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Costanzo A, Fata F, Freda I, De Sciscio ML, Gugole E, Bulfaro G, Di Renzo M, Barbizzi L, Exertier C, Parisi G, D'Abramo M, Vallone B, Savino C, Montemiglio LC. Binding of steroid substrates reveals the key to the productive transition of the cytochrome P450 OleP. Structure 2024; 32:1465-1476.e3. [PMID: 38971159 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
OleP is a bacterial cytochrome P450 involved in oleandomycin biosynthesis as it catalyzes regioselective epoxidation on macrolide intermediates. OleP has recently been reported to convert lithocholic acid (LCA) into murideoxycholic acid through a highly regioselective reaction and to unspecifically hydroxylate testosterone (TES). Since LCA and TES mainly differ by the substituent group at the C17, here we used X-ray crystallography, equilibrium binding assays, and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the molecular basis of the diverse reactivity observed with the two steroids. We found that the differences in the structure of TES and LCA affect the capability of these molecules to directly form hydrogen bonds with N-terminal residues of OleP internal helix I. The establishment of these contacts, by promoting the bending of helix I, fosters an efficient trigger of the open-to-closed structural transition that occurs upon substrate binding to OleP and contributes to the selectivity of the subsequent monooxygenation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Costanzo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Takis Biotech, Via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fata
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, National Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Freda
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Laura De Sciscio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Gugole
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, National Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bulfaro
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Takis Biotech, Via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Renzo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Barbizzi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cécile Exertier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, National Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parisi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza, University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa, 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco D'Abramo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vallone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, National Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmelinda Savino
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, National Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Linda Celeste Montemiglio
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza, University of Rome, National Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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2
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Wang H, Abe I. Recent developments in the enzymatic modifications of steroid scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3559-3583. [PMID: 38639195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00327f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Steroids are an important family of bioactive compounds. Steroid drugs are renowned for their multifaceted pharmacological activities and are the second-largest category in the global pharmaceutical market. Recent developments in biocatalysis and biosynthesis have led to the increased use of enzymes to enhance the selectivity, efficiency, and sustainability for diverse modifications of steroids. This review discusses the advancements achieved over the past five years in the enzymatic modifications of steroid scaffolds, focusing on enzymatic hydroxylation, reduction, dehydrogenation, cascade reactions, and other modifications for future research on the synthesis of novel steroid compounds and related drugs, and new therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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3
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Zhang B, Jiang X, Yu Y, Cui Y, Wang W, Luo H, Stergiadis S, Wang B. Rumen microbiome-driven insight into bile acid metabolism and host metabolic regulation. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae098. [PMID: 38836500 PMCID: PMC11193847 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Gut microbes play a crucial role in transforming primary bile acids (BAs) into secondary forms, which influence systemic metabolic processes. The rumen, a distinctive and critical microbial habitat in ruminants, boasts a diverse array of microbial species with multifaceted metabolic capabilities. There remains a gap in our understanding of BA metabolism within this ecosystem. Herein, through the analysis of 9371 metagenome-assembled genomes and 329 cultured organisms from the rumen, we identified two enzymes integral to BA metabolism: 3-dehydro-bile acid delta4,6-reductase (baiN) and the bile acid:Na + symporter family (BASS). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were employed by introducing exogenous BAs. We revealed a transformation of BAs in rumen and found an enzyme cluster, including L-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. This cluster, distinct from the previously known BA-inducible operon responsible for 7α-dehydroxylation, suggests a previously unrecognized pathway potentially converting primary BAs into secondary BAs. Moreover, our in vivo experiments indicated that microbial BA administration in the rumen can modulate amino acid and lipid metabolism, with systemic impacts underscored by core secondary BAs and their metabolites. Our study provides insights into the rumen microbiome's role in BA metabolism, revealing a complex microbial pathway for BA biotransformation and its subsequent effect on host metabolic pathways, including those for glucose, amino acids, and lipids. This research not only advances our understanding of microbial BA metabolism but also underscores its wider implications for metabolic regulation, offering opportunities for improving animal and potentially human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhe Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yimeng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sokratis Stergiadis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EU, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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4
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Wang Y, Pan H, Wang F, Shen C. Microbial P450 repertoire (P450ome) and its application feasibility in pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, and environmental protection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:7-25. [PMID: 37767638 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme-thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of C-H bonds in a regio- and stereo-selective manner. CYPs are widely present in the biological world. With the completion of more biological genome sequencing, the number and types of P450 enzymes have increased rapidly. P450 in microorganisms is easy to clone and express, rich in catalytic types, and strong in substrate adaptability, which has good application potential. Although the number of P450 enzymes found in microorganisms is huge, the function of most of the microorganism P450s has not been studied, and it contains a large number of excellent biocatalysts to be developed. This review is based on the P450 groups in microorganisms. First, it reviews the distribution of P450 groups in different microbial species, and then studies the application of microbial P450 enzymes in the pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry and environmental pollutant treatment in recent years. And focused on the application fields of P450 enzymes of different families to guide the selection of suitable P450s from the huge P450 library. In view of the current shortcomings of microbial P450 in the application process, the final solution is the most likely to assist the application of P450 enzymes in large-scale, that is, whole cell transformation combined with engineering, fusion P450 combined with immobilization technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Wang
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Pan
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fuhao Wang
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chen Shen
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
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Sun C, Hu B, Li Y, Wu Z, Zhou J, Li J, Chen J, Du G, Zhao X. Efficient stereoselective hydroxylation of deoxycholic acid by the robust whole-cell cytochrome P450 CYP107D1 biocatalyst. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:741-748. [PMID: 38107826 PMCID: PMC10722395 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxycholic acid (DCA) has been authorized by the Federal Drug Agency for cosmetic reduction of redundant submental fat. The hydroxylated product (6β-OH DCA) was developed to improve the solubility and pharmaceutic properties of DCA for further applications. Herein, a combinatorial catalytic strategy was applied to construct a powerful Cytochrome P450 biocatalyst (CYP107D1, OleP) to convert DCA to 6β-OH DCA. Firstly, the weak expression of OleP was significantly improved using pRSFDuet-1 plasmid in the E. coli C41 (DE3) strain. Next, the supply of heme was enhanced by the moderate overexpression of crucial genes in the heme biosynthetic pathway. In addition, a new biosensor was developed to select the appropriate redox partner. Furthermore, a cost-effective whole-cell catalytic system was constructed, resulting in the highest reported conversion rate of 6β-OH DCA (from 4.8% to 99.1%). The combinatorial catalytic strategies applied in this study provide an efficient method to synthesize high-value-added hydroxylated compounds by P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chixiang Sun
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Baodong Hu
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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He S, Li L, Yao Y, Su J, Lei S, Zhang Y, Zeng H. Bile acid and its bidirectional interactions with gut microbiota: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37766478 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2262020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are an important metabolite produced by cholesterol catabolism. It serves important roles in glucose and lipid metabolism and host-microbe interaction. Recent research has shown that different gut-microbiota can secrete different metabolic-enzymes to mediate the deconjugation, dehydroxylation and epimerization of BAs. In addition, microbes mediate BAs transformation and exert physiological functions in metabolic diseases may have a potentially close relationship with diet. Therefore, elaborating the pathways by which gut microbes mediate the transformation of BAs through enzymatic reactions involved are principal to understand the mechanism of effects between dietary patterns, gut microbes and BAs, and to provide theoretical knowledge for the development of functional foods to regulate metabolic diseases. In the present review, we summarized works on the physiological function of BAs, as well as the classification and composition of BAs in different animal models and its organs. In addition, we mainly focus on the bidirectional interactions of gut microbes with BAs transformation, and discuss the effects of diet on microbial transformation of BAs. Finally, we raised the question of further in-depth investigation of the food-gut microbial-BAs relationship, which might contribute to the improvement of metabolic diseases through dietary interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi He
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lanxin Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingning Yao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinhan Su
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Suzhen Lei
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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7
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Zhang Z, Meng M, Wu Q, Kim JH, Zhu Y. Biodegradation and metabolic pathway of quinalphos by Cunninghamella elegans ATCC36112. Biotechnol Lett 2023:10.1007/s10529-023-03393-9. [PMID: 37195489 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Quinalphos is a long-term, wide-spectrum organophosphate insecticide with residual problems in the natural environment. Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans) is a member of Mucoromycotina. Since the degradation products of its exogenous compounds are similar to those of mammals, it is often used to simulate the metabolism pathways of mammals. In this study, the detailed metabolic pathways of quinalphos were investigated with C. elegans. Quinalphos was degraded by 92% in 7 days, while ten metabolites were produced. The metabolites were analyzed and identified by GC-MS. To determine the responsible enzymes in quinalphos metabolism, piperonyl butoxide (PB) and methimazole included in the culture flasks, and the kinetic responses of quinalphos and its metabolites by C. elegans were measured. Results indirectly demonstrated that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were involved in the metabolism of quinalphos, but that methimazole inhibited the metabolism less efficiently. Comprehensive metabolic pathways can be deduced from the detailed analysis of metabolite profiles in control and inhibitor assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, 266-109, Shandong, China
| | - Min Meng
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, 266-109, Shandong, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, 266-109, Shandong, China
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Silim-dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongzhe Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, 266-109, Shandong, China.
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8
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Lin S, Ma B, Gao Q, Yang J, Lai G, Lin R, Yang B, Han BN, Xu LH. The 16α-Hydroxylation of Progesterone by Cytochrome P450 107X1 from Streptomyces avermitilis. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200177. [PMID: 35426465 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs or P450s) are ubiquitous heme-dependent enzymes that catalyze the monooxygenation of non-activated C-H bonds to modify the structure of the substrate. In this study, we heterologously expressed CYP107X1 from Streptomyces avermitilis and conducted in vitro substrate screening using the alternative redox partners putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase. CYP107X1 catalyzed the 16α-hydroxylation of progesterone with regio- and stereoselectivity. The spectroscopic analyses showed that CYP107X1 bound progesterone with a relatively high Kd value of 65.3±38.9 μM. The Km and kcat values for progesterone were estimated to be 47.7±12.0 μM and 0.30 min-1 , respectively. Furthermore, a crystal structure was obtained of CYP107X1 bound with glycerol from the buffer solution. Interestingly, a conserved threonine was replaced with asparagine in CYP107X1, indicating that it may adopt an unnatural proton transfer process and play a crucial role in its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Bingbing Ma
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qilin Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Gang Lai
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Runhao Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Bingxian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Bing-Nan Han
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Lian-Hua Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
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9
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Montemiglio LC, Gugole E, Freda I, Exertier C, D’Auria L, Chen CG, Nardi AN, Cerutti G, Parisi G, D’Abramo M, Savino C, Vallone B. Point Mutations at a Key Site Alter the Cytochrome P450 OleP Structural Dynamics. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010055. [PMID: 35053203 PMCID: PMC8774231 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrate binding to the cytochrome P450 OleP is coupled to a large open-to-closed transition that remodels the active site, minimizing its exposure to the external solvent. When the aglycone substrate binds, a small empty cavity is formed between the I and G helices, the BC loop, and the substrate itself, where solvent molecules accumulate mediating substrate-enzyme interactions. Herein, we analyzed the role of this cavity in substrate binding to OleP by producing three mutants (E89Y, G92W, and S240Y) to decrease its volume. The crystal structures of the OleP mutants in the closed state bound to the aglycone 6DEB showed that G92W and S240Y occupied the cavity, providing additional contact points with the substrate. Conversely, mutation E89Y induces a flipped-out conformation of this amino acid side chain, that points towards the bulk, increasing the empty volume. Equilibrium titrations and molecular dynamic simulations indicate that the presence of a bulky residue within the cavity impacts the binding properties of the enzyme, perturbing the conformational space explored by the complexes. Our data highlight the relevance of this region in OleP substrate binding and suggest that it represents a key substrate-protein contact site to consider in the perspective of redirecting its activity towards alternative compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Celeste Montemiglio
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.C.M.); (C.E.)
| | - Elena Gugole
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (I.F.); (L.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Ida Freda
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (I.F.); (L.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Cécile Exertier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.C.M.); (C.E.)
| | - Lucia D’Auria
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (I.F.); (L.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Cheng Giuseppe Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.G.C.); (A.N.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Alessandro Nicola Nardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.G.C.); (A.N.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Gabriele Cerutti
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (I.F.); (L.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Giacomo Parisi
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco D’Abramo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.G.C.); (A.N.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Carmelinda Savino
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.C.M.); (C.E.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (B.V.); Tel.: +39-06-49910548 (C.S. & B.V.)
| | - Beatrice Vallone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome, Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.G.); (I.F.); (L.D.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (B.V.); Tel.: +39-06-49910548 (C.S. & B.V.)
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10
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Yi D, Bayer T, Badenhorst CPS, Wu S, Doerr M, Höhne M, Bornscheuer UT. Recent trends in biocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8003-8049. [PMID: 34142684 PMCID: PMC8288269 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has undergone revolutionary progress in the past century. Benefited by the integration of multidisciplinary technologies, natural enzymatic reactions are constantly being explored. Protein engineering gives birth to robust biocatalysts that are widely used in industrial production. These research achievements have gradually constructed a network containing natural enzymatic synthesis pathways and artificially designed enzymatic cascades. Nowadays, the development of artificial intelligence, automation, and ultra-high-throughput technology provides infinite possibilities for the discovery of novel enzymes, enzymatic mechanisms and enzymatic cascades, and gradually complements the lack of remaining key steps in the pathway design of enzymatic total synthesis. Therefore, the research of biocatalysis is gradually moving towards the era of novel technology integration, intelligent manufacturing and enzymatic total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yi
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Shuke Wu
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Mark Doerr
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Matthias Höhne
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
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11
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Grobe S, Badenhorst CPS, Bayer T, Hamnevik E, Wu S, Grathwol CW, Link A, Koban S, Brundiek H, Großjohann B, Bornscheuer UT. Modifikation der Regioselektivität einer P450‐Monooxygenase ermöglicht die Synthese von Ursodeoxycholsäure durch die 7β‐Hydroxylierung von Lithocholsäure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Grobe
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Emil Hamnevik
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Shuke Wu
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Christoph W. Grathwol
- Institut für Pharmazie Universität Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Andreas Link
- Institut für Pharmazie Universität Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Sven Koban
- Enzymicals AG Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Henrike Brundiek
- Enzymicals AG Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Beatrice Großjohann
- HERBRAND PharmaChemicals GmbH, Betriebsstätte Anklam An der Redoute 1 17390 Murchin Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
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12
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Grobe S, Badenhorst CPS, Bayer T, Hamnevik E, Wu S, Grathwol CW, Link A, Koban S, Brundiek H, Großjohann B, Bornscheuer UT. Engineering Regioselectivity of a P450 Monooxygenase Enables the Synthesis of Ursodeoxycholic Acid via 7β-Hydroxylation of Lithocholic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:753-757. [PMID: 33085147 PMCID: PMC7839452 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We engineered the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP107D1 (OleP) from Streptomyces antibioticus for the stereo- and regioselective 7β-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid (LCA) to yield ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). OleP was previously shown to hydroxylate testosterone at the 7β-position but LCA is exclusively hydroxylated at the 6β-position, forming murideoxycholic acid (MDCA). Structural and 3DM analysis, and molecular docking were used to identify amino acid residues F84, S240, and V291 as specificity-determining residues. Alanine scanning identified S240A as a UDCA-producing variant. A synthetic "small but smart" library based on these positions was screened using a colorimetric assay for UDCA. We identified a nearly perfectly regio- and stereoselective triple mutant (F84Q/S240A/V291G) that produces 10-fold higher levels of UDCA than the S240A variant. This biocatalyst opens up new possibilities for the environmentally friendly synthesis of UDCA from the biological waste product LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Grobe
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Emil Hamnevik
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Shuke Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoph W. Grathwol
- Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GreifswaldFriedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 1717487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Andreas Link
- Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GreifswaldFriedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 1717487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Sven Koban
- Enzymicals AGWalther-Rathenau-Str. 4917487GreifswaldGermany
| | | | - Beatrice Großjohann
- HERBRAND PharmaChemicals GmbH, Betriebsstätte AnklamAn der Redoute 117390MurchinGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
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13
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Parisi G, Freda I, Exertier C, Cecchetti C, Gugole E, Cerutti G, D’Auria L, Macone A, Vallone B, Savino C, Montemiglio LC. Dissecting the Cytochrome P450 OleP Substrate Specificity: Evidence for a Preferential Substrate. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101411. [PMID: 33036250 PMCID: PMC7600006 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 OleP catalyzes the epoxidation of aliphatic carbons on both the aglycone 8.8a-deoxyoleandolide (DEO) and the monoglycosylated L-olivosyl-8.8a-deoxyoleandolide (L-O-DEO) intermediates of oleandomycin biosynthesis. We investigated the substrate versatility of the enzyme. X-ray and equilibrium binding data show that the aglycone DEO loosely fits the OleP active site, triggering the closure that prepares it for catalysis only on a minor population of enzyme. The open-to-closed state transition allows solvent molecules to accumulate in a cavity that forms upon closure, mediating protein–substrate interactions. In silico docking of the monoglycosylated L-O-DEO in the closed OleP–DEO structure shows that the L-olivosyl moiety can be hosted in the same cavity, replacing solvent molecules and directly contacting structural elements involved in the transition. X-ray structures of aglycone-bound OleP in the presence of L-rhamnose confirm the cavity as a potential site for sugar binding. All considered, we propose L-O-DEO as the optimal substrate of OleP, the L-olivosyl moiety possibly representing the molecular wedge that triggers a more efficient structural response upon substrate binding, favoring and stabilizing the enzyme closure before catalysis. OleP substrate versatility is supported by structural solvent molecules that compensate for the absence of a glycosyl unit when the aglycone is bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Parisi
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (I.F.); (C.E.); (C.C.); (E.G.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
- Current affiliation: Center for Life Nano Science @ Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Freda
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (I.F.); (C.E.); (C.C.); (E.G.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
| | - Cécile Exertier
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (I.F.); (C.E.); (C.C.); (E.G.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
| | - Cristina Cecchetti
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (I.F.); (C.E.); (C.C.); (E.G.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
- Current affiliation: Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elena Gugole
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (I.F.); (C.E.); (C.C.); (E.G.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
| | - Gabriele Cerutti
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (I.F.); (C.E.); (C.C.); (E.G.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
- Current affiliation: Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lucia D’Auria
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Beatrice Vallone
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (I.F.); (C.E.); (C.C.); (E.G.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, National Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmelinda Savino
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, National Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Linda Celeste Montemiglio
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza, University of Rome, National Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (L.C.M.)
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14
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Finnigan JD, Young C, Cook DJ, Charnock SJ, Black GW. Cytochromes P450 (P450s): A review of the class system with a focus on prokaryotic P450s. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 122:289-320. [PMID: 32951814 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450s) are a large superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases. P450s are found in all Kingdoms of life and exhibit incredible diversity, both at sequence level and also on a biochemical basis. In the majority of cases, P450s can be assigned into one of ten classes based on their associated redox partners, domain architecture and cellular localization. Prokaryotic P450s now represent a large diverse collection of annotated/known enzymes, of which many have great potential biocatalytic potential. The self-sufficient P450 classes (Class VII/VIII) have been explored significantly over the past decade, with many annotated and biochemically characterized members. It is clear that the prokaryotic P450 world is expanding rapidly, as the number of published genomes and metagenome studies increases, and more P450 families are identified and annotated (CYP families).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl Young
- Prozomix Limited, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Cook
- Prozomix Limited, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gary W Black
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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