1
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Malyutina Y, Wilson GWT, Duell EB, Loss SR. Effects of native and non-native earthworms on grassland plant communities and abundance of associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Abstract
AbstractInvertebrates comprise the most diversified animal group on Earth. Due to their long evolutionary history and small size, invertebrates occupy a remarkable range of ecological niches, and play an important role as “ecosystem engineers” by structuring networks of mutualistic and antagonistic ecological interactions in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. Urban forests provide critical ecosystem services to humans, and, as in other systems, invertebrates are central to structuring and maintaining the functioning of urban forests. Identifying the role of invertebrates in urban forests can help elucidate their importance to practitioners and the public, not only to preserve biodiversity in urban environments, but also to make the public aware of their functional importance in maintaining healthy greenspaces. In this review, we examine the multiple functional roles that invertebrates play in urban forests that contribute to ecosystem service provisioning, including pollination, predation, herbivory, seed and microorganism dispersal and organic matter decomposition, but also those that lead to disservices, primarily from a public health perspective, e.g., transmission of invertebrate-borne diseases. We then identify a number of ecological filters that structure urban forest invertebrate communities, such as changes in habitat structure, increased landscape imperviousness, microclimatic changes and pollution. We also discuss the complexity of ways that forest invertebrates respond to urbanisation, including acclimation, local extinction and evolution. Finally, we present management recommendations to support and conserve viable and diverse urban forest invertebrate populations into the future.
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3
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Falcão JCF, Carvalheiro LG, Guevara R, Lira-Noriega A. The risk of invasion by angiosperms peaks at intermediate levels of human influence. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Barbosa da Costa N, Fugère V, Hébert MP, Xu CCY, Barrett RDH, Beisner BE, Bell G, Yargeau V, Fussmann GF, Gonzalez A, Shapiro BJ. Resistance, resilience, and functional redundancy of freshwater bacterioplankton communities facing a gradient of agricultural stressors in a mesocosm experiment. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4771-4788. [PMID: 34324752 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural pollution with fertilizers and pesticides is a common disturbance to freshwater biodiversity. Bacterioplankton communities are at the base of aquatic food webs, but their responses to these potentially interacting stressors are rarely explored. To test the extent of resistance and resilience in bacterioplankton communities faced with agricultural stressors, we exposed freshwater mesocosms to single and combined gradients of two commonly used pesticides: the herbicide glyphosate (0-15 mg/L) and the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (0-60 μg/L), in high or low nutrient backgrounds. Over the 43-day experiment, we tracked variation in bacterial density with flow cytometry, carbon substrate use with Biolog EcoPlates, and taxonomic diversity and composition with environmental 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We show that only glyphosate (at the highest dose, 15 mg/L), but not imidacloprid, nutrients, or their interactions measurably changed community structure, favouring members of the Proteobacteria including the genus Agrobacterium. However, no change in carbon substrate use was detected throughout, suggesting functional redundancy despite taxonomic changes. We further show that communities are resilient at broad, but not fine taxonomic levels: 24 days after glyphosate application the precise amplicon sequence variants do not return, and tend to be replaced by phylogenetically close taxa. We conclude that high doses of glyphosate - but still within commonly acceptable regulatory guidelines - alter freshwater bacterioplankton by favouring a subset of higher taxonomic units (i.e., genus to phylum) that transiently thrive in the presence of glyphosate. Longer-term impacts of glyphosate at finer taxonomic resolution merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naíla Barbosa da Costa
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et environnement aquatique (GRIL), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Fugère
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et environnement aquatique (GRIL), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science (QCBS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département des Sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Hébert
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et environnement aquatique (GRIL), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles C Y Xu
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science (QCBS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rowan D H Barrett
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science (QCBS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Beatrix E Beisner
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et environnement aquatique (GRIL), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Graham Bell
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science (QCBS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregor F Fussmann
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et environnement aquatique (GRIL), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science (QCBS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science (QCBS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - B Jesse Shapiro
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et environnement aquatique (GRIL), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science (QCBS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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5
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Chang CH, Bartz MLC, Brown G, Callaham MA, Cameron EK, Dávalos A, Dobson A, Görres JH, Herrick BM, Ikeda H, James SW, Johnston MR, McCay TS, McHugh D, Minamiya Y, Nouri-Aiin M, Novo M, Ortiz-Pachar J, Pinder RA, Ransom T, Richardson JB, Snyder BA, Szlavecz K. The second wave of earthworm invasions in North America: biology, environmental impacts, management and control of invasive jumping worms. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Richit L, Richit J, Bonatto C, da Silva R, Grzybowski J. Forest recovery prognostics in conservation units of the Atlantic rainforest. ECOL INFORM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Golivets M, Woodall CW, Wallin KF. Functional form and interactions of the drivers of understory non‐native plant invasions in northern US forests. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Golivets
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington VT USA
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle Germany
| | | | - Kimberly F. Wallin
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington VT USA
- Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Burlington VT USA
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8
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Predictors and consequences of earthworm invasion in a coastal archipelago. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-01942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Eisenhauer N, Ferlian O, Craven D, Hines J, Jochum M. Ecosystem responses to exotic earthworm invasion in northern North American forests. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2019; 5:e34564. [PMID: 31032397 PMCID: PMC6485675 DOI: 10.3897/rio.5.e34564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Earth is experiencing a substantial loss of biodiversity at the global scale, while both species gains and losses are occurring at local and regional scales. The influence of these nonrandom changes in species distributions could profoundly affect the functioning of ecosystems and the essential services that they provide. However, few experimental tests have been conducted examining the influence of species invasions on ecosystem functioning. Even fewer have been conducted using invasive ecosystem engineers, which can have disproportionately strong influence on native ecosystems relative to their own biomass. The invasion of exotic earthworms is a prime example of an ecosystem engineer that is influencing many ecosystems around the world. In particular, European earthworm invasions of northern North American forests cause simultaneous species gains and losses with significant consequences for essential ecosystem processes like nutrient cycling and crucial services to humanity like soil erosion control and carbon sequestration. Exotic earthworms are expected to select for specific traits in communities of soil microorganisms (fast-growing bacteria species), soil fauna (promoting the bacterial energy channel), and plants (graminoids) through direct and indirect effects. This will accelerate some ecosystem processes and decelerate others, fundamentally altering how invaded forests function. This project aims to investigate ecosystem responses of northern North American forests to earthworm invasion. Using a novel, synthetic combination of field observations, field experiments, lab experiments, and meta-analyses, the proposed work will be the first systematic examination of earthworm effects on (1) plant communities and (2) soil food webs and processes. Further, (3) effects of a changing climate (warming and reduced summer precipitation) on earthworm performance will be investigated in a unique field experiment designed to predict the future spread and consequences of earthworm invasion in North America. By assessing the soil chemical and physical properties as well as the taxonomic (e.g., by the latest next-generation sequencing techniques) and functional composition of plant, soil microbial and animal communities and the processes they drive in four forests, work packages I-III take complementary approaches to derive a comprehensive and generalizable picture of how ecosystems change in response to earthworm invasion. Finally, in work package IV meta-analyses will be used to integrate the information from work packages I-III and existing literature to investigate if earthworms cause invasion waves, invasion meltdowns, habitat homogenization, and ecosystem state shifts. Global data will be synthesized to test if the relative magnitude of effects differs from place to place depending on the functional dissimilarity between native soil fauna and exotic earthworms. Moving from local to global scale, the present proposal examines the influence of earthworm invasions on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships from an aboveground-belowground perspective in natural settings. This approach is highly innovative as it utilizes the invasion by exotic earthworms as an exciting model system that links invasion biology with trait-based community ecology, global change research, and ecosystem ecology, pioneering a new generation of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dylan Craven
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Tracking an invasion: community changes in hardwood forests following the arrival of Amynthas agrestis and Amynthas tokioensis in Wisconsin. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Rogers JA, Collins CD. Ecological Predictors and Consequences of Non-Native Earthworms in Kennebec County, Maine. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2017. [DOI: 10.1656/045.024.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathy D. Collins
- Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901
- Biology Program, Bard College, Annandale on Hudson, NY 12540
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12
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Craven D, Thakur MP, Cameron EK, Frelich LE, Beauséjour R, Blair RB, Blossey B, Burtis J, Choi A, Dávalos A, Fahey TJ, Fisichelli NA, Gibson K, Handa IT, Hopfensperger K, Loss SR, Nuzzo V, Maerz JC, Sackett T, Scharenbroch BC, Smith SM, Vellend M, Umek LG, Eisenhauer N. The unseen invaders: introduced earthworms as drivers of change in plant communities in North American forests (a meta-analysis). GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1065-1074. [PMID: 27590777 PMCID: PMC5324548 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Globally, biological invasions can have strong impacts on biodiversity as well as ecosystem functioning. While less conspicuous than introduced aboveground organisms, introduced belowground organisms may have similarly strong effects. Here, we synthesize for the first time the impacts of introduced earthworms on plant diversity and community composition in North American forests. We conducted a meta-analysis using a total of 645 observations to quantify mean effect sizes of associations between introduced earthworm communities and plant diversity, cover of plant functional groups, and cover of native and non-native plants. We found that plant diversity significantly declined with increasing richness of introduced earthworm ecological groups. While plant species richness or evenness did not change with earthworm invasion, our results indicate clear changes in plant community composition: cover of graminoids and non-native plant species significantly increased, and cover of native plant species (of all functional groups) tended to decrease, with increasing earthworm biomass. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that introduced earthworms facilitate particular plant species adapted to the abiotic conditions of earthworm-invaded forests. Further, our study provides evidence that introduced earthworms are associated with declines in plant diversity in North American forests. Changing plant functional composition in these forests may have long-lasting effects on ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Craven
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e04103LeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2104103LeipzigGermany
| | - Madhav P. Thakur
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e04103LeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2104103LeipzigGermany
| | - Erin K. Cameron
- Metapopulation Research CentreDepartment of BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiPO Box 65, 00014 HelsinkiFinland
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate ChangeNatural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15KøbenhavnDenmark
| | - Lee E. Frelich
- Center for Forest EcologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Robin Beauséjour
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Robert B. Blair
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyUniversity Of Minnesota2003 Upper Buford Circle Suite 135St. PaulMN55108USA
| | - Bernd Blossey
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - James Burtis
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Amy Choi
- Faculty of ForestryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Andrea Dávalos
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Timothy J. Fahey
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Kevin Gibson
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - I. Tanya Handa
- Département des sciences biologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | | | - Scott R. Loss
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and ManagementOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
| | - Victoria Nuzzo
- Natural Area Consultants1 West Hill School RoadRichfordNYUSA
| | - John C. Maerz
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Tara Sackett
- Faculty of ForestryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | | | | | - Mark Vellend
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Lauren G. Umek
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
- Department of Plant ScienceChicago Botanic GardenGlencoeILUSA
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e04103LeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2104103LeipzigGermany
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13
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Local-scale correlates of native and non-native earthworm distributions in juniper-encroached tallgrass prairie. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Chance CM, Coops NC, Plowright AA, Tooke TR, Christen A, Aven N. Invasive Shrub Mapping in an Urban Environment from Hyperspectral and LiDAR-Derived Attributes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1528. [PMID: 27818664 PMCID: PMC5073150 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Proactive management of invasive species in urban areas is critical to restricting their overall distribution. The objective of this work is to determine whether advanced remote sensing technologies can help to detect invasions effectively and efficiently in complex urban ecosystems such as parks. In Surrey, BC, Canada, Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) and English ivy (Hedera helix) are two invasive shrub species that can negatively affect native ecosystems in cities and managed urban parks. Random forest (RF) models were created to detect these two species using a combination of hyperspectral imagery, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. LiDAR-derived predictor variables included irradiance models, canopy structural characteristics, and orographic variables. RF detection accuracy ranged from 77.8 to 87.8% for Himalayan blackberry and 81.9 to 82.1% for English ivy, with open areas classified more accurately than areas under canopy cover. English ivy was predicted to occur across a greater area than Himalayan blackberry both within parks and across the entire city. Both Himalayan blackberry and English ivy were mostly located in clusters according to a Local Moran's I analysis. The occurrence of both species decreased as the distance from roads increased. This study shows the feasibility of producing highly accurate detection maps of plant invasions in urban environments using a fusion of remotely sensed data, as well as the ability to use these products to guide management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis M. Chance
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas C. Coops
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew A. Plowright
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Andreas Christen
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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15
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Adalsteinsson SA, D'Amico V, Shriver WG, Brisson D, Buler JJ. Scale-dependent effects of nonnative plant invasion on host-seeking tick abundance. Ecosphere 2016; 7:e01317. [PMID: 27088044 PMCID: PMC4827432 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonnative, invasive shrubs can affect human disease risk through direct and indirect effects on vector populations. Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) is a common invader within eastern deciduous forests where tick-borne disease (e.g. Lyme disease) rates are high. We tested whether R. multiflora invasion affects blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) abundance, and at what scale. We sampled host-seeking ticks at two spatial scales: fine-scale, within R. multiflora-invaded forest fragments; and patch scale, among R. multiflora-invaded and R. multiflora-free forest fragments. At a fine scale, we trapped 2.3 times more ticks under R. multiflora compared to paired traps 25 m away from R. multiflora. At the patch scale, we trapped 3.2 times as many ticks in R. multiflora-free forests compared to R. multiflora-invaded forests. Thus, ticks are concentrated beneath R. multiflora within invaded forests, but uninvaded forests support significantly more ticks. Among all covariates tested, leaf litter volume was the best predictor of tick abundance; at the patch scale, R. multiflora-invaded forests had less leaf litter than uninvaded forests. We suggest that leaf litter availability at the patch-scale plays a greater role in constraining tick abundance than the fine-scale, positive effect of invasive shrubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solny A Adalsteinsson
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Vincent D'Amico
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA
| | - W Gregory Shriver
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Jeffrey J Buler
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA
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