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Mitochondrial Apoptotic Signaling Involvement in Remodeling During Myogenesis and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 143:66-74. [PMID: 35241367 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a major role in apoptotic signaling. In addition to its role in eliminating dysfunctional cells, mitochondrial apoptotic signaling is implicated as a key component of myogenic differentiation and skeletal muscle atrophy. For example, the activation of cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases; CASP's) can aid in the initial remodeling stages of myogenic differentiation by cleaving protein kinases, transcription factors, and cytoskeletal proteins. Precise regulation of these signals is needed to prevent excessive cell disassemble and subsequent cell death. During skeletal muscle atrophy, the activation of CASP's and mitochondrial derived nucleases participate in myonuclear fragmentation, a potential loss of myonuclei, and cleavage of contractile structures within skeletal muscle. The B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) family of proteins play a significant role in regulating myogenesis and skeletal muscle atrophy by governing the initiating steps of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. This review discusses the role of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling in skeletal muscle remodeling during myogenic differentiation and skeletal muscle pathological states, including aging, disuse, and muscular dystrophy.
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Han X, Yang Y, Qi J, Zhang M, Xue Y, Chu X, Jia Q, Sun S, Guan S. Protective effects and possible mechanism of 6-gingerol against arsenic trioxide-induced nephrotoxicity based on network pharmacological analysis and experimental validation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108926. [PMID: 35728306 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Nephrotoxicity induced by the chemotherapeutic drug arsenic trioxide (ATO) is often overlooked, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Based on network pharmacology and experimental validation, this study investigates the protection of 6-gingerol (6G) against ATO-induced nephrotoxicity and the potential mechanisms. METHODS We screened and collected 6G and disease-related targets and then imported the interaction targets into a String database to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with ATO (5 mg/kg) for seven days to induce nephrotoxicity, and then the histological morphology of the kidneys, biochemical indices of serum and tissues, and associated protein expressions were observed. RESULTS The network pharmacology results revealed that the effects of 6G against nephrotoxicity are closely related to apoptosis, and the MAPKs pathway was screened for validation. In animal experiments, 6G improved the histopathological morphology of the kidneys, reduced the levels of renal function markers, enhanced antioxidant activity, and decreased the levels of inflammation. Furthermore, 6G reduced apoptotic cells in kidney tissues, decreased the levels of Bax and c-Caspase-3, and increased the level of Bcl-2. The results of immunohistochemistry and western blotting revealed that 6G significantly inhibited the expressions of p-p38, p-ERK, and p-JNK. CONCLUSION The results comprehensively demonstrate the protective effects of 6G against ATO-induced nephrotoxicity. The effects are related to anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, possibly through inhibition of the MAPKs pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yakun Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiaying Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Muqing Zhang
- College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yucong Xue
- College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xi Chu
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qingzhong Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Shijiang Sun
- Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Shengjiang Guan
- Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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PATZ1 Induces Apoptosis through PUMA in Glioblastoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:4953107. [PMID: 35509848 PMCID: PMC9061038 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4953107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study was aimed at investigating the mechanism of PATZ1 inducing apoptosis through PUMA in glioblastoma. Overexpressed PATZ1 was transfected to explore its role in inducing apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. Methods The expression of protein was detected by western blotting assay. qRT-PCR assay was used to detect the expression of RNA. Confocal microscopy was used to analyze the correlation between PATZ1 and PUMA. TUNEL assay was used to detect the cell apoptosis. The ability of cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay and EDU assay. The effects of PATZ1 on cell apoptosis and tumor proliferation were observed in vivo by tumor xenograft mouse model. Results The results showed that low PATZ1 expression correlates with poor prognosis in glioblastoma patients. Overexpression of PATZ1 inhibits glioma cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by activating intrinsic apoptotic pathways. PATZ1 colocalizes intracellularly with PUMA inducing apoptosis through PUMA in glioblastoma. Conclusion PATZ1 plays a biological regulatory role in inducing apoptosis in glioblastoma, and this regulatory effect is related to PUMA, and the specific mechanism remains to be further explored.
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Wu XB, Lai CH, Ho YJ, Kuo CH, Lai PF, Tasi CY, Jin G, Wei M, Asokan Shibu M, Huang CY, Lee SD. Anti-apoptotic effects of diosgenin on ovariectomized hearts. Steroids 2022; 179:108980. [PMID: 35157911 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.108980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-apoptotic effects of diosgenin, a steroid saponin, on hearts in female with estrogen deficiency have been less studied. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-apoptotic effects of diosgenin on cardiac widely dispersed apoptosis in a bilateral ovariectomized animal model. METHODS A total of 60 female Wistar rats, aged 6-7 months, were divided into the sham-operated group (Sham), bilateral ovariectomized rats for 2 months, and ovariectomized rats administered with 0, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg diosgenin daily (OVX, OVX 10, OVX 50, and OVX 100, respectively) in the second month. The excised hearts were analyzed by H&E staining, TUNEL(+) assays and Western Blot. RESULT Cardiac TUNEL(+) apoptotic cells, the levels of Fas ligand, Fas death receptors, Fas-associated death domain, active caspase-8, and active caspase-3 (FasL/Fas-mediated pathways) as well as the levels of Bax, Bad, Bax/Bcl2, Bad/p-Bad, cytosolic Cytochrome c, active caspase-9, and active caspase-3 (mitochondria-initiated pathway) were increased in OVX compared with Sham group but those were decreased in OVX 50 compared with OVX. CONCLUSION Diosgenin appeared to prevent or suppress ovariectomy-induced cardiac FasL/Fas-mediated and mitochondria-initiated apoptosis. These findings might provide one of the possible therapeutic approaches of diosgenin for potentially preventing cardiac apoptosis in women after bilateral ovariectomy or women with estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Bo Wu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Departmental of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chin-Hu Lai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Armed Force General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Fang Lai
- Emergency Department, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yi Tasi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Guohua Jin
- Departmental of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Minqian Wei
- Departmental of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | | | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Departmental of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China.
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5
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Kim MJ, Ku JM, Hong SH, Kim HI, Kwon YY, Park JS, Jung DH, Shin YC, Ko SG. In vitro Anticancer Effects of JI017 on Two Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Involve Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated by Elevated Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:683575. [PMID: 34054558 PMCID: PMC8155384 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.683575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer, and prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in United States men after lung cancer. Many therapies are used to treat prostate cancer, and chemotherapy is one of the most relevant treatments. However, chemotherapy has many side effects, and repeated administration of chemotherapeutic agents leads to acquired resistance. Thus, new drugs with few side effects are needed. We investigated the molecular mechanism of action of JI017 in human prostate cancer cells. We identified an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway that depended on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway and played a crucial role in JI017-induced apoptosis. We measured cell viability by the MTS assay to determine the effect of JI017. Analysis of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell cycle features was performed by flow cytometry. We used western blot and RT-PCR to measure the levels of the proteins of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway and apoptosis markers. Immunoprecipitation assay and transfection were used to determine the expression levels of proteins interacting with the pathways influenced by JI017 in prostate cancer cells. The anticancer effects induced by JI017 were evaluated. JI017 induced cell death that regulated apoptotic molecules and caused cell cycle arrest that inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells. Moreover, JI017 generated ROS. Accumulation of ROS caused ER stress through the PERK-eIF2α-CHOP and IRE1α-CHOP pathways. Furthermore, persistent activation of the UPR pathway induced by JI017 treatment triggered mitochondrial dysfunction, including dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, which activated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in human prostate cancer cells. The data indicated that N-acetyl-L-cysteine diminished apoptosis. We demonstrated that JI017 induced ER stress and cell death. Anticancer properties of JI017 in prostate cancer cells and in a human prostate cancer model involved ROS-mediated ER stress. Thus, JI017 treatment provides a new strategy for chemotherapy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Mo Ku
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Pharmacological Toxicology Laboratory, Jeil Pharmaceutical, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Se Hyang Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyo In Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yun Young Kwon
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Sang Park
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deok Hyun Jung
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Shinji S, Umezawa K, Nihashi Y, Nakamura S, Shimosato T, Takaya T. Identification of the Myogenetic Oligodeoxynucleotides (myoDNs) That Promote Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Myoblasts by Targeting Nucleolin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:616706. [PMID: 33585451 PMCID: PMC7874222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.616706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report that the 18-base telomeric oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) designed from the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG genome promote differentiation of skeletal muscle myoblasts which are myogenic precursor cells. We termed these myogenetic ODNs (myoDNs). The activity of one of the myoDNs, iSN04, was independent of Toll-like receptors, but dependent on its conformational state. Molecular simulation and iSN04 mutants revealed stacking of the 13-15th guanines as a core structure for iSN04. The alkaloid berberine bound to the guanine stack and enhanced iSN04 activity, probably by stabilizing and optimizing iSN04 conformation. We further identified nucleolin as an iSN04-binding protein. Results showed that iSN04 antagonizes nucleolin, increases the levels of p53 protein translationally suppressed by nucleolin, and eventually induces myotube formation by modulating the expression of genes involved in myogenic differentiation and cell cycle arrest. This study shows that bacterial-derived myoDNs serve as aptamers and are potential nucleic acid drugs directly targeting myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Shinji
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Koji Umezawa
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuma Nihashi
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shunichi Nakamura
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tomohide Takaya
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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7
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Ross JA, Barrett B, Bensimon V, Shukla G, Weyman CM. Basal Signalling Through Death Receptor 5 and Caspase 3 Activates p38 Kinase to Regulate Serum Response Factor (SRF)-Mediated MyoD Transcription. J Mol Signal 2020; 14:1. [PMID: 32405318 PMCID: PMC7207250 DOI: 10.5334/1750-2187-14-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that stable expression of a dominant negative Death Receptor 5 (dnDR5) in skeletal myoblasts results in decreased basal caspase activity and decreased mRNA and protein expression of the muscle regulatory transcription factor MyoD in growth medium (GM), resulting in inhibited differentation when myoblasts are then cultured in differentiation media (DM). Further, this decreased level of MyoD mRNA was not a consequence of altered message stability, but rather correlated with decreased acetylation of histones in the distal regulatory region (DRR) of the MyoD extended promoter known to control MyoD transcription. As serum response factor (SRF) is the transcription factor known to be responsible for basal MyoD expression in GM, we compared the level of SRF binding to the non-canonical serum response element (SRE) within the DRR in parental and dnDR5 expressing myoblasts. Herein, we report that stable expression of dnDR5 resulted in decreased levels of serum response factor (SRF) binding to the CArG box in the SRE of the DRR. Total SRF expression levels were not affected, but phosphorylation indicative of SRF activation was impaired. This decreased SRF phosphorylation correlated with decreased phosphorylation-induced activation of p38 kinase. Moreover, the aforementioned signaling events affected by expression of dnDR5 could be appropriately recapitulated using either a pharmacological inhibitor of caspase 3 or p38 kinase. Thus, our results have established a signaling pathway from DR5 through caspases to p38 kinase activation, to SRF activation and the basal expression of MyoD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Ross
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, US
| | - Brianna Barrett
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, US
| | - Victoria Bensimon
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, US
| | - Girish Shukla
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, US
| | - Crystal M. Weyman
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, US
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8
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The muscle regulatory transcription factor MyoD participates with p53 to directly increase the expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member PUMA. Apoptosis 2018; 22:1532-1542. [PMID: 28918507 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The muscle regulatory transcription factor MyoD is a master regulator of skeletal myoblast differentiation. We have previously reported that MyoD is also necessary for the elevated expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member PUMA, and the ensuing apoptosis, that occurs in a subset of myoblasts induced to differentiate. Herein, we report the identification of a functional MyoD binding site within the extended PUMA promoter. In silico analysis of the murine PUMA extended promoter revealed three potential MyoD binding sites within 2 kb of the transcription start site. Expression from a luciferase reporter construct containing this 2 kb fragment was enhanced by activation of MyoD in both myoblasts and fibroblasts and diminished by silencing of MyoD in myoblasts. Experiments utilizing truncated versions of this promoter region revealed that the potential binding site at position - 857 was necessary for expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis confirmed binding of MyoD to the DNA region encompassing position - 857. The increase in MyoD binding to the PUMA promoter as a consequence of culture in differentiation media (DM) was comparable to the increase in MyoD binding at the myogenin promoter and was diminished in myoblasts silenced for MyoD expression. Finally, ChIP analysis using an antibody specific for the transcription factor p53 demonstrated that, in myoblasts silenced for MyoD expression, p53 binding to the PUMA promoter was diminished in response to culture in DM. These data indicate that MyoD plays a direct role in regulating PUMA expression and reveal functional consequences of MyoD expression on p53 mediated transcription of PUMA.
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Niu P, Shi D, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Zhou J. Cardamonin enhances the anti-proliferative effect of cisplatin on ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3991-3997. [PMID: 29456744 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is well-known as a promising therapeutic target in various cancer cells. mTOR activation decreases the sensitivity of ovarian cancer to cisplatin. Cardamonin inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cells by mTOR suppression. The present study examined whether cardamonin combined with cisplatin is efficacious for the anti-proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. The anti-proliferative effect was determined by MTT and cell cycle assays. Activation of the mTOR signal pathway and the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins were evaluated by western blot analysis. Cardamonin significantly enhanced the effects of cisplatin on cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. The expression of B cell lymphoma-2, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and Survivin was significantly decreased following combination treatment. Furthermore, the activation of mTOR and its downstream 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase was inhibited by cardamonin. These results demonstrated that the combinatorial effects of cardamonin and cisplatin on anti-proliferation were enhanced by suppressing the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and activation of mTOR in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiguang Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Daohua Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Jintuo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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10
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Caspase-2 is required for skeletal muscle differentiation and myogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Yang S, Li X, Guan W, Qian M, Yao Z, Yin X, Zhao H. NVP-BKM120 inhibits colon cancer growth via FoxO3a-dependent PUMA induction. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83052-83062. [PMID: 29137323 PMCID: PMC5669949 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NVP-BKM120, a potent and highly selective PI3K inhibitor, is currently being investigated in phase I/II clinical trials. The mechanisms of action of NVP-BKM120 in colon cancer cells are unclear. In the present study, we investigated how NVP-BKM120 suppresses colon cancer cells growth and potentiates effects of other chemotherapeutic drugs. We found that NVP-BKM120 treatment enhance PUMA induction irrespective of p53 status through the FoxO3a pathway following AKT inhibition. Furthermore, PUMA is required for NVP-BKM120-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. In addition, NVP-BKM120 also synergized with 5-Fluorouracil or regorafenib to induce marked apoptosis via PUMA induction. Deficiency of PUMA suppressed apoptosis and antitumor effect of NVP-BKM120 in xenograft model. These results demonstrate a key role of PUMA in mediating the anticancer effects of NVP-BKM120 and suggest that PUMA could be used as an indicator of NVP-BKM120 sensitivity, and also have important implications for it clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesia, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenchang Guan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingqin Qian
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhicheng Yao
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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12
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Wang F, Wei ZL, Sun XR, Zhang Q, Zhang CX, Jiang WX, Yan X, Liu JN, Yuan X. Apoptosis Inducing Factor Is Involved in Stretch-Induced Apoptosis of Myoblast via a Caspase-9 Independent Pathway. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:829-838. [PMID: 27735993 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Orthodontics; The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong Province 266011 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Liang Wei
- Department of Orthodontics; Jinan Stomatological Hospital; Jinan Shandong Province 250001 People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Rui Sun
- Department of Orthodontics; Weihai Stomatological Hospital; Weihai Shandong Province 264200 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics; The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong Province 266011 People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Xia Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics; The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong Province 266011 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xin Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics; The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong Province 266011 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Orthodontics; The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong Province 266011 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ning Liu
- Department of Orthodontics; The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong Province 266011 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Orthodontics; The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong Province 266011 People's Republic of China
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Otrocka-Domagała I, Mikołajczyk A, Paździor-Czapula K, Gesek M, Rotkiewicz T, Mikiewicz M. Effect of low-energy laser irradiation and antioxidant supplementation on cell apoptosis during skeletal muscle post-injury regeneration in pigs. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 18:523-31. [PMID: 26618584 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-energy laser irradiation, coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E supplementation on the apoptosis of macrophages and muscle precursor cells during skeletal muscle regeneration after bupivacaine-induced injury. The experiment was conducted on 75 gilts, divided into 5 experimental groups: I--control, II--low-energy laser irradiation, III--coenzyme Q10, IV--coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E, V--vitamin E. Muscle necrosis was induced by injection of 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride. The animals were euthanized on subsequent days after injury. Samples were formalin fixed and processed routinely for histopathology. Apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL method. The obtained results indicate that low-energy laser irradiation has a beneficial effect on macrophages and muscle precursor cell activity during muscle post-injury regeneration and protects these cells against apoptosis. Vitamin E has a slightly lower protective effect, limited mainly to the macrophages. Coenzyme Q10 co-supplemented with vitamin E increases the activity of macrophages and muscle precursor cells, myotube and young muscle formation. Importantly, muscle precursor cells seem to be more sensitive to apoptosis than macrophages in the environment of regenerating damaged muscle.
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Mitchell AS, Smith IC, Gamu D, Donath S, Tupling AR, Quadrilatero J. Functional, morphological, and apoptotic alterations in skeletal muscle of ARC deficient mice. Apoptosis 2015; 20:310-26. [PMID: 25596718 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic signaling plays an important role in the development and maintenance of healthy skeletal muscle. However, dysregulation of apoptotic signals in skeletal muscle is associated with atrophy and loss of function. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a potent anti-apoptotic protein that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle; however, its role in this tissue has yet to be elucidated. To investigate whether ARC deficiency has morphological, functional, and apoptotic consequences, skeletal muscle from 18 week-old wild-type and ARC knockout (KO) mice was studied. In red muscle (soleus), we found lower maximum tetanic force, as well as a shift towards a greater proportion of type II fibers in ARC KO mice. Furthermore, the soleus of ARC KO mice exhibited lower total, as well as fiber type-specific cross sectional area in type I and IIA fibers. Interestingly, these changes in ARC KO mice corresponded with increased DNA fragmentation, albeit independent of caspase or calpain activation. However, cytosolic fractions of red muscle from ARC KO mice had higher apoptosis inducing factor content, suggesting increased mitochondrial-mediated, caspase-independent apoptotic signaling. This was confirmed in isolated mitochondrial preparations, as mitochondria from skeletal muscle of ARC KO mice were more susceptible to calcium stress. Interestingly, white muscle from ARC KO mice showed no signs of altered apoptotic signaling or detrimental morphological differences. Results from this study suggest that even under basal conditions ARC influences muscle apoptotic signaling, phenotype, and function, particularly in slow and/or oxidative muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
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15
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Bloemberg D, Quadrilatero J. Mitochondrial pro-apoptotic indices do not precede the transient caspase activation associated with myogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2926-36. [PMID: 25205454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle differentiation requires activity of the apoptotic protease caspase-3. We attempted to identify the source of caspase activation in differentiating C2C12 skeletal myoblasts. In addition to caspase-3, caspase-2 was transiently activated during differentiation; however, no changes were observed in caspase-8 or -9 activity. Although mitochondrial Bax increased, this was matched by Bcl-2, resulting in no change to the mitochondrial Bax:Bcl-2 ratio early during differentiation. Interestingly, mitochondrial membrane potential increased on a timeline similar to caspase activation and was accompanied by an immediate, temporary reduction in cytosolic Smac and cytochrome c. Since XIAP protein expression dramatically declined during myogenesis, we investigated whether this contributes to caspase-3 activation. Despite reducing caspase-3 activity by up to 57%, differentiation was unaffected in cells overexpressing normal or E3-mutant XIAP. Furthermore, a XIAP mutant which can inhibit caspase-9 but not caspase-3 did not reduce caspase-3 activity or affect differentiation. Administering a chemical caspase-3 inhibitor demonstrated that complete enzyme inhibition was required to impair myogenesis. These results suggest that neither mitochondrial apoptotic signaling nor XIAP degradation is responsible for transient caspase-3 activation during C2C12 differentiation.
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16
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PUMA mediates ER stress-induced apoptosis in portal hypertensive gastropathy. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1128. [PMID: 24625987 PMCID: PMC3973242 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal apoptosis has been demonstrated to be an essential pathological feature in portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG). p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) was identified as a BH3-only Bcl-2 family protein that has an essential role in apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, whether PUMA is involved in mucosal apoptosis in PHG remains unclear, and whether PUMA induces PHG by mediating ER stress remains unknown. The aim of the study is to investigate whether PUMA is involved in PHG by mediating ER stress apoptotic signaling. To identify whether PUMA is involved in PHG by mediating ER stress, gastric mucosal injury and apoptosis were studied in both PHG patients and PHG animal models using PUMA knockout (PUMA-KO) and PUMA wild-type (PUMA-WT) mice. The induction of PUMA expression and ER stress signaling were investigated, and the mechanisms of PUMA-mediated apoptosis were analyzed. GES-1 and SGC7901 cell lines were used to further identify whether PUMA-mediated apoptosis was induced by ER stress in vitro. Epithelial apoptosis and PUMA were markedly induced in the gastric mucosa of PHG patients and mouse PHG models. ER stress had a potent role in the induction of PUMA and apoptosis in PHG models, and the apoptosis was obviously attenuated in PUMA-KO mice. Although the targeted deletion of PUMA did not affect ER stress, mitochondrial apoptotic signaling was downregulated in mice. Meanwhile, PUMA knockdown significantly ameliorated ER stress-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in vitro. These results indicate that PUMA mediates ER stress-induced mucosal epithelial apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in PHG, and that PUMA is a potentially therapeutic target for PHG.
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Fulle S, Sancilio S, Mancinelli R, Gatta V, Di Pietro R. Dual role of the caspase enzymes in satellite cells from aged and young subjects. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e955. [PMID: 24336075 PMCID: PMC3877545 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Satellite cell (SC) proliferation and differentiation have critical roles in skeletal muscle recovery after injury and adaptation in response to hypertrophic stimuli. Normal ageing hinders SC proliferation and differentiation, and is associated with increased expression of a number of pro-apoptotic factors in skeletal muscle. In light of previous studies that have demonstrated age-related altered expression of genes involved in SC antioxidant and repair activity, this investigation was aimed at evaluating the incidence of apoptotic features in human SCs. Primary cells were obtained from vastus lateralis of nine young (27.3±2.0 years old) and nine old (71.1±1.8 years old) subjects, and cultured in complete medium for analyses at 4, 24, 48, and 72 h. Apoptosis was assessed using AnnexinV/propidium iodide staining, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling technique, RT-PCR, DNA microarrays, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analysis. There was an increased rate of apoptotic cells in aged subjects at all of the experimental time points, with no direct correlation between AnnexinV-positive cells and caspase-8 activity. On the other hand, CASP2, CASP6, CASP7, and CASP9 and a number of cell death genes were upregulated in the aged SCs. Altogether, our data show age-related enhanced susceptibility of human SCs to apoptosis, which might be responsible for their reduced response to muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fulle
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, ‘G. d′Annunzio' University, Chieti–Pescara, Italy
- Stem Tech Group, Centre for Research into Ageing (CeSI), ‘G. d′Annunzio' University, Chieti–Pescara, Italy
- IIM-Interuniversity Institute of Myology, ‘G. d′Annunzio' University, Chieti–Pescara, Italy
| | - S Sancilio
- Stem Tech Group, Centre for Research into Ageing (CeSI), ‘G. d′Annunzio' University, Chieti–Pescara, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, ‘G. d′Annunzio' University, Chieti–Pescara, Italy
| | - R Mancinelli
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, ‘G. d′Annunzio' University, Chieti–Pescara, Italy
- Stem Tech Group, Centre for Research into Ageing (CeSI), ‘G. d′Annunzio' University, Chieti–Pescara, Italy
- IIM-Interuniversity Institute of Myology, ‘G. d′Annunzio' University, Chieti–Pescara, Italy
| | - V Gatta
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Psychological, Humanities and Territorial Sciences, ‘G. d′Annunzio' University, Chieti–Pescara, Italy
- CeSI, Ageing Research Center, ‘G. d'Annunzio' University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - R Di Pietro
- Stem Tech Group, Centre for Research into Ageing (CeSI), ‘G. d′Annunzio' University, Chieti–Pescara, Italy
- Section of Human Morphology, Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, ‘G. d'Annunzio' University, Chieti–Pescara, Italy
- Section of Human Morphology, Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, Building D, Level 1, ‘G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti–Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti 66100, Italy. Tel: +39 0871 3554567; Fax: +39 0871 3554568. E-mail:
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18
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Jadhav KS, Dungan CM, Williamson DL. Metformin limits ceramide-induced senescence in C2C12 myoblasts. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:548-59. [PMID: 24269881 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED High lipid and ceramide concentrations are hallmarks of obese and/or insulin resistant skeletal muscle, yet little is known about its role on cell cycle and senescence. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of ceramide on muscle senescence, and whether metformin limited this response. METHODS Low passage, proliferating C2C12 myoblasts were treated with a control, 50μM C2-ceramide (8h), and/or 2mM metformin, then examined for insulin sensitivity, cell senescence, cell proliferation, cell cycle, protein expression of cell cycle regulators. RESULTS Ceramide treatment caused a dephosphorylation (p<0.05) of Akt and 4E-BP1, regardless of the presence of insulin. The ceramide treated myoblasts displayed higher β-galactosidase staining (p<0.05), reduced BrDu incorporation and total number of cells (p<0.05), and an increased proportion of cells in G2-phase (p<0.05) versus control cultures. Ceramide treatment also upregulated (p<0.05) p53 and p21 protein expression, that was reversed by either pifithrin-α or shRNA for p53. Metformin limited (p<0.05) ceramide's effects on insulin signaling, senescence, and cell cycle regulation. CONCLUSIONS High ceramide concentrations reduced myoblast proliferation that was associated with aberrant cell cycle regulation and a senescent phenotype, which could provide an understanding of skeletal muscle cell adaptation during conditions of high intramuscular lipid deposition and/or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita S Jadhav
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Cory M Dungan
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - David L Williamson
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Kim B, Kim JS, Yoon Y, Santiago MC, Brown MD, Park JY. Inhibition of Drp1-dependent mitochondrial division impairs myogenic differentiation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R927-38. [PMID: 23904108 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00502.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles forming a tubular network that is continuously fusing and dividing to control their morphology and functions. Recent literature has shed new light on a potential link between the dynamic behavior of mitochondria and muscle development. In this study, we investigate the role of mitochondrial fission factor dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) in myogenic differentiation. We found that differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts induced by serum starvation was accompanied by a gradual increase in Drp1 protein expression (to ∼350% up to 3 days) and a fast reduction of Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser-637 (to ∼30%) resulting in translocation of Drp1 protein from the cytosol to mitochondria. During differentiation, treatment of myoblasts with mitochondrial division inhibitor (mdivi-1), a specific inhibitor of Drp1 GTPase activity, caused extensive formation of elongated mitochondria, which coincided with increased apoptosis evidenced by both enhanced caspase-3 activity and increased number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. Furthermore, the mdivi-1-treated myotubes (day 3 in differentiation media) showed a reduction in mitochondrial DNA content, mitochondrial mass, and membrane potential in a dose-dependent manner indicating defects in mitochondrial biogenesis during myogenic differentiation. Most interestingly, mdivi-1 treatment significantly suppressed myotube formation in both C2C12 cells and primary myoblasts. Likewise, stable overexpression of a dominant negative mutant Drp1 (K38A) dramatically reduced myogenic differentiation. These data suggest that Drp-1-dependent mitochondrial division is a necessary step for successful myogenic differentiation, and perturbation of mitochondrial dynamics hinders normal mitochondrial adaptations during muscle development. Therefore, in the present study, we report a novel physiological role of mitochondrial dynamics in myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boa Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Social Work, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Zhang Y, Yan W, Jung YS, Chen X. PUMA Cooperates with p21 to Regulate Mammary Epithelial Morphogenesis and Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66464. [PMID: 23805223 PMCID: PMC3689819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumen formation is essential for mammary morphogenesis and requires proliferative suppression and apoptotic clearance of the inner cells within developing acini. Previously, we showed that knockdown of p53 or p73 leads to aberrant mammary acinus formation accompanied with decreased expression of p53 family targets PUMA and p21, suggesting that PUMA, an inducer of apoptosis, and p21, an inducer of cell cycle arrest, directly regulate mammary morphogenesis. To address this, we generated multiple MCF10A cell lines in which PUMA, p21, or both were stably knocked down. We found that morphogenesis of MCF10A cells was altered modestly by knockdown of either PUMA or p21 alone but markedly by knockdown of both PUMA and p21. Moreover, we found that knockdown of PUMA and p21 leads to loss of E-cadherin expression along with increased expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Interestingly, we found that knockdown of ΔNp73, which antagonizes the ability of wide-type p53 and TA isoform of p73 to regulate PUMA and p21, mitigates the abnormal morphogenesis and EMT induced by knockdown of PUMA or p21. Together, our data suggest that PUMA cooperates with p21 to regulate normal acinus formation and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
| | - Yong Sam Jung
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Shaltouki A, Harford TJ, Komar AA, Weyman CM. IRES-mediated translation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member PUMA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:e24391. [PMID: 26824017 PMCID: PMC4718066 DOI: 10.4161/trla.24391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member PUMA is a critical regulator of apoptosis. We have previously shown that PUMA plays a pivotal role in the apoptosis associated with skeletal myoblast differentiation and that a MyoD-dependent mechanism is responsible for the increased expression of PUMA in these cells. Herein, we report that the increased expression of PUMA under these conditions involves regulation at the level of translation. Specifically, we have found that the increase in PUMA protein levels occurs under conditions of decreased total protein synthesis, eIF2-alpha phosphorylation and hypophosphorylation of eIF4E-BP, suggesting that PUMA translation is proceeding via an alternative initiation mechanism. Polyribosome analysis of PUMA mRNA further corroborated this suggestion. A combination of in vitro and ex vivo (cellular) approaches has provided evidence suggesting that PUMA mRNA 5'UTR harbors an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) element. Using mono- and bi-cistronic reporter constructs, we have delineated an mRNA fragment that allows for cap-independent translation in vitro and ex vivo (in skeletal myoblasts) in response to culture in differentiation media (DM), or in response to treatment with the DNA-damaging agent, etoposide. This mRNA fragment also supports translation in HeLa and 293T cells. Thus, our data has revealed a novel IRES-mediated regulation of PUMA expression in several cell types and in response to several stimuli. These findings contribute to our understanding and potential manipulation of any developmental or therapeutic scenario involving PUMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atossa Shaltouki
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease; Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences; Cleveland State University; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Terri J Harford
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease; Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences; Cleveland State University; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Anton A Komar
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease; Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences; Cleveland State University; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Crystal M Weyman
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease; Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences; Cleveland State University; Cleveland, OH USA
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22
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Abstract
Sensitivity of skeletal muscle to pro-apoptotic factors
In mononuclear cells, apoptosis leads to DNA fragmentation and cell destruction, regardless of the activated pathway. As regards multinuclear cells, e.g. skeletal muscle fibers, apoptosis rarely induces the death of the entire cell, and it generally affects single nuclei. This process, referred to as nuclear apoptosis, has a negative effect on the expression of genes in the myonuclear domain. Apoptosis may be initiated in muscle cells by external stimuli which activate cell membrane death receptors as well as by internal stimuli which stimulate the mitochondrial release of pro-apoptotic proteins. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the initiation of apoptosis. In muscle cells, ROS are produced in response to extracellular reactions or by cell mitochondria. It is, therefore, believed that mitochondria play a central role in apoptosis within skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles have a well-developed system that protects them against oxidative damage. Myogenic stem cells are an integral part of multinucleated myofibers, and they are critically important for the maintenance of normal muscle mass, muscle growth, regeneration and hypertrophy. The latest research results indicate that myogenic cells are more sensitive to oxidative stress and pro-apoptotic factors than well-differentiated cells, such as myotubes. The complex structure and activity of skeletal muscle prompted research into the role of apoptosis and its intensity under various physiological and pathological conditions. This review summarizes the results of research investigating control mechanisms and the apoptosis process in skeletal muscle fibers, and indicates unresearched areas where further work is required.
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Hunt LC, Upadhyay A, Jazayeri JA, Tudor EM, White JD. Caspase-3, myogenic transcription factors and cell cycle inhibitors are regulated by leukemia inhibitory factor to mediate inhibition of myogenic differentiation. Skelet Muscle 2011; 1:17. [PMID: 21798094 PMCID: PMC3156640 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is known to inhibit myogenic differentiation as well as to inhibit apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in non-differentiating myoblasts. In addition caspase-3 activity is required for myogenic differentiation. Therefore the aim of this study was to further investigate mechanisms of the differentiation suppressing effect of LIF in particular the possibility of a caspase-3 mediated inhibition of differentiation. RESULTS LIF dependent inhibition of differentiation appeared to involve several mechanisms. Differentiating myoblasts that were exposed to LIF displayed increased transcripts for c-fos. Transcripts for the cell cycle inhibitor p21 as well as muscle regulatory factors myoD and myogenin were decreased with LIF exposure. However, LIF did not directly induce a proliferative effect under differentiation conditions, but did prevent the proportion of myoblasts that were proliferating from decreasing as differentiation proceeded. LIF stimulation decreased the percentage of cells positive for active caspase-3 occurring during differentiation. Both the effect of LIF inhibiting caspase-3 activation and differentiation appeared dependent on mitogen activated protein kinase and extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase (MEK) signalling. The role of LIF in myogenic differentiation was further refined to demonstrate that myoblasts are unlikely to secrete LIF endogenously. CONCLUSIONS Altogether this study provides a more comprehensive view of the role of LIF in myogenic differentiation including LIF and receptor regulation in myoblasts and myotubes, mechanisms of inhibition of differentiation and the link between caspase-3 activation, apoptosis and myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam C Hunt
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Aradhana Upadhyay
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jalal A Jazayeri
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Tudor
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jason D White
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Zhang Y, Li H, Lian Z, Li N. Myofibroblasts protect myoblasts from intrinsic apoptosis associated with differentiation via β1 integrin-PI3K/Akt pathway. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 52:725-33. [PMID: 20874716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal myoblasts withdrawing from cell cycle is a prerequisite for myodifferentiation, while upon proliferation/differentiation transformation, a large portion of myoblasts will undergo apoptosis. Skeletal fibroblasts, residing in muscle tissue both during and post myogenesis, have been proofed to play pivotal roles in muscle development, while their effect on myoblast apoptosis being coincident with differentiation has not been reported. Using a membrane insert co-culture system, we studied it and found that the mitochondrial pathway played a crucial role in myoblast apoptosis during differentiation, and fibroblasts promoted not only cell cycle withdrawal but also myoblast survival in a paracrine fashion, which was coupled with upregulations of β1 integrin, phosphorylated Akt and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. To determine the effect of β1 integrin in the process, we transfected myoblasts with siRNA specific for β1 integrin before co-culture and found that β1 integrin knockdown abolished anti-apoptotic ability of myoblasts and inhibited Akt activation and Bcl2 expression. Blockage of PI3K/Akt pathway with wortmannin also seriously impaired the protective effect of fibroblasts on myoblasts and fibroblast-induced Bcl2 expression. The data demonstrated that fibroblasts protected myoblasts from intrinsic apoptosis associated with differentiation, and β1 integrin-PI3K/Akt pathway activation was required for the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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25
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Harford TJ, Shaltouki A, Weyman CM. Increased expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member PUMA and apoptosis by the muscle regulatory transcription factor MyoD in response to a variety of stimuli. Apoptosis 2010; 15:71-82. [PMID: 19943111 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the level of MyoD expression correlates with the level of apoptosis that occurs in a subpopulation of skeletal myoblasts induced to differentiate by serum withdrawal. Herein we document that MyoD expression contributes to the level of apoptosis in myoblasts and fibroblasts in response to a variety of apoptotic stimuli. Specifically, re-expression of MyoD in skeletal myoblasts rendered defective for both differentiation and apoptosis by the expression of oncogenic Ras restores their ability to undergo both differentiation and apoptosis in response to serum withdrawal. Further, using a fibroblast cell line expressing an estrogen receptor:MyoD fusion protein, we have determined that addition of estrogen sensitizes these fibroblasts to apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal, or by treatment with etoposide or thapsigargin. RNAi mediated silencing of MyoD in either 23A2 or C2C12 myoblasts renders these cells resistant to apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal, or by treatment with etoposide or thapsigargin. Finally, MyoD mediated regulation of the apoptotic response to these various stimuli, in both myoblasts and fibroblasts, correlates with the level of induction of the pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member PUMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri J Harford
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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26
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Abstract
PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis) is a Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-only Bcl-2 family member and a critical mediator of p53-dependent and -independent apoptosis induced by a wide variety of stimuli, including genotoxic stress, deregulated oncogene expression, toxins, altered redox status, growth factor/cytokine withdrawal and infection. It serves as a proximal signaling molecule whose expression is regulated by transcription factors in response to these stimuli. PUMA transduces death signals primarily to the mitochondria, where it acts indirectly on the Bcl-2 family members Bax and/or Bak by relieving the inhibition imposed by antiapoptotic members. It directly binds and antagonizes all known antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. PUMA ablation or inhibition leads to apoptosis deficiency underlying increased risks for cancer development and therapeutic resistance. Although elevated PUMA expression elicits profound chemo- and radiosensitization in cancer cells, inhibition of PUMA expression may be useful for curbing excessive cell death associated with tissue injury and degenerative diseases. Therefore, PUMA is a general sensor of cell death stimuli and a promising drug target for cancer therapy and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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27
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Butler DC, Haramizu S, Williamson DL, Alway SE. Phospho-ablated Id2 is growth suppressive and pro-apoptotic in proliferating myoblasts. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6302. [PMID: 19609365 PMCID: PMC2706990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of differentiation protein-2 (Id2) is a dominant negative helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein, and a positive regulator of proliferation, in various cells. The N-terminal region of Id2 contains a consensus cdk2 phosphorylation sequence SPVR, which may be involved with the induction of apoptosis, at least in myeloid 32d.3 cells. However, the role of Id2 phosphorylation at serine 5 in skeletal muscle cells is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine if the phosphorylation of Id2 at serine 5 alters its cellular localization and its role in apoptosis in C2C12 myoblasts. Overexpression of wild type Id2 decreased MyoD protein expression, which corresponded to the increased binding of Id2 to basic HLH proteins E47 and E12. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation was significantly decreased by the overexpression of phospho-ablated Id2 (S5A); conversely, overexpression of wild type Id2 increased cellular proliferation. The subcellular localization of Id2 and phospho-mimicking Id2 (S5D) were predominantly nuclear compared to S5A. The decreased nuclear localization of S5A corresponded to a decrease in cellular proliferation, and an increase in apoptosis. These data suggest that unphosphorylated Id2 is primarily localized in the cytosol, where it is growth suppressive and potentially pro-apoptotic. These results imply that reducing unphosphorylated Id2 may improve the pool of myoblasts available for differentiation by increasing proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Butler
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Satoshi Haramizu
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - David L. Williamson
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephen E. Alway
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Freer-Prokop M, O'Flaherty J, Ross JA, Weyman CM. Non-canonical role for the TRAIL receptor DR5/FADD/caspase pathway in the regulation of MyoD expression and skeletal myoblast differentiation. Differentiation 2009; 78:205-12. [PMID: 19523746 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report herein that the TRAIL receptor DR5/FADD/caspase pathway plays a role in skeletal myoblast differentiation through modulation of the expression of the muscle regulatory transcription factor MyoD. Specifically, treatment with the selective caspase 3 inhibitor DEVD-fmk or the selective caspase 8 inhibitor IETD-fmk in growth media (GM), prior to culture in differentiation media (DM), inhibited differentiation. Further, this treatment resulted in decreased levels of MyoD message and protein. We next explored a role for the TRAIL receptor DR5/FADD pathway. We found that expression of either dominant negative (dn) FADD or dominant negative (dn) DR5 also resulted in decreased levels of MyoD mRNA and protein and blocked differentiation. This decreased level of MyoD mRNA was not a consequence of altered stability. Treatment with TSA, an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs), allowed MyoD expression in myoblasts expressing dnDR5. Finally, acetylation of histones associated with the distal regulatory region (DRR) enhancer of MyoD was decreased in myoblasts expressing dnDR5. Thus, our data suggests a non-canonical role for the TRAIL receptor/FADD pathway in the regulation of MyoD expression and skeletal myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Freer-Prokop
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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Murray TVA, McMahon JM, Howley BA, Stanley A, Ritter T, Mohr A, Zwacka R, Fearnhead HO. A non-apoptotic role for caspase-9 in muscle differentiation. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3786-93. [PMID: 18957517 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.024547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases most often investigated for their roles in apoptosis, have also been demonstrated to have functions that are vital for the efficient execution of cell differentiation. One such role that has been described is the requirement of caspase-3 for the differentiation of skeletal myoblasts into myotubes but, as yet, the mechanism leading to caspase-3 activation in this case remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that caspase-9, an initiator caspase in the mitochondrial death pathway, is responsible for the activation of caspase-3 in differentiating C2C12 cells. Reduction of caspase-9 levels, using an shRNA construct, prevented caspase-3 activation and inhibited myoblast fusion. Myosin-heavy-chain expression, which accompanies myoblastic differentiation, was not caspase-dependent. Overexpression of Bcl-xL, a protein that inhibits caspase-9 activation, had the same effect on muscle differentiation as knockdown of caspase-9. These data suggest that the mitochondrial pathway is required for differentiation; however, the release of cytochrome c or Smac (Diablo) could not be detected, raising the possibility of a novel mechanism of caspase-9 activation during muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V A Murray
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Wang X, Wang J, Lin S, Geng Y, Wang J, Jiang B. Sp1 is involved in H2O2-induced PUMA gene expression and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2008; 27:44. [PMID: 18811981 PMCID: PMC2570657 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are intricately involved in tumor progression through effects on proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. But how ROS works is not well understood. In previous study, we found PUMA (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis) played an important role in oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis. In the present study, we detect the role of PUMA in H2O2-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells and investigate the potential mechanism. Methods and results We showed that H2O2 stimulated the activity of a 493 PUMA promoter reporter gene construct. Suppressing the expression of PUMA abrogated H2O2-induced apoptosis. Deletion of the Sp1-binding sites also decreased the transactivation of PUMA promoter by H2O2. Furthermore, induction of PUMA promoter activity by H2O2 was abrogated by PFT-α (a p53 inhibitor) and Mithramycin A (a Sp1 inhibitor), as compared with PFT-α alone. To determine the effects of Sp1 on PUMA in H2O2-induced apoptosis, procaspase 3, procaspase 9 and procaspase 8 expression was assessed. Mithramycin A and PFT-α also reduced H2O2-induced apoptosis synergistically and abrogated the expression of procaspase 3 and procaspase 9. Conclusion Our findings suggest that PUMA plays a role in H2O2-induced apoptosis, and that Sp1 works together with p53 in the regulation of H2O2-induced PUMA expression and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. This study provides important regulatory insights in the mechanisms of ROS in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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