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Culley TM, Bécus MS, Cameron GN. Long-term effects of a tornado: Impacts on woody native vegetation and invasive Amur honeysuckle ( Lonicera maackii) in an urban forest. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10890. [PMID: 38476700 PMCID: PMC10927907 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As tornados become increasingly common with global climate change, recovery of the woody vegetation in temperate forests is imperative to maintain an intact ecosystem. In many urbanized landscapes, invasive species are also increasing and could interfere with natural recovery from environmental disturbance. We quantified the impact and 17-year recovery from a major tornado in a temperate deciduous forest. We used vegetational surveys in southwestern Ohio at the Harris M. Benedict Nature Preserve, where approximately a third of this site was damaged by a tornado in 1999. Plots were established in the tornado-damaged area and the nearby undisturbed forest to examine forest recovery of trees/saplings, shrubs and vines, and tree seedlings during 2003, 2006, 2010, and 2016/2017. The number of tree saplings, shrubs, and vines increased immediately after the tornado, but then declined by 2010, relative to the undisturbed forest. Forest tree recruitment was lower in tornado-damaged sites with fewer tree seedlings, but more saplings. Tree diversity was also affected by Agrilus planipennis (Emerald Ash borer) which targeted native ash trees within this time period. Despite an initial increase in shrubs and vines in the damaged area, the diversity and density of shrubs approached equality in both sites by 2016. Most shrubs in both sites were the invasive Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle). In tornado sites, honeysuckle thinned out over time, leaving larger shrubs with greater mean basal diameter compared to the undisturbed forest. Other woody invasive species were also more prevalent in the damaged area, but increased in number in both locations by 2017. The forest has the capability to begin to recover from the initial tornado, but its future composition may differ from its initial trajectory due to invasive species, loss of ash trees, and anthropogenic impacts within the urban landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Culley
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Marjorie S. Bécus
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Guy N. Cameron
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
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2
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Salomé-Díaz J, Golubov J, Eguiarte LE, Búrquez A. Difference in Germination Traits between Congeneric Native and Exotic Species May Affect Invasion. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:478. [PMID: 38498464 PMCID: PMC10892991 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Germination traits are components of invasion potential, and comparing seed traits in sympatric native and invasive species can offer insights into the invasion process. We characterized seed germination traits and how they influenced the success of Eragrostis mexicana, a native species, and Eragrostis tenuifolia, an exotic species (Poaceae) in Mexico, in the context of their potential for biological invasion. Seeds from both species were collected from four sites in a natural protected area in Mexico City, and the germination of seeds of different ages was conducted in experiments at different temperatures. E. tenuifolia exhibited higher germination percentages than the native E. mexicana across all treatments. Seed age had differential effects, with older seeds of the native E. mexicana germinating better, while E. tenuifolia performed better with younger seeds. Temperature positively impacted germination for both species, although E. mexicana was limited at lower temperatures. Exotic E. tenuifolia can germinate over a wider temperature range with earlier germination rates, and generate a seed bank lasting several years, which may contribute to naturalization. The importance of germination traits in the context of invasive species establishment underscores the potential role of seed banks in facilitating biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Salomé-Díaz
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
- Plant Taxonomy and Systematics Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Jordan Golubov
- Plant Taxonomy and Systematics Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Luis E. Eguiarte
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Alberto Búrquez
- Estación Regional Noroeste, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hermosillo 83250, Mexico;
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3
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Wilsey B, Kaul A, Polley HW. Establishment from seed is more important for exotic than for native plant species. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2024; 5:e10132. [PMID: 38323131 PMCID: PMC10840371 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Climate change has initiated movement of both native and non-native (exotic) species across the landscape. Exotic species are hypothesized to establish from seed more readily than comparable native species. We tested the hypothesis that seed limitation is more important for exotic species than native grassland species. We compared seed limitation and invasion resistance over three growing seasons between 18 native and 18 exotic species, grown in both monocultures and mixtures in a field experiment. Half of the plots received a seed mix of the contrasting treatment (i.e., exotic species were seeded into native plots, and native species were seeded into exotic plots), and half served as controls. We found that (1) establishment in this perennial grassland is seed limited, (2) establishment from seed is greater in exotic than native species, and (3) community resistance to seedling establishment was positively related to diversity of extant species, but only in native communities. Native-exotic species diversity and composition differences did not converge over time. Our results imply that native to exotic transformations occur when diversity declines in native vegetation and exotic seeds arrive from adjacent sites, suggesting that managing for high diversity will reduce transformations to exotic dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wilsey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Andrew Kaul
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable DevelopmentMissouri Botanical GardenSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - H. Wayne Polley
- Grassland, Soil and Water Research LaboratoryUSDA‐ARSTempleTexasUSA
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4
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Kato-Noguchi H, Kurniadie D. The Invasive Mechanisms of the Noxious Alien Plant Species Bidens pilosa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:356. [PMID: 38337889 PMCID: PMC10857670 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Bidens pilosa L. is native to tropical America and has widely naturized from tropical to warm temperate regions in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. The species has infested a wide range of habitats such as grasslands, forests, wetlands, streamlines, coastal areas, pasture, plantations, agricultural fields, roadsides, and railway sides and has become a noxious invasive weed species. B. pilosa forms thick monospecific stands, quickly expands, and threatens the indigenous plant species and crop production. It is also involved in pathogen transmission as a vector. The species was reported to have (1) a high growth ability, producing several generations in a year; (2) a high achene production rate; (3) different biotypes of cypselae, differently germinating given the time and condition; (4) a high adaptative ability to various environmental conditions; (5) an ability to alter the microbial community, including mutualism with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; and (6) defense functions against natural enemies and allelopathy. The species produces several potential allelochemicals such as palmitic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, salycilic acid, quercetin, α-pinene, and limonene and compounds involved in the defense functions such as 1-phenylhepta-1,3,5-trine, 5-phenyl-2-(1-propynyl)-thiophene, 5-actoxy-2-phenylethinyl-thiophene, and icthyothereol acetate. These characteristics of B. pilosa may contribute to the naturalization and invasiveness of the species in the introduced ranges. This is the first review article focusing on the invasive mechanisms of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Denny Kurniadie
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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5
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Lau JA, Funk JL. How ecological and evolutionary theory expanded the 'ideal weed' concept. Oecologia 2023; 203:251-266. [PMID: 37340279 PMCID: PMC10684629 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Since Baker's attempt to characterize the 'ideal weed' over 50 years ago, ecologists have sought to identify features of species that predict invasiveness. Several of Baker's 'ideal weed' traits are well studied, and we now understand that many traits can facilitate different components of the invasion process, such as dispersal traits promoting transport or selfing enabling establishment. However, the effects of traits on invasion are context dependent. The traits promoting invasion in one community or at one invasion stage may inhibit invasion of other communities or success at other invasion stages, and the benefits of any given trait may depend on the other traits possessed by the species. Furthermore, variation in traits among populations or species is the result of evolution. Accordingly, evolution both prior to and after invasion may determine invasion outcomes. Here, we review how our understanding of the ecology and evolution of traits in invasive plants has developed since Baker's original efforts, resulting from empirical studies and the emergence of new frameworks and ideas such as community assembly theory, functional ecology, and rapid adaptation. Looking forward, we consider how trait-based approaches might inform our understanding of less-explored aspects of invasion biology ranging from invasive species responses to climate change to coevolution of invaded communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Lau
- Department of Biology and the Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jennifer L Funk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Waterton J, Mazer SJ, Cleland EE. When the neighborhood matters: contextual selection on seedling traits in native and non-native California grasses. Evolution 2023; 77:2039-2055. [PMID: 37393951 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact extensively with their neighbors, but the evolutionary consequences of variation in neighbor identity are not well understood. Seedling traits are likely to experience selection that depends on the identity of neighbors because they influence competitive outcomes. To explore this, we evaluated selection on seed mass and emergence time in two California grasses, the native perennial Stipa pulchra, and the non-native annual Bromus diandrus, in the field with six other native and non-native neighbor grasses in single- and mixed-species treatments. We also quantified characteristics of each neighbor treatment to further investigate factors influencing their effects on fitness and phenotypic selection. Selection favored larger seeds in both focal species and this was largely independent of neighbor identity. Selection generally favored earlier emergence in both focal species, but neighbor identity influenced the strength and direction of selection on emergence time in S. pulchra, but not B. diandrus. Greater light interception, higher soil moisture, and greater productivity of neighbors were associated with more intense selection for earlier emergence and larger seeds. Our findings suggest that changes in plant community composition can alter patterns of selection in seedling traits, and that these effects can be associated with measurable characteristics of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Waterton
- Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Elsa E Cleland
- Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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7
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Mircea DM, Calone R, Estrelles E, Soriano P, Sestras RE, Boscaiu M, Sestras AF, Vicente O. Responses of different invasive and non-invasive ornamental plants to water stress during seed germination and vegetative growth. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13281. [PMID: 37587264 PMCID: PMC10432408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions represent a major threat to natural ecosystems. A primary source of invasive plants is ornamental horticulture, which selects traits related to invasiveness. This study evaluated the responses to water stress during germination and vegetative growth of six species used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Three of them are recognised as invasive weeds in many world areas. Seeds were exposed to increasing concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) mimicking drought stress, and young plants in the vegetative growth stage were subjected to two levels of water stress. Results indicated that in the absence of stress in control conditions, the most competitive species were those reported as weeds, namely Bidens pilosa L., Oenothera biennis L., and Centaurea cyanus L., the last regarding germination velocity. Under stress, only two species, Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. and C. cyanus, maintained germination at -1 MPa osmotic potential, but in the recovery experiment, an osmopriming effect of PEG was observed. The most tolerant species during growth were two natives in the Mediterranean region, L. sinuatum and Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv., both accumulating the highest proline concentrations. The sixth species studied, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench., proved to be more susceptible to stress in the two developmental stages. This study reveals that the most significant traits associated with invasiveness were related to germination, especially in the absence of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Mircea
- Department of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roberta Calone
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, 40128, Bologna, Italy
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Estrelles
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Botanical Garden, University of Valencia, Quart, 80, 46008, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Soriano
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Botanical Garden, University of Valencia, Quart, 80, 46008, Valencia, Spain
| | - Radu E Sestras
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Boscaiu
- Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute (IAM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adriana F Sestras
- Department of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Oscar Vicente
- Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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8
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Bhatt A, Daibes LF, Chen X, Gallacher DJ. Germination of shrub species from Chinese subtropical forests: implications for restoration. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:448-456. [PMID: 36719105 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating native shrubs into restoration projects can improve biodiversity conservation and enhance the sustainability of ecosystem functions. Shrubs grow under different forest canopy structures, having varied microclimatic conditions according to forest type and composition. Currently, there is a lack of information on propagation from seed and planting material availability for the utilization of shrubs in forest restoration. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of temperature and light on germination of ten shrub species (Ardisia japonica, Callicarpa cathayana, Callicarpa giraldii var. subcanescens, Deutzia schneideriana, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Hydrangea chinensis, Maesa japonica, Rhododendron simsii, Spiraea japonica var. fortunei and Weigela japonica var. sinica) occurring in subtropical forests in China. No seeds of any species germinated in the coolest thermal regime (5/10 °C), while optimal temperature requirements varied from 10/20 °C to 25/35 °C. Seeds of small-seeded species had higher germination percentages in the light treatments, while larger seeds were not photoblastic. There was no relationship between germination in the light and the seed shape index. Our results may assist in identification of seed traits and suitable shrub species for restoration in specific forest types, thus aiding native forest recovery of structure and composition. Successful recovery leads to enhanced biodiversity, reestablishment of microhabitats and ecological interactions in the forest understorey.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhatt
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang, China
| | - L F Daibes
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - X Chen
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang, China
| | - D J Gallacher
- The Northern Hub, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
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9
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Adams LD, Giovannoni D, Clark VR, Steenhuisen SL, Martin GD. Reproductive Ecology of the Invasive Alien Shrub Pyracantha angustifolia in the Grassland Biome, South Africa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1308. [PMID: 36986995 PMCID: PMC10058135 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on reproductive traits of problematic invasive alien plants, such as the woody invasive shrub Pyracantha angustifolia of temperate Chinese origin, can help better manage invasive species. To determine factors contributing to its invasion, we investigated floral visitors and pollen loads, self-compatibility, seed set, seed rain, soil seed banks, and seed longevity in the soil. Generalist insects were recorded visiting flowers and all carried pollen loads of high purity (>70%). Floral visitor exclusion experiments showed that P. angustifolia can set seed (66%) without pollen vectors, although natural pollination resulted in higher fruit set (91%). Fruit count surveys and seed set showed an exponentially increased relationship between seed set and plant size with high natural seed yield (±2 million seeds m-2). Soil core samples revealed a high seed density of 46,400 ± (SE) 8934 m-2 under shrubs, decreasing with distance away from the shrub. Bowl traps stationed under trees and fences confirmed that seeds were efficiently dispersed by animals. Buried seeds survived for less than six months in the soil. Due to high seed production, self-compatibility augmented by generalist pollen vectors, and effective seed dispersal by local frugivores, it is difficult to manage the spread manually. Management of this species should focus on the short life span of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehlohonolo D. Adams
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
- Afromontane Research Unit & Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Dino Giovannoni
- Department of Physics, Rhodes University, Makhanda (Grahamstown) 6139, South Africa
| | - Vincent R. Clark
- Afromontane Research Unit & Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen
- Afromontane Research Unit & Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Grant D. Martin
- Afromontane Research Unit & Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Entomology and Zoology, Rhodes University, Makhanda (Grahamstown) 6139, South Africa
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Mircea DM, Estrelles E, Al Hassan M, Soriano P, Sestras RE, Boscaiu M, Sestras AF, Vicente O. Effect of Water Deficit on Germination, Growth and Biochemical Responses of Four Potentially Invasive Ornamental Grass Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1260. [PMID: 36986948 PMCID: PMC10053442 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ornamental plant species introduced into new environments can exhibit an invasive potential and adaptability to abiotic stress factors. In this study, the drought stress responses of four potentially invasive ornamental grass species (Cymbopogon citratus, Cortaderia selloana, Pennisetum alopecuroides and P. setaceum) were analysed. Several seed germination parameters were determined under increasing polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) concentrations. Additionally, plants in the vegetative stage were subjected to intermediate and severe water stress treatments for four weeks. All species registered high germination rates in control conditions (no stress treatment), even at high PEG concentrations, except C. citratus, which did not germinate at -1 MPa osmotic potential. Upon applying the water stress treatments, P. alopecuroides plants showed the highest tolerance, and C. citratus appeared the most susceptible to drought. Stress-induced changes in several biochemical markers (photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, antioxidant compounds, root and shoot Na+ and K+ contents), highlighted different responses depending on the species and the stress treatments. Basically, drought tolerance seems to depend to a large extent on the active transport of Na+ and K+ cations to the aerial part of the plants, contributing to osmotic adjustment in all four species and, in the case of the most tolerant P. alopecuroides, on the increasing root K+ concentration under water deficit conditions. The study shows the invasive potential of all species, except C. citratus, in dry areas such as the Mediterranean region, especially in the current climate change scenario. Particular attention should be given to P. alopecuroides, which is widely commercialised in Europe as ornamental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Mircea
- Department of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Estrelles
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Botanical Garden, University of Valencia, Quart, 80, 46008 Valencia, Spain; (E.E.); (P.S.)
| | - Mohamad Al Hassan
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Plant Sciences, Aeres University of Applied Sciences, 8251 JZ Dronten, The Netherlands
| | - Pilar Soriano
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Botanical Garden, University of Valencia, Quart, 80, 46008 Valencia, Spain; (E.E.); (P.S.)
| | - Radu E. Sestras
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Monica Boscaiu
- Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute (IAM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Adriana F. Sestras
- Department of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Oscar Vicente
- Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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11
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Bhatt A, Chen X, Pompelli MF, Jamal A, Mancinelli R, Radicetti E. Characterization of Invasiveness, Thermotolerance and Light Requirement of Nine Invasive Species in China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1192. [PMID: 36904052 PMCID: PMC10005799 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding responsible functional traits for promoting plant invasiveness could be important to aid in the development of adequate management strategies for invasive species. Seed traits play an important role in the plant life cycle by affecting dispersal ability, formation of the soil seed bank, type and level of dormancy, germination, survival and/or competitive ability. We assessed seed traits and germination strategies of nine invasive species under five temperature regimes and light/dark treatments. Our results showed a considerable level of interspecific variation in germination percentage among the tested species. Both cooler (5/10 °C) and warmer (35/40 °C) temperatures tended to inhibit germination. All study species were considered small-seeded, and seed size did not affect germination in the light. Yet, a slightly negative correlation was found between germination in the dark and seed dimensions. We classified the species into three categories according to their germination strategies: (i) risk-avoiders, mostly displaying dormant seeds with low G%; (ii) risk-takers, reaching a high G% in a broad range of temperatures; (iii) intermediate species, showing moderate G% values, which could be enhanced in specific temperature regimes. Variability in germination requirements could be important to explain species coexistence and invasion ability of plants to colonize different ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Bhatt
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 100101, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 100101, China
| | - Marcelo F. Pompelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
| | - Aftab Jamal
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Roberto Mancinelli
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01011 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Emanuele Radicetti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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12
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Mehal KK, Kaur A, Singh HP, Batish DR. Investigating the phytotoxic potential of Verbesina encelioides: effect on growth and performance of co-occurring weed species. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:77-87. [PMID: 35441891 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01761-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy has been proposed as an efficient mechanism of invasion by plant species via growth inhibition and suppression of the resident plant community. Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex A. Gray (golden crownbeard; Asteraceae), a native of south-western USA and Mexican Plateau, is an emerging troublesome invasive weed species of north-western states of India. We investigated the allelopathic potential of the aqueous extracts prepared from the fresh foliage and leaf litter of V. encelioides on its co-occurring species, Amaranthus viridis and Senna occidentalis. Phytotoxicity bioassay showed concentration-dependent (control < 0.5% < 1% < 2% < 4% extract) inhibition of growth and photosynthetic parameters in the test plants. Both the extracts induced ~ 50% inhibition of germination compared to control at 4% concentration. The maximum synthesis effect (collective effect on seedling length and dry weight) was observed to be - 0.69 and - 0.62 in A. viridis and - 0.68 and - 0.57 in S. occidentalis for the fresh leaf and leaf litter extracts, respectively, at 4% concentration. Also, an antagonistic concentration-dependent impact was observed on the photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a content) and photosynthetic efficiency. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay of leaf extracts revealed the presence of 15 allelochemicals including phenolic acids, flavonoids, phytosterols, phytophenols, dicarboxylic acid, guanidine, and triterpenes. Of these, 14 compounds were present in both fresh and leaf litter materials. However, a guanidine derivative, galegine, was only found in the fresh leaf material of the plant. The findings support the novel weapon hypothesis and suggest that V. encelioides competitively excludes its neighboring plants by virtue of allelopathic interference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amarpreet Kaur
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Harminder Pal Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
| | - Daizy R Batish
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
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13
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Shi B, Osunkoya OO, Soni A, Campbell S, Dhileepan K. Growth of the invasive Navua sedge (
Cyperus aromaticus
) under competitive interaction with pasture species and simulated grazing conditions: Implication for management. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Shi
- Biosecurity Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct Dutton Park Queensland Australia
| | - Olusegun O. Osunkoya
- Biosecurity Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct Dutton Park Queensland Australia
| | - Abhishek Soni
- School of Agriculture and Food Science The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - Shane Campbell
- School of Agriculture and Food Science The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - Kunjithapatham Dhileepan
- Biosecurity Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct Dutton Park Queensland Australia
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14
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Solís-Montero L, Vega-Polanco M, Vázquez-Sánchez M, Suárez-Mota ME. Ecological niche modeling of interactions in a buzz-pollinated invasive weed. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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15
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Brandenburger CR, Maslen B, Sherwin WB, Moles AT. Weedy and seedy: the rapid evolution of life-history characteristics in an introduced daisy. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac038. [PMID: 36092025 PMCID: PMC9449359 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of life-history characteristics in determining a species' success, we still lack basic information about some fundamental life-history elements found across the life cycle of introduced plants. Our study assesses rapid evolutionary divergence in life-history characteristics of the beach daisy Arctotheca populifolia by comparing introduced Australian and source South African plants and measuring eight key variables including seed mass, germination, reproductive output and survival. This is the first study that compares the life history of an introduced plant species with its single original source population, providing a precise and powerful method for detecting evolutionary divergence. We found that introduced A. populifolia has evolved a suite of weedy life-history characteristics in less than 90 years: the introduced plants use a live-fast die-young strategy of germination and survival and produce significantly more inflorescences and more seeds that germinate faster. This knowledge adds to the remarkable data that we already have on the rapid evolutionary divergence occurring in the morphology, physiology and defence of this introduced plant and highlights the speed and scope of evolutionary divergence possible in plants. To fully understand and manage the future of our plant species, we must consider their potential for ongoing change in key aspects of life history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Maslen
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - William B Sherwin
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Angela T Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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16
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Zettlemoyer MA, Ellis SL, Hale CW, Horne EC, Thoen RD, DeMarche ML. Limited evidence for phenological differences between non-native and native species. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.983172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many species shift their phenology with climate change, species vary significantly in the direction and magnitude of these responses (i.e., phenological sensitivity). Studies increasingly detect early phenology or high phenological sensitivity to climate in non-native species, which may favor non-native species over natives in warming climates. Yet relatively few studies explicitly compare phenological responses to climate between native vs. non-native species or between non-native populations in the native vs. introduced range, limiting our ability to quantify the role of phenology in invasion success. Here, we review the empirical evidence for and against differences in phenology and phenological sensitivity to climate in both native vs. non-native species and native and introduced populations of non-native species. Contrary to common assumptions, native and non-native plant species did not consistently differ in mean phenology or phenological sensitivity. However, non-native plant species were often either just as or more sensitive, but rarely less sensitive, to climate as natives. Introduced populations of non-native plant species often show earlier reproduction than native populations of the same species, but there was mixed evidence for differences in phenological sensitivity between introduced and native plant populations. We found very few studies comparing native vs. invasive animal phenology. Future work should characterize phenological sensitivity to climate in native vs. non-native plant and animal species, in native vs. introduced populations of non-native species, and across different stages of invasion, and should carefully consider how differences in phenology might promote invasion success or disadvantage native species under climate change.
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17
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Comparative Analysis of Tolerance to Salt Stress and Water Deficit in Two Invasive Weeds of the Genus Erigeron (Asteraceae). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152059. [PMID: 35956537 PMCID: PMC9370665 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Erigeron bonariensis and E. sumatrensis are two noxious weeds present in many parts of the world. Their tolerance to salinity and water deficit was analysed at the seed germination stage and during vegetative development. Seed germination was tested in solutions with different concentrations of NaCl and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, ion accumulation, and antioxidant mechanisms were analysed in plants that were subjected to increasing NaCl solutions, or severe water deficit by completely restricting irrigation. Seed germination was mostly affected by NaCl, but less by PEG in both species. E. bonariensis had a faster germination in all treatments and maintained a higher percentage of germination under the highest concentration of salt applied. Growth responses were similar in the two species, both being more affected by higher salt concentrations than by water deficit. The main differences in the responses of the two species to stress regard K+ and proline concentration. K+ in roots decreased under salt stress in E. sumatrensis, but remained constant in leaves, whereas in E. bonariensis increased in roots and leaves in salt-stressed plants. Proline concentration increased in all E. bonariensis plants under salt stress, but only in those under the highest salt concentration in E. sumatrensis. The results obtained indicate that the two species are relatively tolerant to water deficit and medium salinity but are susceptible to high NaCl concentrations.
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18
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Gillard MB, Castillo JM, Mesgaran MB, Futrell CJ, Grewell BJ. Germination niche breadth of invasive Iris pseudacorus (L.) suggests continued recruitment from seeds with global warming. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1108-1119. [PMID: 35716120 PMCID: PMC9544747 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Understanding recruitment processes of invasive species is central to conservation and management strategies. Iris pseudacorus, an emergent macrophyte, has established invasive populations across a broad global range, and reduces biodiversity in wetland ecosystems. Climate change is altering germination cues, yet studies on the invasion of wetland macrophytes often ignore germination ecology despite its importance to their establishment and spread. METHODS We explored germination of seeds from invasive I. pseudacorus populations in California in response to seed coat presence or absence, and several environmental factors. Using experimental results in a thermal time model, we derived germination temperature thresholds. RESULTS Germination of I. pseudacorus seeds did not require cold or warm stratification, and was not affected by seed coat presence or absence. Germination occurred in the dark, although germinability was two- to threefold times greater under light. At constant temperature, thermal time model estimates included 18.3 ± 1.8°C base germination temperature (Tb$({T}_{b}$ ); 28.2 ± 0.5°C optimal temperature (To$({T}_{o}$ ); and 41.0 ± 1.7°C ceiling temperature (Tc$({T}_{c}$ ). Seeds exposed to 36.0°C achieved over 10% germination, and embryos of ungerminated seeds presented 76% viability. Overall, germinability remained relatively low at constant temperatures (≤25%) but was close to 90% under alternating daily temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to diurnally fluctuating temperatures is essential for this species to achieve high germination rates. Our study reveals that I. pseudacorus has a broad germination niche supporting its establishment in a relatively wide range of environments, including at high temperatures more frequent with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane B. Gillard
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, Department of Plant Sciences MS‐4University of CaliforniaDavis, 1 Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Jesús M. Castillo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y EcologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevilla41080Spain
| | - Mohsen B. Mesgaran
- Department of Plant Sciences MS‐4University of CaliforniaDavis, 1 Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Caryn J. Futrell
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, Department of Plant Sciences MS‐4University of CaliforniaDavis, 1 Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Brenda J. Grewell
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, Department of Plant Sciences MS‐4University of CaliforniaDavis, 1 Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
- Department of Plant Sciences MS‐4University of CaliforniaDavis, 1 Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
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19
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Jędrzejczak E, Klichowska E, Nobis M. Effect of Rudbeckia laciniata invasion on soil seed banks of different types of meadow communities. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10965. [PMID: 35768488 PMCID: PMC9242978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, biological invasions become the main driver of biodiversity loss. The changes can be noticed not only in the above-ground diversity but also in the underground, including seed banks of native vegetation. In this study, we focus on Rudbeckia laciniata, a species introduced to many European and Asian countries, to characterize its soil seed bank as well as to answer the question, how the species influenced soil seed banks of meadow plant communities in two types of habitats (fresh and wet), where traditional mowing was abandoned. Within the habitats, we conducted our study on a three-step scale of invasion, from full invasion, through the transition zone to the control zone, where no invasion of the species has been observed so far. The majority of the R. laciniata seeds were located in the surface layer of soil. We detected, that 47% (in fresh meadow) and 56% (wet meadow) of recorded species occurred only in a soil seed bank, and were absent in aboveground vegetation. Emergence of native plants from the soil seed bank is low due to rapid shading of the soil surface by R. laciniata seedlings. However, a short-term seed bank of the species gives hope that returning to regular mowing brings the desired results in its the elimination from vegetation, in a fairly short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Jędrzejczak
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Klichowska
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Nobis
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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20
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Borden JB, San Antonio KM, Tomat-Kelly G, Clark T, Flory SL. Invasive grass indirectly alters seasonal patterns in seed predation. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220095. [PMID: 35702984 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species threaten ecosystems globally, but their impacts can be cryptic when they occur indirectly. Invader phenology can also differ from that of native species, potentially causing seasonality in invader impacts. Yet, it is unclear if invader phenology can drive seasonal patterns in indirect effects. We used a field experiment to test if an invasive grass (Imperata cylindrica) caused seasonal indirect effects by altering rodent foraging and seed predation patterns through time. Using seeds from native longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), we found seed predation was 25% greater, on average, in invaded than control plots, but this effect varied by season. Seed predation was 24-157% greater in invaded plots during spring and autumn months, but invasion had no effect on seed predation in other months. One of the largest effects occurred in October when longleaf pine seeds are dispersed, suggesting potential effects on tree regeneration. Thus, seasonal patterns in indirect effects from invaders may cause underappreciated impacts on ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse B Borden
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kelly M San Antonio
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Taylor Clark
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - S Luke Flory
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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21
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Moravcová L, Carta A, Pyšek P, Skálová H, Gioria M. Long-term seed burial reveals differences in the seed-banking strategies of naturalized and invasive alien herbs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8859. [PMID: 35614334 PMCID: PMC9132925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil seed viability and germinability dynamics can have a major influence on the establishment and spread of plants introduced beyond their native distribution range. Yet, we lack information on how temporal variability in these traits could affect the invasion process. To address this issue, we conducted an 8-year seed burial experiment examining seed viability and germinability dynamics for 21 invasive and 38 naturalized herbs in the Czech Republic. Seeds of most naturalized and invasive species persisted in the soil for several years. However, naturalized herbs exhibited greater seed longevity, on average, than invasive ones. Phylogenetic logistic models showed that seed viability (but not germinability) dynamics were significantly related to the invasion status of the study species. Seed viability declined earlier and more sharply in invasive species, and the probability of finding viable seeds of invasive species by the end of the experiment was low. Our findings suggest that invasive herbs might take advantage of high seed viability in the years immediately after dispersal, while naturalized species benefit from extended seed viability over time. These differences, however, are not sufficiently strong to explain the invasiveness of the species examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Moravcová
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Angelino Carta
- Botany Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Skálová
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Margherita Gioria
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
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22
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Metwally RA, Abdelhameed RE, Soliman SA, Al-Badwy AH. Potential use of beneficial fungal microorganisms and C-phycocyanin extract for enhancing seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical traits of Solanum lycopersicum L. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:108. [PMID: 35448979 PMCID: PMC9027073 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biopriming as a new technique of seed treatment involves the application of beneficial microorganisms on the seed surface to stimulate seed germination, plant growth, and protect the seed from soil and seed-borne pathogens. The present investigation was carried out on seed germination, seedling vigor and biochemical traits of one of the most important vegetable crops (Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L.). The treatments comprised viz. T1: Non primed seeds (Control), T2: Hydropriming, T3: Biopriming with C-phycocyanin (C-PC) (Spirulina platensis extract), T4: Biopriming with Trichoderma asperellum, T5: Biopriming with T. viride, T6: Biopriming with Beauveria bassiana. Results Extraction and purification of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from the dry S. platensis powder using various methods was performed. The purity after dialyses was 0.49 and its ultimate purity (A620/A280) after ion-exchange chromatography was 4.64. The results on tomato seedlings revealed that the maximum germination percentage (100%), germination index (15.46 and 15.12), seedling length (10.67 cm), seedling dry weight (1.73 and 1.97 mg) and seedling length vigor index (1066.7) were recorded for tomato biopriming with T. viride, and B. bassiana (T5 and T6). Moreover, the quantitative estimation of total carbohydrates and total free amino acids contents in bioprimed tomato seedlings indicated a significantly higher amount with T. viride, followed by those bioprimed with T. asperellum, B. bassiana and C-PC extract. Conclusion Thus, our results indicated that biopriming of tomato seeds with beneficial fungal inoculants and C-PC was very effective. The most operative biostimulants were those bioprimed with T. viride and B. bassiana compared to other biostimulants (T. asperellum and C-PC). Therefore, to ensure sustainable agriculture, this study offers new possibilities for the biopriming application as an alternative and ecological management strategy to chemical treatment and provides a valuable basis for improving seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab A Metwally
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Reda E Abdelhameed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Shereen A Soliman
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Asmaa H Al-Badwy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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23
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Hierro JL, Eren Ö, Čuda J, Meyerson LA. Evolution of increased competitive ability (
EICA
) may explain dominance of introduced species in ruderal communities. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. Hierro
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Biogeografía y Evolución Vegetal (LEByEV) Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)‐Universidad Nacional de La Pampa (UNLPam) Santa Rosa Argentina
- Departamento de Biología Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNLPam
| | - Özkan Eren
- Aydin Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Fen‐Edebiyat Fakültesi Aydın Turkey
| | - Jan Čuda
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Laura A. Meyerson
- The University of Rhode Island, Department of Natural Resources Science Kingston RI USA
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24
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Rathee S, Sharma P, Ahmad M, Batish DR, Singh HP, Kaur S, Yadav SS. Seed size dimorphism in Hyptis suaveolens aids in differentiation of the germination niche. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:464-472. [PMID: 35226384 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination characteristics help predict the degree of invasive success of a species based on capacity of the seeds to germinate and recruit into novel habitats. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Bush mint, Pignut; Lamiaceae) is an invasive plant that is spreading throughout tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. We conducted a study to understand the role of seed size dimorphism in differentiation of germination niche in H. suaveolens. We subjected small and large seeds to varying environmental conditions of temperature (°C), photoperiod (light/dark), salt (NaCl; mM), pH, osmotic potential (MPa), different soil types and ratios (clay:sand) and burial depth (cm). Different germination indices were calculated and their interaction with seed dimorphism studied. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.001) between germination indices and seed dimorphism throughout the treatments. Large seeds had higher germination percentage and rate, indicating higher germination capacity. In addition, these displayed more asynchronous germination under various environments. Small seeds, on the other hand, required a longer germination time as compared to large seeds, indicating slower germination. Differential responses of the two seed morphs to varying environmental conditions, therefore, help H. suaveolens to differentiate its germination niche and establish in heterogeneous environments. These findings will help in devising appropriate management and eradication strategies based on germination ecology of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rathee
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - P Sharma
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - M Ahmad
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - D R Batish
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - H P Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - S Kaur
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - S S Yadav
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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25
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Xu X, Zhou C, He Q, Qiu S, Zhang Y, Yang J, Li B, Nie M. Phenotypic plasticity of light use favors a plant invader in nitrogen-enriched ecosystems. Ecology 2022; 103:e3665. [PMID: 35165885 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eutrophication is believed to promote plant invasion, resulting in high growth performances of invasive plants and, hence, great potential for growth-induced intraspecific competition for light. Current hypotheses predict how eutrophication promotes plant invasion but fail to explain how great invasiveness is maintained under eutrophic conditions. In diverse native communities, cooccurring plants of varying sizes can avoid light competition by exploiting light complementarily; however, whether this mechanism applies to intraspecific competition in invasive plant populations remains unknown. Using a two-year field nitrogen (N)-enrichment experiment on one of the global invasive plants, Spartina alterniflora, we found that the plasticity of light use reduced intraspecific competition and increased biomass production in S. alterniflora. Such a plasticity effect was enhanced when S. alterniflora had no nutrient limitations. In the N-enrichment treatments, the height difference among S. alterniflora ramets increased as light intensity decreased under the canopy. Compared with ambient N, under N enrichment, shorter individuals increased their light-use efficiency and specific leaf area in response to the reduced light intensity under the canopy. However, such ecophysiological plasticity was not found for taller individuals. Our findings reveal that the light use plasticity of short individuals can be envisaged as a novel mechanism by which an invasive plant alleviates intraspecific competition and increases its invasiveness, challenging the prevailing perspective that the invasiveness of exotic plants is constrained by intraspecific competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyun Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Nie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Bellini G, Erfmeier A, Schrieber K. No Support for the Neolithic Plant Invasion Hypothesis: Invasive Species From Eurasia Do Not Perform Better Under Agropastoral Disturbance in Early Life Stages Than Invaders From Other Continents. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:801750. [PMID: 35222466 PMCID: PMC8874271 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.801750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pre-adaptation to disturbance is an important driver of biological invasions in human-altered ecosystems. Agropastoralism is one of the oldest forms of landscape management. It surged 12,000 years ago in Western Asia and it was then imported to Europe starting 8,000 years ago. The Neolithic Plant Invasion hypothesis suggests that Eurasian plants succeed at invading agroecosystems worldwide thanks to their adaptation to agropastoralism, which derives from these species' long co-evolution with such practice. Plant species from Western Asia are predicted to have the highest degree of adaptation to agropastoralism, since they have co-evolved with such practice for several millennia more than European plants, and non-Eurasian species should be poorly adapted due to their relatively short exposure. However, this Eurocentric perspective largely ignores that several other cultures around the world independently developed and implemented agropastoralism through history, which challenges this hypothesized superior adaptation of Eurasian species. Here, we tested whether the early-life performance of invasive plants under disturbance depends on their geographical origin and the associated assumed exposure time to agropastoralism. We selected 30 species divided into three groups: exposure long, native to Western Asia; exposure medium, native to Central Europe; exposure short, native to America. Three soil disturbance treatments (control/compaction/tilling) combined with two space occupancy levels (available/occupied) were applied to monospecific experimental units (n = 900), each containing 50 seeds. We predicted that Eurasian species would benefit more from disturbance in terms of germination and seedling performance than species with shorter assumed exposure to agropastoralism, and that this effect would be stronger when space is occupied. Contrary to these expectations, all species groups profited equally from disturbance, while non-Eurasian species were most hampered by space occupancy. For germination success and speed, exposure long species had higher values than exposure short species, regardless of the disturbance treatment. These results do not support that Eurasian species possess a higher adaptation to agropastoralism, but rather that non-Eurasian species can cope just as well with the associated disturbances. We discuss how future experiments that address the complex relationships between species interactions, plant life-phases and the quality of disturbance can help to understand the role of land-use history in plant invasion success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Bellini
- Department of Geobotany, Institute for Ecosystem Research, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ROOTS, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Erfmeier
- Department of Geobotany, Institute for Ecosystem Research, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ROOTS, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Schrieber
- Department of Geobotany, Institute for Ecosystem Research, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Wisnoski NI, Shoemaker LG. Seed banks alter metacommunity diversity: The interactive effects of competition, dispersal and dormancy. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:740-753. [PMID: 34965013 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal and dormancy are two common strategies allowing for species persistence and the maintenance of biodiversity in variable environments. However, theory and empirical tests of spatial diversity patterns tend to examine either mechanism in isolation. Here, we developed a stochastic, spatially explicit metacommunity model incorporating seed banks with varying germination and survival rates. We found that dormancy and dispersal had interactive, nonlinear effects on the maintenance and distribution of metacommunity diversity. Seed banks promoted local diversity when seed survival was high and maintained regional diversity through interactions with dispersal. The benefits of seed banks for regional diversity were largest when dispersal was high or intermediate, depending on whether local competition was equal or stabilising. Our study shows that classic predictions for how dispersal affects metacommunity diversity can be strongly influenced by dormancy. Together, these results emphasise the need to consider both temporal and spatial processes when predicting multi-scale patterns of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan I Wisnoski
- Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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Horvat E, Sajna N. Exploring the impact of a non-native seed predator on the seed germination of its non-native host. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Eyster HN, Wolkovich EM. Comparisons in the native and introduced ranges reveal little evidence of climatic adaptation in germination traits. CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecochg.2021.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bouteiller XP, Moret F, Ségura R, Klisz M, Martinik A, Monty A, Pino J, van Loo M, Wojda T, Porté AJ, Mariette S. The seeds of invasion: enhanced germination in invasive European populations of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) compared to native American populations. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:1006-1017. [PMID: 34546636 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Local adaptation and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity may facilitate biological invasions. Both processes can enhance germination and seedling recruitment, which are crucial life-history traits for plants. The rate, timing and speed of germination have recently been documented as playing a major role during the invasion process. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a North American tree, which has spread widely throughout Europe. A recent study demonstrated that a few populations are the source of European black locust. Thus, invasive populations can be compared to native ones in order to identify genetic-based phenotypic differentiation and the role of phenotypic plasticity can thereby be assessed. A quantitative genetics experiment was performed to evaluate 13 juvenile traits of both native and invasive black locust populations (3000 seeds, 20 populations) subjected to three different thermal treatments (18 °C, 22 °C and 31 °C). The results revealed European populations to have a higher germination rate than the native American populations (88% versus 60%), and even when genetic distance between populations was considered. Moreover, this trait showed lower plasticity to temperature in the invasive range than in the native one. Conversely, other studied traits showed high plasticity to temperature, but they responded in a similar way to temperature increase: the warmer the temperature, the higher the growth rate or germination traits values. The demonstrated genetic differentiation between native and invasive populations testifies to a shift between ranges for the maximum germination percentage. This pattern could be due to human-mediated introduction of black locust.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Moret
- BIOGECO, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Cestas, France
| | - R Ségura
- BIOGECO, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Cestas, France
| | - M Klisz
- Department of Silviculture and Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - A Martinik
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Monty
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - J Pino
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - M van Loo
- Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture and Genetics, Research Centre for Forests (BFW), Vienna, Austria
| | - T Wojda
- Department of Silviculture and Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - A J Porté
- BIOGECO, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Cestas, France
| | - S Mariette
- BIOGECO, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Cestas, France
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Zettlemoyer MA, Lau JA. Warming during maternal generations delays offspring germination in native and nonnative species. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A. Zettlemoyer
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State Univ. Hickory Corners MI USA
- Dept of Plant Biology, Michigan State Univ. East Lansing MI USA
- Dept of Plant Biology, Univ. of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Jennifer A. Lau
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State Univ. Hickory Corners MI USA
- Dept of Plant Biology, Michigan State Univ. East Lansing MI USA
- Dept of Biology&Environmental Resilience Inst., Indiana Univ. Bloomington IN USA
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Gioria M, Carta A, Baskin CC, Dawson W, Essl F, Kreft H, Pergl J, van Kleunen M, Weigelt P, Winter M, Pyšek P. Persistent soil seed banks promote naturalisation and invasiveness in flowering plants. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1655-1667. [PMID: 34031959 PMCID: PMC8361993 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With globalisation facilitating the movement of plants and seeds beyond the native range, preventing potentially harmful introductions requires knowledge of what drives the successful establishment and spread of alien plants. Here, we examined global-scale relationships between naturalisation success (incidence and extent) and invasiveness, soil seed bank properties (type and densities) and key species traits (seed mass, seed dormancy and life form) for 2350 species of angiosperms. Naturalisation and invasiveness were strongly associated with the ability to form persistent (vs. transient) seed banks but relatively weakly with seed bank densities and other traits. Our findings suggest that seed bank persistence is a trait that better captures the ability to become naturalised and invasive compared to seed traits more widely available in trait databases. Knowledge of seed persistence can contribute to our ability to predict global naturalisation and invasiveness and to identify potentially invasive flowering plants before they are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Gioria
- Institute of BotanyDepartment of Invasion EcologyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Angelino Carta
- Department of Biology, Botany UnitUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Carol C. Baskin
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Wayne Dawson
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurhamUK
- Centre for Invasion BiologyDepartment of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Franz Essl
- BioInvasionsGlobal Change, Macroecology‐GroupUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Centre for Invasion BiologyDepartment of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and BiogeographyUniversity of GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Jan Pergl
- Institute of BotanyDepartment of Invasion EcologyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and ConservationTaizhou UniversityTaizhouChina
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and BiogeographyUniversity of GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research‐iDiv, Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Institute of BotanyDepartment of Invasion EcologyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Department of EcologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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Fenollosa E, Jené L, Munné-Bosch S. Geographic patterns of seed trait variation in an invasive species: how much can close populations differ? Oecologia 2021; 196:747-761. [PMID: 34216272 PMCID: PMC8292299 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Seeds play a major role in plant species persistence and expansion, and therefore they are essential when modeling species dynamics. However, homogeneity in seed traits is generally assumed, underestimating intraspecific trait variability across the geographic space, which might bias species success models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the existence and consequences of interpopulation variability in seed traits of the invasive species Carpobrotus edulis at different geographical scales. We measured seed production, morphology, vigour and longevity of nine populations of C. edulis along the Catalan coast (NE Spain) from three differentiated zones with a human presence gradient. Geographic distances between populations were contrasted against individual and multivariate trait distances to explore trait variation along the territory, evaluating the role of bioclimatic variables and human density of the different zones. The analysis revealed high interpopulation variability that was not explained by geographic distance, as regardless of the little distance between some populations (< 0.5 km), significant differences were found in several seed traits. Seed production, germination, and persistence traits showed the strongest spatial variability up to 6000% of percent trait variability between populations, leading to differentiated C. edulis soil seed bank dynamics at small distances, which may demand differentiated strategies for a cost-effective species management. Seed trait variability was influenced by human density but also bioclimatic conditions, suggesting a potential impact of increased anthropogenic pressure and climate shifts. Geographic interpopulation trait variation should be included in ecological models and will be important for assessing species responses to environmental heterogeneity and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erola Fenollosa
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Research in Biodiversity (IRBio-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Jené
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Research in Biodiversity (IRBio-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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The role of disturbance in invasive plant establishment in a changing climate: insights from a drought experiment. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractClimate change and disturbance are two major factors affecting the establishment of invasive species, yet few studies to date have assessed the individual and interactive effects of these two factors in a common setting. Disturbance has often been found to facilitate the establishment of invading species, while climate change may affect them positively or negatively through altering abiotic conditions, or indirectly by modifying species interactions. In a full-factorial field experiment in a semiarid temperate grassland in Central Hungary, we studied the effects of drought (40% rain exclusion throughout the year) and soil disturbance on the emergence, survival and aboveground biomass of four invasive plant species that represent different life forms and that are of concern in the region and at a broader scale. We added seeds of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (annual forb), Cenchrus incertus (annual grass), Asclepias syriaca (perennial forb) and Ailanthus altissima (deciduous tree) in drought and non-drought plots with and without soil disturbance. Ailanthus germinated poorly irrespective of treatments. Disturbance facilitated while drought suppressed seedling emergence in the other three species. Ambrosia was more sensitive to disturbance, while Cenchrus was more responsive to drought. Asclepias achieved substantial emergence in disturbed non-drought plots only, as drought strongly suppressed its emergence even in the presence of disturbance. Seedling survival and late-season aboveground biomass of Ambrosia and Cenchrus were positively affected by disturbance but were unaffected by drought, while no Asclepias seedling survived until late summer. Our results highlight that both drought and disturbance may considerably impact the establishment of invasive plants, with potential interactive effects, but responses may greatly differ among species and life stages. Overall, our findings in this study suggest that although drought may negatively affect seedling establishment, a drier climate may not suppress or eliminate invasive species if soil disturbance is present. They also highlight the importance of including disturbance in studies assessing the potential effects of climate change on plant invasions.
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Cross AT, Zhong H, Lambers H. Incorporating rock in surface covers improves the establishment of native pioneer vegetation on alkaline mine tailings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:145373. [PMID: 33736352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rates of tailings production and deposition around the world have increased markedly in recent decades, and have grown asynchronously with safe and environmentally suitable solutions for their storage. Tailings are often produced in regions harbouring biodiverse native plant communities adapted to old, highly-weathered soils. The highly-altered edaphic conditions of tailings compared with natural soils in these areas will likely select against many locally endemic plant species, making phytostabilisation, rehabilitation or ecological restoration of these landforms challenging. METHODS We established four substrate cover composition treatments on a dry-stacked magnetite tailings storage facility in semi-arid Western Australia, representative of standard industry practices for rehabilitating or restoring post-mining landforms in the region. Plots were seeded with a selection of locally native plant species and monitored for five years to determine whether different substrate cover treatments yielded different edaphic conditions (soil moisture, substrate surface temperature and substrate chemistry) and influenced soil development and the success of native vegetation establishment. RESULTS No vegetation established from seeds on unamended tailings with no surface cover, and substrate chemistry changed minimally over five years. In contrast, rock-containing surface covers allowed establishment of up to 11 native plant species from broadcast seeds at densities of ca. 1.5 seedlings m-2, and up to 3.5 seedlings m-2 of five native pioneer chenopods from capture of wind-dispersed seeds from surrounding undisturbed native vegetation. Greater vegetation establishment in rock-containing surface covers resulted from increased heterogeneity (e.g., lower maximum soil temperature, greater water capture and retention, surface microtopography facilitating seed capture and retention, more niches for seed germination). Soil development and bio-weathering occurred most rapidly under the canopy of native pioneer plants on rock-containing surface covers, particularly increases in organic carbon, total nitrogen, and organo-bound aluminium and iron. CONCLUSIONS Seed germination and seedling survival on tailings were limited by extreme thermal and hydrological conditions and a highly-altered biogeochemical environment. The design of surface cover layers appears crucial to achieving closure outcomes on tailings landforms, and designs should prioritise increasing surface heterogeneity through the incorporation of rock or other structure-improving amendments to assist the establishment of pioneer vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Cross
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; EcoHealth Network, 1330 Beacon St, Suite 355a, Brookline, MA 02446, United States.
| | - Hongtao Zhong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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Pliszko A, Górecki A. First observation of true vivipary in Grindelia squarrosa (Asteraceae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn flowering plants, true vivipary is defined as the precocious seed germination and the growth of the embryo to a considerable size before dispersal. True vivipary occurs mostly in mangroves and is very rare in Asteraceae. In this study, we present the first observation of true vivipary in Grindelia squarrosa, a North American member of Asteraceae, from a new locality in Poland. We examined 50 fruiting capitula which were collected in October 2020 in Brzegi, southern Poland. True vivipary occurred in 90% of capitula; however, the number of germinated seeds was low (3.42 on average) and very variable (CV = 106%). Seed germination was found only in fruits developed from disc flowers. We presumed that precocious seed germination in G. squarrosa was induced by prolonged rainfall. The importance of true vivipary in naturalization and invasion of G. squarrosa as well as the involvement of viviparous seedlings in autochory should be further explored.
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Chavana J, Singh S, Vazquez A, Christoffersen B, Racelis A, Kariyat RR. Local adaptation to continuous mowing makes the noxious weed Solanum elaeagnifolium a superweed candidate by improving fitness and defense traits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6634. [PMID: 33758235 PMCID: PMC7988165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of disturbance in accelerating weed growth is well understood. While most studies have focused on soil mediated disturbance, mowing can also impact weed traits. Using silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), a noxious and invasive weed, through a series of field, laboratory, and greenhouse experiments, we asked whether continuous mowing influences growth and plant defense traits, expressed via different avenues, and whether they cascade into offspring. We found that mowed plants produced significantly less number of fruits, and less number of total seeds per plant, but had higher seed mass, and germinated more and faster. When three herbivores were allowed to feed, tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) caterpillars, gained more mass on seedlings from unmowed plants, while cow pea aphid (Aphis craccivora), a generalist, established better on mowed seedlings; however, leaf trichome density was higher on unmowed seedlings, suggesting possible negative cross talk in defense traits. Texas potato beetle (Leptinotarsa texana), a co-evolved specialist on S. elaeagnifolium, did not show any differential feeding effects. We also found that specific root length, an indicator of nutrient acquisition, was significantly higher in first generation seedlings from mowed plants. Taken together, we show that mowing is a selective pressure that enhances some fitness and defense traits and can contribute to producing superweeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Chavana
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Sukhman Singh
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Alejandro Vazquez
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Bradley Christoffersen
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Alexis Racelis
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Rupesh R Kariyat
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA.
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA.
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A perfect storm: ploidy and preadaptation facilitate Saccharum spontaneum escape and invasion in the Republic of Panama. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPolyploidy may contribute to invasive ability as it can lead to high survival and fitness during establishment and enhance the processes of adaptation to novel environments by increasing genetic diversity in invading propagules. Many grasses are polyploid and many are aggressive invaders, making them persistent problems in disturbed environments worldwide. Today, vast areas of central Panama are dominated by Saccharum spontaneum, a perennial grass that originates from Asia. While widely regarded as invasive, it is not known when or how it arrived in Panama. We explore hypotheses regarding the timing and origins of this invasion through literature review and comparisons of genetic diversity in Panama with accessions from available sugarcane germplasm collections, highlighting historical accessions that were likely brought to Panama in 1939 as part of a USDA sugarcane germplasm collection. Samples were haplotyped at two chloroplast loci and genotyped using eight microsatellite markers. All sequenced individuals from Panama belong to a single chloroplast lineage which is common worldwide and was common in the Historic germplasm collection. Although genotypic diversity was extremely high in all samples due to high ploidy, samples from Panama had reduced diversity and clustered with several accessions in the Historic collection which had the same haplotype and high ploidy levels. Our results suggest that accidental escape from the historical sugarcane germplasm collection is the likely origin of the S. spontaneum invasion in Panama. Intraspecific hybridization among several historical accessions and pre-adaptation to local conditions may have facilitated its rapid spread and persistence. We discuss the implications of our findings for biosecurity of germplasm collections.
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Flanigan NP, Bandara R, Wang F, Jastrzębowski S, Hidayati SN, Walck JL. Germination responses to winter warm spells and warming vary widely among woody plants in a temperate forest. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:1052-1061. [PMID: 32594604 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Winter underpins key ecological processes, such as dormancy loss and seedling emergence. Enhanced warm spells, together with warming are occurring and will continue in the future. The consequences of these climate phenomena on germination were investigated among co-occurring woody plants, whose seeds are bird-dispersed in autumn and require cold stratification for spring emergence. Seeds from nine common southeastern USA plants were collected in autumn. We verified that seeds of the study species required cold stratification for dormancy loss. We then examined the following aspects in the laboratory or field: effect of warm spells during cold stratification on germination, effect of a warm spell during winter on seed survival and germination phenology, and effect of warming from autumn dispersal through winter dormancy loss on timing of germination. While no consistent effects of warm spells were found in the laboratory on quantity of germination, warm spells advanced spring field germination for several species. Some species germinated during cold stratification and during warm spells, especially extreme spells, in the laboratory. In the field, about half of Lonicera maackii seedlings that emerged with a warm spell died by late winter. With warming from autumn through spring, laboratory germination shifted from spring to predominately autumn for some species. With precocious germination during warm spells or germination phenology shifts, two scenarios are possible. Seedlings may die during winter, reducing the size of the soil seed bank and number of emergents, or they would survive in warmer winters, which would give them a competitive advantage over spring-emerging seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Flanigan
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - R Bandara
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - F Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai Univeristy of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - S Jastrzębowski
- Department of Silviculture and Genetics of Forest Trees, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Sękocin Stary, Poland
| | - S N Hidayati
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - J L Walck
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
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Pyšek P, Bacher S, Kühn I, Novoa A, Catford JA, Hulme PE, Pergl J, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU, Blackburn TM. MAcroecological Framework for Invasive Aliens (MAFIA): disentangling large-scale context dependence in biological invasions. NEOBIOTA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.62.52787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macroecology is the study of patterns, and the processes that determine those patterns, in the distribution and abundance of organisms at large scales, whether they be spatial (from hundreds of kilometres to global), temporal (from decades to centuries), and organismal (numbers of species or higher taxa). In the context of invasion ecology, macroecological studies include, for example, analyses of the richness, diversity, distribution, and abundance of alien species in regional floras and faunas, spatio-temporal dynamics of alien species across regions, and cross-taxonomic analyses of species traits among comparable native and alien species pools. However, macroecological studies aiming to explain and predict plant and animal naturalisations and invasions, and the resulting impacts, have, to date, rarely considered the joint effects of species traits, environment, and socioeconomic characteristics. To address this, we present the MAcroecological Framework for Invasive Aliens (MAFIA). The MAFIA explains the invasion phenomenon using three interacting classes of factors – alien species traits, location characteristics, and factors related to introduction events – and explicitly maps these interactions onto the invasion sequence from transport to naturalisation to invasion. The framework therefore helps both to identify how anthropogenic effects interact with species traits and environmental characteristics to determine observed patterns in alien distribution, abundance, and richness; and to clarify why neglecting anthropogenic effects can generate spurious conclusions. Event-related factors include propagule pressure, colonisation pressure, and residence time that are important for mediating the outcome of invasion processes. However, because of context dependence, they can bias analyses, for example those that seek to elucidate the role of alien species traits. In the same vein, failure to recognise and explicitly incorporate interactions among the main factors impedes our understanding of which macroecological invasion patterns are shaped by the environment, and of the importance of interactions between the species and their environment. The MAFIA is based largely on insights from studies of plants and birds, but we believe it can be applied to all taxa, and hope that it will stimulate comparative research on other groups and environments. By making the biases in macroecological analyses of biological invasions explicit, the MAFIA offers an opportunity to guide assessments of the context dependence of invasions at broad geographical scales.
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Valkó O, Lukács K, Deák B, Kiss R, Miglécz T, Tóth K, Tóth Á, Godó L, Radócz S, Sonkoly J, Kelemen A, Tóthmérész B. Laundry washing increases dispersal efficiency of cloth-dispersed propagules. NEOBIOTA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.61.53730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to increased human mobility, cloth-dispersed propagules can be transported over long distances, which would not have been bridged otherwise. We studied a potentially important component of human-mediated seed dispersal by assessing the effects of laundry washing on the dispersed propagules. We studied the germination of 18 species, which have morphological adaptations for epizoochory and are commonly dispersed by people. We tested six treatments (washing with water, soap nut or detergent, at 30 °C or 60 °C) compared to an untreated control. Washing intensity was the most significant factor affecting germination. Washing at 30 °C was neutral for 14 species, suppressed one species and supported three species. Washing at 60 °C decreased seedling numbers of half of the studied species. The intensive washing treatments at 60 °C significantly decreased the synchrony of germination. We showed that people are not purely transporting propagules from one location to another, but via the laundry cycle, we can also influence the fate of the transported propagules by affecting germination potential, seedling fitness and germination dynamics. These results have new implications for understanding the early stages of biological invasions and call for improved biosecurity measures in nature reserves subjected to a growing pressure of tourism.
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Effect of emergence time on growth and fecundity of Rapistrum rugosum and Brassica tournefortii in the northern region of Australia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15979. [PMID: 32994426 PMCID: PMC7524807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Weeds from Brassicaceae family are a major threat in many crops including canola, chickpea, cotton and wheat. Rapistrum rugosum (L) All. and Brassica tournefortii Gouan. are two troublesome weeds in the northern region of Australia. In order to examine their phenology of these weeds, a pot study was conducted in 2018 at the Research Farm of the University of Queensland, Gatton campus with two populations sourced from high (Gatton) and medium (St George) rainfall areas of the northern grain region of Australia. Planting was carried out monthly from April to September, and the growth, flowering and seed production were evaluated. Maximum growth and seed production were observed in weeds planted in April, compared to other planting dates. Biomass of R. rugosum and B. tournefortii was reduced by 85% and 78%, respectively, as a result of the delay in planting from April to July. R. rugosum and B. tournefortii produced more than 13,000 and 3500 seeds plant−1, respectively, when planted in April and seed production was reduced by > 84% and > 76% when planted in July. No significant differences were observed between populations of both weeds for plant height, number of leaves and biomass, however, the medium rainfall population of R. rugosum produced more seeds than the high rainfall population when planted in April. The results of this study suggest that, although R. rugosum and B. tournefortii were able to emerge in a wider time frame, the growth and seed production were greatest when both weeds were planted in April and there was concomitant reduction in growth attributes when planted in the subsequent months, indicating that management of these weeds early in the cropping season is a prerequisite to population reduction and the mitigation of crop yield losses.
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Forest disturbances promote invasion of alien herbaceous plants: a comparison of abundance and plant traits between alien and native species in thinned and unthinned stands. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Aldorfová A, Knobová P, Münzbergová Z. Plant–soil feedback contributes to predicting plant invasiveness of 68 alien plant species differing in invasive status. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aldorfová
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ Benátská 2 CZ‐128 01 Prague 2 Czech Republic
- Inst. of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Knobová
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ Benátská 2 CZ‐128 01 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ Benátská 2 CZ‐128 01 Prague 2 Czech Republic
- Inst. of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
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Villacañas de Castro C, Hoffmeister TS. Friend or foe? A parasitic wasp shifts the cost/benefit ratio in a nursery pollination system impacting plant fitness. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4220-4232. [PMID: 32489591 PMCID: PMC7246216 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nursery pollination systems are species interactions where pollinators also act as fruit/seed herbivores of the plant partner. While the plants depend on associated insects for pollination, the insects depend on the plants' reproductive structures for larval development. The outcome of these interactions is thus placed on a gradient between mutualism and antagonism. Less specialized interactions may fluctuate along this gradient with the ecological context, where natural enemies can play an important role. We studied whether a natural enemy may impact the level of seed consumption of a nursery pollinator and how this in turn may influence individual plant fitness. We used the plant Silene latifolia, its herbivore Hadena bicruris, and its ectoparasitoid Bracon variator as a model plant-herbivore-natural enemy system. We investigated seed output, germination, survival, and flower production as proxies for individual plant fitness. We show that B. variator decreases the level of seed consumption by H. bicruris larvae which in turn increased seed output in S. latifolia plants, suggesting that parasitism by B. variator may act as a regulator in the system. However, our results also show that plant survival and flower production decrease with higher seed densities, and therefore, an increase in seed output may be less beneficial for plant fitness than estimated from seed output alone. Our study should add another layer to the complex discussion of whether parasitoids contribute to plant fitness, as we show that taking simple proxies such as seed output is insufficient to determine the net effect of multitrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. Hoffmeister
- Population and Evolutionary Ecology GroupInstitute of EcologyFB 02University of BremenBremenGermany
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Effect of seasonality and light levels on seed germination of the invasive tree Maesopsis eminii in Amani Nature Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Skálová H, Moravcová L, Čuda J, Pyšek P. Seed-bank dynamics of native and invasive Impatiens species during a five-year field experiment under various environmental conditions. NEOBIOTA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.50.34827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent evidence on the important role of seed banks associated with plant invasions, and a large body of literature on invasive annual Impatiens species, little is known about the seed bank characteristics of Impatiens species. To bridge this gap, we conducted a five-year field experiment where we buried seeds of two invasive species (I. glandulifera and I. parviflora) and one native species (I. noli-tangere) across four localities in the Czech Republic, harbouring all three Impatiens species and differing in the environmental conditions. We found that the three Impatiens species differed in the characteristics of their seed banks. Both invasive species had a high seed germination rate of almost 100% in the first year after seed burial, while <50% of seeds of the native I. noli-tangere germinated during this year. In I. parviflora all seeds germinated in the first year after seed burial and later decomposed, i.e. the species had a transient seed bank. For I. glandulifera, the most invasive species, the survival of seeds differed among localities. At the first and second localities, the seeds decomposed in the first year after seed burial; in the third locality the seeds germinated in the second year; and in the fourth one, the seeds still germinated in the fourth year. The native I. noli-tangere formed a short-term persistent seed bank across all localities. Germinating or dormant seeds were found in the third year after burial in all localities, and in one locality the seeds persisted until the fifth year. The germination and dormancy in I. noli-tangere were constrained by low minimum temperatures during winter. In addition, germination was highest at intermediate soil moisture, and the most dormant seeds were recorded in soils with intermediate nitrogen concentration. The germination of I. glandulifera was slightly limited by low soil nitrogen. However, no such effect was found in I. parviflora. We suggest that in the invasive Impatiens species seed resistance to environmental factors and high germination at least partly explain their wide distribution.
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Guido A, Hoss D, Pillar VD. Competitive effects and responses of the invasive grass Eragrostis plana
in Río de la Plata grasslands. AUSTRAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaclara Guido
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Laboratory of Quantitative Ecology; Department of Ecology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria; INIA Treinta y Tres; Ruta 8, Km 282 Treinta y Tres Uruguay
| | - Daniela Hoss
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Laboratory of Quantitative Ecology; Department of Ecology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Valério D. Pillar
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Laboratory of Quantitative Ecology; Department of Ecology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
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Henn JJ, Yelenik S, Damschen EI. Environmental gradients influence differences in leaf functional traits between native and non-native plants. Oecologia 2019; 191:397-409. [PMID: 31494711 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Determining the characteristics of non-native plants that can successfully establish and spread is central to pressing questions in invasion ecology. Evidence suggests that some non-native species establish and spread in new environments because they possess characteristics (functional traits) that allow them to either successfully compete with native residents or fill previously unfilled niches. However, the relative importance of out-competing native species vs. filling empty niche space as potential mechanisms of invasion may depend on environmental characteristics. Here, we measured plant functional traits, proxies indicative of competitive and establishment strategies, to determine if these traits vary among native and invasive species and if their prevalence is dependent on environmental conditions. Using a natural environmental gradient in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, we evaluated how functional traits differ between native and non-native plant communities and if these differences change along an environmental gradient from hot, dry to cool, wet conditions. Functional trait differences suggested that both competition and open niche space may be important for invasion. Non-native communities tended to have traits associated with faster growth strategies such as higher specific leaf area and lower leaf thickness. However, native and non-native community traits became more dissimilar along the gradient, suggesting that non-native species may be occupying previously unfilled niche space at the hot, dry end of the gradient. We also found that most of the variation in functional trait values amongst plots was due to species turnover rather than intraspecific variation. These results highlight the role of environmental context when considering invasion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Henn
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Stephanie Yelenik
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA
| | - Ellen I Damschen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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