1
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Regimbal NL, Baines CB. Cannibalism facilitated by parasite infection induces dispersal in a semi-aquatic insect. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230134. [PMID: 38913057 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasites are known to have direct effects on host dispersal ability and motivation. Yet, parasites have a variety of impacts on host populations, including shaping predation and cannibalism rates, and therefore may also have indirect effects on host dispersal; these indirect pathways have not been studied. We tested the hypothesis that parasites influence host dispersal through effects on cannibalism using backswimmers (Notonecta undulata) and Hydrachnidia freshwater mites. Mite parasitism impedes swimming in backswimmers, which we found increased their vulnerability to cannibalism. We imposed a manipulation that varied cannibalism rates across experimental populations consisting of a mix of backswimmers with and without simulated parasites. Using simulated parasites allowed us to examine the effects of cannibalism without introducing infection risk. We found that the odds of dispersal for infected backswimmers increased by 2.25× with every 10% increase in the risk of being cannibalized, and the odds of dispersal for healthy backswimmers increased by 2.34× for every additional infected backswimmer they consumed. Our results suggest that cannibalism was used as an energy source for dispersal for healthy individuals, while the risk of being eaten motivated dispersal in infected individuals. These results elucidate the complex ways that parasites impact host populations and strengthen our understanding of host-parasite interactions, including host and parasite population stability and spread. This article is part of the theme issue 'Diversity-dependence of dispersal: interspecific interactions determine spatial dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Regimbal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Celina B Baines
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
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2
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Gomes FR, Madelaire CB, Moretti EH, Titon SCM, Assis VR. Immunoendocrinology and Ecoimmunology in Brazilian Anurans. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1654-1670. [PMID: 35411921 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews several aspects of immunoendocrinology and ecoimmunology in Brazilian species of anurans under investigation for more than a decade, including (1) patterns of annual covariation of circulating steroids, calling behavior and innate immunity, (2) endocrine and immune correlates of calling performance, (3) behavioral and physiological correlates of parasite load, (4) thermal sensitivity of immune function, and (5) endocrine and immunomodulation by experimental exposure to acute and chronic stressors, as well as to endocrine manipulations and simulated infections. Integrated results have shown an immunoprotective role of increased steroid plasma levels during reproductive activity in calling males. Moreover, a higher helminth parasite load is associated with changes in several behavioral and physiological traits under field conditions. We also found anuran innate immunity is generally characterized by eurythermy, with maximal performance observed in temperatures close to normal and fever thermal preferendum. Moreover, the aerobic scope of innate immune response is decreased at fever thermal preferendum. Experimental exposure to stressors results in increased corticosterone plasma levels and immune redistribution, with an impact on immune function depending on the duration of the stress exposure. Interestingly, the fate of immunomodulation by chronic stressors also depends in part on individual body condition. Acute treatment with corticosterone generally enhances immune function, while prolonged exposure results in immunosuppression. Still, the results of hormonal treatment are complex and depend on the dose, duration of treatment, and the immune variable considered. Finally, simulated infection results in complex modulation of the expression of cytokines, increased immune function, activation of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Interrenal axis, and decreased activity of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal axis, as well as reduced melatonin plasma levels, suggesting that anurans have a functional Immune-Pineal axis, homologous to that previously described for mammals. These integrated and complementary approaches have contributed to a better understanding of physiological mechanisms and processes, as well as ecological and evolutionary implications of anuran immunoendocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ribeiro Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil
| | - Carla Bonetti Madelaire
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil.,School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Eduardo Hermógenes Moretti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brasil
| | - Stefanny Christie Monteiro Titon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil
| | - Vania Regina Assis
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil
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3
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Shaw AK. How to outrun your parasites (or mutualists): symbiont transmission mode is key. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison K. Shaw
- Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Univ. of Minnesota‐Twin Cities St. Paul MN USA
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4
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Shine R, Alford RA, Blennerhasset R, Brown GP, DeVore JL, Ducatez S, Finnerty P, Greenlees M, Kaiser SW, McCann S, Pettit L, Pizzatto L, Schwarzkopf L, Ward-Fear G, Phillips BL. Increased rates of dispersal of free-ranging cane toads (Rhinella marina) during their global invasion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23574. [PMID: 34876612 PMCID: PMC8651681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasions often accelerate through time, as dispersal-enhancing traits accumulate at the expanding range edge. How does the dispersal behaviour of individual organisms shift to increase rates of population spread? We collate data from 44 radio-tracking studies (in total, of 650 animals) of cane toads (Rhinella marina) to quantify distances moved per day, and the frequency of displacement in their native range (French Guiana) and two invaded areas (Hawai’i and Australia). We show that toads in their native-range, Hawai’i and eastern Australia are relatively sedentary, while toads dispersing across tropical Australia increased their daily distances travelled from 20 to 200 m per day. That increase reflects an increasing propensity to change diurnal retreat sites every day, as well as to move further during each nocturnal displacement. Daily changes in retreat site evolved earlier than did changes in distances moved per night, indicating a breakdown in philopatry before other movement behaviours were optimised to maximise dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Shine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Ross A Alford
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | | | - Gregory P Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jayna L DeVore
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Simon Ducatez
- UMR 241 EIO (UPF, IRD, IFREMER, ILM), Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Patrick Finnerty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew Greenlees
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Shannon W Kaiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Samantha McCann
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lachlan Pettit
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ligia Pizzatto
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Georgia Ward-Fear
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Phillips
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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5
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Kaiser SW, Greenlees MJ, Shine R. Wildfires modify the parasite loads of invasive cane toads. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210470. [PMID: 34932921 PMCID: PMC8692031 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency and severity of wildfires are increasing due to anthropogenic modifications to habitats and to climate. Post-fire landscapes may advantage invasive species via multiple mechanisms, including changes to host-parasite interactions. We surveyed the incidence of endoparasitic lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) in invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in near-coastal sites of eastern Australia, a year after extensive fires in this region. Both the prevalence of infection and number of worms in infected toads increased with toad body size in unburned areas. By contrast, parasite load decreased with toad body size in burned areas. By killing moisture-dependent free-living lungworm larvae, the intense fires may have liberated adult cane toads from a parasite that can substantially reduce the viability of its host. Smaller toads, which are restricted to moist environments, did not receive this benefit from fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon W. Kaiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | - Richard Shine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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6
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Macgregor LF, Greenlees M, de Bruyn M, Shine R. An invasion in slow motion: the spread of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) into cooler climates in southern Australia. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Zilio G, Nørgaard LS, Petrucci G, Zeballos N, Gougat-Barbera C, Fronhofer EA, Kaltz O. Parasitism and host dispersal plasticity in an aquatic model system. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1316-1325. [PMID: 34157176 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal is a central determinant of spatial dynamics in communities and ecosystems, and various ecological factors can shape the evolution of constitutive and plastic dispersal behaviours. One important driver of dispersal plasticity is the biotic environment. Parasites, for example, influence the internal condition of infected hosts and define external patch quality. Thus, state-dependent dispersal may be determined by infection status and context-dependent dispersal by the abundance of infected hosts in the population. A prerequisite for such dispersal plasticity to evolve is a genetic basis on which natural selection can act. Using interconnected microcosms, we investigated dispersal in experimental populations of the freshwater protist Paramecium caudatum in response to the bacterial parasite Holospora undulata. For a collection of 20 natural host strains, we found substantial variation in constitutive dispersal and to a lesser degree in dispersal plasticity. First, infection tended to increase or decrease dispersal relative to uninfected controls, depending on strain identity, indicative of state-dependent dispersal plasticity. Infection additionally decreased host swimming speed compared to the uninfected counterparts. Second, for certain strains, there was a weak negative association between dispersal and infection prevalence, such that uninfected hosts dispersed less when infection was more frequent in the population, indicating context-dependent dispersal plasticity. Future experiments may test whether the observed differences in dispersal plasticity are sufficiently strong to be picked up by natural selection. The evolution of dispersal plasticity as a strategy to mitigate parasite effects spatially may have important implications for epidemiological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Zilio
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Louise S Nørgaard
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Giovanni Petrucci
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Zeballos
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Oliver Kaltz
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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8
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Mayer M, Schlippe Justicia L, Shine R, Brown GP. Host defense or parasite cue: Skin secretions mediate interactions between amphibians and their parasites. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1955-1965. [PMID: 34176205 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian skin secretions (substances produced by the amphibian plus microbiota) plausibly act as a first line of defense against parasite/pathogen attack, but may also provide chemical cues for pathogens. To clarify the role of skin secretions in host-parasite interactions, we conducted experiments using cane toads (Rhinella marina) and their lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) from the range-core and invasion-front of the introduced anurans' range in Australia. Depending on the geographical area, toad skin secretions can reduce the longevity and infection success of parasite larvae, or attract lungworm larvae and enhance their infection success. These striking differences between the two regions were due both to differential responses of the larvae, and differential effects of the skin secretions. Our data suggest that skin secretions play an important role in host-parasite interactions in anurans, and that the arms race between a host and parasite can rapidly generate spatial variation in critical features of that interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mayer
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lia Schlippe Justicia
- Department of Animal Biology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Richard Shine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory P Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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9
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DeVore JL, Shine R, Ducatez S. Spatial ecology of cane toads (Rhinella marina) in their native range: a radiotelemetric study from French Guiana. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11817. [PMID: 34083703 PMCID: PMC8175754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Like most invasive species, cane toads have attracted less research in their native range than in invaded areas. We radio-tracked 34 free-ranging toads in French Guiana, a source region for most invasive populations, across two coastal and two rainforest sites. Coastal toads generally sheltered in pools of fresh or brackish water but nocturnally foraged on beaches, whereas rainforest toads sheltered in forested habitats, moving into open areas at night. Over five days of monitoring, native toads frequently re-used shelters and moved little between days (means = 10-63 m/site) compared to invasion-front toads from Australia (~ 250 m). Larger toads moved less between days, but displaced in more consistent directions. At night, foraging toads travelled up to 200 m before returning to shelters. Foraging distance was related to body condition at coastal sites, with toads in poorer body condition travelling farther. Rain increased the probability of coastal toads sheltering in the dry habitats where they foraged. Dispersal and rainfall were lower at coastal sites, and the strategies utilized by coastal toads to minimize water loss resembled those of invasive toads in semi-desert habitats. This global invader already exhibits a broad environmental niche and substantial behavioural flexibility within its native range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayna L DeVore
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Simon Ducatez
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMR 241 EIO (UPF, IRD, IFREMER, ILM), Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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10
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First line of defence: Skin microbiota may protect anurans from infective larval lungworms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 14:185-189. [PMID: 33898219 PMCID: PMC8056135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional roles of the rich microbiota of the skin are not fully understood, but include protection against microbial diseases and other environmental challenges. In experimental studies, we show that reducing the microbiota from cane toad (Rhinella marina) skin by gently wiping with absorptive gauze resulted in threefold higher rates of infection by lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) following standardised exposure to infective skin-penetrating larvae. Higher concentrations of microbial DNA were associated with lower rates of lungworm entry. Our data suggest that microbial activity on the anuran skin comprises an important line of defence against attack by macroparasites as well as by fungi and other microbes.
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11
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Deshpande JN, Kaltz O, Fronhofer EA. Host–parasite dynamics set the ecological theatre for the evolution of state‐ and context‐dependent dispersal in hosts. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jhelam N. Deshpande
- ISEM, Univ. de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD Montpellier France
- Indian Inst. of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Oliver Kaltz
- ISEM, Univ. de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD Montpellier France
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12
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Birnie-Gauvin K, Lennox RJ, Guglielmo CG, Teffer AK, Crossin GT, Norris DR, Aarestrup K, Cooke SJ. The Value of Experimental Approaches in Migration Biology. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 93:210-226. [DOI: 10.1086/708455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Shilton CM, Šlapeta J, Shine R, Brown GP. Pathology Associated With an Outbreak of Entamoebiasis in Wild Cane Toads ( Rhinella marina) in Tropical Australia. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:921-931. [PMID: 31526112 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819868729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection due to Entamoeba spp. is known to cause serious disease in primates (Entamoeba histolytica) and snakes (Entamoeba invadens), but there are no detailed descriptions of the pathology associated with Entamoeba spp. infection in amphibians. In 2014, an outbreak of entamoebiasis associated with a novel species of Entamoeba induced clinical illness and poor body condition in free-ranging cane toads in Australia's Northern Territory. Here, we describe the gross pathology, histology, and clinical pathology linked to the outbreak. The study compared 25 toads with invasive entamoebiasis, defined as histologically visible amoebas within tissue, and 12 toads without invasive entamoebiasis. Grossly, affected toads had mild to marked congestion of colonic serosal vasculature, with variable thickening of the intestinal wall and serosanguineous to hemorrhagic colonic content. Histologically, invasive entamoebiasis manifested primarily as moderate to severe, variably hyperplastic to ulcerative colitis. The small intestine was affected in 10 of 25 toads, and 5 of 25 toads also had gastric lesions. Amoebas consistent in morphology with Entamoeba sp. were commonly intermingled with mucosal epithelium, frequently along the basement membrane, with deeper invasion into the superficial lamina propria in only 5 toads. Toads with invasive entamoebiasis had neutrophilia, monocytosis, and lymphopenia, and thus elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios, suggestive of an inflammatory and/or stress leukogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory P Brown
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Bower DS, Brannelly LA, McDonald CA, Webb RJ, Greenspan SE, Vickers M, Gardner MG, Greenlees MJ. A review of the role of parasites in the ecology of reptiles and amphibians. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S. Bower
- College of Science and Engineering; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science; University of New England; Armidale New South Wales Australia
| | - Laura A. Brannelly
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Cait A. McDonald
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Rebecca J. Webb
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Sasha E. Greenspan
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Mathew Vickers
- College of Science and Engineering; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Michael G. Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering; Flinders University; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit; South Australian Museum; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Matthew J. Greenlees
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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15
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Natusch DJD, Lyons JA, Dubey S, Shine R. Ticks on snakes: The ecological correlates of ectoparasite infection in free‐ranging snakes in tropical Australia. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. D. Natusch
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006Australia
| | - Jessica A. Lyons
- Resource Evaluation and Development Limited Frogs Hollow New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006Australia
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16
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Tingley R, Ward-Fear G, Schwarzkopf L, Greenlees MJ, Phillips BL, Brown G, Clulow S, Webb J, Capon R, Sheppard A, Strive T, Tizard M, Shine R. New Weapons in the Toad Toolkit: A Review of Methods to Control and Mitigate the Biodiversity Impacts of Invasive Cane Toads (Rhinella Marina). QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2018; 92:123-49. [PMID: 29562120 DOI: 10.1086/692167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Our best hope of developing innovative methods to combat invasive species is likely to come from the study of high-profile invaders that have attracted intensive research not only into control, but also basic biology. Here we illustrate that point by reviewing current thinking about novel ways to control one of the world’s most well-studied invasions: that of the cane toad in Australia. Recently developed methods for population suppression include more effective traps based on the toad’s acoustic and pheromonal biology. New tools for containing spread include surveillance technologies (e.g., eDNA sampling and automated call detectors), as well as landscape-level barriers that exploit the toad’s vulnerability to desiccation—a strategy that could be significantly enhanced through the introduction of sedentary, range-core genotypes ahead of the invasion front. New methods to reduce the ecological impacts of toads include conditioned taste aversion in free-ranging predators, gene banking, and targeted gene flow. Lastly, recent advances in gene editing and gene drive technology hold the promise of modifying toad phenotypes in ways that may facilitate control or buffer impact. Synergies between these approaches hold great promise for novel and more effective means to combat the toad invasion and its consequent impacts on biodiversity.
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17
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Terui A, Ooue K, Urabe H, Nakamura F. Parasite infection induces size-dependent host dispersal: consequences for parasite persistence. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.1491. [PMID: 29093220 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host dispersal is now recognized as a key predictor of the landscape-level persistence and expansion of parasites. However, current theories treat post-infection dispersal propensities as a fixed trait, and the plastic nature of host's responses to parasite infection has long been underappreciated. Here, we present a mark-recapture experiment in a single host-parasite system (larval parasites of the freshwater mussel Margaritifera laevis and its salmonid fish host Oncorhynchus masou masou) and provide, to our knowledge, the first empirical evidence that parasite infection induces size-dependent host dispersal in the field. In response to parasite infection, large fish become more dispersive, whereas small fish tend to stay at the home patch. The observed plasticity in dispersal is interpretable from the viewpoint of host fitness: expected benefits (release from further infection) may exceed dispersal-associated costs for individuals with high dispersal ability (i.e. large fish) but are marginal for individuals with limited dispersal ability (i.e. small fish). Indeed, our growth analysis revealed that only small fish hosts incurred dispersal costs (reduced growth). Strikingly, our simulation study revealed that this plastic dispersal response of infected hosts substantially enhanced parasite persistence and occupancy in a spatially structured system. These results suggest that dispersal plasticity in host species is critical for understanding how parasites emerge, spatially spread, and persist in nature. Our findings provide a novel starting point for building a reliable, predictive model for parasite/disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Terui
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA .,Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Keita Ooue
- Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Urabe
- Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, 3-373 Kitakashiwagi, Eniwa 061-1433, Japan
| | - Futoshi Nakamura
- Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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Finnerty PB, Shine R, Brown GP. The costs of parasite infection: Effects of removing lungworms on performance, growth and survival of free‐ranging cane toads. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B. Finnerty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Gregory P. Brown
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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19
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Finnerty PB, Shilton CM, Shine R, Brown GP. Using experimental de-worming to measure the immunological and pathological impacts of lungworm infection in cane toads. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2017; 6:310-319. [PMID: 28971017 PMCID: PMC5614598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunological and pathological consequences of parasite infection can be more rigorously assessed from experimental manipulation than from correlational studies of natural infections. We used anthelmintic treatment to experimentally decrease intensities of lungworm infection in captive and free-ranging wild cane toads to assess parasite impacts on host immune responses. First, we administered the anthelmintic drug Ivermectin to both infected and uninfected toads, to distinguish drug effects per se from the impacts of killing lungworms. Worms began dying and decomposing <48 h after injection. The only immunological variables that were affected by anthelmintic treatment were bactericidal capacity of the blood which increased in parasitized toads (presumably triggered by decomposing worms in the lungs), and the phagocytic capacity of blood (which increased in both infected and uninfected toads); the latter effect presumably was caused by the injection of Ivermectin per se rather than removal of parasites. Second, we looked at correlates of variation in the infection intensity induced by de-worming (in both captive and free-ranging toads) over an eight-week period. Heavier lungworm infection was associated with increased phagocytic ability of the host's blood, and a reduction in the host's liver mass (and hence, energy stores). Experimental de-worming thus revealed pathological and immunological costs of the presence of lungworms, and of their removal by anthelmintic injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Finnerty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Catherine M Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, Northern Territory, 0828, Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Gregory P Brown
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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20
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Moretti EH, Titon B, Madelaire CB, de Arruda R, Alvarez T, Gomes FR. Behavioral, physiological and morphological correlates of parasite intensity in the wild Cururu toad ( Rhinella icterica). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2017; 6:146-154. [PMID: 28725553 PMCID: PMC5502792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Large numbers of parasites are found in various organs of anuran amphibians, with parasite intensities thought to modulate the host's Darwinian fitness traits. Interaction between the anuran hosts and their multiple parasites should modulate the host's phenotypic characteristic, such as those associated with high energetic demand (such as calling effort and locomotor performance), energy balance (standard metabolic rate), and morphological plasticity (as indicated by organ masses). The present study investigated the impact of parasite intensities on the behavioral, physiological, and morphological traits of wild adult male Rhinella icterica (Anura: Bufonidae). We tested as to whether individuals with higher parasite intensities would present: 1) lower vocal calling effort in the field, as well as poorer locomotor performance and body-condition index; and 2) higher standard metabolic rates and internal organ masses. Measurements included: calling effort in the field; standard metabolic rate; locomotor performance; parasite intensity; internal organ masses (heart, liver, kidneys, intestines, stomach, lungs, hind limb muscle, and spleen); and the body-condition index. Results showed a negative association of parasite intensities with locomotor performance, and standard metabolic rate of R. icterica. A positive association between parasite intensities and relative organ masses (heart, intestines and kidneys) was also evident. Toads with higher pulmonary and intestinal parasites intensities also showed higher total parasite intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Hermógenes Moretti
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Braz Titon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Bonetti Madelaire
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel de Arruda
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Alvarez
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ribeiro Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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21
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Pizzatto L, Both C, Brown G, Shine R. The accelerating invasion: dispersal rates of cane toads at an invasion front compared to an already-colonized location. Evol Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-017-9896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Selechnik D, Rollins LA, Brown GP, Kelehear C, Shine R. The things they carried: The pathogenic effects of old and new parasites following the intercontinental invasion of the Australian cane toad ( Rhinella marina). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2016; 6:375-385. [PMID: 30951567 PMCID: PMC5715224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Brought to Australia in 1935 to control agricultural pests (from French Guiana, via Martinique, Barbados, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Hawai'i), repeated stepwise translocations of small numbers of founders enabled the cane toad (Rhinella marina) to escape many parasites and pathogens from its native range. However, the infective organisms that survived the journey continue to affect the dynamics of the toad in its new environment. In Australia, the native-range lungworm Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala decreases its host's cardiac capacity, as well as growth and survival, but not rate of dispersal. The lungworm is most prevalent in long-colonised areas within the toads' Australian range, and absent from the invasion front. Several parasites and pathogens of Australian taxa have host-shifted to cane toads in Australia; for example, invasion-front toads are susceptible to spinal arthritis caused by the soil bacterium, Ochrobactrum anthropi. The pentastome Raillietiella frenata has host-shifted to toads and may thereby expand its Australian range due to the continued range expansion of the invasive toads. Spill-over and spill-back of parasites may be detrimental to other host species; however, toads may also reduce parasite loads in native taxa by acting as terminal hosts. We review the impact of the toad's parasites and pathogens on the invasive anuran's biology in Australia, as well as collateral effects of toad-borne parasites and pathogens on other host species in Australia. Both novel and co-evolved pathogens and parasites may have played significant roles in shaping the rapid evolution of immune system responses in cane toads within their invaded range. Invasive cane toads have lost many parasites due to serial translocations. One native lungworm (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) has been retained. Toads have also acquired novel parasites and pathogens from Australian hosts. Toads either amplify parasite numbers or act as a parasite sink. Differences in immune function exist between toad populations within Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Selechnik
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (SOLES), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - L A Rollins
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences (LES), Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - G P Brown
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (SOLES), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - C Kelehear
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Panama
| | - R Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (SOLES), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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