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Li W, Chen X, Yang T, Zhu H, He Z, Zhao R, Chen Y. Sponge iron enriches autotrophic/aerobic denitrifying bacteria to enhance denitrification in sequencing batch reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 407:131097. [PMID: 38986882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Sponge iron (SFe) coupled with a sludge system has great potential for improving biological denitrification; however, the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this study, the denitrification performance and microbial characteristics of ordinary sludge and SFe-sludge systems were investigated. Overall, the SFe-sludge reactor had faster ammonium degradation rate (94.0 %) and less nitrate accumulation (1.5-53.3 times lower) than ordinary reactor during the complete operation cycle of sequencing batch reactors. The addition of SFe increased the activities of nitrate and nitrite reductases. The total relative abundance of autotrophic denitrifying bacteria (Acidovorax, Arenimonas, etc.) in the SFe-sludge system after 38 days of operation was found to be 10.6 % higher than that in the ordinary sludge reactor. The aerobic denitrifying bacteria (Dokdonella, Phaeodactylibacter, etc.) was 5.3 % higher than ordinary sludge. The SFe-sludge system improved denitrification by enriching autotrophic/aerobic denitrifying bacteria in low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinjuan Chen
- Department of Architecture and Materials Technology, Xinjiang Industry Technical College, Urumqi 830021, China
| | - Tianxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Hongjuan Zhu
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zihan He
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhao
- Jiuquan Iron & Steel (Group) Co., Ltd, Jiayuguan 735100, China
| | - Yongfan Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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2
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Zhou X, Liu H, Fan X, Xu X, Gao Y, Bi X, Cheng L, Huang S, Zhao F, Yang T. Innovative inbuilt moving bed biofilm reactor for nitrogen removal applied in household aquarium. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1373119. [PMID: 38694801 PMCID: PMC11062409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1373119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
An innovative inbuilt moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was created to protect fish from nitrogen in a household aquarium. During the 90 experimental days, the ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentration in the aquarium with the inbuilt MBBR was always below 0.5 mg/L, which would not threaten the fish. Concurrently, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen concentrations were always below 0.05 mg/L and 4.5 mg/L, respectively. However, the blank contrast aquarium accumulated 1.985 mg/L NH4+-N on the 16th day, which caused the fish to die. The suspended biofilms could achieve the specific NH4+-N removal rate of 45.43 g/m3/d. Biofilms presented sparsely with filamentous structures and showed certain degrees of roughness. The bacterial communities of the suspended biofilms and the sediment were statistically different (p < 0.05), reflected in denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria. In particular, the relative abundance of Nitrospira reached 1.4%, while the genus was barely found in sediments. The suspended biofilms showed potentials for nitrification function with the predicted sequence numbers of ammonia monooxygenase [1.14.99.39] and hydroxylamine dehydrogenase [EC:1.7.2.6] of 220 and 221, while the values of the sediment were only 5 and 1. This study created an efficient NH4+-N removal inbuilt MBBR for household aquariums and explored its mechanism to afford a basis for its utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuejun Bi
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
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Xu Z, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Ban Y. Performances and mechanisms of simultaneous removal of nitrate and phosphate by biofilter assembled with sponge iron/copper and corn cobs. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129516. [PMID: 37468007 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Sponge iron (SI) is a potential material for removing nitrate and phosphate from water. We decorated the SI with copper (Cu) to enhance its removal performance. To gain insight into the nitrate and phosphate removal utilizing SI/Cu and microbial coupling systems, three biofilters filled with corn cob (CC), corn cob + sponge iron (CS) and corn cob + sponge iron/copper (CSCu) were constructed. The results showed that the effluent NO3--N and PO43--P concentrations of CSCu remained consistently below 1 and 0.1 mg/L. The introduction of SI/Cu led to the enrichment of the Dechloromonas genus, making it the dominant microbial group, occupying 42.65% of the effective sequences. Modification of SI with Cu increased nitrogen cycle-related functional genes abundance in CSCu, with a 634% increase in nirS compared to CS. These findings proved that SI/Cu was a promising material, providing an approach to concomitantly removing nitrate and phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouying Xu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wuyi Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yinqi Zhao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiangling Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yihui Ban
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Mannacharaju M, Ganesan S, Lee JK, Rajagopal R, Chang SW, Ravindran B. Bacterial cell immobilized packed bed reactor for the elimination of dissolved organics from biologically treated post-tanning wastewater and its microbial community profile. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138022. [PMID: 36739983 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In conventional, the biologically treated tannery wastewaters are rich in dissolved organics and the application of reverse osmosis (RO) to biologically treated tannery wastewater was challenged with fouling and failure of RO membrane due to existence of lingering dissolved organic compounds. In present investigation the bacterial cell immobilized packed bed reactor (CIPBR) was operated to remove the dissolved organic compounds in biologically treated post-tanning wastewater to avoid membrane fouling in RO. The efficient microbial syndicate to eliminate dissolved organics in post-tanning wastewater was isolated and immobilized on to the carbon silica matrix (CSM) in the range of 2.98 ± 0.2 × 107 cells gm-1 of CSM and the same was used as a carrier matrix in the packed bed reactor. The CIPBR established the CODtot, CODdis and BOD removal efficiency by 61 ± 4%, 57 ± 4% and 87 ± 3% respectively with CODtot, CODdis and BOD remained in the treated wastewater as 236 ± 21 mg/L, 228 ± 21 mg/L, and 12 ± 3 mg/L under continuous operation. The removal of dissolved organic compounds from the post-tanning wastewater was confirmed using UV-Visible and FT-IR spectroscopic studies. Among the total microbial community, the phylum Proteobacteria played most abundant role with 48.47% of relative abundance for the removal of dissolved organics in biologically treated post-tanning wastewater. The significance of the study is to replace the tertiary treatment unit operation in the conventional ETP/CETP to remove dissolved organics in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Mannacharaju
- Environmental Science and Engineering Division, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 20, TN, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sekaran Ganesan
- Environmental Science and Engineering Division, CSIR - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 20, TN, India; SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram Campus, Chennai-600089, India.
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajinikanth Rajagopal
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Pounsamy M, Karmegam PM, Ganesan S. Combined application of microbes immobilized carbon reactor and the reactive struvite system for the management of tannery deliming wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:47699-47711. [PMID: 36745345 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This present study investigated the removal of COD and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+-N) from tannery deliming wastewater (TDLWW) through microbes immobilized carbon consisted a bioreactor (MICCR) and reactive struvite crystallization process. Initially, 90% of the organic content of TDLWW was removed using a MICCR reactor at 24 h retention time. Nanoporous carbon (NPC) was used as the carrier matrix for the MICCR reactor. SEM and AFM images of NPC used in the MICCR reactor identify different microorganisms on its surface. The microbial profile of NPC used in the MICCR was analyzed, and the relative abundance is phyla Firmicutes, 25.64%; Proteobacteria, 43.68%; Bacteroidetes, 6.58%; Cyanobacteria, 2.22%; Actinobacteria, 2.34% reason for organic removal. The removal of organics follows the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics with the rate constant of 1.75 × 10-3 L COD-1 h-1. For the reactive struvite crystallization, MgO and Na2HPO4.2H2O were taken as the precipitating agents. The optimum molar ratio for the maximum conversion of NH4+-N into struvite was obtained as 1:1.4:1.4 (NH4+-N:MgO:Na2HPO4.2H2O). The volume of struvite precipitate was 48.5 mL/L of TDLWW, and the dry weight was 8.89 g/L. More than 93% of NH4+-N was converted as the struvite fertilizer. The conversion of NH4+-N into struvite follows the pseudo-first-order rate kinetics with the rate constant of 1.67 × 10-2 min-1. Despite the conversion of NH4+-N into struvite, COD removal was observed, which confirms the conversion of organic nitrogen into struvite. The struvite was evaluated using SEM, XRD, TGA, DSC, and FT-IR spectroscopic analysis. Hence, the integrated MICCR and the reactive struvite crystallization process can be applied to manage tannery deliming wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharaja Pounsamy
- Environmental Engineering Department, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai-600020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Patchai Murugan Karmegam
- Environmental Science Lab, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai-600020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sekaran Ganesan
- SRMIST, Ramapuram Campus, Deemed University, Chennai-600089, Tamil Nadu, India
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Agriculture Waste as Slow Carbon Releasing Source of Mixotrophic Denitrification Process for Treating Low C/N Wastewater. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixotrophic denitrification has showed great potential for treating wastewater with a low C/N ratio. Mixotrophic denitrification is the process combining autotrophic denitrification and heterotrophic denitrification in one system. It can compensate the disadvantage of the both denitrifications. Instead of using sodium acetate and glucose as carbon source for the heterotrophic denitrification, agriculture solid wastes including rice straw (RS), wheat straw (WS), and corncob (CC) were employed in this study to investigate their potential as carbon source for treating low C/N wastewater. The carbon releasing pattern of the three carbon rich materials has been studied as well as their capacity in denitrification. The results showed that the highest denitrification occurred in the corncob system which was 0.34 kg N/(m3·d). Corncob was then selected to combine with sulfur beads to build the mixotrophic denitrification system. The reactor packed with sulfur bead on the top and corncob on the bottom achieved 0.34 kg N/(m3·d) denitrification efficiency, which is higher than that of the reactor packed with completely mixed sulfur bead and corncob. The autotrophic denitrification and heterotrophic denitrification were 42.2% and 57.8%, respectively. The microorganisms in the sulfur layer were Thermomonas, Ferritrophicum, Thiobacillus belonging to autotrophic denitrification bacteria. Kouleothrix and Geothrix were mostly found in the corncob layer, which have the function for fiber hydrolysis and denitrification. The study has provided an insight into agriculture solid waste application and enhancement on denitrification of wastewater treatment.
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Kim S, Jeon H, Bai SC, Hur JW, Han HS. Evaluation of Salipiger thiooxidans and Exiguobacterium aestuarii from the Saemangeum Reservoir as Potential Probiotics for Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061113. [PMID: 35744631 PMCID: PMC9230058 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, two bacterial species, Salipiger thiooxidans and Exiguobacterium aestuarii, were extracted and screened from the Saemangeum Reservoir. This study examined these species’ suitability as a probiotic by confirming the effects of S. thiooxidans and E. aestuarii added to rearing water for L. vannamei. Three experimental groups were evaluated for 6 weeks: (1) a control group reared in natural (i.e., untreated) water (CON), (2) an experimental group in which S. thiooxidans was added to natural water (SMG-A), and (3) natural water inoculated with E. aestuarii (SMG-B). The SMG-B group inoculated with E. aestuarii showed significantly higher final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rates, and feed efficiency than the control group. The SMG-B group inoculated with E. aestuarii exhibited significantly higher levels of serum lysozyme, and ACP and ALP activity than the control and SMG-A groups. The SMG-A and SMG-B groups inoculated with probiotics showed significantly lower total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite than the control group. Our findings suggest that S. thiooxidans and E. aestuarii extracted from the Saemangeum Reservoir can improve the water quality of aquaculture water, and, in particular, E. aestuarii is a potential probiotic for L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohwan Kim
- Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea;
| | - Hyuncheol Jeon
- Department of Marine Bio-Material & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Sungchul Charles Bai
- Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea;
- FAO World Fisheries University Pilot Program, Busan 48547, Korea
| | - Jun-Wook Hur
- Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-W.H.); (H.-S.H.); Tel.: +82-63-469-1838 (J.-W.H.); +82-63-469-1834 (H.-S.H.)
| | - Hyon-Sob Han
- Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-W.H.); (H.-S.H.); Tel.: +82-63-469-1838 (J.-W.H.); +82-63-469-1834 (H.-S.H.)
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Yu H, Ye X, Feng L, Yang J, Lan Z, Ren C, Zhu W, Yang G, Zhou J. Dynamics of denitrification performance and denitrifying community under high-dose acute oxytetracycline exposure and various biorecovery strategies in polycaprolactone-supported solid-phase denitrification. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 279:111763. [PMID: 33310237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase denitrification (SPD) is a promising technology for nitrate-rich water purification. This study aimed to examine the variation in denitrification performance and denitrifying community under high-dose acute oxytetracycline (OTC) exposure and various biorecovery strategies. The denitrification performance was impaired significantly after one-day OTC shock at 50 mg L-1 in a continuous-flow SPD system supported by a polycaprolactone (PCL) carrier but could rapidly recover without the addition of OTC. When 50 mg L-1 OTC stress was applied for a longer time in the batch tests, a natural recovery period of more than 20 days was required to reach more than 95% nitrate reduction. Under the same conditions, the addition of both mature biofilm-attached PCL carrier and fresh biofilm-free PCL carrier significantly shortened the recovery time for efficient nitrate reduction, mainly due to the increase in organic availability from the PCL carriers. However, the composition of the microbial community notably changed due to the effects of OTC according to high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic analysis. Genes encoding NAR and NIR were much more sensitive than those encoding NOR and NOS to OTC shock. Tetracycline resistance gene (TRG) enrichment was 15.86% higher in the biofilm that experienced short-term OTC shock than in the control biofilm in the continuous-flow SPD system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Lan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhe Ren
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhuo Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaheng Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
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Lan Z, Yang J, Feng L, Yu H, Ye X, Yang G, Gao H, Zhou J. Comparative analysis of denitrification performance, denitrifying community and functional genes to oxytetracycline exposure between single and hybrid biodegradable polymers supported solid-phase denitrification systems. Biodegradation 2020; 31:289-301. [PMID: 32920674 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-020-09910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable carrier are vital for the solid-phase denitrification (SPD) systems for treating nitrate-rich water. Two solid-phase denitrification reactors were developed with both 200 g L-1 of single (polycaprolactone, PCL) (R1) and hybrid solid carbon sources (PCL/polylactic acid (PLA) /polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)) (R2) to examine the denitrification performance, denitrifying community and functional genes to various oxytetracycline (OTC) exposure in this study, respectively. Complete denitrification performance was achieved in the both SPD systems at low stress of OTC (1 mg L-1), but then dramatically reduced to less than 20% of nitrate reduction efficiency after one-month high OTC stress (10 mg L-1), and rapidly recovered to stable nitrate removal rates of 76.77 ± 5.48% (R1) and 40.68 ± 4.40% (R2) after the next day of no OTC stress. However, the reactor R1 with single PCL carriers acquired more efficient nitrate removal rate than that of reactor R2 at the high OTC stress and recovery phase with OTC stress, mainly due to the more organics availability from the single PCL carriers. The richness and diversity of nirK and nirS deintrifiers significantly declined at high OTC stress, and much more of those occurred in biofilm R1 with more organics availability. Besides, biofilm R1 achieved much more abundant periplasmic nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase genes and tetracycline resistance genes after high OTC stress, which explained the potential resistance to OTC and rapid recovery efficiency after no stress of OTC. Thus, the organics availability played an important role in assuring SPD system to be efficient under high OTC stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Lan
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Feng
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfeng Yang
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiming Gao
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaheng Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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10
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Feng L, Yang J, Yu H, Lan Z, Ye X, Yang G, Yang Q, Zhou J. Response of denitrifying community, denitrification genes and antibiotic resistance genes to oxytetracycline stress in polycaprolactone supported solid-phase denitrification reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 308:123274. [PMID: 32251865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of nitrate and antibiotics in wastewater is a common problem. The study aimed to explore the response of denitrifying community, denitrification genes and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to oxytetracycline (OTC) stress in polycaprolactone (PCL) supported solid-phase denitrification (SPD) reactors. Complete nitrate reduction (greater than99%) was achieved in SPD system with OTC stress of 0, 0.05, 0.25 and 1 mg L-1 during three-month operation, while it significantly declined by about 5% at a further increased OTC level of 5 mg L-1. The efficient denitrification strongly related with a rich diversity of denitrifiers, while the abundances of which dramatically reduced as the OTC concentration reached ≥0.25 mg L-1, which caused significant decline of denitrification genes, especially for narH, narJ, narI nirD, nosZ, and norB. Tetracycline resistance genes were a major type of promoted ARGs by different OTC stress, mainly related with the increase of tet36, tetG, tetA, tetM and tetC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Zeyu Lan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Guangfeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Jiaheng Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
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11
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Performance and microbial diversity of denitrifying biofilms on polyurethane foam coupled with various solid carbon sources for nitrate-rich water purification. Int Microbiol 2020; 23:405-413. [PMID: 31898031 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the performance and microbial communities of denitrifying biofilms on polyurethane foam coupled with various solid carbon sources of acid- and alkali-pretreated rice straw and rice husk. Results showed that acid and alkali-pretreated rice straw both had higher TOC release rates (0.041-0.685 mg g-1 day-1) than those of rice husk (0.019-0.160 mg g-1 day-1) over a month, while acid pretreatment of rice husk and rice straw had a much higher organics release rate than that of alkali pretreatment and non-pretreatment, respectively. Acid-pretreated rice straw achieved the most efficient TN removal performance (82.06 ± 3.65%) with the lower occurrences of NH4+-N during denitrification than that of alkali-pretreated rice straw (80.05 ± 4.12%) over more than a month operation. However, alkali pretreatment of rice husk demonstrated much more significantly efficient TN removal efficiency (80.39 ± 2.1%) than did acid pretreatment (69.59 ± 13.43%). MiSeq sequencing analysis showed that the four biofilm samples attached on polyurethane foam with the addition of pretreated rice straw or rice husk had a range of 13-15 differentially abundant phylum and 81-123 differentially abundant genera in comparison with biofilm without extra solid carbon sources, and a higher TN removal efficiency demonstrated more types of differentially abundant genera.
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12
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Sun G, Wan J, Sun Y, Li H, Chang C, Wang Y. Enhanced removal of nitrate and refractory organic pollutants from bio-treated coking wastewater using corncobs as carbon sources and biofilm carriers. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124520. [PMID: 31404739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The quality of the bio-treated coking wastewater (BTCW) is difficult to meet increasingly stringent coking wastewater discharge standards and future wastewater recycling needs. In this study, the pre-treatment process of BTCW was installed including the two up-flow fixed-bed bioreactors (UFBRs) which were separately filled with alkali-pretreated or no alkali-pretreated corncobs used as solid carbon sources as well as biofilm carriers. Results showed that this pre-treatment process could significantly improve the biodegradability of BTCW and increase the C/N ratio. Thus, over 90% of residual nitrate in BTCW were removed stably. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis confirmed that the typical refractory organic matters decreased significantly after UFBRs pre-treatment. High-throughput sequencing analysis using 16S rRNA demonstrated that dominant denitrifiers, fermentative bacteria and refractory-organic-pollutants-degrading bacteria co-existed inside the UFBRs system. Compared with no alkali-pretreated corncobs, alkali-pretreated corncobs provided more porous structure and much stable release of carbon to guarantee the growth and the quantity of the functional bacteria such as denitrifiers. This study indicated that the UFBRs filled with alkali-pretreated corncobs could be utilized as an effective alternative for the enhanced treatment of the BTCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yichen Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haisong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chun Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Liu S, Feng Y, Niu J, Liu J, Li N, He W. A novel single chamber vertical baffle flow biocathode microbial electrochemical system with microbial separator. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 294:122236. [PMID: 31610499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A 10-liter single chamber vertical baffle flow biocathode microbial electrochemical system (MES) with microbial separator was designed for wastewater treatment. The anode and cathode compartments were incompletely isolated by the microbial separator, which enabled module integration and centralized sludge collection of MES. The effluent COD was <50 mg L-1 with COD removal of 86 ± 2% and low sludge yield rate of 0.05 ± 0.02 g-sludge g-1 -COD. The MES performance was mainly restricted by biocathodes and supporting matrixes with higher permeability resulted in better cathode performance. The MES obtained the maximum power density of 67.5 ± 7.8 mW m-2 with two layers of filter cloth and one layer of polyurethane sponge (S2P1) and supporting matrix with moderate permeability was more suitable in overall power generation and anode stability. The influences on bio-community of both cathodes and separators by the permeability of supporting matrixes were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiaojiao Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weihua He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.
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14
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Zhao Y, Liu D, Huang W, Yang Y, Ji M, Nghiem LD, Trinh QT, Tran NH. Insights into biofilm carriers for biological wastewater treatment processes: Current state-of-the-art, challenges, and opportunities. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121619. [PMID: 31202712 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm carriers play an important role in attached growth systems for wastewater treatment processes. This study systematically summarizes the traditional and novel biofilm carriers utilized in biofilm-based wastewater treatment technology. The advantages and disadvantages of traditional biofilm carriers are evaluated and discussed in light of basic property, biocompatibility and applicability. The characteristics, applications performance, and mechanism of novel carriers (including slow-release carriers, hydrophilic/electrophilic modified carriers, magnetic carriers and redox mediator carriers) in wastewater biological treatment were deeply analyzed. Slow release biofilm carriers are used to provide a solid substrate and electron donor for the growth of microorganisms and denitrification for anoxic and/or anaerobic bioreactors. Carriers with hydrophilic/electrophilic modified surface are applied for promoting biofilm formation. Magnetic materials-based carriers are employed to shorten the start-up time of bioreactor. Biofilm carriers acting as redox mediators are used to accelerate biotransformation of recalcitrant pollutants in industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Duo Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Long Duc Nghiem
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Quang Thang Trinh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1-Create Way, #15-02 Create Tower, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
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15
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Xu P, Xiao E, He F, Xu D, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wu Z. High performance of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland for polishing low C/N ratio river based on a pilot-scale study in Hangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:22431-22449. [PMID: 31154652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the treatment efficiency of micro-polluted NO3--dominated river water with low C/N ratio by five parallel pilot-scale IVCWs with different plant and substrate collocation. When the mean concentration was 2.24 and 0.193 mg L-1 in influent, IVCWs achieved an average (mass) removal rate of (0.09 g m-2 day-1) 46.8% and (0.77 g m-2 day-1) 62.3% for TN and TP, respectively, during 1 year of operation. Water quality was significantly improved from grade V to meet the criterion of grade IV of surface water. Through the comparison of removal rate by different IVCWs, we found that lack of carbon sources in influent limited the denitrification in the middle and bottom layers (ML, BL) of IVCW. Zeolites deployed in the upper layer (UL) of IVCW reduced the overall N removal efficiency compared with gravels, due to a stronger nitrification but weaker denitrification. Canna indica (C. indica) was superior to Arundo donax (A. donax) and Thalia dealbata (T. dealbata) for N removal in the UL of IVCW due to higher aboveground biomass accumulation and microbial removal during the first 10 months. Stronger nitrification and denitrification were simultaneously facilitated near the rhizosphere of C. indica. When entered into Dec., A. donax performed higher N removal efficiency than the other two species. The internal replenishment of peats in the ML as carbon sources significantly improved N and P removal efficiency. Zeolites with stronger capacity of ammonium (NH4+) adsorption was more in favor of anammox in the BL, when compared with roseites, but both of them were not conducive to the growth of denitrifiers. However, the deployment of shale ceramisites obtained an opposite result. Gemmata and Pirellula as anammox bacteria were more enriched in the zeolite layer, whereas some anaerobic denitrifiers (Corynebacterium and Paludibacter) and heterotrophic denitrifiers including Bacillus, Geobacter, Pseudomonas, and Lactococcus were more found in shale ceramisite. Supply of peats as carbon sources in the ML was beneficial for the adhesion of anammox bacteria and denitrifiers in the BL of shale ceramisites. An ideal model composed of C. indica + A. donax (DFU)-gravel (UL)-anthracite+peat (ML)-zeolite+shale ceramsite (BL)-Acorus calamus (UFU) was proposed for treating this type of river water to achieve high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Enrong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yafen Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhenbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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16
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Zhang J, Yang J, Tian Q, Liang X, Zhu Y, Sand W, Li F, Ma C, Liu Y, Yang B. Durability and performance of loofah sponge as carrier for wastewater treatment with high ammonium. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:581-587. [PMID: 30695121 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Loofah sponge (LS) was used as carrier for high ammonia wastewater treatment with a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR), aimed at evaluating its nitrogen removal performance and durability to changeable pH and microbial corrosion. The results indicate that the average removal for COD, NH 4 + -N and total nitrogen (TN) accounted for more than 80%, 90%, and 70%, respectively, in 203 days. After SBBR operation for 108 days, the average weight loss of the loofah sponge was 49.1%. Yet, the main structure of utilized loofah sponge remained unaffected (proved by scanning electron microscopy). Moreover, based on attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, cellulose, and hemicelluloses in the loofah sponge were reduced significantly obviously causing the proportion of lignin to increase. During the 108th to 203 days, the removal efficiencies of COD (81.6 ± 7.05%), NH 4 + -N (79.4 ± 8.82%), and TN (79.9 ± 2.85%) remained at a high level. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Loofah sponge had good durability to high ammonia and changeable pH. Lignin was the protective material of loofah sponge for resisting pH fluctuation and microbial corrosion. SBBR maintained a steady nitrogen removal performance with a low COD/N ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianpeng Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Tian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbin Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wolfgang Sand
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Biofilm Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbiao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Zhou L, Bai C, Cai J, Hu Y, Shao K, Gao G, Jeppesen E, Tang X. Bio-cord plays a similar role as submerged macrophytes in harboring bacterial assemblages in an eco-ditch. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26550-26561. [PMID: 29992414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Artificial carriers are widely used to enhance the formation of biofilm and improve pollutants' removal efficiency in agricultural wastewater treatment ditches (eco-ditches), yet comprehensive insight into their bacterial community is scarce. In this study, bacterial diversities in four different habitats-the water column, surface sediments, submerged macrophytes (Myriophyllum verticillatum L.), and the artificial carriers (bio-cord)-were compared in a Chinese eco-ditch. Comparable richness and evenness of bacterial communities were observed on M. verticillatum and bio-cord, both being higher than for free-living bacteria in the water column but lower than for bacteria in the surface sediment. The highest similarity of bacterial community composition and structure also occurred between M. verticillatum and the bio-cord, dominated by α- and γ-proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Bacteroidetes. Firmicutes and Planctomycetes, respectively, were the exclusive abundant phyla in M. verticillatum and the bio-cord, probably indicating the unique interaction between M. verticillatum and their epiphytic bacteria. Some abundant genera, such as Roseomonas, Pseudomonas, and Rhodopirellula, which were exclusively observed in M. verticillatum or the bio-cord, have been reported to have the same capacity to remove nitrogen and organic matter in wastewater treatment systems. In conclusion, in the studied eco-ditch, the bio-cord was found to play a similar role as submerged macrophytes in harboring bacterial assemblages, and we therefore propose that bio-cord may be a good alternative or supplement to enhance wastewater treatment in agricultural ditches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengrong Bai
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Cai
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Keqiang Shao
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Gao
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiangming Tang
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Tian Q, Zhu J, Liang X, Zhu Y, Sand W, Yang J, Li F, Ma C, Liu Y, Yang B. Microbial uniqueness of architecture modified loofah sponge as biological filler for efficient nitrogen removal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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