.4-fold; p = 0.02); (2) the amount of Mn SOD mRNA in the fetal membranes was higher in PTL than in term labor or in PPROM (7.2-fold, p = 0.03; 3.2-fold, p = 0.03, respectively); (3) Mn SOD mRNA expression was higher when histological chorioamnionitis was present both among patients with PPROM (3.8-fold, p = 0.02) and with PTL (5.4-fold, p = 0.02) than in patients with these conditions without histological chorioamnionitis; (4) expression of Mn SOD mRNA was higher in PTL with chorioamnionitis than in PPROM with chorioamnionitis (4.3-fold, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION The increase in Mn SOD mRNA expression by fetal membranes in term labor and in histological chorioamnionitis in PTL and PPROM suggests that the fetus deploys anti-oxidant mechanisms to constrain the inflammatory processes in the chorioamniotic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandor Gabor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Straszewski-Chavez SL, Abrahams VM, Aldo PB, Romero R, Mor G. AKT controls human first trimester trophoblast cell sensitivity to FAS-mediated apoptosis by regulating XIAP expression. Biol Reprod 2009; 82:146-52. [PMID: 19726736 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.078972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIK3/AKT pathway plays an important role in both the inhibition of the apoptotic cascade and the promotion of cell growth and proliferation. Multiple apoptosis-related targets of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PIK3) and protein kinase B (AKT) have been identified, including the antiapoptotic protein XIAP. By phosphorylating XIAP, AKT was previously shown to prevent the ubiquitinization and degradation of XIAP. First-trimester trophoblast cells express high levels of XIAP, which protects them from certain apoptotic stimuli. In this study, we determine that the inhibition of the PIK3/AKT pathway induces XIAP inactivation and the activation of caspase 3 in first-trimester trophoblast cells. Using a specific AKT inhibitor and a XIAP mutant construct, which mimics the AKT phosphorylated form of XIAP, we also demonstrate that these effects are dependent on the phosphorylation of XIAP by AKT. Finally, we show that the selective inhibition of AKT renders normally resistant first-trimester trophoblast cells sensitive to FAS-mediated apoptosis by regulating XIAP expression. Our findings may provide a link between AKT, XIAP, and the regulation of the FAS apoptotic cascade in first-trimester trophoblast cells and contribute to our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms mediating normal trophoblast physiology during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn L Straszewski-Chavez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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