1
|
Functional Characterization and Structural Modeling of a Novel Glycine Oxidase from Variovorax paradoxus Iso1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0107722. [PMID: 36377957 PMCID: PMC9746326 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01077-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-acyl-d-amino acid amidohydrolase (N-d-AAase) of Variovorax paradoxus Iso1 can enantioselectively catalyze the zinc-assisted deacetylation of N-acyl-d-amino acids to yield consistent d-amino acids. A putative FAD-binding glycine/d-amino acid oxidase was located immediately upstream of the N-d-AAase gene. The gene encoding this protein was cloned into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)pLysS and overexpressed at 25°C for 6 h with 0.5 mM isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside induction. After purification, the tag-free recombinant protein was obtained. The enzyme could metabolize glycine, sarcosine, and d-alanine, but not l-amino acids or bulky d-amino acids. Protein modeling further supported these results, demonstrating that glycine, sarcosine, and d-alanine could fit into the pocket of the enzyme's activation site, while l-alanine and d-threonine were out of position. Therefore, this protein was proposed as a glycine oxidase, and we designated it VpGO. Interestingly, VpGO showed low sequence similarity to other well-characterized glycine oxidases. We found that VpGO and N-d-AAase were expressed on the same mRNA and could be transcriptionally induced by various N-acetyl-d-amino acids. Western blotting and zymography showed that both proteins had similar expression patterns in response to different types of inducers. Thus, we have identified a novel glycine oxidase that is co-regulated with N-d-AAase in an operon, and metabolizes N-acyl-d-amino acids in the metabolically versatile V. paradoxus Iso1. IMPORTANCE The Gram-negative bacterium Variovorax paradoxus has numerous metabolic capabilities, including the association with important catabolic processes and the promotion of plant growth. We had previously identified and characterized an N-acyl-d-amino-acid amidohydrolase (N-d-AAase) gene from the strain of V. paradoxus Iso1. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize (both in vitro and in vivo) another potential gene found in the promoter region of this N-d-AAase gene. The protein was identified as a glycine oxidase, and the gene existed in an operon with N-d-AAase. The structural basis for its FAD-binding potential and substrate stereo-specificity were also elucidated. This study first reported a novel glycine oxidase from V. paradoxus. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature, because this enzyme has great potential for use as an industrial catalysis, as a biosensor, and in agricultural biotechnology.
Collapse
|
2
|
Atroshenko DL, Golovina DI, Sergeev EP, Shelomov MD, Elcheninov AG, Kublanov IV, Chubar TA, Pometun AA, Savin SS, Tishkov VI. Bioinformatics-Structural Approach to the Search for New D-Amino Acid Oxidases. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:57-68. [PMID: 36694899 PMCID: PMC9844085 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO, EC 1.2.1.2) plays an important role in the functioning of prokaryotes as well as of lower (yeast and fungi) and higher eukaryotes (mammals). DAAO genes have not yet been found in archaean genomes. D-amino acid oxidase is increasingly used in various fields, which requires the development of new variants of the enzyme with specific properties. However, even within one related group (bacteria, yeasts and fungi, mammals), DAAOs show very low homology between amino acid sequences. In particular, this fact is clearly observed in the case of DAAO from bacteria. The high variability in the primary structures of DAAO severely limits the search for new enzymes in known genomes. As a result, many (if not most) DAAO genes remain either unannotated or incorrectly annotated. We propose an approach that uses bioinformatic methods in combination with general 3D structure and active center structure analysis to confirm that the gene found encodes D-amino acid oxidase and to predict the possible type of its substrate specificity. Using a homology search, we obtained a set of candidate sequences, modelled the tertiary structure of the selected enzymes, and compared them with experimental and model structures of known DAAOs. The effectiveness of the proposed approach for discrimination of DAAOs and glycine oxidases is shown. Using this approach, new DAAO genes were found in the genomes of six strains of extremophilic bacteria, and for the first time in the world, one gene was identified in the genome of halophilic archaea. Preliminary experiments confirmed the predicted specificity of DAAO from Natronosporangium hydrolyticum ACPA39 with D-Leu and D-Phe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Atroshenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of RAS, Moscow, 119071 Russia
| | - D. I. Golovina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - E. P. Sergeev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - M. D. Shelomov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - A. G. Elcheninov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of RAS, Moscow, 119071 Russia
| | - I. V. Kublanov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of RAS, Moscow, 119071 Russia
| | - T. A. Chubar
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - A. A. Pometun
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of RAS, Moscow, 119071 Russia
| | - S. S. Savin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - V. I. Tishkov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of RAS, Moscow, 119071 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nueangaudom A, Pianwanit S, Tamaoki H, Nishina Y, Tanaka F, Taniguchi S, Chosrowjan H. Interactions between isoalloxazine and o-aminobenzoate in o-aminobenzoate−d-amino acid oxidase complex. Molecular dynamics and molecular orbital studies. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.113090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
4
|
Yasukawa K, Kawahara N, Motojima F, Nakano S, Asano Y. Porcine kidney d-amino acid oxidase-derived R-amine oxidases with new substrate specificities. Enzymes 2020; 47:117-136. [PMID: 32951821 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An R-stereoselective amine oxidase and variants with markedly altered substrate specificity toward (R)-amines were generated from porcine d-amino acid oxidase (pkDAO), based on the X-ray crystallographic analysis of the wild-type enzyme. The new R-amine oxidase, a pkDAO variant (Y228L/R283G), acted on α-MBA and its derivatives, α-ethylbenzylamine, alkylamine, and cyclic secondary amines, totally losing the activities toward the original substrates, d-amino acids. The variant is enantiocomplementary to the flavin-type S-stereoselective amine oxidase variant from Aspergillus niger. Moreover, we solved the structure of pkDAO variants and successfully applied the obtained information to generate more variants through rational protein engineering, and used them in the synthesis of pharmaceutically attractive chiral compounds. The pkDAO variant Y228L/R283G and a variant I230A/R283G were used to synthesize (S)-amine and (R)-4-CBHA through deracemization, from racemic α-methylbenzylamine and benzhydrylamine, respectively, by selective oxidation of one of the enantiomers in the presence of a chemical reductant such as NaBH4. From a mechanistic point of view, we speculated that the imine intermediate, synthesized by oxidases or dehydrogenases, could be converted into primary α-aminonitrile by nucleophilic addition of cyanide in aqueous solutions. Nitriles and some unnatural amino acids were synthesized through a cascade reaction by oxidative cyanation reaction with the variant and a wide substrate specificity nitrilase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Yasukawa
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kawahara
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Motojima
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Multipoint TvDAAO Mutants for Cephalosporin C Bioconversion. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184412. [PMID: 31500317 PMCID: PMC6770189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO, EC 1.4.3.3) is used in many biotechnological processes. The main industrial application of DAAO is biocatalytic production of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid from cephalosporin C with a two enzymes system. DAAO from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAAO) shows the best catalytic parameters with cephalosporin C among all known DAAOs. We prepared and characterized multipoint TvDAAO mutants to improve their activity towards cephalosporin C and increase stability. All TvDAAO mutants showed better properties in comparison with the wild-type enzyme. The best mutant was TvDAAO with amino acid changes E32R/F33D/F54S/C108F/M156L/C298N. Compared to wild-type TvDAAO, the mutant enzyme exhibits a 4 times higher catalytic constant for cephalosporin C oxidation and 8- and 20-fold better stability against hydrogen peroxide inactivation and thermal denaturation, respectively. This makes this mutant promising for use in biotechnology. The paper also presents the comparison of TvDAAO catalytic properties with cephalosporin C reported by others.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shimekake Y, Furuichi T, Abe K, Kera Y, Takahashi S. A novel thermostable D-amino acid oxidase of the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii strain YA. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11948. [PMID: 31420577 PMCID: PMC6697736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
d-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is a valuable flavoenzyme capable of being used in various practical applications, such as in determining d-amino acids and producing a material for semisynthetic cephalosporins, requiring higher thermal stability, higher catalytic activity, and broad substrate specificity. In this study, we isolated the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii strain YA, which can grow on several d-amino acids as the sole nitrogen source, from a compost and characterized DAAO (ReDAAO) of the fungus. ReDAAO expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited significant oxidase activity against various neutral and basic d-amino acids, in particular hydrophobic d-amino acids. In addition, the enzyme also significantly acted on cephalosporin C, a starting material for semisynthetic antibiotics, and d-Glu, a general substrate for d-aspartate oxidase but not for DAAO, showing its unique and practically useful substrate specificity. The apparent kcat and Km values of the enzyme toward good substrates were comparable to those of higher catalytic fungal DAAOs, and the thermal stability (T50 value of ~60 °C) was comparable to that of a thermophilic bacterial DAAO and significantly higher than that of other eukaryotic DAAOs. These results highlight the great potential of ReDAAO for use in practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Shimekake
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Takehiro Furuichi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Abe
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kera
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Shouji Takahashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Taniguchi S, Chosrowjan H, Ito S, Miyasaka H, Katane M, Homma H, Tanaka F, Nueangaudom A, Lugsanangarm K, Kokpol S. Comparative studies on picosecond-resolved fluorescence of d-amino acid oxidases from human with one from porcine kidney. Photoinduced electron transfer from aromatic amino acids to the excited flavin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 198:111546. [PMID: 31351309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence dynamics of human d-amino acid oxidase (hDAAO) and its five inhibitors have been studied in the picoseconds time domain, and compared with one in d-amino acid oxidase from porcine kidney (pkDAAO) reported. The fluorescence lifetimes were identified as 47 ps in the dimer, 235 ps in the monomer, which are compared with those of pkDAAO (45 ps-185 ps). The fluorescence lifetimes of the hDAAO did not change upon the inhibitor bindings despite of modifications in the absorption spectra. This indicates that the lifetimes of the complexes are too short to detect with the picosecond lifetime instrument. Numbers of the aromatic amino acids are similar between the both DAAOs. The fluorescence lifetimes of hDAAO were analysed with an ET theory using the crystal structure. The difference in the lifetimes of the dimer and monomer was well described in terms of difference in the electron affinity of the excited isoalloxazine (Iso*) between the two forms of the protein, though it is not known whether the structure of the monomer is different from the dimer. Three fastest ET donors were Tyr314, Trp52 and Tyr224 in the dimer, while Tyr314, Tyr224 and Tyr55 in the monomer, which are compared to those in pkDAAO, Tyr314, Tyr224 and Tyr228 in the dimer, and Tyr224, Tyr314 and Tyr228 in the monomer. The ET rate from Trp55 in hDAAO dimer was much faster compared to the rate in pkDAAO dimer. A rise component with negative pre-exponential factor was not observed in hDAAO, which are found in pkDAAO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Taniguchi
- Division of Laser Biochemistry, Institute for Laser Technology, Utsubo-Honmachi, 1-8-4, Nishiku, Osaka 550-0004, Japan.
| | - Haik Chosrowjan
- Division of Laser Biochemistry, Institute for Laser Technology, Utsubo-Honmachi, 1-8-4, Nishiku, Osaka 550-0004, Japan
| | - Shoji Ito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masumi Katane
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Fumio Tanaka
- Division of Laser Biochemistry, Institute for Laser Technology, Utsubo-Honmachi, 1-8-4, Nishiku, Osaka 550-0004, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10,330, Thailand.
| | - Arthit Nueangaudom
- Program of General Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thepsatri Rajabhat University, Lopburi 15,000, Thailand
| | - Kiattisak Lugsanangarm
- Program of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10,600, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Kokpol
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10,330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Subramanian K, Góra A, Spruijt R, Mitusińska K, Suarez-Diez M, Martins dos Santos V, Schaap PJ. Modulating D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) substrate specificity through facilitated solvent access. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198990. [PMID: 29906280 PMCID: PMC6003678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) degrades D-amino acids to produce α-ketoacids, hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. DAAO has often been investigated and engineered for industrial and clinical applications. We combined information from literature with a detailed analysis of the structure to engineer mammalian DAAOs. The structural analysis was complemented with molecular dynamics simulations to characterize solvent accessibility and product release mechanisms. We identified non-obvious residues located on the loops on the border between the active site and the secondary binding pocket essential for pig and human DAAO substrate specificity and activity. We engineered DAAOs by mutating such critical residues and characterised the biochemical activity of the resulting variants. The results highlight the importance of the selected residues in modulating substrate specificity, product egress and enzyme activity, suggesting further steps of DAAO re-engineering towards desired clinical and industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyanasundaram Subramanian
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Artur Góra
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ruud Spruijt
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina Mitusińska
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego, Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, ks. Marcina Strzody, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor Martins dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Orrego AH, López-Gallego F, Espaillat A, Cava F, Guisan JM, Rocha-Martin J. One-step Synthesis of α-Keto Acids from Racemic Amino Acids by A Versatile Immobilized Multienzyme Cell-free System. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro H. Orrego
- Department of Biocatalysis; Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC; Campus UAM. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- ARAID Foundation; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Akbar Espaillat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden; Umea Centre for Microbial Research; Umea University; Umea Sweden
| | - Felipe Cava
- Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden; Umea Centre for Microbial Research; Umea University; Umea Sweden
| | - José M. Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis; Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC; Campus UAM. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biocatalysis; Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC; Campus UAM. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Holden K, Hartman AL. d-Leucine: Evaluation in an epilepsy model. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 78:202-209. [PMID: 29122492 PMCID: PMC5756680 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current medicines do not provide sufficient seizure control for nearly one-third of patients with epilepsy. New options are needed to address this treatment gap. We recently found that the atypical amino acid d-leucine protected against acutely-induced seizures in mice, but its effect in chronic seizures has not been explored. We hypothesized that d-leucine would protect against spontaneous recurrent seizures. We also investigated whether mice lacking a previously-described d-leucine receptor (Tas1R2/R3) would be protected against acutely-induced seizures. METHODS Male FVB/NJ mice were subjected to kainic acid-induced status epilepticus and monitored by video-electroencephalography (EEG) (surgically implanted electrodes) for 4weeks before, during, and after treatment with d-leucine. Tas1R2/R3 knockout mice and controls underwent the maximal electroshock threshold (MES-T) and 6-Hz tests. RESULTS There was no difference in number of calendar days with seizures or seizure frequency with d-leucine treatment. In an exploratory analysis, mice treated with d-leucine had a lower number of dark cycles with seizures. Tas1R2/R3 knockout mice had elevated seizure thresholds in the MES-T test but not the 6-Hz test. CONCLUSIONS d-Leucine treatment was ineffective against chronic seizures after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus, but there was some efficacy during the dark cycle. Because d-leucine is highly concentrated in the pineal gland, these data suggest that d-leucine may be useful as a tool for studying circadian patterns in epilepsy. Deletion of the Tas1R2/R3 receptor protected against seizures in the MES-T test and, therefore, may be a novel target for treating seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Holden
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adam L Hartman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang W, Sun J, Xiao W, Jiang L, Wang R, Fan J. Change of the N-terminal codon bias combined with tRNA supplementation outperforms the selected fusion tags for production of human d-amino acid oxidase as active inclusion bodies. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1733-1740. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Ouedraogo D, Ball J, Iyer A, Reis RAG, Vodovoz M, Gadda G. Amine oxidation by d-arginine dehydrogenase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017. [PMID: 28625766 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
d-Arginine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaDADH) is a flavin-dependent oxidoreductase, which is part of a novel two-enzyme racemization system that functions to convert d-arginine to l-arginine. PaDADH contains a noncovalently linked FAD that shows the highest activity with d-arginine. The enzyme exhibits broad substrate specificity towards d-amino acids, particularly with cationic and hydrophobic d-amino acids. Biochemical studies have established the structure and the mechanistic properties of the enzyme. The enzyme is a true dehydrogenase because it displays no reactivity towards molecular oxygen. As established through solvent and multiple kinetic isotope studies, PaDADH catalyzes an asynchronous CH and NH bond cleavage via a hydride transfer mechanism. Steady-state kinetic studies with d-arginine and d-histidine are consistent with the enzyme following a ping-pong bi-bi mechanism. As shown by a combination of crystallography, kinetic and computational data, the shape and flexibility of loop L1 in the active site of PaDADH are important for substrate capture and broad substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ouedraogo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | - Jacob Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | - Archana Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | - Renata A G Reis
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | - Maria Vodovoz
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Highly sensitive d-alanine electrochemical biosensor based on functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and d-amino acid oxidase. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Rojas C, Alt J, Ator NA, Thomas AG, Wu Y, Hin N, Wozniak K, Ferraris D, Rais R, Tsukamoto T, Slusher BS. D-Amino-Acid Oxidase Inhibition Increases D-Serine Plasma Levels in Mouse But not in Monkey or Dog. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1610-9. [PMID: 26471255 PMCID: PMC4832022 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
D-serine has been shown to improve positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms when used as add-on therapy for the treatment of schizophrenia. However, D-serine has to be administered at high doses to observe clinical effects. This is thought to be due to D-serine undergoing oxidation by D-amino-acid oxidase (DAAO) before it reaches the brain. Consequently, co-administration of D-serine with a DAAO inhibitor could be a way to lower the D-serine dose required to treat schizophrenia. Early studies in rodents to evaluate this hypothesis showed that concomitant administration of structurally distinct DAAO inhibitors with D-serine enhanced plasma and brain D-serine levels in rodents compared with administration of D-serine alone. In the present work we used three potent DAAO inhibitors and confirmed previous results in mice. In a follow-up effort, we evaluated plasma D-serine levels in monkeys after oral administration of D-serine in the presence or absence of these DAAO inhibitors. Even though the compounds reached steady state plasma concentrations exceeding their Ki values by >60-fold, plasma D-serine levels remained the same as those in the absence of DAAO inhibitors. Similar results were obtained with dogs. In summary, in contrast to rodents, DAAO inhibition in monkeys and dogs did not influence the exposure to exogenously administered D-serine. Results could be due to differences in D-serine metabolism and/or clearance mechanisms and suggest that the role of DAAO in the metabolism of D-serine is different across species. These data provide caution regarding the utility of DAAO inhibition for patients with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Rojas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy A Ator
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ying Wu
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Niyada Hin
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe, Suite 277, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA, Tel: +1 410 614 0662, Fax: +1 410 614 0659, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Du K, Sun J, Song X, Song C, Feng W. Enhancement of the solubility and stability of D-amino acid oxidase by fusion to an elastin like polypeptide. J Biotechnol 2015. [PMID: 26216181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) was fused to D-amino acid oxidases (DAAO). ELP-DAAO exhibited a better solubility in aqueous solutions than DAAO, and its enzymatic activity is about 1.6 times that of DAAO. The stability of the proteins was investigated by interacting with urea at various concentrations. The circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra were measured. The results demonstrated that that ELP-DAAO exhibited a much better stability than DAAO, and ELP-DAAO has retained the α-helix content with a high percentage even at a high urea concentration. The results of this work have demonstrated that the ELP tag can be utilized to purify DAAO, in the meantime the solubility and stability of the enzyme are improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Du
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Song
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cuidan Song
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kawakami R, Ohmori T, Sakuraba H, Ohshima T. Identification of a novel amino acid racemase from a hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii OT-3 induced by D-amino acids. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1579-87. [PMID: 25963389 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To date, there have been few reports analyzing the amino acid requirement for growth of hyperthermophilic archaea. We here found that the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii OT-3 requires Thr, Leu, Val, Phe, Tyr, Trp, His and Arg in the medium for growth, and shows slow growth in medium lacking Met or Ile. This largely corresponds to the presence, or absence, of genes related to amino acid biosynthesis in its genome, though there are exceptions. The amino acid requirements were dramatically lost by addition of D-isomers of Met, Leu, Val, allo-Ile, Phe, Tyr, Trp and Arg. Tracer analysis using (14)C-labeled D-Trp showed that D-Trp in the medium was used as a protein component in the cells, suggesting the presence of D-amino acid metabolic enzymes. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent racemase activity toward Met, Leu and Phe was detected in crude extract of P. horikoshii and was enhanced in cells grown in the medium supplemented with D-amino acids, especially D-allo-Ile. The gene encoding the racemase was narrowed down to one open reading frame on the basis of enzyme purification from P. horikoshii cells, and the recombinant enzyme exhibited PLP-dependent racemase activity toward several amino acids, including Met, Leu and Phe, but not Pro, Asp or Glu. This is the first report showing the presence in a hyperthermophilic archaeon of a PLP-dependent amino acid racemase with broad substrate specificity that is likely responsible for utilization of D-amino acids for growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryushi Kawakami
- Division of Environmental Symbiosis Studies, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-1, Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Takahashi S, Furukawara M, Omae K, Tadokoro N, Saito Y, Abe K, Kera Y. A Highly Stable D-Amino Acid Oxidase of the Thermophilic Bacterium Rubrobacter xylanophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7219-29. [PMID: 25217016 PMCID: PMC4249180 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02193-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
d-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a biotechnologically attractive enzyme that can be used in a variety of applications, but its utility is limited by its relatively poor stability. A search of a bacterial genome database revealed a gene encoding a protein homologous to DAO in the thermophilic bacterium Rubrobacter xylanophilus (RxDAO). The recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli was a monomeric protein containing noncovalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor. This protein exhibited oxidase activity against neutral and basic d-amino acids and was significantly inhibited by a DAO inhibitor, benzoate, but not by any of the tested d-aspartate oxidase (DDO) inhibitors, thus indicating that the protein is DAO. RxDAO exhibited higher activities and affinities toward branched-chain d-amino acids, with the highest specific activity toward d-valine and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) toward d-leucine. Substrate inhibition was observed in the case of d-tyrosine. The enzyme had an optimum pH range and temperature of pH 7.5 to 10 and 65°C, respectively, and was stable between pH 5.0 and pH 8.0, with a T50 (the temperature at which 50% of the initial enzymatic activity is lost) of 64°C. No loss of enzyme activity was observed after a 1-week incubation period at 30°C. This enzyme was markedly inactivated by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride but not by thiol-modifying reagents and diethyl pyrocarbonate, which are known to inhibit certain DAOs. These results demonstrated that RxDAO is a highly stable DAO and suggested that this enzyme may be valuable for practical applications, such as the determination and quantification of branched-chain d-amino acids, and as a scaffold to generate a novel DAO via protein engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouji Takahashi
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto Furukawara
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Keishi Omae
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Namiho Tadokoro
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yayoi Saito
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Abe
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kera
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Takahashi S, Okada H, Abe K, Kera Y. Genetic transformation of the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis ATCC 26217 by electroporation. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683814110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Cheah MH, Millar AH, Myers RC, Day DA, Roth J, Hillier W, Badger MR. Online oxygen kinetic isotope effects using membrane inlet mass spectrometry can differentiate between oxidases for mechanistic studies and calculation of their contributions to oxygen consumption in whole tissues. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5171-8. [PMID: 24786640 DOI: 10.1021/ac501086n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The reduction chemistry of molecular oxygen underpins the energy metabolism of multicellular organisms, liberating free energy needed to catalyze a plethora of enzymatic reactions. Measuring the isotope signatures of (16)O and (18)O during O2 reduction can provide insights into both kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects. However, current methods to measure O2 isotope signatures are time-consuming and disruptive. This paper describes the application of membrane inlet mass spectrometry to determine the oxygen isotope discrimination of a range of O2-consuming reactions, providing a rapid and convenient method for determining these values. A survey of oxygenase and oxidase reactions provides new insights into previously uncharacterized amino acid oxidase enzymes. Liquid and gas phase measurements show the ease of assays using this approach for purified enzymes, biological extracts and intact tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mun Hon Cheah
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University , Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Herrera E, Giacomelli CE. Surface coverage dictates the surface bio-activity of d-amino acid oxidase. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 117:296-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
21
|
High-level soluble and functional expression of Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase in Escherichia coli. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 37:1517-26. [PMID: 24425540 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase is an important biocatalyst used in a variety of fields, and its economically justified level recombinant expression in Escherichia coli has not been established. To accomplish this, after a single Phe54Tyr substitution, fusion proteins of D-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAO) with 6 × His-tags were constructed and expressed in E. coli. The effects of his-tags fusing position were revealed. Significant increase in holoenzyme percent and protein solubility made N-terminus tagged TvDAO (termed NHDAO) a suitable choice for TvDAO production. However, reduced cell growth and protein production rates were also observed for the NHDAO bearing strains. To optimize the performance of NHDAO production, changes of culture medium were tested. Finally, a production of 140 U/mL or 3.48 g active enzyme per liter which accounted for 41.4 % of the total protein, and a specific activity of 16.68 U/mg for the crude extract, were achieved in a 3.7 L fermenter in 28.5 h. This indicated a possibility for functional and economical TvDAO expression in E. coli to meet the industrial need.
Collapse
|
22
|
Nueangaudom A, Lugsanangarm K, Pianwanit S, Kokpol S, Nunthaboot N, Tanaka F, Taniguchi S, Chosrowjan H. Theoretical analyses of the fluorescence lifetimes of the d-amino acid oxidase–benzoate complex dimer from porcine kidney: molecular dynamics simulation and photoinduced electron transfer. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05211k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of photoinduced electron transfer from benzoate and aromatic amino acids to the excited isoalloxazine in the d-amino acid oxidase–benzoate complex dimer was studied using molecular dynamics simulation and an electron transfer theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthit Nueangaudom
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kiattisak Lugsanangarm
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somsak Pianwanit
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Kokpol
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Fumio Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Division of Laser Biochemistry
| | - Seiji Taniguchi
- Division of Laser Biochemistry
- Institute for Laser Technology
- Osaka 550-0004, Japan
| | - Haik Chosrowjan
- Division of Laser Biochemistry
- Institute for Laser Technology
- Osaka 550-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The potential of flavoproteins as targets of pharmacological treatments is immense. In this review we present an overview of the current research progress on medical interventions based on flavoproteins with a special emphasis on cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Jortzik
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hou J, Jin Q, Du J, Li Q, Yuan Q, Yang J. A rapid in situ immobilization of d-amino acid oxidase based on immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:857-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Saito Y, Takahashi S, Kobayashi M, Abe K, Kera Y. D-Amino acid oxidase of Streptomyces coelicolor and the effect of D-amino acids on the bacterium. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
26
|
Two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of day–night variation of d-alanine in mammals and factors controlling the circadian changes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8083-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Kang J, Lee EY, Song BK, Lee SD, Yook TH, Ahn SH, Son IH, Kim S. Study on a Single-Dose Toxicity Test of D-Amino Acid Oxidase (DAAO) Extracts Injected into the Tail Vein of Rats. J Pharmacopuncture 2013; 16:28-32. [PMID: 25780665 PMCID: PMC4331959 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2013.16.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study was performed to analyze the single-dose toxicity of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) extracts. Methods: All experiments were conducted at the Korea Testing & Research Institute (KTR), an institution authorized to perform non-clinical studies, under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Sprague-Dawley rats were chosen for the pilot study. Doses of DAAO extracts, 0.1 to 0.3 cc, were administered to the experimental group, and the same doses of normal saline solution were administered to the control group. This study was conducted under the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Results: In all 4 groups, no deaths occurred, and the LD50 of DAAO extracts administered by IV was over 0.3 ml/kg. No significant changes in the weight between the control group and the experimental group were observed. To check for abnormalities in organs and tissues, we used microscopy to examine representative histological sections of each specified organ, the results showed no significant differences in any organs or tissues. Conclusion: The above findings suggest that treatment with D-amino acid oxidase extracts is relatively safe. Further studies on this subject should be conducted to yield more concrete evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jungue Kang
- Wonkwang University College of Oriental Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Eun-Yong Lee
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, Semyung University Oriental Medicine Hospital, Chungju, Korea
| | - Bong-Keun Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang Gwangju Oriental Medical Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung-Deok Lee
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dongguk University College of Oriental Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Tae-Han Yook
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Woosuk University College of Korean Medicine, Wanju, Korea
| | - Seong-Hun Ahn
- Department of Meridian & Acupoint, Wonkwang University College, Iksan, Korea
| | - Il-Hong Son
- Department of Neurology, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Sanbon, Korea
| | - Sungchul Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Wonkwang Gwangju Oriental Medical Hospital, Gwangju, Korea ; Wonkwang University Gwangju Korean Hospital ALS Center, Gwangju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hou J, Liu Y, Li Q, Yang J. High activity expression of D-amino acid oxidase in Escherichia coli by the protein expression rate optimization. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 88:120-6. [PMID: 23247086 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two categories of expression systems with different promoters and substitutive ribosome binding site region (RBS) were constructed in order to improve the soluble expression of d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) basing on the hypothesis that the optimal promoter and suitable RBS would provide the recombinant expression system with better matched expression rate, which served as key factor to the heterogenous synthesis of soluble protein. The results showed that with rational promoter recombination and delicate RBS substitution, significant increase of DAAO activity (20-fold) was obtained for strain JM105/pGEMKT-Tac-R-DAAO over the previously constructed strain BL21(DE3)/pET-DAAO. Furthermore, similar optimization strategy proved feasible in the active expression of other enzymes such as glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase (GCA) and N-Carbamyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase (D-Case).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Hou
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gisby MF, Mudd EA, Day A. Growth of transplastomic cells expressing D-amino acid oxidase in chloroplasts is tolerant to D-alanine and inhibited by D-valine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:2219-26. [PMID: 23085840 PMCID: PMC3510142 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dual-conditional positive/negative selection markers are versatile genetic tools for manipulating genomes. Plastid genomes are relatively small and conserved DNA molecules that can be manipulated precisely by homologous recombination. High-yield expression of recombinant products and maternal inheritance of plastid-encoded traits make plastids attractive sites for modification. Here, we describe the cloning and expression of a dao gene encoding D-amino acid oxidase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plastids. The results provide genetic evidence for the uptake of D-amino acids into plastids, which contain a target that is inhibited by D-alanine. Importantly, this nonantibiotic-based selection system allows the use of cheap and widely available D-amino acids, which are relatively nontoxic to animals and microbes, to either select against (D-valine) or for (D-alanine) cells containing transgenic plastids. Positive/negative selection with d-amino acids was effective in vitro and against transplastomic seedlings grown in soil. The dual functionality of dao is highly suited to the polyploid plastid compartment, where it can be used to provide tolerance against potential D-alanine-based herbicides, control the timing of recombination events such as marker excision, influence the segregation of transgenic plastid genomes, identify loci affecting dao function in mutant screens, and develop D-valine-based methods to manage the spread of transgenic plastids tagged with dao.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin F. Gisby
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth A. Mudd
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Day
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Komarova NV, Golubev IV, Khoronenkova SV, Chubar’ TA, Tishkov VI. Engineering of substrate specificity of D-amino acid oxidase from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis: Directed mutagenesis of Phe258 residue. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:1181-9. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
31
|
Wong KS, Fong WP, Tsang PWK. Entrapment of a Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase variant F54Y for oxidative deamination of cephalosporin C. Eng Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
32
|
Study on the decrease of renal d-amino acid oxidase activity in the rat after renal ischemia by chiral ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis. Amino Acids 2010; 42:337-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
33
|
Abad S, Nahalka J, Winkler M, Bergler G, Speight R, Glieder A, Nidetzky B. High-level expression of Rhodotorula gracilis D-amino acid oxidase in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 33:557-63. [PMID: 21053050 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
By combining gene design and heterologous over-expression of Rhodotorula gracilis D-amino acid oxidase (RgDAO) in Pichia pastoris, enzyme production was enhanced by one order of magnitude compared to literature benchmarks, giving 350 kUnits/l of fed-batch bioreactor culture with a productivity of 3.1 kUnits/l h. P. pastoris cells permeabilized by freeze-drying and incubation in 2-propanol (10% v/v) produce a highly active (1.6 kUnits/g dry matter) and stable oxidase preparation. Critical bottlenecks in the development of an RgDAO catalyst for industrial applications have been eliminated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Abad
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Katane M, Saitoh Y, Hanai T, Sekine M, Furuchi T, Koyama N, Nakagome I, Tomoda H, Hirono S, Homma H. Thiolactomycin inhibits d-aspartate oxidase: A novel approach to probing the active site environment. Biochimie 2010; 92:1371-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
35
|
Katane M, Saitoh Y, Maeda K, Hanai T, Sekine M, Furuchi T, Homma H. Role of the active site residues arginine-216 and arginine-237 in the substrate specificity of mammalian D-aspartate oxidase. Amino Acids 2010; 40:467-76. [PMID: 20567862 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
D-aspartate oxidase (DDO) and D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) are flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing flavoproteins that catalyze the oxidative deamination of D-amino acids. Unlike DAO, which acts on several neutral and basic D-amino acids, DDO is highly specific for acidic D-amino acids. Based on molecular modeling and simulated annealing docking analyses, a recombinant mouse DDO carrying two substitutions (Arg-216 to Leu and Arg-237 to Tyr) was generated (R216L-R237Y variant). This variant and two previously constructed single-point mutants of mouse DDO (R216L and R237Y variants) were characterized to investigate the role of Arg-216 and Arg-237 in the substrate specificity of mouse DDO. The R216L-R237Y and R216L variants acquired a broad specificity for several neutral and basic D-amino acids, and showed a considerable decrease in activity against acidic D-amino acids. The R237Y variant, however, did not show any additional specificity for neutral or basic D-amino acids and its activity against acidic D-amino acids was greatly reduced. The kinetic properties of these variants indicated that the Arg-216 residue is important for the catalytic activity and substrate specificity of mouse DDO. However, Arg-237 is, apparently, only marginally involved in substrate recognition, but is important for catalytic activity. Notably, the substrate specificity of the R216L-R237Y variant differed significantly from that of the R216L variant, suggesting that Arg-237 has subsidiary effects on substrate specificity. Additional experiments using several DDO and DAO inhibitors also suggested the involvement of Arg-216 in the substrate specificity and catalytic activity of mouse DDO and that Arg-237 is possibly involved in substrate recognition by this enzyme. Collectively, these results indicate that Arg-216 and Arg-237 play crucial and subsidiary role(s), respectively, in the substrate specificity of mouse DDO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Katane
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abad S, Nahalka J, Bergler G, Arnold SA, Speight R, Fotheringham I, Nidetzky B, Glieder A. Stepwise engineering of a Pichia pastoris D-amino acid oxidase whole cell catalyst. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:24. [PMID: 20420682 PMCID: PMC2873405 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase (TvDAO) is a well characterized enzyme used for cephalosporin C conversion on industrial scale. However, the demands on the enzyme with respect to activity, operational stability and costs also vary with the field of application. Processes that use the soluble enzyme suffer from fast inactivation of TvDAO while immobilized oxidase preparations raise issues related to expensive carriers and catalyst efficiency. Therefore, oxidase preparations that are more robust and active than those currently available would enable a much broader range of economically viable applications of this enzyme in fine chemical syntheses. A multi-step engineering approach was chosen here to develop a robust and highly active Pichia pastoris TvDAO whole-cell biocatalyst. RESULTS As compared to the native T. variabilis host, a more than seven-fold enhancement of the intracellular level of oxidase activity was achieved in P. pastoris through expression optimization by codon redesign as well as efficient subcellular targeting of the enzyme to peroxisomes. Multi copy integration further doubled expression and the specific activity of the whole cell catalyst. From a multicopy production strain, about 1.3 x 103 U/g wet cell weight (wcw) were derived by standard induction conditions feeding pure methanol. A fed-batch cultivation protocol using a mixture of methanol and glycerol in the induction phase attenuated the apparent toxicity of the recombinant oxidase to yield final biomass concentrations in the bioreactor of >or= 200 g/L compared to only 117 g/L using the standard methanol feed. Permeabilization of P. pastoris using 10% isopropanol yielded a whole-cell enzyme preparation that showed 49% of the total available intracellular oxidase activity and was notably stabilized (by three times compared to a widely used TvDAO expressing Escherichia coli strain) under conditions of D-methionine conversion using vigorous aeration. CONCLUSIONS Stepwise optimization using a multi-level engineering approach has delivered a new P. pastoris whole cell TvDAO biocatalyst showing substantially enhanced specific activity and stability under operational conditions as compared to previously reported preparations of the enzyme. The production of the oxidase through fed-batch bioreactor culture and subsequent cell permeabilization is high-yielding and efficient. Therefore this P. pastoris catalyst has been evaluated for industrial purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Abad
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zain ZM, O’Neill RD, Lowry JP, Pierce KW, Tricklebank M, Dewa A, Ghani SA. Development of an implantable d-serine biosensor for in vivo monitoring using mammalian d-amino acid oxidase on a poly (o-phenylenediamine) and Nafion-modified platinum–iridium disk electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1454-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
38
|
Tomlinson C, Rafii M, Ball RO, Pencharz P. The significance of d-isomers in stable isotope studies in humans is dependent on the age of the subject and the amino acid tracer. Metabolism 2010; 59:14-9. [PMID: 19709694 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
d-Amino acids (d-AAs) in stable isotope tracers may result in erroneous estimates of enrichment, particularly if urine is used as a surrogate for plasma enrichment. Previous studies suggest that a d-AA content of less than 0.2% will not result in significant error in studies with adult humans. To describe the effects of d-AA content of less than 0.2%, in 3 different AA tracers, on isotope enrichment in urine and plasma, arginine, proline, and phenylalanine (Phe) tracers were given enterally to human neonates. Enrichment was measured in urine and plasma using chiral chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The Phe tracer was also given parenterally to human neonates and enterally to children and adults to further characterize the d-AA effect. All isotopes had a confirmed d-AA content of less than 0.2%. Labeled d-arginine resulted in an overestimate for enrichment of 20% in plasma and 87% in urine. A smaller effect was seen for d-Phe, which resulted in a 5% overestimate for plasma and 40% in urine. d-Proline had no significant effect. Using the same Phe tracer, a developmental effect was found, with a reduction in the overestimate in children compared with infants and no effect on enrichment in adults. Investigators using commercially produced, stable isotope-labeled AAs need to be aware that there is no safe level of d contamination; a d-AA content less than 0.2% may result in significant overestimate for enrichment, even in plasma, for infants and children. This source of error can be avoided by the use of chiral chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tomlinson
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G1X8 Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Slavica A, Ačai P, Riethorst W, Nidetzky B. Study of the thermal stability of D-amino acid oxidase fromTrigonopsis variabilisreveals enzyme inactivation via multiple steps. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420601034025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
40
|
Khoronenkova SV, Tishkov VI. D-amino acid oxidase: physiological role and applications. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 73:1511-8. [PMID: 19216715 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908130105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
D-Amino acids play a key role in regulation of many processes in living cells. FAD-dependent D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is one of the most important enzymes responsible for maintenance proper level of D-amino acids. The most interesting and important data for regulation of the nervous system, hormone secretion, and other processes by D-amino acids as well as development of different diseases under changed DAAO activity are presented. The mechanism of regulation is complex and multi-parametric because the same enzyme simultaneously influences the level of different D-amino acids, which can result in opposing effects. Use of DAAO for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes is also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Khoronenkova
- Chemistry Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gholizadeh A, Kohnehrouz BB. Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of an active fused Zea mays L. D-amino acid oxidase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:137-44. [PMID: 19267668 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is an FAD-dependent enzyme that metabolizes D-amino acids in microbes and animals. However, such ability has not been identified in plants so far. We predicted a complete DAAO coding sequence consisting of 1158 bp and encoding a protein of 386 amino acids. We cloned this sequence from the leaf cDNA population of maize plants that could utilize D-alanine as a nitrogen source and grow normally on media containing D-Ala at the concentrations of 100 and 1000 ppm. For more understanding of DAAO ability in maize plant, we produced a recombinant plasmid by the insertion of isolated cDNA into the pMALc2X Escherichia coli expression vector, downstream of the maltose-binding protein coding sequence. The pMALc2X-DAAO vector was used to transform the TB1 strain of E. coli cells. Under normal growth conditions, fused DAAO (with molecular weight of about 78 kDa) was expressed up to 5 mg/liter of bacterial cells. The expressed product was purified by affinity chromatography and subjected to in vitro DAAO activity assay in the presence of five different D-amino acids. Fused DAAO could oxidize D-alanine and D-aspartate, but not D-leucine, D-isoleucine, and D-serine. The cDNA sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to EMBL databases under accession number AM407717.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gholizadeh
- Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ma XF, Yu HM, Wen C, Luo H, Li Q, Shen ZY. Triple fusion of d-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis with polyhistidine and Vitreoscilla hemoglobin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
43
|
Mora MF, Giacomelli CE, Garcia CD. Interaction of D-amino acid oxidase with carbon nanotubes: implications in the design of biosensors. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1016-22. [PMID: 19132842 PMCID: PMC2646172 DOI: 10.1021/ac802068n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the interaction of d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Dynamic adsorption experiments were performed at different experimental conditions. In addition, the activity of the enzyme adsorbed at different conditions was studied. Our results indicate that DAAO can be adsorbed to CNT at different pH values and concentrations by a combination of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Considering that the highest enzymatic activity was obtained by adsorbing the protein at pH 5.7 and 0.1 mg x mL(-1), our results indicate that DAAO can adopt multiple orientations on the surface, which are ultimately responsible for significant differences in catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Mora
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | | | - Carlos D. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nahálka J, Vikartovská A, Hrabárová E. A crosslinked inclusion body process for sialic acid synthesis. J Biotechnol 2008; 134:146-53. [PMID: 18313163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The propensity of a recombinant protein produced in bacteria to aggregate has been assumed to be unpredictable, and inclusion bodies have been thought of as wasted cell material. However, a target protein can be purposely driven to inclusion bodies, which demonstrate full cell tolerable activity. Sialic acid aldolase, N-terminally fused with the cellulose-binding module of Clostridium cellulovorans, was almost quantitatively physiologically aggregated into active inclusion bodies. These inclusion bodies were entrapped in alginate beads and crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. The immobilized biocatalyst generated by this crosslinked inclusion bodies (CLIB) technology was used in a repetitive batch protocol for sialic acid production that was monitored on-line by flow calorimetry. The required substrate, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, was obtained by partially improved alkaline epimerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Nahálka
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Optimization of culture condition for the production of D-amino acid oxidase in a recombinant Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
46
|
Khoronenkova SV, Tishkov VI. High-throughput screening assay for d-amino acid oxidase. Anal Biochem 2008; 374:405-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
47
|
Properties and applications of microbial D-amino acid oxidases: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
48
|
Nahalka J, Dib I, Nidetzky B. Encapsulation of Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase and fast comparison of the operational stabilities of free and immobilized preparations of the enzyme. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:251-60. [PMID: 17680679 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A one-step procedure of immobilizing soluble and aggregated preparations of D-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAO) is reported where carrier-free enzyme was entrapped in semipermeable microcapsules produced from the polycation poly(methylene-co-guanidine) in combination with CaCl2 and the polyanions alginate and cellulose sulfate. The yield of immobilization, expressed as the fraction of original activity present in microcapsules, was approximately 52 +/- 5%. The effectiveness of the entrapped oxidase for O2-dependent conversion of D-methionine at 25 degrees C was 85 +/- 10% of the free enzyme preparation. Because continuous spectrophotometric assays are generally not well compatible with insoluble enzymes, we employed a dynamic method for the rapid in situ estimation of activity and relatedly, stability of free and encapsulated oxidases using on-line measurements of the concentration of dissolved O2. Integral and differential modes of data acquisition were utilized to examine cases of fast and slow inactivation of the enzyme, respectively. With a half-life of 60 h, encapsulated TvDAO was approximately 720-fold more stable than the free enzyme under conditions of bubble aeration at 25 degrees C. The soluble oxidase was stabilized by added FAD only at temperatures of 35 degrees C or greater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Nahalka
- Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Stability and stabilization of D-amino acid oxidase from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:1588-92. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0351588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of DAO (D-amino acid oxidase) for the conversion of cephalosporin C has provided a significant case for the successful implementation of an O2-dependent biocatalyst on an industrial scale. Improvement of the operational stability of the immobilized oxidase is, however, an important goal of ongoing process optimization. We have examined DAO from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis with the aim of developing a rational basis for the stabilization of the enzyme activity at elevated temperature and under conditions of substrate turnover. Loss of activity in the resting enzyme can occur via different paths of denaturation. Partial thermal unfolding and release of the FAD cofactor, kinetically coupled with aggregation, contribute to the overall inactivation rate of the oxidase at 50°C. Oxidation of Cys108 into a stable cysteine sulfinic acid causes both decreased activity and stability of the enzyme. Strategies to counteract each of the denaturation steps in DAO are discussed. Fusion to a pull-down domain is a novel approach to produce DAO as protein-based insoluble particles that display high enzymatic activity per unit mass of catalyst.
Collapse
|
50
|
Arroyo M, Menéndez M, García JL, Campillo N, Hormigo D, de la Mata I, Castillón MP, Acebal C. The role of cofactor binding in tryptophan accessibility and conformational stability of His-tagged d-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:556-65. [PMID: 17466607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
d-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAAO) is a flavoenzyme with high biotechnological and industrial interest. The overexpression and purification of the apoprotein form of a recombinant His-tagged TvDAAO allowed us to go deep into the structural differences between apoenzyme and holoenzyme, and on the cofactor binding and its contribution to enzyme stability. A significant decrease in intrinsic fluorescence emission took place upon FAD binding, associated to cofactor induced conformational transitions or subunit dimerization that could affect the local environment of protein tryptophan residues. Furthermore, acrylamide-quenching experiments indicated that one of the five tryptophan residues of TvDAAO became less accessible upon FAD binding. A K(d)=1.5+/-0.1x10(-7) M for the dissociation of FAD from TvDAAO was calculated from binding experiments based on both quenching of FAD fluorescence and activity titration curves. Secondary structure prediction indicated that TvDAAO is a mixed alpha/beta protein with 8 alpha-helices and 14 beta-sheets connected by loops. Prediction results were in good agreement with the estimates obtained by circular dichroism which indicated that both the apoenzyme and the holoenzyme had the same structural component ratios: 34% alpha-helix content, 20% beta-structure content (14% antiparallel and 6% parallel beta-sheet), 15% beta-turns and 31% of random structure. Circular dichroism thermal-transition curves suggested single-step denaturation processes with apparent midpoint transition temperatures (T(m)) of 37.9 degrees C and 41.4 degrees C for the apoenzyme and the holoenzyme, respectively. A three-dimensional model of TvDAAO built by homology modelling and consistent with the spectroscopic studies is shown. Comparing our results with those reported for pig kidney (pkDAAO) and Rhodotorula gracilis (RgDAAO) d-amino acid oxidases, a "head-to-head" interaction between subunits in the TvDAAO dimer might be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Arroyo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|