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Chen B, Zhou Y, Chen C, Sayeed Z, Hu J, Qi J, Frush T, Goitz H, Hovorka J, Cheng M, Palacio C. Volitional control of upper-limb exoskeleton empowered by EMG sensors and machine learning computing. ARRAY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.array.2023.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Frenzel J, Kupferer A, Zink M, Mayr SG. Laminin Adsorption and Adhesion of Neurons and Glial Cells on Carbon Implanted Titania Nanotube Scaffolds for Neural Implant Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3858. [PMID: 36364633 PMCID: PMC9656521 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interfacing neurons persistently to conductive matter constitutes one of the key challenges when designing brain-machine interfaces such as neuroelectrodes or retinal implants. Novel materials approaches that prevent occurrence of loss of long-term adhesion, rejection reactions, and glial scarring are highly desirable. Ion doped titania nanotube scaffolds are a promising material to fulfill all these requirements while revealing sufficient electrical conductivity, and are scrutinized in the present study regarding their neuron-material interface. Adsorption of laminin, an essential extracellular matrix protein of the brain, is comprehensively analyzed. The implantation-dependent decline in laminin adsorption is revealed by employing surface characteristics such as nanotube diameter, ζ-potential, and surface free energy. Moreover, the viability of U87-MG glial cells and SH-SY5Y neurons after one and four days are investigated, as well as the material's cytotoxicity. The higher conductivity related to carbon implantation does not affect the viability of neurons, although it impedes glial cell proliferation. This gives rise to novel titania nanotube based implant materials with long-term stability, and could reduce undesirable glial scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frenzel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Surface Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Research Group Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Astrid Kupferer
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Surface Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mareike Zink
- Research Group Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan G. Mayr
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Surface Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Chen B, Chen C, Hu J, Nguyen T, Qi J, Yang B, Chen D, Alshahrani Y, Zhou Y, Tsai A, Frush T, Goitz H. A Real-Time EMG-Based Fixed-Bandwidth Frequency-Domain Embedded System for Robotic Hand. Front Neurorobot 2022; 16:880073. [PMID: 35845759 PMCID: PMC9280080 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2022.880073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The signals from electromyography (EMG) have been used for volitional control of robotic assistive devices with the challenges of performance improvement. Currently, the most common method of EMG signal processing for robot control is RMS (root mean square)-based algorithm, but system performance accuracy can be affected by noise or artifacts. This study hypothesized that the frequency bandwidths of noise and artifacts are beyond the main EMG signal frequency bandwidth, hence the fixed-bandwidth frequency-domain signal processing methods can filter off the noise and artifacts only by processing the main frequency bandwidth of EMG signals for robot control. The purpose of this study was to develop a cost-effective embedded system and short-time Fourier transform (STFT) method for an EMG-controlled robotic hand. Healthy volunteers were recruited in this study to identify the optimal myoelectric signal frequency bandwidth of muscle contractions. The STFT embedded system was developed using the STM32 microcontroller unit (MCU). The performance of the STFT embedded system was compared with RMS embedded system. The results showed that the optimal myoelectric signal frequency band responding to muscle contractions was between 60 and 80 Hz. The STFT embedded system was more stable than the RMS embedded system in detecting muscle contraction. Onsite calibration was required for RMS embedded system. The average accuracy of the STFT embedded system is 91.55%. This study presents a novel approach for developing a cost-effective and less complex embedded myoelectric signal processing system for robot control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Chaoyang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
- Chaoyang Chen
| | - Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Hu
| | - Thomas Nguyen
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Banghua Yang
- Research Center of Brain Computer Engineering, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Yousef Alshahrani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Prosthetics and Assistive Devices Department, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Andrew Tsai
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Todd Frush
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Henry Goitz
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
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Bhaskara S, Sakorikar T, Chatterjee S, Shabari Girishan K, Pandya HJ. Recent advancements in Micro-engineered devices for surface and deep brain animal studies: A review. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Whulanza Y, Arafat Y, Rahman S, Utomo M, Kassegne S. On-chip testing of a carbon-based platform for electro-adsorption of glutamate. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09445. [PMID: 35647339 PMCID: PMC9133582 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that excessive concentrations of glutamate in the brain can cause neurotoxicity. A common approach to neutralizing this phenomenon is the use of suppressant drugs. However, excessive dependence on suppressant drugs could potentially lead to adversarial side effects, such as drug addiction. Here, we propose an alternative approach to this problem by controlling excessive amounts of glutamate ions through carbon-based, neural implant–mediated uptake. In this study, we introduce a microfluidic system that enables us to emulate the uptake of glutamate into the carbon matrix. The uptake is controlled using electrical pulses to incorporate glutamate ions into the carbon matrix through electro-adsorption. The effect of electric potential on glutamate ion uptake to control the amount of glutamate released into the microfluidic system was observed. The glutamate concentration was measured using a Ultra Violet-Visible spectrophotometer. The current setup demonstrated that a low pulsatile electric potential (0.5–1.5 V) was able to effectively govern the uptake of glutamate ions. The stimulated carbon matrix was able to decrease glutamate concentration by up to 40%. Furthermore, our study shows that these “entrapped” glutamate molecules can be effectively released upon electrical stimulation, thereby reversing the carbon electrical charge through a process called reverse uptake. A release model was used to study the profile of glutamate release from the carbon matrix at a potential of 0–1.5 V. This study showed that a burst release of glutamate was evident at an applied voltage higher than 0.5 V. Ultimately, the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) test for cytotoxicity indicated a cell viability of more than 80% for the carbon matrix. This test demonstrates that the carbon matrix can support the proliferation of cells and has a nontoxic composition; thus, it could be accepted as a candidate material for use as neural implants.
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Hammoud A, Assaf H, Savaria Y, Nguyen DK, Sawan M. A Molecular Imprinted PEDOT CMOS Chip-Based Biosensor for Carbamazepine Detection. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:15-23. [PMID: 34962875 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3138942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A miniaturized biosensor for carbamazepine (CBZ) detection and quantification was designed, implemented and fabricated. The 1×1 mm2 CMOS chip was packaged and coupled with a 3-electrode electrochemical cell. A complete characterization of the sensor was conducted via two steps: 1) Molecular imprinting of PEDOT polymer sites by cyclic voltammetry (CV) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surfaces; and 2) Quantification of CBZ solutions through both CV, and a current peak detection circuitry. The proposed biosensor offered high-selectivity and high-sensitivity to CBZ molecules. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to validate the synthesis of the PEDOT chains. CBZ removal from the imprinted polymer was conducted through soaking the modified GCEs in acetonitrile (ACN). Extraction was then confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and CV analyzing data from pre- and post-template extraction. Furthermore, in order to characterize the electrodes' response to CBZ levels in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) with [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox pair/mediator, CV and peak detection was conducted resulting in redox peak currents vs. CBZ concentration graphs. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 2.04 and 6.2 μg/mL respectively. Finally, selectivity towards CBZ was validated by studying the effect of valproic acid (VPA) and phenytoin (PHT) on the biosensor's performance. The proposed biosensor is highly sensitive and selective to CBZ molecules, simple to construct and easy to operate.
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Devi M, Vomero M, Fuhrer E, Castagnola E, Gueli C, Nimbalkar S, Hirabayashi M, Kassegne S, Stieglitz T, Sharma S. Carbon-based neural electrodes: promises and challenges. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34404037 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1e45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural electrodes are primary functional elements of neuroelectronic devices designed to record neural activity based on electrochemical signals. These electrodes may also be utilized for electrically stimulating the neural cells, such that their response can be simultaneously recorded. In addition to being medically safe, the electrode material should be electrically conductive and electrochemically stable under harsh biological environments. Mechanical flexibility and conformability, resistance to crack formation and compatibility with common microfabrication techniques are equally desirable properties. Traditionally, (noble) metals have been the preferred for neural electrode applications due to their proven biosafety and a relatively high electrical conductivity. Carbon is a recent addition to this list, which is far superior in terms of its electrochemical stability and corrosion resistance. Carbon has also enabled 3D electrode fabrication as opposed to the thin-film based 2D structures. One of carbon's peculiar aspects is its availability in a wide range of allotropes with specialized properties that render it highly versatile. These variations, however, also make it difficult to understand carbon itself as a unique material, and thus, each allotrope is often regarded independently. Some carbon types have already shown promising results in bioelectronic medicine, while many others remain potential candidates. In this topical review, we first provide a broad overview of the neuroelectronic devices and the basic requirements of an electrode material. We subsequently discuss the carbon family of materials and their properties that are useful in neural applications. Examples of devices fabricated using bulk and nano carbon materials are reviewed and critically compared. We then summarize the challenges, future prospects and next-generation carbon technology that can be helpful in the field of neural sciences. The article aims at providing a common platform to neuroscientists, electrochemists, biologists, microsystems engineers and carbon scientists to enable active and comprehensive efforts directed towards carbon-based neuroelectronic device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Devi
- School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Maria Vomero
- Bioelectronic Systems Laboratory, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
| | - Erwin Fuhrer
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075 India
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Calogero Gueli
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 080, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Surabhi Nimbalkar
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University and NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - Mieko Hirabayashi
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University and NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - Sam Kassegne
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University and NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 080, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 080, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Hansastr. 9a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Swati Sharma
- School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
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Feng C, Frewin CL, Tanjil MRE, Everly R, Bieber J, Kumar A, Wang MC, Saddow SE. A Flexible a-SiC-Based Neural Interface Utilizing Pyrolyzed-Photoresist Film (C) Active Sites. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:821. [PMID: 34357231 PMCID: PMC8304835 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon containing materials, such as graphene, carbon-nanotubes (CNT), and graphene oxide, have gained prominence as possible electrodes in implantable neural interfaces due to their excellent conductive properties. While carbon is a promising electrochemical interface, many fabrication processes are difficult to perform, leading to issues with large scale device production and overall repeatability. Here we demonstrate that carbon electrodes and traces constructed from pyrolyzed-photoresist-film (PPF) when combined with amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC) insulation could be fabricated with repeatable processes which use tools easily available in most semiconductor facilities. Directly forming PPF on a-SiC simplified the fabrication process which eliminates noble metal evaporation/sputtering and lift-off processes on small features. PPF electrodes in oxygenated phosphate buffered solution at pH 7.4 demonstrated excellent electrochemical charge storage capacity (CSC) of 14.16 C/cm2, an impedance of 24.8 ± 0.4 kΩ, and phase angle of -35.9 ± 0.6° at 1 kHz with a 1.9 kµm2 recording site area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyin Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (M.R.-E.T.); (A.K.); (M.C.W.)
| | | | - Md Rubayat-E Tanjil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (M.R.-E.T.); (A.K.); (M.C.W.)
| | - Richard Everly
- Nanotechnology Research & Education Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (R.E.); (J.B.)
| | - Jay Bieber
- Nanotechnology Research & Education Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (R.E.); (J.B.)
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (M.R.-E.T.); (A.K.); (M.C.W.)
| | - Michael Cai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (M.R.-E.T.); (A.K.); (M.C.W.)
| | - Stephen E. Saddow
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Forouzanfar S, Pala N, Madou M, Wang C. Perspectives on C-MEMS and C-NEMS biotech applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 180:113119. [PMID: 33711652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon microelectromechanical system (C-MEMS) and carbon nanoelectromechanical system (C-NEMS) have been identified as promising technologies for a range of biotech applications, including electrochemical biosensors, biofuel cells, neural probes, and dielectrophoretic cell trapping. Research teams around the world have devoted more and more time to this field. After almost two decades of efforts on developing C-MEMS and C-NEMS, a review of the relevant progress and addressing future research opportunities and critical issues is in order. This review first introduces C-MEMS and C-NEMS fabrication processes that fall into two categories: photolithography- and non-photolithography- based techniques. Next, a detailed discussion of the state of the art, and technical challenges and opportunities associated with C-MEMS and C-NEMS devices used in biotech applications are presented. These devices are discussed in the relevant sub-sections of biosensors, biofuel cells, intracorporeal neural probe, dielectrophoresis cell trapping, and cell culture. The review concludes with an exposition of future perspectives in C-MEMS and C-NEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Forouzanfar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, United States
| | - Nezih Pala
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, United States
| | - Marc Madou
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, United States
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, United States; Center for Study of Matter at Extreme Conditions, Florida International University, United States.
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Yang W, Gong Y, Li W. A Review: Electrode and Packaging Materials for Neurophysiology Recording Implants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:622923. [PMID: 33585422 PMCID: PMC7873964 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.622923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, a wide variety of neural tissue implants have been developed for neurophysiology recording from living tissues. An ideal neural implant should minimize the damage to the tissue and perform reliably and accurately for long periods of time. Therefore, the materials utilized to fabricate the neural recording implants become a critical factor. The materials of these devices could be classified into two broad categories: electrode materials as well as packaging and substrate materials. In this review, inorganic (metals and semiconductors), organic (conducting polymers), and carbon-based (graphene and carbon nanostructures) electrode materials are reviewed individually in terms of various neural recording devices that are reported in recent years. Properties of these materials, including electrical properties, mechanical properties, stability, biodegradability/bioresorbability, biocompatibility, and optical properties, and their critical importance to neural recording quality and device capabilities, are discussed. For the packaging and substrate materials, different material properties are desired for the chronic implantation of devices in the complex environment of the body, such as biocompatibility and moisture and gas hermeticity. This review summarizes common solid and soft packaging materials used in a variety of neural interface electrode designs, as well as their packaging performances. Besides, several biopolymers typically applied over the electrode package to reinforce the mechanical rigidity of devices during insertion, or to reduce the immune response and inflammation at the device-tissue interfaces are highlighted. Finally, a benchmark analysis of the discussed materials and an outlook of the future research trends are concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Yang
- Microtechnology Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Yan Gong
- Microtechnology Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Wen Li
- Microtechnology Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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