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Eriksson O. Coproduction of Food, Cultural Heritage and Biodiversity by Livestock Grazing in Swedish Semi-natural Grasslands. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.801327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock has been a backbone of people's livelihood as long as agriculture has existed in Scandinavia, c. 6,000 years. In the early Iron Age, c. 2,000 years ago, a land management system began to form, composed of infields (enclosed hay-meadows and crop fields) and outlying land used for livestock grazing. Despite many later innovations and societal changes affecting agricultural technology and practices, this way of organizing land use was a template for how landscapes were managed and structured until the modernization of agriculture and forestry during the last centuries. There are legacies of this historic land-use, mainly as “semi-natural grasslands” managed by livestock grazing (open or semi-open; long continuity of management; not much influenced by commercial fertilizers, plowing etc.). These semi-natural grasslands harbor an exceptional small-scale biodiversity, particularly plants and insects. Landscapes with semi-natural grasslands represent cultural heritage, and are appreciated for their beauty. The total area of semi-natural grasslands has declined considerably during the past 100 years, and the current trend suggest that further declines are expected. A large fraction of threatened biodiversity in Sweden thrives in these grasslands. Livestock grazing in semi-natural grasslands makes an important contribution to food production, and there is an increasing interest in consumption of products, mainly meat, from these grasslands. This implies that there is a positive feedback between food production, maintenance of biological diversity, and cultural heritage. This paper gives an overview of semi-natural grasslands, focusing on Sweden, from a historic, cultural and ecological perspective, and aims at discussing challenges and prospects for developing and maintaining positive associations between producing food, biodiversity, and cultural heritage, in the future.
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Islam W, Noman A, Naveed H, Huang Z, Chen HYH. Role of environmental factors in shaping the soil microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41225-41247. [PMID: 32829437 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The soil microbiome comprises one of the most important and complex components of all terrestrial ecosystems as it harbors millions of microbes including bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoa. Together, these microbes and environmental factors contribute to shaping the soil microbiome, both spatially and temporally. Recent advances in genomic and metagenomic analyses have enabled a more comprehensive elucidation of the soil microbiome. However, most studies have described major modulators such as fungi and bacteria while overlooking other soil microbes. This review encompasses all known microbes that may exist in a particular soil microbiome by describing their occurrence, abundance, diversity, distribution, communication, and functions. Finally, we examined the role of several abiotic factors involved in the shaping of the soil microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Naveed
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, 614004, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqun Huang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
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Czarniecka-Wiera M, Szymura TH, Kącki Z. Understanding the importance of spatial scale in the patterns of grassland invasions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138669. [PMID: 32325319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The invasion of alien plant species is a serious problem for conservation and the maintenance of biodiversity in grasslands. Therefore, it is important to find environmental factors correlated with the distribution of invasive species in such areas. In this study, we examined the impacts of environmental factors operating at different spatial scales on the distribution of invasive species. The study area were located in the Sudetes Mountains, Poland (3800 km2). We sampled field data from 163 random plots located in grassland, among which there were 94 plots with invasive species and 69 plots without invasive species. For each plot, we collected data on resident vegetation (species richness, community structure), geodiversity (topography, soil type), environmental heterogeneity (landscape structure) and climate (temperature and precipitation). Since the factors examined are likely to operate at different spatial scales, we calculated values of environmental variables with different spatial scopes (10m2 plot and buffers with 50, 250 and 1250 m radii). The probability of invasive plant presence was modeled using boosted regression trees (BRT). The results of our study showed that the distribution of invasive species is explained by factors operated at different spatial scale: in the finer scale the presence of invasive species was driven predominantly by the average Ellenberg's Indicator Values for soil moisture, in medium-scale by the average topographic wetness index and sum of edges, while at coarse-scale by temperature. It was also presented that the effect of drivers operating at fine-spatial scale is overwhelming by effect of drivers operating at coarse scale. From a practical point of view, the results demonstrate that effective grassland management should be planned on a larger spatial context, because focussing on the management of a single site cannot be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Czarniecka-Wiera
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Botanical Garden, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - T H Szymura
- Department of Ecology, Biogeochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Z Kącki
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Botanical Garden, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
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Hess MCM, Buisson E, Jaunatre R, Mesléard F. Using limiting similarity to enhance invasion resistance: Theoretical and practical concerns. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manon C. M. Hess
- NGE‐GUINTOLISaint‐Etienne-du-Grès Tarascon Cedex France
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) Avignon UniversitéUMR CNRS IRD Aix Marseille UniversitéIUT Site Agroparc Avignon Cedex 09 France
- Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes Tour du Valat Arles France
| | - Elise Buisson
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) Avignon UniversitéUMR CNRS IRD Aix Marseille UniversitéIUT Site Agroparc Avignon Cedex 09 France
| | - Renaud Jaunatre
- Université Grenoble AlpesIrsteaEMGR St‐Martin‐d'Hères France
| | - François Mesléard
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) Avignon UniversitéUMR CNRS IRD Aix Marseille UniversitéIUT Site Agroparc Avignon Cedex 09 France
- Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes Tour du Valat Arles France
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MacDougall AS, McCune JL, Eriksson O, Cousins SAO, Pärtel M, Firn J, Hierro JL. The Neolithic Plant Invasion Hypothesis: the role of preadaptation and disturbance in grassland invasion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:94-103. [PMID: 29974472 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing hypothesis is that many European plants invade temperate grasslands globally because they are introduced simultaneously with pastoralism and cultivation, to which they are 'preadapted' after millennia of exposure dating to the Neolithic era ('Neolithic Plant Invasion Hypothesis' (NPIH)). These 'preadaptations' are predicted to maximize their performance relative to native species lacking this adaptive history. Here, we discuss the explanatory relevance of the NPIH, clarifying the importance of evolutionary context vs other mechanisms driving invasion. The NPIH makes intuitive sense given established connections between invasion and agricultural-based perturbation. However, tests are often incomplete given the need for performance contrasts between home and away ranges, while controlling for other mechanisms. We emphasize six NPIH-based predictions, centring on trait similarity of invaders between home vs away populations, and differing perturbation responses by invading and native plants. Although no research has integrated all six predictions, we highlight studies suggesting preadaptation influences on invasion. Given that many European grasslands are creations of human activity from the past, current invasions by these flora may represent the continuation of processes dating to the Neolithic. Ironically, European Neolithic-derived grasslands are becoming rarer, reflecting changes in management and illustrating the importance of human influences on these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Jenny L McCune
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Ove Eriksson
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm Universitet, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Sara A O Cousins
- Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm Universitet, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Jennifer Firn
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, 4001, Australia
| | - Jose L Hierro
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa, 6300, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNLPam, Santa Rosa, Argentina
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NOCITA A, TRICARICO E, BERTOLINO S. Fine-scale analysis of heavily invaded Italian freshwater fish assemblages. Integr Zool 2017; 12:500-511. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria NOCITA
- Natural History Museum, Section of Zoology “La Specola,” University of Florence; Firenze Italy
| | - Elena TRICARICO
- Department of Biology; University of Florence; Firenze Italy
| | - Sandro BERTOLINO
- Department of Agriculture; Forest and Food Sciences; Grugliasco Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Turin, Torino, Italy University of Turin; Italy
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Historical and Current Niche Construction in an Anthropogenic Biome: Old Cultural Landscapes in Southern Scandinavia. LAND 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/land5040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bruun HH, Ten Brink DJ. Recruitment advantage of large seeds is greater in shaded habitats. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/15-4-3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rauschert ESJ, Shea K, Goslee S. Plant community associations of two invasive thistles. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv065. [PMID: 26038126 PMCID: PMC4571105 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to combat the growing problems associated with biological invasions, many researchers have focused on identifying which communities are most vulnerable to invasion by exotic species. However, once established, invasive species can significantly change the composition of the communities that they invade. The first step to disentangling the direction of causality is to discern whether a relationship with other vegetation exists at all. Carduus nutans and C. acanthoides are similar invasive thistles, which have caused substantial economic damage worldwide. We assessed the associations between the thistles and the standing flora in four sites in central Pennsylvania in which they co-occur. After sampling nearly 2000 plots of 1 m(2), we used partial Mantel tests to assess the differences in vegetation between thistle and non-thistle plots after accounting for location, and non-metric multidimensional scaling to visualize differences among plots and sites. We found significant differences in community composition in plots with and without Carduus thistles. The non-native species Sisymbrium officinale and Coronilla varia were consistently associated with the presence of Carduus thistles. Several species were associated with areas that were free of Carduus thistles, including an important non-native pasture species (Trifolium repens). We found no evidence for differences in composition between plots with C. nutans versus C. acanthoides, suggesting that they have similar associations with the vegetation community. We conclude that even at the within-field scale, areas invaded by Carduus thistles have different vegetation associations than uninvaded areas, allowing us to target future research about the role of vegetation structure in resisting and responding to invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S J Rauschert
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA IGDP in Ecology and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Katriona Shea
- IGDP in Ecology and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sarah Goslee
- USDA-ARS, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Price JN, Pärtel M. Can limiting similarity increase invasion resistance? A meta-analysis of experimental studies. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.00121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zeiter M, Stampfli A. Positive diversity-invasibility relationship in species-rich semi-natural grassland at the neighbourhood scale. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:1385-93. [PMID: 22956533 PMCID: PMC3489150 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Attempts to answer the old question of whether high diversity causes high invasion resistance have resulted in an invasion paradox: while large-scale studies often find a positive relationship between diversity and invasibility, small-scale experimental studies often find a negative relationship. Many of the small-scale studies are conducted in artificial communities of even-aged plants. Species in natural communities, however, do not represent one simultaneous cohort and occur at various levels of spatial aggregation at different scales. This study used natural patterns of diversity to assess the relationship between diversity and invasibility within a uniformly managed, semi-natural community. METHODS In species-rich grassland, one seed of each of ten species was added to each of 50 contiguous 16 cm(2) quadrats within seven plots (8 × 100 cm). The emergence of these species was recorded in seven control plots, and establishment success was measured in relation to the species diversity of the resident vegetation at two spatial scales, quadrat (64 cm(2)) within plots (800 cm(2)) and between plots within the site (approx. 400 m(2)) over 46 months. KEY RESULTS Invader success was positively related to resident species diversity and richness over a range of 28-37 species per plot. This relationship emerged 7 months after seed addition and remained over time despite continuous mortality of invaders. CONCLUSIONS Biotic resistance to plant invasion may play only a sub-ordinate role in species-rich, semi-natural grassland. As possible alternative explanations for the positive diversity-invasibility relationship are not clear, it is recommended that future studies elaborate fine-scale environmental heterogeneity in resource supplies or potential resource flows from resident species to seedlings by means of soil biological networks established by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Zeiter
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Auffret AG, Cousins SAO. Past and present management influences the seed bank and seed rain in a rural landscape mosaic. J Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kreyling J, Beierkuhnlein C, Ellis L, Jentsch A. Invasibility of grassland and heath communities exposed to extreme weather events - additive effects of diversity resistance and fluctuating physical environment. OIKOS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rinella MJ, Pokorny ML, Rekaya R. Grassland invader responses to realistic changes in native species richness. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007; 17:1824-31. [PMID: 17913143 DOI: 10.1890/06-1881.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The importance of species richness for repelling exotic plant invasions varies from ecosystem to ecosystem. Thus, in order to prioritize conservation objectives, it is critical to identify those ecosystems where decreasing richness will most greatly magnify invasion risks. Our goal was to determine if invasion risks greatly increase in response to common reductions in grassland species richness. We imposed treatments that mimic management-induced reductions in grassland species richness (i.e., removal of shallow- and/or deep-rooted forbs and/or grasses and/or cryptogam layers). Then we introduced and monitored the performance of a notorious invasive species (i.e., Centaurea maculosa). We found that, on a per-gram-of-biomass basis, each resident plant group similarly suppressed invader growth. Hence, with respect to preventing C. maculosa invasions, maintaining overall productivity is probably more important than maintaining the productivity of particular plant groups or species. But at the sites we studied, all plant groups may be needed to maintain overall productivity because removing forbs decreased overall productivity in two of three years. Alternatively, removing forbs increased productivity in another year, and this led us to posit that removing forbs may inflate the temporal productivity variance as opposed to greatly affecting time-averaged productivity. In either case, overall productivity responses to single plant group removals were inconsistent and fairly modest, and only when all plant groups were removed did C. maculosa growth increase substantially over a no-removal treatment. As such, it seems that intense disturbances (e.g., prolonged drought, overgrazing) that deplete multiple plant groups may often be a prerequisite for C. maculosa invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Rinella
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, 243 Fort Keogh Road, Miles City, Montana 59301-4016, USA.
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Westphal MI, Browne M, MacKinnon K, Noble I. The link between international trade and the global distribution of invasive alien species. Biol Invasions 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-007-9138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Emery SM, Gross KL. Dominant species identity, not community evenness, regulates invasion in experimental grassland plant communities. Ecology 2007; 88:954-64. [PMID: 17536711 DOI: 10.1890/06-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While there has been extensive interest in understanding the relationship between diversity and invasibility of communities, most studies have only focused on one component of diversity: species richness. Although the number of species can affect community invasibility, other aspects of diversity, including species identity and community evenness, may be equally important. While several field studies have examined how invasibility varies with diversity by manipulating species identity or evenness, the results are often confounded by resource heterogeneity, site history, or disturbance. We designed a mesocosm experiment to examine explicitly the role of dominant species identity and evenness on the invasibility of grassland plant communities. We found that the identity of the dominant plant species, but not community evenness, significantly impacted invasibility. Using path analysis, we found that community composition (dominant species identity) reduced invasion by reducing early-season light availability and increasing late-season plant community biomass. Nitrogen availability was an important factor for the survival of invaders in the second year of the experiment. We also found significant direct effects of certain dominant species on invasion, although the mechanisms driving these effects remain unclear. The magnitude of dominant species effects on invasibility we observed are comparable to species richness effects observed in other studies, showing that species composition and dominant species can have strong effects on the invasibility of a community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Emery
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060, USA.
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