N6-methyladenosine writer METTL3 accelerates the sepsis-induced myocardial injury by regulating m6A-dependent ferroptosis

Intestinal Epithelial Cell-specific Knockout of METTL3 Aggravates Intestinal Inflammation in CLP Mice by Weakening the Intestinal Barrier

BACKGROUND

Many studies have demonstrated that the expression of methyltransferase- like 3 (METTL3) is altered in various inflammatory diseases. Its specific mechanistic role in the intestinal inflammatory response during sepsis remains limited and requires further investigation.

OBJECTIVES

Explore the potential mechanism of METTL3 in the intestinal inflammatory response during sepsis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Immunohistochemical analysis was utilized to detect the expression of METTL3 in the necrotic intestine of patients with intestinal necrosis and the small intestine of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mice. Mice were subjected to the CLP and Sham surgeries, intestine tissue was harvested and performed HE staining, and ELISA to examine intestinal inflammatory responses, while TUNEL staining was applied to detect intestinal cell apoptosis. Additionally, ELISA was used to detect diamine oxidase (DAO) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) levels in intestinal tissue. Immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR were also employed to examine the mRNA and protein expression levels of Zona Occludens 1 (ZO-1) and Claudin-1. Finally, transcriptomic sequencing was performed on the small intestine tissues of METTL3 Knock-out (KO) and Wild-type (WT) mice in response to sepsis.

RESULTS

METTL3 exhibited lower expression level in the necrotic intestine of patients and the small intestine of CLP mice. Loss of METTL3 in CLP mice triggered significantly higher expression of TNF-α and IL-18, down-regulated expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1, and decreased expression of DAO and I-FABP in the intestinal tissue. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differential genes were significantly enriched in immune-related pathways.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals a novel mechanism responsible for exacerbated intestinal inflammation orchestrated by METTL3. Particularly, METTL3 null mice displayed decreased ZO- 1 and Claudin-1 expression, which largely hampered intestinal epithelial barrier function, resulting in bacterial and toxin translocation and intestinal immune activation and inflammation against sepsis.

The Role of Methylation in Ferroptosis

Methylation modification is a crucial epigenetic alteration encompassing RNA methylation, DNA methylation, and histone methylation. Ferroptosis represents a newly discovered form of programmed cell death (PCD) in 2012, which is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. The comprehensive investigation of ferroptosis is therefore imperative for a more profound comprehension of the pathological and pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in a wide array of diseases. Researches show that methylation modifications can exert either promotive or inhibitory effects on cell ferroptosis. Consequently, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the pivotal role played by methylation in ferroptosis, elucidating its associated factors and underlying mechanisms.

IGF2BP3 boosts lactate generation to accelerate gastric cancer immune evasion

The CD8+ T cells mediated antitumor immunity plays a critical function on gastric cancer (GC) immunotherapy. However, the mechanism of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and lactate in GC immune microenvironment are still unclear. Here, present research investigated the role of Insulin like growth factor II mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) in GC and its in-depth mechanisms in the antitumor immunity. Data illustrated that high IGF2BP3 level was associated to GC poor prognosis and tumor infiltration. Functional assays demonstrated that IGF2BP3 overexpression could promote the lactate accumulation, and impair the CD8+ T cells' antitumor immunity activity in co-culture system. Correspondingly, IGF2BP3 silencing enhanced the CD8+ T cells' antitumor immunity activity towards co-cultured GC cells. Mechanistically, IGF2BP3 could bind the m6A site on LDHA mRNA, thereby promoting its mRNA stability. Rescue assays elucidated that IGF2BP3/LDHA axis impaired the CD8+ T cells antitumor immunity by triggering lactate excess tumor microenvironment. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that IGF2BP3 impairs the CD8+ T cells antitumor immunity by targeting LDHA/lactate axis, providing a novel therapeutic insight for GC immunotherapy.

METTL3 mediated ferroptosis in chondrocytes and promoted pain in KOA via HMGB1 m6A modification

Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) plays a role in the development of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, the mechanism underlying the role of METTL3 in KOA is unclear. This work investigated the effects of MELLT3 on ferroptosis and pain relief in in vitro and in vivo KOA models. Chondrocytes were treated with 10 ng/mL interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or 5 μM Erastin (ferroptosis inducer). IL-1β or Erastin treatment inhibited cell viability and glutathione levels; increased Fe2+, lipid reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production; and decreased glutathione peroxidase 4, ferritin light chain and solute carrier family 7 member 11 levels. The overexpression of METTL3 facilitated the N6-methyladenosine methylation of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). HMGB1 overexpression reversed the effect of sh-METTL3 on IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. A KOA rat model was established by the injection of monosodium iodoacetate into the joints and successful model establishment was confirmed by haematoxylin and eosin staining and Safranin O/Fast Green staining. METTL3 depletion alleviated cartilage damage, the inflammatory response, ferroptosis and knee pain in KOA model rats, and these effects were reversed by the addition of HMGB1. In conclusion, METTL3 depletion inhibited ferroptosis and the inflammatory response, and ameliorated cartilage damage and knee pain during KOA progression by regulating HMGB1.

The regulatory mechanisms of N6-methyladenosine modification in ferroptosis and its implications in disease pathogenesis

HEADING AIMS

Based on the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which m6A influences ferroptosis, our objective is to underscore the intricate and interdependent relationships between m6A and the principal regulatory pathways of ferroptosis, as well as other molecules, emphasizing its relevance to diseases associated with this cell death mode.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a literature search using the keywords "m6A and ferroptosis" across PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline. The search was limited to English-language publications from 2017 to 2024. Retrieved articles were managed using Endnote software. Two authors independently screened the search results and reviewed the full texts of selected articles.

KEY FINDINGS

Abnormal m6A levels are often identified as critical regulators of ferroptosis. Specifically, "writers", "readers" and "erasers" that dynamically modulate m6A function regulate various pathways in ferroptosis including iron metabolism, lipid metabolism and antioxidant system. Additionally, we provide an overview of the role of m6A-mediated ferroptosis in multiple diseases and summarize the potential applications of m6A-mediated ferroptosis, including its use as a therapeutic target for diseases and as diagnostic as well as prognostic biomarkers.

SIGNIFICANCE

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, a prevalent RNA modification in eukaryotic cells, is crucial in regulating various aspects of RNA metabolism. Notably, accumulating evidence has implicated m6A modification in ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent cell death characterized by elevated iron levels and lipid peroxide accumulation. Overall, this review sheds light on the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of m6A regulators in addressing conditions associated with ferroptosis.

Epigenetic regulation of diverse regulated cell death modalities in cardiovascular disease: Insights into necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis

Cell death constitutes a critical component of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. A growing array of non-apoptotic forms of regulated cell death (RCD)-such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and cuproptosis-has been identified and is intimately linked to various cardiovascular conditions. These forms of RCD are governed by genetically programmed mechanisms within the cell, with epigenetic modifications being a common and crucial regulatory method. Such modifications include DNA methylation, RNA methylation, histone methylation, histone acetylation, and non-coding RNAs. This review recaps the roles of DNA methylation, RNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs in cardiovascular diseases, as well as the mechanisms by which epigenetic modifications regulate key proteins involved in cell death. Furthermore, we systematically catalog the existing epigenetic pharmacological agents targeting novel forms of RCD and their mechanisms of action in cardiovascular diseases. This article aims to underscore the pivotal role of epigenetic modifications in precisely regulating specific pathways of novel RCD in cardiovascular diseases, thus offering potential new therapeutic avenues that may prove more effective and safer than traditional treatments.

METTL3-mediated TIM1 promotes macrophage M1 polarization and inflammation through IGF2BP2-dependent manner

Macrophage polarization and inflammation may play an important role in the development of sepsis. T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 1 (TIM1) has been demonstrated to promote macrophage inflammatory responses. However, whether TIM1 regulates macrophage polarization and inflammation to affect sepsis development remains unclear. Human monocytic leukemia cell line was induced into macrophages, followed by stimulated with LPS and IL-4 to induce M1 polarization and M2 polarization. The expression levels of TIM1, methyltransferase 3 (METTL3), and insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) were examined by qRT-PCR and western blot. IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels were tested by ELISA. CD86+cell rate was analyzed by flow cytometry. The m6A methylation level of TIM1 was assessed by MeRIP assay. The interaction of between TIM1 and METTL3 or IGF2BP2 was assessed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay. TIM1 knockdown repressed LPS-induced macrophage M1 polarization and inflammation. In terms of mechanism, METTL3 promoted TIM1 expression through m6A modification, and this modification could be recognized by IGF2BP2. Besides, knockdown of METTL3/IGF2BP2 suppressed LPS-induced macrophage M1 polarization and inflammation, while this effect could be eliminated by TIM1 overexpression. METTL3/IGF2BP2/TIM1 axis promoted macrophage M1 polarization and inflammation, which might provide potential target for sepsis treatment.

Unravelling the impact of RNA methylation genetic and epigenetic machinery in the treatment of cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy (CM) represents a heterogeneous group of diseases primarily affecting cardiac structure and function, with genetic and epigenetic dysregulation playing a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. Emerging evidence from the burgeoning field of epitranscriptomics has brought to light the significant impact of various RNA modifications, notably N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N7-methylguanosine (m7G), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), 2'-O-methylation (Nm), and 6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), on cardiomyocyte function and the broader processes of cardiac and vascular remodelling. These modifications have been shown to influence key pathological mechanisms including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammation, immune response, and myocardial fibrosis. Importantly, aberrations in the RNA methylation machinery have been observed in human CM cases and animal models, highlighting the critical role of RNA methylating enzymes and their potential as therapeutic targets or biomarkers for CM. This review underscores the necessity for a deeper understanding of RNA methylation processes in the context of CM, to illuminate novel therapeutic avenues and diagnostic tools, thereby addressing a significant gap in the current management strategies for this complex disease.

RNA m6A methylation regulators in sepsis

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is a class of epitope modifications that has received significant attention in recent years, particularly in relation to its role in various diseases, including sepsis. Epigenetic research has increasingly focused on m6A modifications, which is influenced by the dynamic regulation of three protein types: ‟Writers" (such as METTL3/METTL14/WTAP)-responsible for m6A modification; ‟Erasers" (FTO and ALKBH5)-involved in m6A de-modification; and ‟Readers" (YTHDC1/2, YTHDF1/2/3)-responsible for m6A recognition. Sepsis, a severe and fatal infectious disease, has garnered attention regarding the crucial effect of m6A modifications on its development. In this review, we attempted to summarize the recent studies on the involvement of m6A and its regulators in sepsis, as well as the significance of m6A modifications and their regulators in the development of novel drugs and clinical treatment. The potential value of m6A modifications and modulators in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of sepsis has also been discussed.

Post-translational modifications in sepsis-induced organ dysfunction: mechanisms and implications

As a grave and highly lethal clinical challenge, sepsis, along with its consequent multiorgan dysfunction, affects millions of people worldwide. Sepsis is a complex syndrome caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, leading to fatal organ dysfunction. An increasing body of evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of sepsis is both intricate and rapid and involves various cellular responses and signal transductions mediated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). Hence, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and functions of PTMs within regulatory networks is imperative for understanding the pathological processes, diagnosis, progression, and treatment of sepsis. In this review, we provide an exhaustive and comprehensive summary of the relationship between PTMs and sepsis-induced organ dysfunction. Furthermore, we explored the potential applications of PTMs in the treatment of sepsis, offering a forward-looking perspective on the understanding of infectious diseases.

Histone lactylation-regulated METTL3 promotes ferroptosis via m6A-modification on ACSL4 in sepsis-associated lung injury

Elevated lactate levels are a significant biomarker of sepsis and are positively associated with sepsis-related mortality. Sepsis-associated lung injury (ALI) is a leading cause of poor prognosis in clinical patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of lactate's involvement in sepsis-associated ALI remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that lactate regulates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification levels by facilitating p300-mediated H3K18la binding to the METTL3 promoter site. The METTL3-mediated m6A modification is enriched in ACSL4, and its mRNA stability is regulated through a YTHDC1-dependent pathway. Furthermore, short-term lactate stimulation upregulates ACSL4, which promotes mitochondria-associated ferroptosis. Inhibition of METTL3 through knockdown or targeted inhibition effectively suppresses septic hyper-lactate-induced ferroptosis in alveolar epithelial cells and mitigates lung injury in septic mice. Our findings suggest that lactate induces ferroptosis via the GPR81/H3K18la/METTL3/ACSL4 axis in alveolar epithelial cells during sepsis-associated ALI. These results reveal a histone lactylation-driven mechanism inducing ferroptosis through METTL3-mediated m6A modification. Targeting METTL3 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with sepsis-associated ALI.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) reader YTHDF2 accelerates endothelial cells ferroptosis in cerebrovascular atherosclerosis

Cerebrovascular diseases have extreme high mortality and disability rate worldwide, and endothelial cells injury-induced atherosclerosis acts as the main cause of cerebrovascular disease. Ferroptosis is a novel type of programmed cell death depending on iron-lipid peroxidation. Recent studies have revealed that ferroptosis might promote the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Here, this research aimed to investigate the function and its profound mechanism on vascular endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. Research results revealed that YTHDF2 expression up-regulated in ox-LDL treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Gain/loss functional assays indicated that YTHDF2 overexpression inhibited HUVECs' proliferation and accelerated the ferroptosis in ox-LDL-administered HUVECs. Meanwhile, YTHDF2 silencing promoted cell proliferation and reduced the ferroptosis in ox-LDL-administered HUVECs. Mechanistically, in silico analysis suggested that there were potential m6A-modified sites on SLC7A11 mRNA, and YTHDF2 could bind with SLC7A11 mRNA via m6A-dependent manner. YTHDF2 promoted the degradation of SLC7A11 mRNA, thereby reducing its mRNA stability. Taken together, these findings suggest that YTHDF2 accelerates endothelial cells ferroptosis in cerebrovascular atherosclerosis, helping us enhance our comprehension on cerebrovascular disease pathological physiology.

Changes of RNA m6A/m5C Modification Regulatory Molecules in Ferroptosis of T2DM Rat Pancreas

N6-methyladenine (m6A) and 5-methylcytosine (m5C) are two common forms of RNA methylation that play an important role in the epigenetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). One type of cell death, ferroptosis, has been implicated in islet β-cell damage in T2DM. Notably, RNA methylation, an upstream regulatory mechanism of mRNAs, can regulate the expression of ferroptosis signaling molecules, thereby affecting cell proliferation and death. Here, we found that the ferroptosis signaling pathway was activated in pancreas of T2DM rats, followed by significant changes in m6A/m5C modification regulatory molecules. These detection data together with the prediction results that m6A and m5C exist in the mRNAs of ferroptosis molecules, we speculate that m6A and m5C are probably involved in pancreatic cell damage by modifying of ferroptosis signaling molecules. In short, our findings provide a new research idea for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of pancreatic cell damage and point to a new direction for exploring the mechanisms of ferroptosis from the perspective of RNA methylation modification.

IGF2BP1 Bolsters the Chondrocytes Ferroptosis of Osteoarthritis by Targeting m6A/MMP3 Axis

Introduction

Chondrocyte degeneration and senescence are characteristics of osteoarthritis (OA) and other joint degenerative diseases, and ferroptosis has been observed to regulate the development of OA. However, the role of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in OA ferroptosis remains unclear.

Methods

This study performed series of assays to investigate the function of the m6A reader IGF2BP1 in OA ferroptosis, including m6A quantitative analysis, Iron (Fe2+) release analysis, Malondialdehyde (MDA) measurement, lipid peroxidation (ROS) detection and Glutathione (GSH) measurement. The molecular interaction and mechanism analysis was performed by Luciferase reporter assay, mRNA stability analysis and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay.

Results

These results indicate that IGF2BP1 is upregulated in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. Functionally, IGF2BP1 silencing represses ferroptosis, including iron (Fe2+) accumulation, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanistically, among the potential downstream targets, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) was observed to harbor a significant m6A modified site in the 3'-UTR. IGF2BP1 combines with MMP3 through the binding of m6A sites, thereby enhancing MMP3 mRNA stability.

Discussion

In conclusion, our findings revealed the functions and mechanisms of m6A regulator IGF2BP1 in OA chondrocyte's ferroptosis, providing a novel target for OA treatment.

4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl retinate alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute myocardial injury through activation of the KLF4/p62 axis

Ferroptosis plays a pivotal role in the pathological process of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC). All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) enhances the host immune response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). This study investigated the role of 4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl retinate (ATPR), a derivative of ATRA, in myocardial injury caused by sepsis. Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS to establish a sepsis model. H9c2 cells were stimulated by LPS to establish an injury model. We observed that ATPR improved myocardial injury in mice, which was presented in terms of an increased glutathione (GSH) level and reduced production of malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as an increased number of mitochondrial cristae and maintenance of the mitochondrial membrane integrity. ATPR improved cardiac function in the LPS-injured mice. It inhibited the inflammatory response as evidenced by the decreasing mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6. The elevated protein expression levels of Nrf2, SLC7A11, GPX4, and FTH1 in mice and H9c2 cells showed that ATPR inhibited ferroptosis. Immunoprecipitation of LPS-stimulated H9c2 cells demonstrated that ATPR increased the interaction between p62 and Keap1. ATPR upregulated the KLF4 and p62 protein expression. However, the inhibition of Nrf2 by ML385 reduced the protective effect of ATPR in LPS-treated H9c2 cells. Furthermore, we used siRNA to knock down KLF4 in H9c2 cells and found that the KLF4 knockdown eliminated the inhibition of ferroptosis by ATPR in H9c2 cells. Therefore, ATPR alleviates LPS-induced myocardial injury by inhibiting ferroptosis via the KLF4/p62 axis.

Novel insights into the regulatory role of N6-methyladenosine methylation modified autophagy in sepsis

Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. It is characterized by high morbidity and mortality and one of the major diseases that seriously hang over global human health. Autophagy is a crucial regulator in the complicated pathophysiological processes of sepsis. The activation of autophagy is known to be of great significance for protecting sepsis induced organ dysfunction. Recent research has demonstrated that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is a well-known post-transcriptional RNA modification that controls epigenetic and gene expression as well as a number of biological processes in sepsis. In addition, m6A affects the stability, export, splicing and translation of transcripts involved in the autophagic process. Although it has been suggested that m6A methylation regulates the biological metabolic processes of autophagy and is more frequently seen in the progression of sepsis pathogenesis, the underlying molecular mechanisms of m6A-modified autophagy in sepsis have not been thoroughly elucidated. The present article fills this gap by providing an epigenetic review of the processes of m6A-modified autophagy in sepsis and its potential role in the development of novel therapeutics.

Current insight on the mechanisms of programmed cell death in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction

Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection, leading to life-threatening organ dysfunction. It is a high-fatality condition associated with a complex interplay of immune and inflammatory responses that can cause severe harm to vital organs. Sepsis-induced myocardial injury (SIMI), as a severe complication of sepsis, significantly affects the prognosis of septic patients and shortens their survival time. For the sake of better administrating hospitalized patients with sepsis, it is necessary to understand the specific mechanisms of SIMI. To date, multiple studies have shown that programmed cell death (PCD) may play an essential role in myocardial injury in sepsis, offering new strategies and insights for the therapeutic aspects of SIMI. This review aims to elucidate the role of cardiomyocyte's programmed death in the pathophysiological mechanisms of SIMI, with a particular focus on the classical pathways, key molecules, and signaling transduction of PCD. It will explore the role of the cross-interaction between different patterns of PCD in SIMI, providing a new theoretical basis for multi-target treatments for SIMI.

N6-methyladenosine modification: Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential in sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection and is characterized by multiple biological and clinical features. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most common type of RNA modifications in eukaryotes and plays an important regulatory role in various biological processes. Recently, m6A modification has been found to be involved in the regulation of immune responses in sepsis. In addition, several studies have shown that m6A modification is involved in sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunctions, including cardiovascular dysfunction, acute lung injury (ALI), acute kidney injury (AKI) and etc. Considering the complex pathogenesis of sepsis and the lack of specific therapeutic drugs, m6A modification may be the important bond in the pathophysiological process of sepsis and even therapeutic targets. This review systematically highlights the recent advances regarding the roles of m6A modification in sepsis and sheds light on their use as treatment targets for sepsis.

RNA methylation reading protein YTHDF2 relieves myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by downregulating BNIP3 via m6A modification

BNIP3 is reported to be involved in hypoxia-induced mitochondrial defect and cell death in cardiomyocytes. However, little is known about the specific function and molecular mechanism of BNIP3-mediated mitophagy in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Herein, this study explored the mechanism regulating BNIP3-modulated mitophagy in MIRI. Rat cardiomyocytes (H9c2 cells) underwent transfection and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment, followed by cell viability and apoptosis detection. Gain-of-function assays were conducted in rats before MIRI modeling, followed by the monitoring of cardiac changes and the evaluation of cardiac function, myocardial infarction area, and apoptosis in myocardial tissues. The levels of creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), p62, and LC3 II/LC3 I were tested in rat serum or H9c2 cells. The co-localization of LC3 and TOMM20 was analyzed. The interaction of BNIP3 with YTHDF2 was assessed. H/R treatment decreased cell viability and p62 and SOD levels while elevating cell apoptosis, the levels of CK-MB, cTnI, LDH, MDA, ROS, and LC3 II/LC3 I, the number of autophagosomes, and the co-localization of LC3 and TOMM20 in cardiomyocytes, which were neutralized by downregulating BNIP3 or upregulating YTHDF2. Moreover, upregulation of YTHDF2 repressed myocardial injury and mitophagy in MIRI rats. Mechanistically, YTHDF2 mediated BNIP3 expression by recognizing methylated BNIP3. Upregulation of BNIP3 counteracted the suppressive effect of YTHDF2 overexpression on H/R-induced injury and mitophagy in cardiomyocytes. The RNA methylation reading protein YTHDF2 ameliorated MIRI by downregulating BNIP3 via m6A modification.

The mechanism of ferroptosis and its related diseases

Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cellular death characterized by the iron-mediated accumulation of lipid peroxides, provides a novel avenue for delving into the intersection of cellular metabolism, oxidative stress, and disease pathology. We have witnessed a mounting fascination with ferroptosis, attributed to its pivotal roles across diverse physiological and pathological conditions including developmental processes, metabolic dynamics, oncogenic pathways, neurodegenerative cascades, and traumatic tissue injuries. By unraveling the intricate underpinnings of the molecular machinery, pivotal contributors, intricate signaling conduits, and regulatory networks governing ferroptosis, researchers aim to bridge the gap between the intricacies of this unique mode of cellular death and its multifaceted implications for health and disease. In light of the rapidly advancing landscape of ferroptosis research, we present a comprehensive review aiming at the extensive implications of ferroptosis in the origins and progress of human diseases. This review concludes with a careful analysis of potential treatment approaches carefully designed to either inhibit or promote ferroptosis. Additionally, we have succinctly summarized the potential therapeutic targets and compounds that hold promise in targeting ferroptosis within various diseases. This pivotal facet underscores the burgeoning possibilities for manipulating ferroptosis as a therapeutic strategy. In summary, this review enriched the insights of both investigators and practitioners, while fostering an elevated comprehension of ferroptosis and its latent translational utilities. By revealing the basic processes and investigating treatment possibilities, this review provides a crucial resource for scientists and medical practitioners, aiding in a deep understanding of ferroptosis and its effects in various disease situations.

Insights into the role of N6-methyladenosine in ferroptosis

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification is one of the most prevalent epigenetic modifications of eukaryotic RNA. m6A methylation is widely associated with many biological processes through the modification of RNA metabolism and is associated with multiple disease states. As a newly discovered regulatory cell death in recent years, ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death characterized by excessive lipid peroxidation. Emerging evidence supports that ferroptosis has a significant role in the progression of diverse diseases. Besides, the key regulators of ferroptosis exhibit aberrant m6A levels under different pathological conditions. However, the correlation between m6A-modified ferroptosis and multiple diseases has not been well elucidated. In this review, we summarized the functions of m6A in ferroptosis, which are associated with the initiation and progression of multiple diseases. Investigating the role of m6A in ferroptosis might both facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases and provide new opportunities for targeted treatment.