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Lim J, Fang HW, Bupphathong S, Sung PC, Yeh CE, Huang W, Lin CH. The Edifice of Vasculature-On-Chips: A Focused Review on the Key Elements and Assembly of Angiogenesis Models. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3548-3567. [PMID: 38712543 PMCID: PMC11167599 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The conception of vascularized organ-on-a-chip models provides researchers with the ability to supply controlled biological and physical cues that simulate the in vivo dynamic microphysiological environment of native blood vessels. The intention of this niche research area is to improve our understanding of the role of the vasculature in health or disease progression in vitro by allowing researchers to monitor angiogenic responses and cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions in real time. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the essential elements, including cells, biomaterials, microenvironmental factors, microfluidic chip design, and standard validation procedures that currently govern angiogenesis-on-a-chip assemblies. In addition, we emphasize the importance of incorporating a microvasculature component into organ-on-chip devices in critical biomedical research areas, such as tissue engineering, drug discovery, and disease modeling. Ultimately, advances in this area of research could provide innovative solutions and a personalized approach to ongoing medical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lim
- Graduate
Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical
Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wei Fang
- High-value
Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Sasinan Bupphathong
- Graduate
Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical
Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- High-value
Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chan Sung
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chen-En Yeh
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei Huang
- Department
of Orthodontics, Rutgers School of Dental
Medicine, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Chih-Hsin Lin
- Graduate
Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical
Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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2
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Meng Z, Tayyab M, Lin Z, Raji H, Javanmard M. A computer vision enhanced smart phone platform for microfluidic urine glucometry. Analyst 2024; 149:1719-1726. [PMID: 38334484 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01356a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Glucose is an important biomarker for diagnosing and prognosing various diseases, including diabetes and hypoglycemia, which can have severe side effects, symptoms, and even lead to death in patients. As a result, there is a need for quick and economical glucose level measurements to help identify those at potential risk. With the increase in smartphone users, portable smartphone glucose sensors are becoming popular. In this paper, we present a disposable microfluidic glucose sensor that accurately and rapidly quantifies glucose levels in human urine using a combination of colorimetric analysis and computer vision. This glucose sensor implements a disposable microfluidic device based on medical-grade tapes and glucose analysis strips on a glass slide integrated with a custom-made polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropump that accelerates capillary flow, making it economical, convenient, rapid, and equipment-free. After absorbing the target solution, the disposable device is slid into the 3D-printed main chassis and illuminated exclusively with Light Emitting Diode (LED) illumination, which is pivotal to color-sensitive experiments. After collecting images, the images are imported into the algorithm to measure the glucose levels using computer vision and average RGB values measurements. This article illustrates the impressive accuracy and consistency of the glucose sensor in quantifying glucose in sucrose water. This is evidenced by the close agreement between the computer vision method used by the sensor and the traditional method of measuring in the biology field, as well as the small variation observed between different sensor performances. The exponential regression curve used in the study further confirms the strong relationship between glucose concentrations and average RGB values, with an R-square value of 0.997 indicating a high degree of correlation between these variables. The article also emphasizes the potential transferability of the solution described to other types of assays and smartphone-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolun Meng
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Zhongtian Lin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Hassan Raji
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Mehdi Javanmard
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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3
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Li H, Shang Y, Zeng J, Matsusaki M. Technology for the formation of engineered microvascular network models and their biomedical applications. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:10. [PMID: 38430377 PMCID: PMC10908775 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-024-00416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have made great progress in recent decades, as the fields of bioengineering, materials science, and stem cell biology have converged, allowing tissue engineers to replicate the structure and function of various levels of the vascular tree. Nonetheless, the lack of a fully functional vascular system to efficiently supply oxygen and nutrients has hindered the clinical application of bioengineered tissues for transplantation. To investigate vascular biology, drug transport, disease progression, and vascularization of engineered tissues for regenerative medicine, we have analyzed different approaches for designing microvascular networks to create models. This review discusses recent advances in the field of microvascular tissue engineering, explores potential future challenges, and offers methodological recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yucheng Shang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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4
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Meng Z, Raji H, Tayyab M, Javanmard M. Cell phone microscopy enabled low-cost manufacturable colorimetric urine glucose test. Biomed Microdevices 2023; 25:43. [PMID: 37930426 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-023-00682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose serves as a pivotal biomarker crucial for the monitoring and diagnosis of a spectrum of medical conditions, encompassing hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetes, all of which may precipitate severe clinical manifestations in individuals. As a result, there is a growing demand within the medical domain for the development of rapid, cost-effective, and user-friendly diagnostic tools. In this research article, we introduce an innovative glucose sensor that relies on microfluidic devices meticulously crafted from disposable, medical-grade tapes. These devices incorporate glucose urine analysis strips securely affixed to microscope glass slides. The microfluidic channels are intricately created through laser cutting, representing a departure from traditional cleanroom techniques. This approach streamlines production processes, enhances cost-efficiency, and obviates the need for specialized equipment. Subsequent to the absorption of the target solution, the disposable device is enclosed within a 3D-printed housing. Image capture is seamlessly facilitated through the use of a smartphone camera for subsequent colorimetric analysis. Our study adeptly demonstrates the glucose sensor's capability to accurately quantify glucose concentrations within sucrose solutions. This is achieved by employing an exponential regression model, elucidating the intricate relationship between glucose concentrations and average RGB (Red-Green-Blue) values. Furthermore, our comprehensive analysis reveals minimal variation in sensor performance across different instances. Significantly, this study underscores the potential adaptability and versatility of our solution for a wide array of assay types and smartphone-based sensor systems, making it particularly promising for deployment in resource-constrained settings and undeveloped countries. The robust correlation established between glucose concentrations and average RGB values, substantiated by an impressive R-square value of 0.98709, underscores the effectiveness and reliability of our pioneering approach within the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolun Meng
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, 08854, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hassan Raji
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, 08854, New Jersey, USA
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, 08854, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mehdi Javanmard
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, 08854, New Jersey, USA.
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5
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Kabir ME, Kim SJ. Method to fabricate round cross-sectional channel using thermal expansion of air for passive flow regulators. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1698-1703. [PMID: 37650251 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel method for fabricating round cross-sectional channels for autoregulatory pressure regulators. The application of previously reported methods in multilayered soft lithography using three-dimensional printed molds is challenging. Herein, we used a thermal expansion technique to create round cross-sectional channels in replica layers using air in the cavity space of a master mold. The width and height of the round channel in the replica could be adjusted in the range of 80-300 and 3-57 µm, respectively, by varying the precuring time of the replica in the gel state and adjusting the cavity size of the master mold. We successfully fabricated a pressure regulator with a round cross-sectional channel, achieving a constant output pressure at a low threshold input pressure. Our device exhibited superior performance, with a constant output pressure at a threshold input pressure of less than 77%, compared to a device with a rectangular cross-sectional channel. Our method has significant potential for application in the fabrication of integrated microfluidic systems with round cross-sectional channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Emamul Kabir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Meng Z, Tayyab M, Lin Z, Raji H, Javanmard M. A Smartphone-Based Disposable Hemoglobin Sensor Based on Colorimetric Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:394. [PMID: 36616992 PMCID: PMC9823837 DOI: 10.3390/s23010394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin is a biomarker of interest for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases such as anemia, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia. In this paper, we present a disposable device that has the potential of being used in a setting for accurately quantifying hemoglobin levels in whole blood based on colorimetric analysis using a smartphone camera. Our biosensor employs a disposable microfluidic chip which is made using medical-grade tapes and filter paper on a glass slide in conjunction with a custom-made PolyDimethylSiloaxane (PDMS) micropump for enhancing capillary flow. Once the blood flows through the device, the glass slide is imaged using a smartphone equipped with a custom 3D printed attachment. The attachment has a Light Emitting Diode (LED) that functions as an independent light source to reduce the noise caused by background illumination and external light sources. We then use the RGB values obtained from the image to quantify the hemoglobin levels. We demonstrated the capability of our device for quantifying hemoglobin in Bovine Hemoglobin Powder, Frozen Beef Blood, and human blood. We present a logarithmic model that specifies the relationship between the Red channel of the RGB values and Hemoglobin concentration.
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7
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Mehta A, Desai A, Rudd D, Siddiqui G, Nowell CJ, Tong Z, Creek DJ, Tayalia P, Gandhi PS, Voelcker NH. Bio-Mimicking Brain Vasculature to Investigate the Role of Heterogeneous Shear Stress in Regulating Barrier Integrity. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200152. [PMID: 35999436 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A continuous, sealed endothelial membrane is essential for the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to protect neurons from toxins present in systemic circulation. Endothelial cells are critical sensors of the capillary environment, where factors like fluid shear stress (FSS) and systemic signaling molecules activate intracellular pathways that either promote or disrupt the BBB. The brain vasculature exhibits complex heterogeneity across the bed, which is challenging to recapitulate in BBB microfluidic models with fixed dimensions and rectangular cross-section microchannels. Here, a Cayley-tree pattern, fabricated using lithography-less, fluid shaping technique in a modified Hele-Shaw cell is used to emulate the brain vasculature in a microfluidic chip. This geometry generates an inherent distribution of heterogeneous FSS, due to smooth variations in branch height and width. hCMEC/D3 endothelial cells cultured in the Cayley-tree designed chip generate a 3D monolayer of brain endothelium with branching hierarchy, enabling the study of the effect of heterogeneous FSS on the brain endothelium. The model is employed to study neuroinflammatory conditions by stimulating the brain endothelium with tumor necrosis factor-α under heterogeneous FSS conditions. The model has immense potential for studies involving drug transport across the BBB, which can be misrepresented in fixed dimension models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Mehta
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.,IITB-Monash Research Academy, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Anal Desai
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David Rudd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ghizal Siddiqui
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ziqiu Tong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Darren J Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Prakriti Tayalia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Prasanna S Gandhi
- Suman Mashruwala Advanced Microengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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8
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Fabrication of a Cell-Friendly Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Culture Surface via Polydopamine Coating. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071122. [PMID: 35888939 PMCID: PMC9315764 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we fabricated a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surface coated with polydopamine (PDA) to enhance cell adhesion. PDA is well known for improving surface adhesion on various surfaces due to the abundant reactions enabled by the phenyl, amine, and catechol groups contained within it. To confirm the successful surface coating with PDA, the water contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were analyzed. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human-bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured on the PDA-coated PDMS surface to evaluate potential improvements in cell adhesion and proliferation. HUVECs were also cultured inside a cylindrical PDMS microchannel, which was constructed to mimic a human blood vessel, and their growth and performance were compared to those of cells grown inside a rectangular microchannel. This study provides a helpful perspective for building a platform that mimics in vivo environments in a more realistic manner.
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9
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Lin Z, Dai C, Cho JH. Realization of Curved Circular Nanotubes Using In Situ Monitored Self-Assembly. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2140-2146. [PMID: 35050632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Curved fluidic channels with a circular cross-section play an important role in biology, chemistry, and medicine. However, in nanofluidics, a problem that is largely unsolved is the lack of an effective fabrication method for curved circular nanotubes (10-1000 nm). In this work, an electron-beam-induced self-assembly process was applied to achieve fine curved nanostructures for the realization of nanofluidic devices. The diameter of the tube could be precisely controlled by an atomic layer deposition process. Fluid transported through the nanochannels was verified and characterized using a dark-field microscope under an optical diffraction limit size. The fluid flow demonstrates that the liquid's evaporation (vapor diffusion) in the nanochannel generates compressed vapor, which pumps the liquid and pushes it forward, resulting in a directional flow behavior in the ∼100 nm radius of tubes. This phenomenon could provide a useful platform for the development of diverse nanofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Chunhui Dai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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10
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Yang Y, Geng J, Zhang H, Chen C, Li W, Qian Z, Li S. Image-guided simulation in comparison with laser speckle contrast imaging for full-field observation of blood flow in a microvasculature model. Microvasc Res 2021; 133:104092. [PMID: 33007315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro reconstruction of the microvascular network model provides a reproducible platform for hemodynamic study with great biological relevance. In the present study, microvascular models with different parametric features were designed under the guidance of Murray's law and derived from representative natural vascular network topography in vivo. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to numerically simulate blood velocity distributions inside of the designed microvasculature models. Full-field blood flow in the vascular network was visualized in vivo using a laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) system, from which the measured relative velocity was compared with CFD computed flow distribution. The results have shown that, in comparison with the simplified flow patterns obtained from idealized geometries, the irregular vascular topography is expected to lead to nonuniform and poor regional blood velocity distribution. The velocity distribution acquired by in vivo LSCI experiment is in good agreement with that of numerical simulation, indicating the technical feasibility of using biomimetic microchannels as a reasonable approximation of the microcirculatory flow conditions. This study provides a new paradigm that can be well suited to the study of microvascular blood flow properties and can further expand to mimic other in-vivo scenarios for accurately recapitulating the physical and hemodynamic environment of the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Jinfa Geng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Chunxiao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Siwen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Rho HS, Veltkamp HW, Baptista D, Gardeniers H, Le Gac S, Habibović P. A 3D polydimethylsiloxane microhourglass-shaped channel array made by reflowing photoresist structures for engineering a blood capillary network. Methods 2020; 190:63-71. [PMID: 32247048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes an innovative yet straightforward fabrication technique to create three-dimensional microstructures with controllable tapered geometries by combining conventional photolithography and thermal reflow of photoresist. Positive photoresist-based microchannel structures with varying width-to-length ratios were reflowed after their fabrication to generate three-dimensional funnel structures with varying curvatures. A polydimethylsiloxane hourglass-shaped microchannel array was next cast on these photoresist structures, and primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells were cultured in the device to engineer an artificial capillary network. Our work demonstrates that this cost-effective and straightforward fabrication technique has great potential in engineering three-dimensional microstructures for biomedical and biotechnological applications such as blood vessel regeneration strategies, drug screening for vascular diseases, microcolumns for bioseparation, and other fluid dynamic studies at microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Suk Rho
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands; Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research Group, TechMed Institute, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Willem Veltkamp
- Integrated Devices and Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Baptista
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research Group, TechMed Institute, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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12
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Olmos CM, Peñaherrera A, Rosero G, Vizuete K, Ruarte D, Follo M, Vaca A, Arroyo CR, Debut A, Cumbal L, Pérez MS, Lerner B, Mertelsmann R. Cost-effective fabrication of photopolymer molds with multi-level microstructures for PDMS microfluidic device manufacture. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4071-4079. [PMID: 35492655 PMCID: PMC9048755 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07955f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a methodology of photopolymer mold fabrication with multi-level microstructures for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device manufacture.
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13
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Li S, Wang K, Hu Q, Zhang C, Wang B. Direct-write and sacrifice-based techniques for vasculatures. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:109936. [PMID: 31500055 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fabricating biomimetic vasculatures is considered one of the greatest challenges in tissue regeneration due to their complex structures across various length scales. Many strategies have been investigated on how to fabricate tissue-engineering vasculatures (TEVs), including vascular-like and vascularized structures that can replace their native counterparts. The advancement of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies has enabled a wide range of fabrication techniques that can directly-write TEVs with complex and delicate structures. Meanwhile, sacrifice-based techniques, which rely on the removal of encapsulated sacrificial templates to form desired cavity-like structures, have also been widely studied. This review will specifically focus on the two most promising methods in these recently developed technologies, which are the direct-write method and the sacrifice-based method. The performance, advantages, and shortcomings of each technique are analyzed and compared. In the discussion, we list current challenges in this field and present our vision of next-generation TEVs technologies. Perspectives on future research in this field are given at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kan Wang
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Qingxi Hu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Chuck Zhang
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ben Wang
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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14
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Ng PF, Lee KI, Yang M, Fei B. Fabrication of 3D PDMS Microchannels of Adjustable Cross-Sections via Versatile Gel Templates. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E64. [PMID: 30960048 PMCID: PMC6402007 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible gel fibers with high stretchability were synthesized from physically cross-linked agar and covalently cross-linked polyacrylamide networks. Such gel material can withstand the temperature required for thermal curing of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), when the water in the gel was partially replaced with ethylene glycol. This gel template supported thermal replica molding of PDMS to produce high quality microchannels. Microchannels with different cross sections and representative 3D structures, including bifurcating junction, helical and weave networks, were smoothly fabricated, based on the versatile manipulation of gel templates. This gel material was confirmed as a flexible and reliable template in fabricating 3D microfluidic channels for potential devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Fai Ng
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka I Lee
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Ye T, Shi H, Phan-Thien N, Lim CT, Li Y. Numerical design of a microfluidic chip for probing mechanical properties of cells. J Biomech 2018; 84:103-112. [PMID: 30591204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic chips have been widely used to probe the mechanical properties of cells, which are recognized as a promising label-free biomarker for some diseases. In our previous work (Ye et al., 2018), we have studied the relationships between the transit time and the mechanical properties of a cell flowing through a microchannel with a single constriction, which potentially forms a basis for a microfluidic chip to measure cell's mechanical properties. Here, we investigate this microfluidic chip design and examine its potential in performances. We first develop the simultaneous dependence of the transit time on both the shear and bending moduli of a cell, and then examine the chip sensitivity with respect to the cell mechanical properties while serializing a single constriction along the flow direction. After that, we study the effect of the flow velocity on the transit time, and also test the chip's ability to identify heterogeneous cells with different mechanical properties. The results show that the microfluidic chip designed is capable of identifying heterogeneous cells, even when only one unhealthy cell is included. The serialization of chip can greatly increase the chip sensitivity with respect to the mechanical properties of cells. The flow with a higher velocity helps in not only promoting the chip throughput, but also in providing more accurate transit time measurements, because the cell prefers a symmetric deformation under a high velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Jilin University, China.
| | - Huixin Shi
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Jilin University, China
| | - Nhan Phan-Thien
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Jilin University, China
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16
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Li X, Liu L, Zhang X, Xu T. Research and development of 3D printed vasculature constructs. Biofabrication 2018; 10:032002. [PMID: 29637901 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aabd56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial blood vessels must be strong, flexible, and must not lead to blockage after implantation. It is therefore important to select an appropriate fabrication process for products to meet these requirements. This review discusses the current methods for making artificial blood vessels, focusing on fabrication principle, materials, and applications. Among these methods, 3D printing is very promising since it has the unique capability to make complicated three-dimensional structures with multiple types of materials, and can be completely digitalized. Therefore, new developments in 3D printing of artificial blood vessels are also summarized here. This review provides a reference for the fusion of multiple processes and further improvement of artificial blood vessel fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinda Li
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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17
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Ye T, Shi H, Phan-Thien N, Lim CT, Li Y. Relationship between transit time and mechanical properties of a cell through a stenosed microchannel. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:533-545. [PMID: 29308825 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01891f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the mechanical properties of a cell are not only the cause of some diseases, but can also be a biomarker for some disease states. In recent times, microfluidic devices with built-in constrictions have been widely used to measure these changes. The transit time in such devices, defined as the time that a cell takes to pass through a constriction, has been found to be a crucial factor associated with the cell mechanical properties. Here, we use smoothed dissipative particle dynamics (SDPD), a particle-based numerical method, to explore the relationship between the transit time and mechanical properties of a cell. Three expressions of the transit time are developed from our simulation data, with respect to the stenosed size of constrictions, the shear modulus and bending modulus of cells, respectively. We show that a convergent constriction (the inlet is wider than the outlet), and a sharp-corner constriction (the constriction outlet is narrow) are better in identifying the differences in the transit time of cells. Moreover, the transit time increases and gradually approaches a constant as the shear modulus of cells increases, but increases first and then decreases as the bending modulus increases. These results suggest that the mechanical properties of cells can indeed be measured by analyzing their transit time, based on the recommended microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Jilin University, China.
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18
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Hwang Y, Candler RN. Non-planar PDMS microfluidic channels and actuators: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3948-3959. [PMID: 28862708 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00523g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the state of the art for manufacturing non-planar miniature channels and actuators from PDMS, where non-planar structures are defined here as those beyond simple extrusions of 2D designs, either with rounded or variable cross sections or with an emergence of the channel trajectory out-of-plane. The motivation for 3D PDMS structures and advances in their fabrication are described, focusing on geometries that were previously unachievable through conventional microfabrication. The motivation for non-planar microfluidic channels and actuators is first discussed and the existing literature is grouped into general fabrication themes and described. The structures are organized by their method of fabrication and evaluated based on their relevant properties, including the capability of producing structures with complex geometry, automation of the fabrication process, and minimum feature size. Additional properties are included for work in the more recently emerging field of non-planar PDMS actuators, where the feature size, actuation stroke, and actuation method are the key parameters of interest. In particular, this review considers the impact from recent advances in additive manufacturing, which now allow creation of truly arbitrary 3D structures down to ∼100 μm size scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongha Hwang
- Department of Electro-Mechanical Systems Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, South Korea.
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19
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Li Y, Pan C, Li Y, Kumacheva E, Ramachandran A. An exploration of the reflow technique for the fabrication of an in vitro microvascular system to study occlusive clots. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:82. [PMID: 28887730 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Embolic ischemia and pulmonary embolism are health emergencies that arise when a particle such as a blood clot occludes a smaller blood vessel in the brain or the lungs, and restricts flow of blood downstream of the vessel. In this work, the reflow technique (Wang et al. Biomed. Microdevices 2007, 9, 657) was adapted to produce a microchannel network that mimics the occlusion process. The technique was first revisited and a simple geometrical model was developed to quantitatively explain the shapes of the resulting microchannels for different reflow parameters. A critical modification was introduced to the reflow protocol to fabricate nearly circular microchannels of different diameters from the same master, which is not possible with the traditional reflow technique. To simulate the phenomenon of occlusion by clots, a microchannel network with three generations of branches with different diameters and branching angles was fabricated, into which fibrin clots were introduced. At low constant pressure drop (ΔP), a clot blocked a branch entrance only partially, while at higher ΔP, the branch was completely blocked. Instances of simultaneous blocking of multiple channels by clots, and the consequent changes in the flow rates in the unblocked branches of the network, were also monitored. This work provides the framework for a systematic study of the distribution of clots in a network, and the rate of dissolution of embolic clots upon the introduction of a thrombolytic drug into the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chuer Pan
- Division of Engineering Science, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arun Ramachandran
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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20
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Gelber MK, Kole MR, Kim N, Aluru NR, Bhargava R. Quantitative Chemical Imaging of Nonplanar Microfluidics. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1716-1723. [PMID: 27983804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Confocal and multiphoton optical imaging techniques have been powerful tools for evaluating the performance of and monitoring experiments within microfluidic devices, but this application suffers from two pitfalls. The first is that obtaining the necessary imaging contrast often requires the introduction of an optical label which can potentially change the behavior of the system. The emerging analytical technique stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy promises a solution, as it can rapidly measure 3D concentration maps based on vibrational spectra, label-free; however, when using any optical imaging technique, including SRS, there is an additional problem of optical aberration due to refractive index mismatch between the fluid and the device walls. New approaches such as 3D printing are extending the range of materials from which microfluidic devices can be fabricated; thus, the problem of aberration can be obviated simply by selecting a chip material that matches the refractive index of the desired fluid. To demonstrate complete chemical imaging of a geometrically complex device, we first use sacrificial molding of a freeform 3D printed template to create a round-channel, 3D helical micromixer in a low-refractive-index polymer. We then use SRS to image the mixing of aqueous glucose and salt solutions throughout the entire helix volume. This fabrication approach enables truly nonperturbative 3D chemical imaging with low aberration, and the concentration profiles measured within the device agree closely with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Gelber
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Bioengineering, §Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and ∥Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew R Kole
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Bioengineering, §Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and ∥Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Namjung Kim
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Bioengineering, §Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and ∥Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Bioengineering, §Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and ∥Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Bioengineering, §Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, and ∥Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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21
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Li S, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu C, Sun Y, Hu Q. A novel method for fabricating engineered structures with branched micro-channel using hollow hydrogel fibers. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:064104. [PMID: 27965729 PMCID: PMC5116029 DOI: 10.1063/1.4967456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization plays a crucial role in the regeneration of different damaged or diseased tissues and organs. Vascularized networks bring sufficient nutrients and oxygen to implants and receptors. However, the fabrication of engineered structures with branched micro-channels (ESBM) is still the main technological barrier. To address this problem, this paper introduced a novel method for fabricating ESBM; the manufacturability and feasibility of this method was investigated. A triaxial nozzle with automatic cleaning function was mounted on a homemade 3D bioprinter to coaxially extrude sodium alginate (NaAlg) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) to form the hollow hydrogel fibers. With the incompleteness of cross-linking and proper trimming, ESBM could be produced rapidly. Different concentrations of NaAlg and CaCl2 were used to produce ESBM, and mechanical property tests were conducted to confirm the optimal material concentration for making the branched structures. Cell media could be injected into the branched channel, which showed a good perfusion. Fibroblasts were able to maintain high viability after being cultured for a few days, which verified the non-cytotoxicity of the gelation and fabrication process. Thus, hollow hydrogel fibers were proved to be a potential method for fabricating micro-channels for vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Yu Li
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Change Liu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanshao Sun
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
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22
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Li S, Liu YY, Liu LJ, Hu QX. A Versatile Method for Fabricating Tissue Engineering Scaffolds with a Three-Dimensional Channel for Prevasculature Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25096-103. [PMID: 27607243 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in tissue engineering over the past two decades, solutions to some crucial problems remain elusive. Vascularization is one of the most important factors that greatly influence the function of scaffolds. Many research studies have focused on the construction of a vascular-like network with prevascularization structure. Sacrificial materials are widely used to build perfusable vascular-like architectures, but most of these fabricated scaffolds only have a 2D plane-connected network. The fabrication of three-dimensional perfusable branched networks remains an urgent issue. In this work, we developed a novel sacrificial molding technique for fabricating biocompatible scaffolds with a three-dimensional perfusable branched network. Here, 3D-printed poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) filament was used as the sacrificial material. The fused PVA was deposited on the surface of a cylinder to create the 3D branched solid network. Gelatin was used to embed the solid network. Then, the PVA mold was dissolved after curing the hydrogel. The obtained architecture shows good perfusability. Cell experiment results indicated that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) successfully attached to the surface of the branched channel and maintained high viability after a few days in culture. In order to prevent deformation of the channel, paraffin was coated on the surface of the printed structure, and hydroxyapatite (HA) was added to gelatin. In conclusion, we demonstrate a novel strategy toward the engineering of prevasculature thick tissues through the integration of the fused PVA filament deposit. This approach has great potential in solving the issue of three-dimensional perfusable branched networks and opens the way to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Liu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Xi Hu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
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23
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Vecchione R, Pitingolo G, Guarnieri D, Falanga AP, Netti PA. From square to circular polymeric microchannels by spin coating technology: a low cost platform for endothelial cell culture. Biofabrication 2016; 8:025005. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/2/025005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Fabrication of circular microfluidic network in enzymatically-crosslinked gelatin hydrogel. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 59:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Wang JD, Khafagy ES, Khanafer K, Takayama S, ElSayed MEH. Organization of Endothelial Cells, Pericytes, and Astrocytes into a 3D Microfluidic in Vitro Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:895-906. [PMID: 26751280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial cells lining the capillaries supplying the brain with oxygen and nutrients form a formidable barrier known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which exhibits selective permeability to small drug molecules and virtually impermeable to macromolecular therapeutics. Current in vitro BBB models fail to replicate this restrictive behavior due to poor integration of the endothelial cells with supporting cells (pericytes and astrocytes) following the correct anatomical organization observed in vivo. We report the coculture of mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (b.End3), pericytes, with/without C8-D1A astrocytes in layered microfluidic channels forming three-dimensional (3D) bi- and triculture models of the BBB. The live/dead assay indicated high viability of all cultured cells up to 21 days. Trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) values confirmed the formation of intact monolayers after 3 days in culture and showed statistically higher values for the triculture model compared to the single and biculture models. Screening the permeability of [(14)C]-mannitol and [(14)C]-urea showed the ability of bi- and triculture models to discriminate between different markers based on their size. Further, permeability of [(14)C]-mannitol across the triculture model after 18 days in culture matched its reported permeability across the BBB in vivo. Mathematical calculations also showed that the radius of the tight junctions pores (R) in the triculture model is similar to the reported diameter of the BBB in vivo. Finally, both the bi- and triculture models exhibited functional expression of the P-glycoprotein efflux pump, which increased with the increase in the number of days in culture. These results collectively indicate that the triculture model is a robust in vitro model of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University , Ismailia 415-22, Egypt
| | - Khalil Khanafer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan , 2300 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mohamed E H ElSayed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan , 2300 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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26
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Arayanarakool R, Meyer AK, Helbig L, Sanchez S, Schmidt OG. Tailoring three-dimensional architectures by rolled-up nanotechnology for mimicking microvasculatures. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2981-2989. [PMID: 26053736 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00024f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Artificial microvasculature, particularly as part of the blood-brain barrier, has a high benefit for pharmacological drug discovery and uptake regulation. We demonstrate the fabrication of tubular structures with patterns of holes, which are capable of mimicking microvasculatures. By using photolithography, the dimensions of the cylindrical scaffolds can be precisely tuned as well as the alignment and size of holes. Overlapping holes can be tailored to create diverse three-dimensional configurations, for example, periodic nanoscaled apertures. The porous tubes, which can be made from diverse materials for differential functionalization, are biocompatible and can be modified to be biodegradable in the culture medium. As a proof of concept, endothelial cells (ECs) as well as astrocytes were cultured on these scaffolds. They form monolayers along the scaffolds, are guided by the array of holes and express tight junctions. Nanoscaled filaments of cells on these scaffolds were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This work provides the basic concept mainly for an in vitro model of microvasculature which could also be possibly implanted in vivo due to its biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rerngchai Arayanarakool
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraβe 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
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27
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Li X, Xu S, He P, Liu Y. In vitro recapitulation of functional microvessels for the study of endothelial shear response, nitric oxide and [Ca2+]i. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126797. [PMID: 25965067 PMCID: PMC4429116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies enable in vitro studies to closely simulate in vivo microvessel environment with complexity. Such method overcomes certain constrains of the statically cultured endothelial monolayers and enables the cells grow under physiological range of shear flow with geometry similar to microvessels in vivo. However, there are still existing knowledge gaps and lack of convincing evidence to demonstrate and quantify key biological features of the microfluidic microvessels. In this paper, using advanced micromanufacturing and microfluidic technologies, we presented an engineered microvessel model that mimicked the dimensions and network structures of in vivo microvessels with a long-term and continuous perfusion capability, as well as high-resolution and real-time imaging capability. Through direct comparisons with studies conducted in intact microvessels, our results demonstrated that the cultured microvessels formed under perfused conditions recapitulated certain key features of the microvessels in vivo. In particular, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were successfully cultured the entire inner surfaces of the microchannel network with well-developed junctions indicated by VE-cadherin staining. The morphological and proliferative responses of endothelial cells to shear stresses were quantified under different flow conditions which was simulated with three-dimensional shear dependent numerical flow model. Furthermore, we successfully measured agonist-induced changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and nitric oxide production at individual endothelial cell levels using fluorescence imaging. The results were comparable to those derived from individually perfused intact venules. With in vivo validation of its functionalities, our microfluidic model demonstrates a great potential for biological applications and bridges the gaps between in vitro and in vivo microvascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University, School of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sulei Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University, School of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pingnian He
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University, School of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PH); (YL)
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PH); (YL)
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28
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Tomaszewski KA, Radomski MW, Santos-Martinez MJ. Nanodiagnostics, nanopharmacology and nanotoxicology of platelet–vessel wall interactions. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:1451-75. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In physiological conditions, the interactions between blood platelets and endothelial cells play a major role in vascular reactivity and hemostasis. By contrast, increased platelet activation contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular pathology such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and carcinogenesis. Nanomedicine, including nanodiagnostics and nanotherapeutics is poised to be used in the management of vascular diseases. However, the inherent risk and potential toxicity resultant from the use of nanosized (<100 nm) materials need to be carefully considered. This review, basing on a systematic search of literature provides state-of-the-art and focuses on new discoveries, as well as the potential benefits and threats in the field of nanodiagnostics, nanopharmacology and nanotoxicology of platelet–vessel wall interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof A Tomaszewski
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Kopernika St, 31–034 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek W Radomski
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Kardio-Med Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Jose Santos-Martinez
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, The University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Jeffries EM, Nakamura S, Lee KW, Clampffer J, Ijima H, Wang Y. Micropatterning Electrospun Scaffolds to Create Intrinsic Vascular Networks. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:1514-20. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Jeffries
- Department of Bioengineering; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Shintaro Nakamura
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; Graduate School; Kyushu University; 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kee-Won Lee
- Department of Bioengineering; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Jimmy Clampffer
- Department of Bioengineering; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Hiroyuki Ijima
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; Graduate School; Kyushu University; 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
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30
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Zheng Y, Chen J, López JA. Microvascular platforms for the study of platelet-vessel wall interactions. Thromb Res 2014; 133:525-31. [PMID: 24438943 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Platelets interact with the endothelium to regulate vascular integrity and barrier function, mediate inflammation and immune response, and prevent and arrest hemorrhage. In this review, we describe existing tools to study the flow-dependent interactions of platelets with the vessel wall. We also discuss our work on building engineered microvessels to study the roles of platelets on endothelial barrier function, endothelial sprouting, and thrombus formation on both quiescent and stimulated endothelium. In particular, we will show the advantage of using a cell-remodelable system in the studies of platelet-vessel wall interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Junmei Chen
- Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - José A López
- Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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31
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Li X, Mearns SM, Martins-Green M, Liu Y. Procedure for the development of multi-depth circular cross-sectional endothelialized microchannels-on-a-chip. J Vis Exp 2013:e50771. [PMID: 24193102 DOI: 10.3791/50771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts have been focused on developing in vitro assays for the study of microvessels because in vivo animal studies are more time-consuming, expensive, and observation and quantification are very challenging. However, conventional in vitro microvessel assays have limitations when representing in vivo microvessels with respect to three-dimensional (3D) geometry and providing continuous fluid flow. Using a combination of photolithographic reflowable photoresist technique, soft lithography, and microfluidics, we have developed a multi-depth circular cross-sectional endothelialized microchannels-on-a-chip, which mimics the 3D geometry of in vivo microvessels and runs under controlled continuous perfusion flow. A positive reflowable photoresist was used to fabricate a master mold with a semicircular cross-sectional microchannel network. By the alignment and bonding of the two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels replicated from the master mold, a cylindrical microchannel network was created. The diameters of the microchannels can be well controlled. In addition, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) seeded inside the chip showed that the cells lined the inner surface of the microchannels under controlled perfusion lasting for a time period between 4 days to 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University
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32
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Lai D, Labuz JM, Kim J, Luker GD, Shikanov A, Takayama S. Simple Multi-level Microchannel Fabrication by Pseudo-Grayscale Backside Diffused Light Lithography. RSC Adv 2013; 3:19467-19473. [PMID: 24976950 DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43834a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photolithography of multi-level channel features in microfluidics is laborious and/or costly. Grayscale photolithography is mostly used with positive photoresists and conventional front side exposure, but the grayscale masks needed are generally costly and positive photoresists are not commonly used in microfluidic rapid prototyping. Here we introduce a simple and inexpensive alternative that uses pseudo-grayscale (pGS) photomasks in combination with backside diffused light lithography (BDLL) and the commonly used negative photoresist, SU-8. BDLL can produce smooth multi-level channels of gradually changing heights without use of true grayscale masks because of the use of diffused light. Since the exposure is done through a glass slide, the photoresist is cross-linked from the substrate side up enabling well-defined and stable structures to be fabricated from even unspun photoresist layers. In addition to providing unique structures and capabilities, the method is compatible with the "garage microfluidics" concept of creating useful tools at low cost since pGS BDLL can be performed with the use of only hot plates and a UV transilluminator: equipment commonly found in biology labs. Expensive spin coaters or collimated UV aligners are not needed. To demonstrate the applicability of pGS BDLL, a variety of weir-type cell traps were constructed with a single UV exposure to separate cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, 10-15 μm in size) from red blood cells (RBCs, 2-8 μm in size) as well as follicle clusters (40-50 μm in size) from cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, 10-15 μm in size).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joseph M Labuz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary D Luker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ariella Shikanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Division of Nano-Bio and Chemical Engineering WCU Project, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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