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Zhang X, Yang Y, Liu L, Sui X, Bermudez RS, Wang L, He W, Xu H. Insights into the efficient degradation mechanism of extracellular proteases mediated by Purpureocillium lilacinum. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1404439. [PMID: 39040909 PMCID: PMC11260826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Protease secretion is crucial for degrading nematode cuticles using nematophagous fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum, but the secretion pattern of protease remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the degradation mechanism of proteases by investigating the characteristics of protease secretion under various carbon and nitrogen sources, and different carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios in P. lilacinum. The results showed that corn flour as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source specifically induced protease secretion in P. lilacinum. P. lilacinum produced significant amounts of gelatinase and casein enzyme at C:N ratios of 10:1, 20:1, and 40:1, indicating that higher C:N ratios were more beneficial for secreting extracellular proteases. Proteomic analysis revealed 14 proteases, including 4 S8 serine endopeptidases and one M28 aminopeptidase. Among four S8 serine peptidases, Alp1 exhibited a high secretion level at C:N ratio less than 5:1, whereas PR1C, PR1D, and P32 displayed higher secretion levels at higher C:N ratios. In addition, the transcription levels of GATA transcription factors were investigated, revealing that Asd-4, A0A179G170, and A0A179HGL4 were more prevalent at a C:N ratio of 40:1. In contrast, the transcription levels of SREP, AreA, and NsdD were higher at lower C:N ratios. The putative regulatory profile of extracellular protease production in P. lilacinum, induced by different C:N ratios, was analyzed. The findings offered insights into the complexity of protease production and aided in the hydrolytic degradation of nematode cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Sui
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | | | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing He
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Huilian Xu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
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Lv B, Zhao X, Guo Y, Li S, Sun M. Serine protease CrKP43 interacts with MAPK and regulates fungal development and mycoparasitism in Clonostachys chloroleuca. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0244823. [PMID: 37831480 PMCID: PMC10715147 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02448-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Mycoparasites play important roles in the biocontrol of plant fungal diseases, during which they secret multiple hydrolases such as serine proteases to degrade their fungal hosts. In this study, we demonstrated that the serine protease CrKP43 was involved in C. chloroleuca development and mycoparasitism with the regulation of Crmapk. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on the functions and regulatory mechanisms of serine proteases in C. chloroleuca. Our findings will provide new insight into the regulatory mechanisms of serine proteases in mycoparasites and contribute to clarifying the mechanisms underlying mycoparasitism of C. chloroleuca, which will facilitate the development of highly efficient fungal biocontrol agents as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binna Lv
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shidong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manhong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Liu R, Chen M, Liu B, Huang K, Mao Z, Li H, Zhao J. A root-knot nematode effector manipulates the rhizosphere microbiome for establishing parasitism relationship with hosts. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1217863. [PMID: 37538840 PMCID: PMC10395084 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1217863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Root-knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) is one of the most infamous soilborne plant diseases, causing severe crop losses every year. Effector proteins secreted by RKNs play crucial roles during plant-nematode interaction. However, less is known about whether RKN effector proteins can impact the rhizosphere microbial environment. Methods In this study, we investigated the rhizosphere microbiome community of MiMIF-2 (a plant immunity-modulating effector) transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana with or without nematode infection using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing analysis. Results and discussion The results showed that the bacterial species richness index increased, while the fungi species richness index decreased in M. incognita-infected MiMIF-2 transgenic A. thaliana plants. The relative abundance of genera such as Clitopilus, Komagataeibacter, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Moritella, Vibrio, Escherichia-Shigella, and Pseudomonas was reduced in MiMIF-2 transgenic A. thaliana plants compared to wild type, but was significantly increased after inoculation with M. incognita. The Cluster of Orthologous Genes (COG) function classification analysis revealed a decrease in the relative abundance of defense mechanisms, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport, and nematode infection catabolism-related functions in MiMIF-2 lines compared to the wild type. These differences may be the reason for the increased susceptibility of MiMIF-2 transgenic A. thaliana to nematode infection. Our results provide a new insight into RKN effector proteins and their association with the microbial community, host, and plant pathogens, which will lead to the exploration of new innovative ideas for future biological control of RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University/Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Mengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huixia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University/Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Pedezzi R, Evangelista DE, da Rosa Garzon NG, de Oliveira Simões FA, de Oliveira AHC, Polikarpov I, Cabral H. Biochemical and biophysical properties of a recombinant serine peptidase from Purpureocillium lilacinum. Biophys Chem 2023; 296:106978. [PMID: 36827753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.106978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The industrial uses of peptidases have already been consolidated; however, their range of applications is increasing. Thus, the biochemical characterization of new peptidases could increase the range of their biotechnological applications. In silico analysis identified a gene encoding a putative serine peptidase from Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl_SerPep), annotated as a cuticle-degrading enzyme. The Pl_SerPep gene product was expressed as a recombinant in a Komagataella phaffii (previously Pichia pastoris) expression system. The enzyme (rPl_SerPep) showed optimal pH and temperature of 8.0 and 60 °C, respectively. Moreover, rPl_SerPep has a higher thermal stability than the cuticle-degrading enzymes described elsewhere. The structural analysis indicated a conformational change in the rPl_SerPep secondary structure, which would allow an increase in catalytic activity at 60 °C. Komagataella phaffii secretes rPl_SerPep with the pro peptide in its inactive form. Low-resolution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis showed little mobility of the pro peptide portion, which indicates the apparent stability of the inactive form of the enzyme. The presence of 20 mM guanidine in the reaction resulted in the maintenance of activity, which was apparently a consequence of pro peptide structure flexibilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pedezzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Danilo Elton Evangelista
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Gonsales da Rosa Garzon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Flávio Antônio de Oliveira Simões
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Polikarpov
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil.
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Pathogenicity and Metabolites of Purpureocillium lavendulum YMF1.00683 against Meloidogyne incognita. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070795. [PMID: 35890039 PMCID: PMC9320282 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lavendulum is a biological control agent with several registered products that can parasitize the eggs and larvae of various pathogenic nematodes. In this study, the pathogenicity and secondary metabolites of the fungus P. lavendulum YMF1.00683 were investigated. The strain YMF1.00683 had infection efficiency against the plant root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The strain’s process of infecting nematodes was observed under a microscope. Moreover, seven metabolites, including a new sterol (1), were isolated and identified from cultures of YMF1.0068 in Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. A bioassay showed that 5-methoxymethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (7) is toxic to M. incognita and affects the egg hatching. It caused 98.23% mortality in M. incognita and could inhibit 80.78% of the hatching eggs at 400 μg/mL over a period of 96 h. Furthermore, 5-methoxymethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (7) showed a strong avoidance effect at 40 ppm, and its chemotactic index value was −0.37. The results indicate that P. lavendulum could produce active metabolites against M. incognita.
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Liu R, Bao ZX, Li GH, Li CQ, Wang SL, Pan XR, Zhang KQ, Zhao PJ. Identification of Nematicidal Metabolites from Purpureocillium lavendulum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071343. [PMID: 35889062 PMCID: PMC9325011 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lavendulum is a fungus with promising biocontrol applications. Here, transcriptome data acquired during the infection of Caenorhabditis elegans by Purpureocillium lavendulum showed that the transcription of metabolite synthesis genes was significantly up-regulated after 24 and 48 h of the fungus-nematode interaction. Then, the up-regulated transcription level of lipoxygenase was confirmed by RT-qPCR. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis of differential metabolites revealed that this interaction resulted in the emergence of new metabolites or enhanced the production of metabolites. The results of the UPLC-MS analysis and the nematicidal assay were used to establish optimal culturing conditions under which 12 metabolites, including 3 hydroxylated C18 fatty acids and 9 steroids, were isolated and identified. Among them, hydroxylated fatty acids showed pronounced nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita, and two degradative sterols showed chemotaxis activity to M. incognita. This study lays a foundation for the function of lipoxygenase and its products during the infection of Purpureocillium lavendulum.
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Huilgol SN, Nandeesha KL, Banu H. Fungal Biocontrol Agents: An Eco-friendly Option for the Management of Plant Diseases to Attain Sustainable Agriculture in India. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Xu WF, Yang JL, Meng XK, Gu ZG, Zhang QL, Lin LB. Understanding the Transcriptional Changes During Infection of Meloidogyne incognita Eggs by the Egg-Parasitic Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:617710. [PMID: 33897634 PMCID: PMC8058359 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The egg-pathogenic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum parasitizes on nematode eggs, and thus, it is used as a good biocontrol agent against plant root-knot nematodes. However, little is known about the transcriptional response of P. lilacinum while infecting nematode eggs. This study presents the whole transcriptome sequencing of P. lilacinum and transcriptome-wide gene expression analysis of P. lilacinum upon infecting the eggs of Meloidogyne incognita compared to non-infecting controls. A transcriptomic library of P. lilacinum was used as reference gene set and six transcriptomic libraries of the non-infecting control and P. lilacinum infecting M. incognita eggs were constructed, respectively, comprising three biological replicates of each. A total of 1,011 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the infecting samples, including 553 up-regulated and 458 down-regulated genes compared to the non-infecting control samples. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis exhibited that these DEGs were primarily involved in oxidative phosphorylation, oxidoreductase activity, and metabolic processes. Fifteen DEGs were randomly selected to verify the RNA sequencing results through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The study focused on P. lilacinum genes that were strongly expressed upon infecting M. incognita eggs. These DEGs were primarily involved in detoxification, parasitic behavior, and nutritional utilization. This study contributes significantly to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the parasitic action of P. lilacinum on nematode eggs and provides a valuable genetic resource for further research on parasitic behavior of P. lilacinum. Notably, this study examined the transcriptomics of P. lilacinum infecting M. incognita eggs at only one time point. Since there were fungi at different stages of the infection process at that time point, the transcriptional profiles are not precisely examining one specific stage in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Jia-Lin Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang-Kun Meng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Gu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, China
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Establishment of a new and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system in the nematicidal fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum. Microbiol Res 2021; 249:126773. [PMID: 33940365 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum (formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus) is widely commercialized for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes and represents a potential cell factory for enzyme production. This nematicidal fungus is intrinsically resistant to common antifungal agents used for genetic transformation. Therefore, molecular investigations in P. lilacinum are still limited so far. In the present study, we have established a new Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) system in P. lilacinum based on the uridine/uracil auxotrophic mechanism. Here, uridine/uracil auxotrophic mutants were simply generated via UV irradiation instead of a complicated genetic approach for the pyrG gene deletion. A stable uridine/uracil auxotrophic mutant was then selected as a recipient for fungal transformation. We further indicated that the pyrG gene from Aspergillus niger can be used as a selectable marker for genetic transformation of P. lilacinum. Under optimized conditions for ATMT, the transformation efficiency reached 2873 ± 224 transformants per 106 spores. Using the constructed ATMT system, we succeeded in expressing the DsRed reporter gene in P. lilacinum. Additionally, we have identified a very promising mutant for chitinase production from a collection of T-DNA insertion transformants. This mutant possesses a special phenotype of hyper-branching mycelium and produces more conidia in comparison to the wild strain. Conclusively, our ATMT system can be exploited for overexpression of target genes or for T-DNA insertion mutagenesis in the agriculturally important fungus P. lilacinum. The genetic approach in the present work may also be applied for developing similar ATMT systems in other fungi, especially for fungi that their genome databases are currently not available.
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Yin N, Liu R, Zhao JL, Khan RAA, Li Y, Ling J, Liu W, Yang YH, Xie BY, Mao ZC. Volatile Organic Compounds of Bacillus cereus Strain Bc-cm103 Exhibit Fumigation Activity against Meloidogyne incognita. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:904-911. [PMID: 33135991 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-20-0783-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus strain Bc-cm103 shows nematicidal activity and, therefore, has been used as a biological control agent to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. However, it remains unknown whether volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by B. cereus strain Bc-cm103 are effective in biocontrol against M. incognita. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the activity of Bc-cm103 VOCs against M. incognita. The B. cereus strain Bc-cm103 significantly repelled the second-stage juveniles (J2s) of M. incognita. In vitro evaluation of VOCs produced by the fermentation of Bc-cm103 in a three-compartment Petri dish revealed the mortality rates of M. incognita J2s as 90.8% at 24 h and 97.2% at 48 h. Additionally, evaluation of the ability of Bc-cm103 VOCs to suppress M. incognita infection in a double-layered pot test showed that root galls on cucumber roots decreased by 46.1%. Furthermore, 21 VOCs were identified from strain Bc-cm103 by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, including alkanes, alkenes, esters, and sulfides. Among them, dimethyl disulfide (30.63%) and S-methyl ester butanethioic acid (30.29%) were reported to have strong nematicidal activity. Together, these results suggest that B. cereus strain Bc-cm103 exhibits fumigation activity against M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian-Long Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Raja Asad Ali Khan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu-Hong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bing-Yan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhen-Chuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
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Paecilomyces and Its Importance in the Biological Control of Agricultural Pests and Diseases. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121746. [PMID: 33321854 PMCID: PMC7763231 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating beneficial microorganisms in crop production is the most promising strategy for maintaining agricultural productivity and reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Numerous microorganisms have been described in the literature as biological control agents for pests and diseases, although some have not yet been commercialised due to their lack of viability or efficacy in different crops. Paecilomyces is a cosmopolitan fungus that is mainly known for its nematophagous capacity, but it has also been reported as an insect parasite and biological control agent of several fungi and phytopathogenic bacteria through different mechanisms of action. In addition, species of this genus have recently been described as biostimulants of plant growth and crop yield. This review includes all the information on the genus Paecilomyces as a biological control agent for pests and diseases. Its growth rate and high spore production rate in numerous substrates ensures the production of viable, affordable, and efficient commercial formulations for agricultural use.
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Zhang L, Li W, Tao Y, Zhao S, Yao L, Cai Y, Niu Q. Overexpression of the Key Virulence Factor 1,3-1,4-β-d-Glucanase in the Endophytic Bacterium Bacillus halotolerans Y6 To Improve Verticillium Resistance in Cotton. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6828-6836. [PMID: 31136163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, results in a dramatic loss of cotton yields in China. There is great potential for biocontrol to manage this destructive crop disease. In this study, we obtained the endophytic bacterium Bacillus halotolerans Y6 from Verticillium wilt-resistant cotton Gossypium barbadense Xinhai15; this bacterium possesses strong antagonistic abilities that inhibit V. dahliae spore germination and mycelial growth. The results of the enzyme activity assay, heterologous expression, and gene knockdown showed that the key virulence factor of Y6 for antagonizing V. dahliae was β -glucanase Bgy6. To facilitate field tests of biological control, we constructed the homologous Bgy6-overexpression strain OY6. Compared with the wild-type Y6 strain, the β-glucanase activity of OY6 was increased by 91.79%, and the inhibition rate of OY6 against V. dahliae V991 exceeded 96.7%. Moreover, the spores of V. dahliae V991 treated with OY6 showed more mucus and larger holes on the surface, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Potting test results illustrated that both OY6 and Y6 could improve the resistance of upland cotton to Verticillium wilt. With the inoculation of V. dahliae V991 for 45 days, the disease index of G. hirsutum TM-1 treated with OY6 was only 8.33, which was significantly lower than that in plants treated with the wild-type strain Y6 (17.86) or the controls without bacteria (35.94). Our research provides a new idea for the control of Verticillium wilt in upland cotton via transforming endophytic bacteria of Verticillium wilt-resistant cotton and proposes a new solution to prevent and control Verticillium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences , Henan University , Kaifeng , Henan 475001 , P. R. China
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang 473000 , P. R. China
| | - Wenpeng Li
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang 473000 , P. R. China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang 473000 , P. R. China
| | - Suya Zhao
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang 473000 , P. R. China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- China-U.K.-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang 473000 , P.R. China
| | - Yingfan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences , Henan University , Kaifeng , Henan 475001 , P. R. China
| | - Qiuhong Niu
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang 473000 , P. R. China
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Xie J, Li S, Mo C, Xiao X, Peng D, Wang G, Xiao Y. Genome and Transcriptome Sequences Reveal the Specific Parasitism of the Nematophagous Purpureocillium lilacinum 36-1. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1084. [PMID: 27486440 PMCID: PMC4949223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum is a promising nematophagous ascomycete able to adapt diverse environments and it is also an opportunistic fungus that infects humans. A microbial inoculant of P. lilacinum has been registered to control plant parasitic nematodes. However, the molecular mechanism of the toxicological processes is still unclear because of the relatively few reports on the subject. In this study, using Illumina paired-end sequencing, the draft genome sequence and the transcriptome of P. lilacinum strain 36-1 infecting nematode-eggs were determined. Whole genome alignment indicated that P. lilacinum 36-1 possessed a more dynamic genome in comparison with P. lilacinum India strain. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis showed that the P. lilacinum 36-1 had a closer relation to entomophagous fungi. The protein-coding genes in P. lilacinum 36-1 occurred much more frequently than they did in other fungi, which was a result of the depletion of repeat-induced point mutations (RIP). Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses revealed the genes that were involved in pathogenicity, particularly in the recognition, adhesion of nematode-eggs, downstream signal transduction pathways and hydrolase genes. By contrast, certain numbers of cellulose and xylan degradation genes and a lack of polysaccharide lyase genes showed the potential of P. lilacinum 36-1 as an endophyte. Notably, the expression of appressorium-formation and antioxidants-related genes exhibited similar infection patterns in P. lilacinum strain 36-1 to those of the model entomophagous fungi Metarhizium spp. These results uncovered the specific parasitism of P. lilacinum and presented the genes responsible for the infection of nematode-eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Chenmi Mo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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Song Z, Shen L, Zhong Q, Yin Y, Wang Z. Liquid culture production of microsclerotia of Purpureocillium lilacinum for use as bionematicide. NEMATOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The production of microsclerotia by Purpureocillium lilacinum in liquid culture for use as a biocontrol agent for management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, has not been described. To investigate the potential for microsclerotia production, P. lilacinum strain CQPL01 was cultured in liquid media containing various concentrations of ferrous sulphate. Under these conditions mycelia began to form microsclerotia. The maximum yield (11.8 × 104 microsclerotia ml−1) was obtained in medium containing 0.2 g l−1 ferrous sulphate and the greatest production of conidia (1.3 × 108 conidia g−1) was obtained by the culture of air-dried microsclerotia in aqueous agar medium. Subsequently, the viability of microsclerotia, including stress resistance, storage stability and pathogenicity against M. incognita, was investigated. The microsclerotia exhibited excellent nematophagous ability and greater thermotolerance and UV-B radiation tolerance compared to conidia. These results suggested that microsclerotia propagules might be superior to the use of conidia in P. lilacinum biocontrol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Song
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Shen
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhong
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youping Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongkang Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
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Yang F, Abdelnabby H, Xiao Y. A mutant of the nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) is a novel biocontrol agent for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Microb Pathog 2015; 89:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yu Z, Zhang YC, Zhang X, Wang Y. Conversion of food waste into biofertilizer for the biocontrol of root knot nematode by Paecilomyces lilacinus. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:3148-3158. [PMID: 26075798 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1055817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of converting food waste into nematocidal biofertilizer by nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (P. lilacinus) was investigated. The culture conditions of P. lilacinus were optimized through response surface methodology. Results showed that fermentation time, the amount of food waste, initial pH and temperature were most important factors for P. lilacinus production. The P. lilacinus production under optimized conditions was 10(9.6 ± 0.3) conidia mL⁻¹. After fermentation, the chemical oxygen demand concentration of food waste was efficiently decreased by 81.92%. Moreover, the property evaluation of the resultant food waste as biofertilizer indicates its high quality with reference to the standard released by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture. The protease activity and nematocidal ability of P. lilacinus cultured by food waste were 10.8% and 27% higher than those by potato dextrose agar, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- a Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , People's Republic of China
- b Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - You-Chi Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , People's Republic of China
- b Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , People's Republic of China
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Li J, Zou C, Xu J, Ji X, Niu X, Yang J, Huang X, Zhang KQ. Molecular mechanisms of nematode-nematophagous microbe interactions: basis for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:67-95. [PMID: 25938277 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause significant damage to a broad range of vegetables and agricultural crops throughout the world. As the natural enemies of nematodes, nematophagous microorganisms offer a promising approach to control the nematode pests. Some of these microorganisms produce traps to capture and kill the worms from the outside. Others act as internal parasites to produce toxins and virulence factors to kill the nematodes from within. Understanding the molecular basis of microbe-nematode interactions provides crucial insights for developing effective biological control agents against plant-parasitic nematodes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the interactions between nematodes and nematophagous microorganisms, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms by which nematophagous microorganisms infect nematodes and on the nematode defense against pathogenic attacks. We conclude by discussing several key areas for future research and development, including potential approaches to apply our recent understandings to develop effective biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China;
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Wang X, Guan T, Zhang L, Li H. Cloning of a serine protease gene from the nematophagous fungus Esteya vermicola and expressed activity of the recombinant enzyme against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. NEMATOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A serine protease geneEvspwas cloned from the nematophagous fungusEsteya vermicolawith strong virulence againstBursaphelenchus xylophilus. The full-length cDNA ofEvspcontains 2280 nucleotides with a 1656 bp ORF encoding a protein with 551 amino acids. The genomicEvspincludes two exons (396 bp and 1260 bp) separated by an intron (207 bp). There is only one copy ofEvspgene in the fungal genome. The deduced amino acids sequences ofEvspshowed highly homology with the catalytic domains in subtilisin serine proteases. Phylogenetic analyses based on the protein sequences revealed thatE. vermicolais separated from nematode-trapping fungi but close to other nematophagous and entomopathogenic fungi. The recombinant serine protease rEvsp was induced inEscherichia coliwith expression vector pET28a(+). The tests of protease and nematicidal activities for the purified and refolded rEvsp indicated it is possibly involved in the fungal infection process againstB. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Tinglong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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Heterologous expression of VHb can improve the yield and quality of biocontrol fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus, during submerged fermentation. J Biotechnol 2014; 187:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yang J, Zhang KQ. Biological Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes by Nematophagous Fungi. NEMATODE-TRAPPING FUNGI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8730-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Nematicidal enzymes from microorganisms and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7081-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Niu Q, Tian Y, Zhang L, Xu X, Niu X, Xia Z, Lei L, Zhang KQ, Huang X. Overexpression of the Key Virulence Proteases Bace16 and Bae16 in Bacillus nematocida B16 to Improve Its Nematocidal Activity. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 21:130-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000332805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Frandsen RJN. A guide to binary vectors and strategies for targeted genome modification in fungi using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 87:247-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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