Coenzyme Q10 protects renal proximal tubule cells against nicotine-induced apoptosis through induction of p66shc-dependent antioxidant responses

The antioxidant effects of coenzyme Q10 on albino rat testicular toxicity and apoptosis triggered by bisphenol A

Polycarbonate plastics for packaging and epoxy resins are both made with the industrial chemical bisphenol A (BPA). This investigation looked at the histological structure, antioxidant enzymes, and albino rats' testis to determine how coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) impacts BPA toxicity. For the experiments, three sets of 18 male adult rats were created: group 1 received no therapy, group 2 acquired BPA, and group 3 got the daily BPA treatment accompanied by coenzyme Q10, 1 h apart. The experimental period ran for 14 days. The biochemical biomarkers catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were altered as a result of BPA exposure. The testicular histological architecture, which is made up of apoptosis, was also exaggerated. Furthermore, rats given BPA and CoQ10 treatment may experience a diminution in these negative BPA effects. These protective properties of CoQ10 may be correlated with the ability to eliminate oxidizing substances that can harm living species. The outcomes might support the hypothesis that CoQ10 prevented oxidative damage and boosted rats' stress responses when BPA was introduced. Thus, by shielding mammals from oxidative stress, CoQ10 aids in the growth and development of the animals. BPA is extremely hazardous to humans and can persist in tissues. Human reproductive functions are a worry due to human exposure to BPA, especially for occupational workers who are typically exposed to higher doses of BPA. As a result, in order to reduce the health risks, BPA usage must be minimized across a diverse range of industries, and improper plastic container handling must be prohibited. By giving CoQ10 to patients, BPA's harmful effects on reproductive structures and functions may be avoided.

Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease

The kidney contains many mitochondria that generate ATP to provide energy for cellular processes. Oxidative stress injury can be caused by impaired mitochondria with excessive levels of reactive oxygen species. Accumulating evidence has indicated a relationship between oxidative stress and kidney diseases, and revealed new insights into mitochondria-targeted therapeutics for renal injury. Improving mitochondrial homeostasis, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, and balancing mitochondrial turnover has the potential to protect renal function against oxidative stress. Although there are some reviews that addressed this issue, the articles summarizing the relationship between mitochondria-targeted effects and the risk factors of renal failure are still few. In this review, we integrate recent studies on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in kidney diseases, especially chronic kidney disease. We organized the causes and risk factors of oxidative stress in the kidneys based in their mitochondria-targeted effects. This review also listed the possible candidates for clinical therapeutics of kidney diseases by modulating mitochondrial function.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the renal protective effects of coenzyme Q10 in acute kidney injury

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), an endogenous antioxidant, has been reported frequently to exert an outstanding protective effect on multiple organ injury, including acute kidney injury (AKI). In this study, we aim to summarize all the current evidence of the protective action of CoQ10 against AKI as there are presently no relevant reviews in the literature. After a systematic search, 20 eligible studies, either clinical trials or experimental studies, were included and further reviewed. CoQ10 treatment exhibited a potent renal protective effect on various types of AKI, such as AKI induced by drugs (e.g., ochratoxin A, cisplatin, gentamicin, L-NAME, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug), extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), sepsis, contrast media, and ischemia–reperfusion injury. The renal protective role of CoQ10 against AKI might be mediated by the antiperoxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory potential of CoQ10. The molecular mechanisms for the protective effects of CoQ10 might be attributed to the regulation of multiple essential genes (e.g., caspase-3, p53, and PON1) and signaling cascades (e.g., Nrf2/HO-1 pathway). This review highlights that CoQ10 may be a potential strategy in the treatment of AKI.

The Anti-Oxidant Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Albino Rat Testicular Toxicity and Apoptosis Triggered by Bisphenol A.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2073923/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Polycarbonate plastics for packaging and epoxy resins are both made with the industrial chemical bisphenol A (BPA). This investigation looked at the histological structure, antioxidant enzymes, and albino rats' testis to determine how Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) impacts BPA toxicity. For the experiments, 18 adult male rats were broken into three groups: group 1 received no therapy, group 2 acquired BPA, and group 3 got daily BPA treatment accompanied by coenzyme Q10, one hour apart. All experiment done for 14 days. The biochemical biomarkers catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were altered as a result of BPA exposure. The testicular histological architecture, which is made up of apoptosis, was also exaggerated. Furthermore, rats given BPA and CoQ10 treatment may experience a diminution in these negative BPA effects. These protective properties of CoQ10 may be correlated with the ability to eliminate oxidizing substances that can harm living species.The outcomes might support the hypothesis that CoQ10 prevented oxidative damage and boosted rats' stress responses when BPA was introduced. Thus, by shielding mammals from oxidative stress, CoQ10 aids in the growth and development of the animals.BPA is extremely hazardous to humans and can persist in tissues. Human reproductive functions are a worry due to human exposure to BPA, especially for occupational workers who are typically exposed to higher doses of BPA. As a result, in order to reduce the health risks, BPA usage must be minimized across a diverse range of industries, and improper plastic container handling must be prohibited. By giving CoQ10 to patients, BPA's harmful effects on reproductive structures and functions may be avoided.

Coenzyme Q10 attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting RIP1-RIP3-MLKL-mediated necroinflammation via Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling in unilateral ureteral obstruction

OBJECTIVE

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) protects against various types of injury, but its role in preventing renal scarring in chronic kidney disease remains an open question. Herein, we evaluated whether CoQ10 attenuates renal fibrosis by interfering with necroinflammation in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and in vitro.

METHODS

Rats with UUO were treated daily with CoQ10 or an RIP inhibitor (necrostatin-1 or GSK872) for 7 days. The influence of CoQ10 on renal injury caused by UUO was evaluated by histopathology and analysis of gene expression, oxidative stress, intracellular organelles, apoptosis, and Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling·H2O2-exposed human kidney (HK-2) cells were also examined after treatment with CoQ10 or an RIP inhibitor.

RESULTS

UUO induced marked renal tubular necrosis, upregulation of RIP1-RIP3-MLKL axis proteins, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and evolution of renal fibrosis. UUO-induced oxidative stress evoked excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which triggered apoptotic cell death through Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling. All of these effects were mitigated by CoQ10 or an RIP inhibitor. In H2O2-treated HK-2 cells, CoQ10 or an RIP inhibitor suppressed the expression of RIP1-RIP3-MLKL proteins and pyroptosis-related cytokines, and hindered the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species as shown by MitoSOX Red staining and apoptotic cell death but increased cell viability. The CoQ10 or Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor ICG-001 deactivated H2O2-stimulated activation of Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that CoQ10 attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting RIP1-RIP3-MLKL-mediated necroinflammation via Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling in UUO.

Nicotine exacerbates tacrolimus-induced renal injury by programmed cell death

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Cigarette smoking is an important modifiable risk factor in kidney disease progression. However, the underlying mechanisms for this are lacking. This study aimed to assess whether nicotine (NIC), a major toxic component of cigarette smoking, would exacerbates tacrolimus (TAC)-induced renal injury.

METHODS

Sprague-Dawley rats were treated daily with NIC, TAC, or both drugs for 4 weeks. The influence of NIC on TAC-caused renal injury was examined via renal function, histopathology, oxidative stress, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and programmed cell death (apoptosis and autophagy).

RESULTS

Both NIC and TAC significantly impaired renal function and histopathology, while combined NIC and TAC treatment aggravated these parameters beyond the effects of either alone. Increased oxidative stress, ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, proinf lammatory and profibrotic cytokine expressions, and programmed cell death from either NIC or TAC were also aggravated by the two combined.

CONCLUSION

Our observations suggest that NIC exacerbates chronic TAC nephrotoxicity, implying that smoking cessation may be beneficial for transplant smokers taking TAC.

Coenzyme Q10 ameliorates BPA-induced apoptosis by regulating autophagy-related lysosomal pathways

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely distributed environmental endocrine disruptor. The accumulation of BPA has been proved that produce various toxic effects both on human and animals. However, the strategies to reduce the damage of BPA on the body and related mechanisms remain to be studied. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), as a powerful antioxidant, is ubiquitous in many eukaryotic cells, which can improve the integrity of lysosomal membrane, lysosomal degradation function and promote autophagy. Here, we examined the ability of CoQ10 to alleviate oxidative stress and apoptosis in BPA-induced damages in C2C12 cells, and how to alleviate it. Our results showed that BPA treatment significantly reduced cell viability, increased the number of cell apoptosis and ROS production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibited the gene expression of mitochondria biogenesis. Moreover, we demonstrated that exposure to BPA increased expression levels of autophagy protein (LC3-II, p62), inhibited autophagy flux, and disrupted the acidic pH environment of lysosomes. Importantly, CoQ10 supplementation effectively restored these abnormalities caused by BPA. CoQ10 significantly decreased the apoptotic incidence and ROS levels, improved mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, CoQ10 improved lysosome function and enhanced autophagy flux. Taken together, our results indicate that CoQ10 supplementation is a feasible and effective way to promote the level of autophagy by improving lysosomal function, thereby reducing the apoptosis caused by BPA accumulation. This study aims to provide evidence for the role of CoQ10 in repairing BPA-induced cell damage in clinical practice.

Prospective study of plasma levels of coenzyme Q10 and lung cancer risk in a low-income population in the Southeastern United States

Background

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a ubiquitous molecule in living organisms serving as a cofactor in energy production. Epidemiological studies have reported low CoQ10 levels being associated with an increased risk of various cancers. We conducted the first study to evaluate the association of CoQ10 concentrations with lung cancer risk.

Methods

A nested case‐control study including 201 lung cancer cases and 395 matched controls from the Southern Community Cohort Study was conducted. Plasma CoQ10 levels were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography with photo‐diode array detection. Conditional logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between plasma CoQ10 levels and lung cancer risk.

Results

Plasma CoQ10 concentration was inversely associated with the risk of lung cancer. After adjusting for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status, the OR (95% CI) comparing the third to first tertile was 0.57 (0.36–0.91, P for trend = 0.02). Further adjustments for smoking, alcohol, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and body mass index attenuated the point estimate slightly (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.34–1.08, P for trend = 0.11), comparing third to first tertiles. Stratified analyses identified a significant inverse association between plasma CoQ10 levels and lung cancer risk in current smokers, but not in former/never smokers. The association was more evident in cases who were diagnosed within 1 year of blood draw than in cases diagnosed after 1 year.

Conclusions

Low plasma CoQ10 was significantly associated with increased lung cancer risk, particularly among current smokers. The stronger association seen shortly following the blood draw suggests that CoQ10 may be related to disease progression.

Gender-biased kidney damage in mice following exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke: More protection in premenopausal females

Multiple clinical studies documented renal damage in chronic cigarette smokers (CS) irrespective of their age and gender. Premenopausal female smokers are known to exert a certain cardiovascular and renal protection with undefined mechanisms. Given the multiple demographic variables within clinical studies, this experimental study was designed to be the first to assess whether gender‐biased CS‐induced kidney damage truly exists between premenopausal female and age‐matched C57Bl6J male mice when compared to their relative control groups. Following 6 weeks of CS exposure, cardiac function, inflammatory marker production, fibrosis formation, total and glomerular ROS levels, and glomerulotubular homeostasis were assessed in both genders. Although both CS‐exposed male and female mice exhibited comparable ROS fold change relative to their respective control groups, CS‐exposed male mice showed a more pronounced fibrotic deposition, inflammation, and glomerulotubular damage profile. However, the protection observed in CS‐exposed female group was not absolute. CS‐exposed female mice exhibited a significant increase in fibrosis, ROS production, and glomerulotubular alteration but with a pronounced anti‐inflammatory profile when compared to their relative control groups. Although both CS‐exposed genders presented with altered glomerulotubular homeostasis, the alteration phenotype between genders was different. CS‐exposed males showed a significant decrease in Bowman's space along with reduced tubular diameter consistent with an endocrinization pattern of chronic tubular atrophy, suggestive of an advanced stage of glomerulotubular damage. CS‐exposed female group, on the other hand, displayed glomerular hypertrophy with a mild tubular dilatation profile suggestive of an early stage of glomerulotubular damage that generally precedes collapse. In conclusion, both genders are prone to CS‐induced kidney damage with pronounced female protection due to a milder damage slope.

Loss of Mitochondrial Control Impacts Renal Health

Disruption of mitochondrial biosynthesis or dynamics, or loss of control over mitochondrial regulation leads to a significant alteration in fuel preference and metabolic shifts that potentially affect the health of kidney cells. Mitochondria regulate metabolic networks which affect multiple cellular processes. Indeed, mitochondria have established themselves as therapeutic targets in several diseases. The importance of mitochondria in regulating the pathogenesis of several diseases has been recognized, however, there is limited understanding of mitochondrial biology in the kidney. This review provides an overview of mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney diseases. We describe the importance of mitochondria and mitochondrial sirtuins in the regulation of renal metabolic shifts in diverse cells types, and review this loss of control leads to increased cell-to-cell transdifferentiation processes and myofibroblast-metabolic shifts, which affect the pathophysiology of several kidney diseases. In addition, we examine mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic agents that offer potential leads in combating kidney diseases.

Potential ameliorative effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against cigarette smoke exposure induced renal and hepatic deficits

The environmental pollution caused by cigarette smoke (CS) seriously endangers people's health. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant catechin in green tea. In this study, rats were exposed to CS for 90 days. Kidney function was evaluated by detecting the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Liver function was evaluated by detecting the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase. The renal and hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation were assessed by detecting the levels of malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and proinflammatory cytokines. Organ fibrosis was evaluated by observing collagen deposition via masson staining, by examining the hydroxyproline level, by measuring the mRNA levels of fibrosis-associated genes collagen (Col)-1A1 and Col-3A1, as well as by assessing the activity of profibrotic TGF-β1 pathway. Additionally, renal and hepatic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were evaluated. It was observed that EGCG ameliorated the renal and hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, EMT, as well as inhibited the activation of TGF-β1 signaling pathway induced by CS. These results showed that EGCG could attenuate CS-induced renal and hepatic fibrosis.

Scintigraphic evaluation of renoprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 in a rat renal ischemia-reperfusion injury

PURPOSE

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) may occur secondary to several reasons leading to renal failure. Coenzyme-Q10 (CoQ10) is a well-known antioxidant. However, the effects CoQ10 against RIRI have not been evaluated. Our aim was to evaluate protective effects of CoQ10 to renal ischemia-reperfusion by biochemical, immunohistochemical and scintigraphic findings.

METHODS

Thirty Wistar-albino rats were randomly separated into groups of 10; Group Sham; Group ischemia-reperfusion (IR) had left renal pedicle clamping; Group CoQ10+IR had IR and CoQ10. Twenty-four hours later after reperfusion, scintigraphy was performed and after that, rats were sacrificed. To demonstrate effects of RIRI, serum urea and creatinine levels and tissue levels oxidative stress markers were evaluated. Both kidneys were subjected to histopathological evaluation and to confirm RIRI-induced immunohistochemical aspects of apoptosis, terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase mediated-deoxyuridine-triphosphate-nick-end-labeling assay and caspase-3 were assessed.

RESULTS

Tissue oxidative stress, histopathologic changes, apoptosis scores and quantitative scintigraphic parameters were significantly higher in Group IR compared with Group Sham. Although tissue oxidative stress levels and histopathologic changes were not significant, quantitative scintigraphic parameters of contralateral kidney of Group IR were significantly increased. Compared with Group IR, Group CoQ10+IR presented decreased tissue oxidative stress levels; decreased scores of histopathology and apoptosis; and decreased quantitative scintigraphic parameters with increased split renal function in ischemic kidney.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that other than its antioxidant properties, CoQ10 shows antiperoxidative, antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory potential in protecting renal functioning of ischemic kidney. Furthermore, our results show that renal scintigraphy is a feasible method to detect early changes in renal functioning after RIRI.

Antioxidant CoQ10 Restores Fertility by Rescuing Bisphenol A-Induced Oxidative DNA Damage in the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are ubiquitously present in our environment, but the mechanisms by which they adversely affect human reproductive health and strategies to circumvent their effects remain largely unknown. Here, we show in Caenorhabditis elegans that supplementation with the antioxidant Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) rescues the reprotoxicity induced by the widely used plasticizer and endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA), in part by neutralizing DNA damage resulting from oxidative stress. CoQ10 significantly reduces BPA-induced elevated levels of germ cell apoptosis, phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK-1), double-strand breaks (DSBs), and chromosome defects in diakinesis oocytes. BPA-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in the germline are counteracted by CoQ10. Finally, CoQ10 treatment also reduced the levels of aneuploid embryos and BPA-induced defects observed in early embryonic divisions. We propose that CoQ10 may counteract BPA-induced reprotoxicity through the scavenging of reactive oxygen species and free radicals, and that this natural antioxidant could constitute a low-risk and low-cost strategy to attenuate the impact on fertility by BPA.

Chronic Nicotine Exposure Reduces Antioxidant Function of Simvastatin in Renal Proximal Tubule Cells

BACKGROUND/AIM

We have previously reported that simvastatin exhibits antioxidant properties via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/cAMP-response element binding (CREB) protein-dependent induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) and chronic nicotine exposure inhibits ERK/CREB signaling in renal proximal tubule cells (through p66shc). Herein, whether nicotine dampens simvastatin-dependent HO1 induction was determined.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Renal proximal tubule (NRK52E) cells were pre-treated with 200 μM nicotine for 24 h followed by 10 μM simvastatin. Promoter activity of HO1 and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and activation of CREB and ERK (via ELK1) were determined in luciferase reporter assays. CREB and p66shc were modulated via genetic means.

RESULTS

Nicotine suppressed simvastatin-dependent activation of HO1 and MnSOD promoters and activity of CREB and ELK1 via p66shc. Overexpression of CREB or knockdown of p66shc restored simvastatin-dependent induction of HO1 and MnSOD in the presence of nicotine.

CONCLUSION

Antioxidant efficiency of simvastatin might be significantly lessened in smokers/E-cigarette users.

Differential roles of 3-Hydroxyflavone and 7-Hydroxyflavone against nicotine-induced oxidative stress in rat renal proximal tubule cells

Plant flavonoids are well known as antioxidants against oxidative stress induced by exposure to external pollutants. Nicotine (NIC) is one of those agents which increases renal oxidative stress, an important factor in the pathogenesis of renal epithelial injury in smokers. Although several studies had been conducted on flavonoids and oxidative stress, the mechanism of the protective pathways are not fully understood. Here, we present studies on antioxidant properties of two mono-hydroxyflavone isomers, 3-hydroxyflanove (3HF)- and 7-hydroxyflavone (7HF), against nicotine-associated oxidative stress and injury in cultured renal proximal tubule cells and correlate their antioxidant properties with their chemical structure. Our data clearly demonstrates, for the first time, that while both 3HF and 7HF protect renal cells from NIC-associated cytotoxicity, the mechanism of their action is different: 3HF elicits protective activity via the PKA/CREB/MnSOD pathway while 7HF does so via the ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations with two major signaling pathway proteins showed significant differences in the binding energies of 3HF (-5.67 and -7.39 kcal.mol-1) compared to 7HF (-5.41 and -8.55 kcal.mol-1) in the matrices of CREB and Keap1-Nrf2 proteins respectively, which corroborate with the observed differences in their protective properties in the renal cells. The implications of this novel explorative study is likely to promote the understanding of the mechanisms of the antioxidative functions of different flavones.