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Jayarajah C. 'It's a girl!' Is gender disappointment a mental health or sociocultural issue? BJPsych Bull 2023:1-5. [PMID: 37781752 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2023.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender disappointment can be defined as subjective feelings of sadness when discovering that the sex/gender of a child is the opposite of what the parent had hoped or expected. Wanting a boy (or 'son preference') has long been noted in many cultures, particularly in South and East Asian communities, but it is now becoming more recognised in the UK, Europe and North America. This article aims to improve understanding of gender disappointment by exploring medical and social sciences research; it also discusses the clinical and risk implications of assessing and managing gender disappointment (or not doing so) when individuals present to perinatal and/or community mental health services.
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Brady B, Zhou S, Ashworth D, Zheng L, Eramudugolla R, Huque MH, Anstey KJ. A Technology-Enriched Approach to Studying Microlongitudinal Aging Among Adults Aged 18 to 85 Years: Protocol for the Labs Without Walls Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e47053. [PMID: 37410527 PMCID: PMC10360017 DOI: 10.2196/47053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional longitudinal aging research involves studying the same individuals over a long period, with measurement intervals typically several years apart. App-based studies have the potential to provide new insights into life-course aging by improving the accessibility, temporal specificity, and real-world integration of data collection. We developed a new research app for iOS named Labs Without Walls to facilitate the study of life-course aging. Combined with data collected using paired smartwatches, the app collects complex data including data from one-time surveys, daily diary surveys, repeated game-like cognitive and sensory tasks, and passive health and environmental data. OBJECTIVE The aim of this protocol is to describe the research design and methods of the Labs Without Walls study conducted between 2021 and 2023 in Australia. METHODS Overall, 240 Australian adults will be recruited, stratified by age group (18-25, 26-35, 36-45, 46-55, 56-65, 66-75, and 76-85 years) and sex at birth (male and female). Recruitment procedures include emails to university and community networks, as well as paid and unpaid social media advertisements. Participants will be invited to complete the study onboarding either in person or remotely. Participants who select face-to-face onboarding (n=approximately 40) will be invited to complete traditional in-person cognitive and sensory assessments to be cross-validated against their app-based counterparts. Participants will be sent an Apple Watch and headphones for use during the study period. Participants will provide informed consent within the app and then begin an 8-week study protocol, which includes scheduled surveys, cognitive and sensory tasks, and passive data collection using the app and a paired watch. At the conclusion of the study period, participants will be invited to rate the acceptability and usability of the study app and watch. We hypothesize that participants will be able to successfully provide e-consent, input survey data through the Labs Without Walls app, and have passive data collected over 8 weeks; participants will rate the app and watch as user-friendly and acceptable; the app will allow for the study of daily variability in self-perceptions of age and gender; and data will allow for the cross-validation of app- and laboratory-based cognitive and sensory tasks. RESULTS Recruitment began in May 2021, and data collection was completed in February 2023. The publication of preliminary results is anticipated in 2023. CONCLUSIONS This study will provide evidence regarding the acceptability and usability of the research app and paired watch for studying life-course aging processes on multiple timescales. The feedback obtained will be used to improve future iterations of the app, explore preliminary evidence for intraindividual variability in self-perceptions of aging and gender expression across the life span, and explore the associations between performance on app-based cognitive and sensory tests and that on similar traditional cognitive and sensory tests. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/47053.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Brady
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- University of New South Wales Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shally Zhou
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- University of New South Wales Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Ashworth
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- University of New South Wales Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lidan Zheng
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- University of New South Wales Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ranmalee Eramudugolla
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- University of New South Wales Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Md Hamidul Huque
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- University of New South Wales Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kaarin Jane Anstey
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
- University of New South Wales Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
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3
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Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Klemencic ME, West M, Kim A, Strang JF. Greater gender diversity among autistic children by self-report and parent-report. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 27:158-172. [PMID: 35363085 PMCID: PMC9525458 DOI: 10.1177/13623613221085337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Gender diversity broadly refers to the way in which an individual experiences (expressions and/or identities) their gender distinctly to that which would be expected based upon social norms for their gender assigned at birth. Recent research has shown a higher representation of gender diversity among autistic youth. Previous research in this area has relied on parent-report based on a single question from the Child Behavior Checklist Item-110, asking whether their child "Wishes to be the opposite sex." The Gender Diversity Screening Questionnaire Self-Report and Parent-Report were used to assess the experience of gender diversity in 244 children (140 autism spectrum disorder and 104 typically developing) between 10 and 13 years. The Item-110 was also collected. Results showed that autistic children endorsed much higher rates of Binary Gender Diversity (less identification with their designated sex and more with the other binary sex) and Nonbinary Gender Diversity (identification as neither male nor female) than typically developing children. Similarly, parents of autistic children reported significantly more gender-body incongruence experienced by their child than parents of typically developing children. Specifically, parents of autistic females-assigned-at-birth reported significantly more gender-body incongruence than autistic males-assigned-at-birth. Parent- and self-report measures were largely related. Moreover, statistical comparisons between and within the groups revealed associations between gender profiles and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and suicidality. Results extend previous reports showing increased rates of gender diversity in autistic children, now based on both self-report and parent-report, and highlight the need to better understand and support the unique and complex needs of autistic children who experience gender diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe A. Corbett
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center
| | - Rachael A. Muscatello
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Mark E. Klemencic
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Millicent West
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Ahra Kim
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of
Biostatistics
| | - John F. Strang
- Gender and Autism Program, Children’s National
Hospital,Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, and Behavioral
Science, George Washington University School of Medicine
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Suen YT, Chan RCH, Wong EMY. Heterogeneity in the Desire to Undergo Various Gender-Affirming Medical Interventions Among Transgender People in Hong Kong: Findings from a Community-Driven Survey and Implications for the Legal Gender Recognition Debate. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:3613-3625. [PMID: 36121583 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous estimates suggest that there are at least nine million transgender people in Asia-Pacific; however, in most countries, legal gender recognition has not been made possible or there are otherwise stringent eligibility criteria. The obligation of having undergone gender-affirming medical interventions as a basis for such recognition is being hotly debated. However, there has been little empirical evidence on the desire to undergo various gender-affirming medical interventions among transgender people. This study fills the research gap by studying Hong Kong, where a transgender person must produce medical evidence for "complete" sex reassignment surgery in order to change the sex entry on their identity card. A community-driven survey of 234 transgender people found that only 13.0% of the participants who were assigned male at birth could fit such a requirement. Strikingly, because none of the participants assigned female at birth had undergone construction of a penis or some form of a penis, all of them would be excluded from legal gender recognition. Financial reasons and reservations about surgical risks and/or techniques were the most commonly cited reasons for not undertaking the medical interventions. The findings suggest that an overwhelming majority of transgender people in Hong Kong are excluded from legal gender recognition, which fundamentally affects their civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. More generally, this study shows heterogeneity among transgender people in the desire for different gender-affirming medical interventions, and thus argues that the legal gender recognition debate needs to consider their concerns and self-determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu Tung Suen
- Gender Studies Programme, Faculty of Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 250, 2/F, Sino Building, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Randolph C H Chan
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Eliz Miu Yin Wong
- Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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Mirabella M, Piras I, Fortunato A, Fisher AD, Lingiardi V, Mosconi M, Ristori J, Speranza AM, Giovanardi G. Gender Identity and Non-Binary Presentations in Adolescents Attending Two Specialized Services in Italy. J Sex Med 2022; 19:1035-1048. [PMID: 35370103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.03.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the variability and heterogeneity of gender presentations in transgender youths have gained significant attention worldwide. Alongside this, specialized gender services have reported an increase in referrals of youths reporting non-binary identities. In Italy, studies investigating gender identity and expression in gender non-conforming youths are lacking, as are data regarding the non-binary population. AIM The present study aimed at dimensionally exploring how transgender and non-binary Italian adolescents identify and express their gender. OUTCOMES Gender expression in trans binary youths and non-binary youths. METHODS The Gender Diversity Questionnaire (GDQ; Twist & de Graaf, 2019) was used to investigate gender identity, gender fluidity, and gender expression in a sample of 125 adolescent patients from the Gender Identity Development Service (SAIFIP) in Rome and the Gender Incongruence Unit of the Careggi Hospital in Florence, between April 2019-June 2021. RESULTS The majority of participants (74.4%) identified as trans* binary and the remaining (25.6%) participants identified as non-binary. Trans binary participants reported a stable gender identity, whereas non-binary participants reported a more fluid gender identity across time and contexts. Almost all participants rated external appearance as important to their gender expression, yet trans binary participants attributed more importance to the body in this respect. Body discomfort and pubertal stage emerged as the most influential factors in participants' experiences of gender. Participants who were assigned male at birth expressed significantly more desire for puberty blockers, whereas those who were assigned female at birth had a stronger desire to engage in breast/chest surgery. Non-binary participants sought different medical interventions relative to trans binary participants. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS These results may be useful for clinicians working with transgender youths as they provide awareness regarding the features of young people who identify within and outside of binary constructions of gender. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS This study provides useful data in gaining insight into understanding the variety of experiences and challenges of gender non-conforming youths. However as the sample was recruited from specialized services, it may not represent the entire gender non-conforming population in Italy. CONCLUSION The results describe the range of gender identities and expressions among gender non-conforming youths attending gender specialized services in Italy, thereby improving our understanding of the variety of identities experienced and the specific medical needs of both trans binary and non-binary adolescents. Mirabella M, Piras I, Fortunato A, et al. Gender Identity and Non-Binary Presentations in Adolescents Attending Two Specialized Services in Italy. J Sex Med 2022;19:1035-1048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mirabella
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Irene Piras
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Fortunato
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra D Fisher
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Florence University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mosconi
- Gender Identity Development Service, Hospital S. Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Jiska Ristori
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Florence University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Speranza
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Giovanardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Albarracin M, Poirier P. Enacting Gender: An Enactive-Ecological Account of Gender and Its Fluidity. Front Psychol 2022; 13:772287. [PMID: 35615182 PMCID: PMC9125095 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.772287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to show that genders are enacted, by providing an account of how an individual can be said to enact a gender and explaining how, consequently, genders can be fluid. On the enactive-ecological view we defend, individuals first and foremost perceive the world as fields of affordances, that is, structured sets of action possibilities. Fields of natural affordances offer action possibilities because of the natural properties of organisms and environments. Handles offer graspability to humans because of physical-structural properties of handles and the anatomical-physiological properties of humans. Although humans live in fields of bodily, action, and cultural affordances, our work focuses on cultural affordances, where action possibilities are offered to individuals because of the normative responses of individuals in that culture. Knocking on a door affords entrance because knocking provides cultured individuals on the other side of the door an affordance to which they themselves behave normatively. Usually, behaving normatively in response to cultural affordances brings about sequences of perception-action loops, which we will call "scripts": for instance, closed doors afford knocking, which affords the individual inside opening the door, which affords an interpersonal meeting, which (may) afford entrance. Although the notion of script has a strong cognitivist flavor, one of the aims of the paper to provide an ecological account of scripts, to show that what cognitivists viewed as representations (or representational structures) are in fact environmentally structured perception-action loops. On our account of gender, gendered cultures build and maintain gendered cultural affordance landscapes, that is, landscapes in which the action possibilities individuals face are normed according to a specific body type or situation; most often (assigned) biological sex. Individuals enact a given gender when they come to perceive the affordances reserved for one gender by their culture and respond in the culturally normative way, thus enacting gendered sequences of perception-action loops (i.e., gendered scripts). With the shifting landscapes of cultural affordances brought about by several recent social, technological, and epistemic developments in some cultures, the gendered landscapes of affordances offered to individuals in these cultures have become more varied and less rigid, thus increasing the variety and flexibility of scripts individuals can enact. This entails that individuals in such cultures have an increased possibility for gender fluidity, which may in part explain the increasing number of people currently identifying outside the binary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahault Albarracin
- Department of Computer Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut de Recherche et d'Études Féministes, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Poirier
- Department of Philosophy, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Castaldelli-Maia JM, Nesoff ED, Lima DR, Sanchez ZM, Martins SS. The first day of smoking abstinence is more challenging for women than men: A meta-analysis and meta-regression across 12 low- and middle-income countries. Addict Behav 2022; 128:107234. [PMID: 35007914 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintained abstinence during the first 24 h of a quit attempt is a critical predictor of long-term smoking cessation. Little is known about sex differences in the very early abstinence period, particularly in the context of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with varying anti-smoking policies and female smoking prevalences. We examined female sex effects on one-day relapse in a cross-national sample from 12 LMICs. METHODS Data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2008-2012) included nationally representative samples from 12 LMICs restricted to smokers with ≥ 1 quit attempt in the past 12 months (n = 16,576). We ran adjusted logistic regression models for female sex effects on one-day relapse, adjusting for nine individual-level demographics (e.g., age, education, age at smoking initiation) and smoking cessation variables (e.g., exposure to health warnings, receipt of counseling). We then conducted a meta-analysis adjusted for national-level and policy measures through meta-regression (e.g., cigarette consumption per capita, percent of cigarette box covered with warning labels). RESULTS One-day relapse prevalence varied across countries (2.7-13.6%). The odds of one-day relapse were significantly higher for women than for men in six countries (adjusted for nine individual-level sociodemographic variables), and there were no significant sex differences in the remaining six countries. Result remained significant after meta-regressions for national-level tobacco consumption and policy measures. Sensitivity analyses showed that the odds of one-day relapse for women remained significant when excluding countries with both higher and lower relative rates of female smoking. Larger warning labels on cigarette packs were associated with reduced odds of one-day relapse among women. CONCLUSION The first day of a quit attempt is more challenging for women than men in LMICs. Tailored interventions incorporating national policies, in addition to counseling and pharmacotherapy, could play an essential role in supporting women during the initial abstinence phase of smoking cessation in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, ABC Health University Center, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, US.
| | - Elizabeth D Nesoff
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle R Lima
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zila M Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, US
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8
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Herrera-Añazco P, Urrunaga-Pastor D, Benites-Zapata VA, Bendezu-Quispe G, Toro-Huamanchumo CJ, Hernandez AV. Gender Differences in Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms During the First Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Latin America and the Caribbean. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:727034. [PMID: 35370810 PMCID: PMC8968114 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.727034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that the pandemic impact on mental health could vary according to gender. We aimed to evaluate the gender influence in the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries in the first stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis employing the Facebook-COVID-19 Symptom Survey developed by the University of Maryland. We categorized gender as men, women, and non-binary. The outcomes were the presence of anxiety or depressive symptoms, measured with two adapted questions extracted from the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). We used generalized linear models from the Poisson family, considering the survey's complex sampling. We calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and explored interactions with gender using the adjusted Wald test. RESULTS We included 1,338,320 adults from LAC countries; 48.0, 50.6, and 1.4% were men, women, and non-binary participants, respectively. The overall prevalence of anxiety or depressive symptoms was 44.8 and 46.6%, respectively. We found interactions between gender and the rest of the independent variables. In the non-binary group, the association between age and anxiety symptomatology was lost after an age of 55 years. Furthermore, whereas living in a town was associated with a lower prevalence of anxiety and depression symptomatology in men and women, this did not happen among non-binary individuals. Compliance with physical distancing was associated with a lower prevalence of anxiety and depression symptomatology among women (anxiety: PRa = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.97-0.99; p < 0.001, depression: PRa = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.95-0.97; p < 0.001) and only anxiety in non-binary participants (anxiety: PRa = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.88-0.98; p = 0.005). This was not evidenced among men participants (anxiety: PRa = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.96-1.01; p = 0.199, depression: PRa = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.96-1.00; p = 0.084). In addition, compliance with handwashing was associated with a higher prevalence of anxiety symptomatology among men (PRa = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.05-1.11; p < 0.001) and women participants (PRa = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01-1.05; p = 0.016). CONCLUSION Approximately 4 out of 10 participants had anxiety or depressive symptoms. Women and non-binary gender people had more symptoms of anxiety or depression. The factors associated with these symptoms varied according to gender. It is essential to evaluate gender-related strategies to improve mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy Herrera-Añazco
- Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Escuela de enfermería, Lima, Peru.,Red Internacional en Salud Colectiva y Salud Intercultural, Mexico, Mexico.,Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación-IETSI, Dirección de Investigación en Salud, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Diego Urrunaga-Pastor
- Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación-IETSI, Dirección de Investigación en Salud, EsSalud, Lima, Peru.,Universidad Científica del Sur, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Vicente A Benites-Zapata
- Red Internacional en Salud Colectiva y Salud Intercultural, Mexico, Mexico.,Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Unidad para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Guido Bendezu-Quispe
- Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, Centro de Investigación Epidemiológica en Salud Global, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos J Toro-Huamanchumo
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Unidad para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru.,Clínica Avendaño, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Lima, Peru
| | - Adrian V Hernandez
- Health Outcomes, Policy and Evidence Synthesis (HOPES) Group, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT, United States.,Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Unidad de Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis, Guías de Práctica Clínica y Evaluaciones Tecnológicas Sanitarias, Lima, Peru
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9
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Thelwall M, Foster D. Male or female gender‐polarized
YouTube
videos are less viewed. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/asi.24529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Thelwall
- Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group University of Wolverhampton Wolverhampton UK
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Wilkinson L, Shifrer D, Pearson J. EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES OF GENDER-DIVERSE YOUTH: A National Population-Based Study. GENDER & SOCIETY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF SOCIOLOGISTS FOR WOMEN IN SOCIETY 2021; 35:806-837. [PMID: 34602743 PMCID: PMC8483182 DOI: 10.1177/08912432211038689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing population of youth identifying with a transgender or nonbinary gender identity, research on gender-diverse individuals' educational outcomes is limited. This study takes advantage of the first nationally representative, population-based data set that includes measures of gender identity and educational outcomes: the High School Longitudinal study of 2009. Using minority stress and structural symbolic interactionist frameworks, we examine the association between gender identity and high school and college educational outcomes. We compare the educational outcomes of gender-diverse youth-binary transgender, nonbinary, and gender unsure-with those of cisgender youth, and also examine differences within the gender-diverse population. Given the strong link between minority stress and educational experiences among gender-diverse youth, we examine differences in outcomes before and after accounting for school belonging and emotional distress. We also account for individuals' social-structural location, arguing that social positionality shapes both gender identity and educational outcomes. Results indicate important differences in educational outcomes within the gender-diverse population: Whereas binary transgender and gender-unsure youth exhibit educational disadvantage, relative to cisgender youth, nonbinary youth do not. The gender-unsure disadvantage remains even after accounting for differences in social-structural location and social-psychological factors associated with minority stress.
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11
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Whyte S, Brooks RC, Chan HF, Torgler B. Sex differences in sexual attraction for aesthetics, resources and personality across age. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250151. [PMID: 34010298 PMCID: PMC8133465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Because sexual attraction is a key driver of human mate choice and reproduction, we descriptively assess relative sex differences in the level of attraction individuals expect in the aesthetic, resource, and personality characteristics of potential mates. As a novelty we explore how male and female sexual attractiveness preference changes across age, using a dataset comprising online survey data for over 7,000 respondents across a broad age distribution of individuals between 18 and 65 years. In general, we find that both males and females show similar distribution patterns in their preference responses, with statistically significant sex differences within most of the traits. On average, females rate age, education, intelligence, income, trust, and emotional connection around 9 to 14 points higher than males on our 0-100 scale range. Our relative importance analysis shows greater male priority for attractiveness and physical build, compared to females, relative to all other traits. Using multiple regression analysis, we find a consistent statistical sex difference (males relative to females) that decreases linearly with age for aesthetics, while the opposite is true for resources and personality, with females exhibiting a stronger relative preference, particularly in the younger aged cohort. Exploring non-linearity in sex difference with contour plots for intelligence and attractiveness across age (mediated by age) indicates that sex differences in attractiveness preferences are driven by the male cohort (particularly age 30 to 40) for those who care about the importance of age, while intelligence is driven by females caring relatively more about intelligence for those who see age as very important (age cohort 40 to 55). Overall, many of our results indicate distinct variations within sex at key life stages, which is consistent with theories of selection pressure. Moreover, results also align with theories of parental investment, the gender similarities hypothesis, and mutual mate choice-which speaks to the fact that the broader discipline of evolutionary mate choice research in humans still contains considerable scope for further inquiry towards a unified theory, particularly when exploring sex-difference across age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Whyte
- School of Economics and Finance & Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society & Technology (BEST), Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert C. Brooks
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ho Fai Chan
- School of Economics and Finance & Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society & Technology (BEST), Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Benno Torgler
- School of Economics and Finance & Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society & Technology (BEST), Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- CREMA—Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Why Can’t You Just Pick One? The Stigmatization of Non-binary/Genderqueer People by Cis and Trans Men and Women: An Empirical Test of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory. SEX ROLES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Nieder TO, Eyssel J, Köhler A. Being Trans Without Medical Transition: Exploring Characteristics of Trans Individuals from Germany Not Seeking Gender-Affirmative Medical Interventions. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:2661-2672. [PMID: 31713095 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, trans persons were expected to align their sex characteristics as much as possible with the opposite sex. Today, research and health care, as well as the diagnostic criteria from DSM-5 and ICD-11, reflect a broader understanding of trans individuals. It encompasses diverse identities and treatment requests, including trans individuals not wanting or having decided against gender-affirmative medical interventions (GAMI). The present study explored this insufficiently studied group by (1) reviewing the existing literature regarding trans individuals not seeking GAMI and by (2) exploring their demographic and trans-related characteristics in a non-clinical online convenience sample from Germany. The literature review found one large survey with a single question on trans individuals not seeking GAMI. Beyond that, only community literature addressed the topic. The analyzed sample consisted of 415 trans participants, of whom 220 were assigned female at birth (AFAB) and 195 were assigned male at birth (AMAB). Fourteen (3.4%) reported neither previous nor planned GAMI (AFAB = 9, AMAB = 5). Trans individuals not seeking GAMI were significantly older and more often reported to identify with a non-binary gender. The two interdependent, central reasons for refusing GAMI were the avoidance of transition-related suffering and the lack of necessity for treatment. The diversification of gender, as reflected in the increasing visibility of non-binary or genderqueer gender identities, seems to go hand in hand with a diversification of transition-related treatment, including the option not to seek GAMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo O Nieder
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jana Eyssel
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Köhler
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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