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Tovaglieri N, Russo S, Micaglio E, Corcelli A, Lobasso S. Case report: Variability in clinical features as a potential pitfall for the diagnosis of Barth syndrome. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1250772. [PMID: 37654687 PMCID: PMC10467424 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1250772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Barth syndrome is a rare genetic disease characterized by cardiomyopathy, skeletal muscle weakness, neutropenia, growth retardation and organic aciduria. This variable phenotype is caused by pathogenic hemizygous variants of the TAFAZZIN gene on the X chromosome, which impair metabolism of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin. Although most patients are usually diagnosed in the first years of life, the extremely variable clinical picture and the wide range of clinical presentations may both delay diagnosis. This is the case reported here of a man affected with severe neutropenia, who was not diagnosed with Barth syndrome until adulthood. Case presentation We describe herein a family case, specifically two Caucasian male cousins sharing the same mutation in the TAFAZZIN gene with a wide phenotypic variability: an infant who was early diagnosed with Barth syndrome due to heart failure, and his maternal cousin with milder and extremely different clinical features who has received the same diagnosis only at 33 years of age. Conclusions Our report supports the underestimation of the prevalence of Barth syndrome, which should be always considered in the differential diagnosis of male patients with recurrent neutropenia with or without signs and symptoms of cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Russo
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Micaglio
- Department of Arrhythmology and Clinical Electrophysiology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), IRCCS Policlinic San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Corcelli
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Lobasso
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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2
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Tsujimoto SI, Sakamoto K, Nakano Y, Mizuno T, Shindo T, Watanabe J, Sato-Otsubo A, Osumi T, Matsumoto K, Tomizawa D, Kato M. Myelodysplastic syndrome in a patient with Barth syndrome (3-methylglutaconic aciduria type II). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30033. [PMID: 36184828 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Tsujimoto
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Mizuno
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shindo
- Division of Cardiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Watanabe
- Department of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Aiko Sato-Otsubo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Osumi
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Matsumoto
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tomizawa
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Seminotti B, Grings M, Glänzel NM, Vockley J, Leipnitz G. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists as a potential therapy for inherited metabolic disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115433. [PMID: 36709926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) are genetic disorders that cause a disruption of a specific metabolic pathway leading to biochemical, clinical and pathophysiological sequelae. While the metabolite abnormalities in body fluids and tissues can usually be defined by directed or broad-spectrum metabolomic analysis, the pathophysiology of these changes is often not obvious. Mounting evidence has revealed that secondary mitochondrial dysfunction, mainly oxidative phosphorylation impairment and elevated reactive oxygen species, plays a pivotal role in many disorders. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) consist of a group of nuclear hormone receptors (PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ) that regulate multiple cellular functions and processes, including response to oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial bioenergetics and biogenesis. In this context, the activation of PPARs has been shown to stimulate oxidative phosphorylation and reduce reactive species levels. Thus, pharmacological treatment with PPAR activators, such as fibrates, has gained much attention in the last 15 years. This review summarizes preclinical (animal models and patient-derived cells) and clinical data on the effect of PPARs in IMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seminotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mateus Grings
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Manzke Glänzel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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4
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Morava E, Oglesbee D. Laboratory and metabolic investigations. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 194:167-172. [PMID: 36813311 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinical variability and substantial overlap between mitochondrial disorders and other genetic disorders and inborn errors make the clinical and metabolic diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders quite challenging. Evaluating specific laboratory markers is essential in the diagnostic process, but mitochondrial disease can be present in the absence of any abnormal metabolic markers. In this chapter, we share the current consensus guidelines for metabolic investigations, including investigations in blood, urine, and the cerebral spinal fluid and discuss different diagnostic approaches. As personal experience might significantly vary and there are different recommendations published as diagnostic guidelines, the Mitochondrial Medicine Society developed a consensus approach based on literature review for metabolic diagnostics in a suspected mitochondrial disease. According to the guidelines, the work-up should include the assessment of complete blood count, creatine phosphokinase, transaminases, albumin, postprandial lactate and pyruvate (lactate/pyruvate ratio when the lactate level is elevated), uric acid, thymidine, amino acids, acylcarnitines in blood, and urinary organic acids (especially screening for 3-methylglutaconic acid). Urine amino acid analysis is recommended in mitochondrial tubulopathies. CSF metabolite analysis (lactate, pyruvate, amino acids, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate) should be included in the presence of central nervous system disease. We also suggest a diagnostic strategy based on the mitochondrial disease criteria (MDC) scoring system in mitochondrial disease diagnostics; evaluating muscle-, neurologic-, and multisystem involvement, and the presence of metabolic markers and abnormal imaging. The consensus guideline encourages a primary genetic approach in diagnostics and only suggests a more invasive diagnostic approach with tissue biopsies (histology, OXPHOS measurements, etc.) after nonconclusive genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Devin Oglesbee
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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5
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Treatment of HMG-CoA Lyase Deficiency-Longitudinal Data on Clinical and Nutritional Management of 10 Australian Cases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030531. [PMID: 36771238 PMCID: PMC9920477 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase (HMGCL) deficiency can be a very severe disorder that typically presents with acute metabolic decompensation with features of hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, and metabolic acidosis. A retrospective chart and literature review of Australian patients over their lifespan, incorporating acute and long-term dietary management, was performed. Data from 10 patients contributed to this study. The index case of this disorder was lost to follow-up, but there is 100% survival in the remainder of the cases despite several having experienced life-threatening episodes. In the acute setting, five of nine patients have used 900 mg/kg/day of sodium D,L 3-hydroxybutyrate in combination with intravenous dextrose-containing fluids (delivering glucose above estimated basal utilization requirements). All patients have been on long-term protein restriction, and those diagnosed more recently have had additional fat restriction. Most patients take L-carnitine. Three children and none of the adults take nocturnal uncooked cornstarch. Of the cohort, there were two patients that presented atypically-one with fulminant liver failure and the other with isolated developmental delay. Dietary management in patients with HMGCL deficiency is well tolerated, and rapid institution of acute supportive metabolic treatment is imperative to optimizing survival and improve outcomes in this disorder.
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6
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Bajia D, Bottani E, Derwich K. Effects of Noonan Syndrome-Germline Mutations on Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193099. [PMID: 36231062 PMCID: PMC9563972 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) and related Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) contribute to the pathogenesis of human diseases in the RASopathy family. This family of genetic disorders constitute one of the largest groups of developmental disorders with variable penetrance and severity, associated with distinctive congenital disabilities, including facial features, cardiopathies, growth and skeletal abnormalities, developmental delay/mental retardation, and tumor predisposition. NS was first clinically described decades ago, and several genes have since been identified, providing a molecular foundation to understand their physiopathology and identify targets for therapeutic strategies. These genes encode proteins that participate in, or regulate, RAS/MAPK signalling. The RAS pathway regulates cellular metabolism by controlling mitochondrial homeostasis, dynamics, and energy production; however, little is known about the role of mitochondrial metabolism in NS and NSML. This manuscript comprehensively reviews the most frequently mutated genes responsible for NS and NSML, covering their role in the current knowledge of cellular signalling pathways, and focuses on the pathophysiological outcomes on mitochondria and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Bajia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Ul. Fredry 10, 61701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emanuela Bottani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (K.D.); Tel.: +39-3337149584 (E.B.); +48-504199285 (K.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Derwich
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Ul. Fredry 10, 61701 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (K.D.); Tel.: +39-3337149584 (E.B.); +48-504199285 (K.D.)
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7
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Hertzog A, Selvanathan A, Pandithan D, Kim W, Kava MP, Boneh A, Coman D, Tolun AA, Bhattacharya K. 3‐Methylglutaconyl‐CoA
hydratase deficiency: When ascertainment bias confounds a biochemical diagnosis. JIMD Rep 2022; 63:568-574. [DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hertzog
- NSW Biochemical Genetics Service, Western Sydney Genetics Program The Children's Hospital at Westmead Westmead New South Wales Australia
- Disciplines of Genetic Medicine and Child and Adolescent Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Arthavan Selvanathan
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service Sydney Children's Hospital Network Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Queensland Lifespan Metabolic Medicine Service Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Dinusha Pandithan
- Department of Metabolic Medicine The Royal Children's Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Won‐Tae Kim
- NSW Newborn Screening Programme The Children's Hospital at Westmead Westmead New South Wales Australia
| | - Maina P. Kava
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Rheumatology and Metabolic Medicine Perth Children's Hospital Perth Western Australia Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Avihu Boneh
- Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - David Coman
- Queensland Lifespan Metabolic Medicine Service Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Adviye Ayper Tolun
- NSW Biochemical Genetics Service, Western Sydney Genetics Program The Children's Hospital at Westmead Westmead New South Wales Australia
- Disciplines of Genetic Medicine and Child and Adolescent Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kaustuv Bhattacharya
- Disciplines of Genetic Medicine and Child and Adolescent Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service Sydney Children's Hospital Network Sydney New South Wales Australia
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8
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El-Gharbawy A, Tolun AA, Halaby CA, Austin SL, Kishnani PS, Bali DS. Beyond predicting diagnosis: Is there a role for measuring biotinidase activity in liver glycogen storage diseases? Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 31:100856. [PMID: 35782603 PMCID: PMC9248216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Biotinidase synthesis is needed to recycle biotin for essential metabolic reactions. Biotinidase activity is lower than normal levels in advanced liver disease but is higher in hepatic glycogen storage disorders (GSDs), however the cause of this association remains unclear. Methods In this study, biotinidase activity was measured in plasma samples from 45 individuals with hepatic GSDs; GSDI (a, b; n = 25) and GSD III (a, b; n = 20), complemented by a chart review to associate biotinidase activity levels with clinical laboratory and imaging findings known to be implicated in these GSDs. Results Our findings showed variation in biotinidase activity levels among subjects with GSD I and III; biotinidase activity correlated positively with hypertriglyceridemia in subjects with GSD I (r = 0.47, P = 0.036) and GSD III (r = 0.58, P = 0.014), and correlated negatively with age (r = −0.50, P = 0.03) in patients with GSD III. Additionally, biotinidase activity was reduced, albeit within the normal range in subjects with evidence of fibrosis/cirrhosis, as compared to subjects with hepatomegaly with or without steatosis (P = 0.002). Discussions These findings suggest that abnormal lipid metabolism in GSD I and III and progressive liver disease in GSD III may influence biotinidase activity levels. We suggest that a prospective, multi-center, longitudinal study designed to assess the significance of monitoring biotinidase activity in a larger cohort with hepatic GSDs is warranted to confirm this observation. Take-home message Altered lipid metabolism and advancing liver fibrosis/cirrhosis may influence biotinidase activity levels in patients with hepatic glycogen storage disease. Thus, longitudinal monitoring of biotinidase activity, when combined with clinical and other biochemical findings may be informative.
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Jones DE, Romenskaia I, Kosma DK, Ryan RO. Role of non-enzymatic chemical reactions in 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. FEBS J 2022; 289:2948-2958. [PMID: 34877790 PMCID: PMC9117401 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3-Methylglutaconic (3MGC) aciduria occurs in numerous inborn errors associated with compromised mitochondrial energy metabolism. In these disorders, 3MGC CoA is produced de novo from acetyl CoA in three steps with the final reaction catalysed by 3MGC CoA hydratase (AUH). In in vitro assays, whereas recombinant AUH dehydrated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA to 3MGC CoA, free CoA was also produced. Although HMG CoA is known to undergo non-enzymatic intramolecular cyclisation, forming HMG anhydride and free CoA, the amount of free CoA generated increased when AUH was present. To test the hypothesis that the AUH-dependent increase in CoA production is caused by intramolecular cyclisation of 3MGC CoA, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of organic acids was performed. In the absence of AUH, HMG CoA was converted to HMG acid while, in the presence of AUH, 3MGC acid was also detected. To determine which 3MGC acid diastereomer was formed, immunoblot assays were conducted with 3MGCylated BSA. In competition experiments, when α-3MGC IgG was preincubated with trans-3MGC acid or cis-3MGC acid, the cis diastereomer inhibited antibody binding to 3MGCylated BSA. When an AUH assay product mix served as competitor, α-3MGC IgG binding to 3MGCylated BSA was also inhibited, indicating cis-3MGC acid is produced in incubations of AUH and HMG CoA. Thus, non-enzymatic isomerisation of trans-3MGC CoA drives AUH-dependent HMG CoA dehydration and explains the occurrence of cis-3MGC acid in urine of subjects with 3MGC aciduria. Furthermore, the ability of cis-3MGC anhydride to non-enzymatically acylate protein substrates may have deleterious pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan E. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Irina Romenskaia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Dylan K. Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Robert O. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557
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Jones DE, Jennings EA, Ryan RO. Diversion of Acetyl CoA to 3-Methylglutaconic Acid Caused by Discrete Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050377. [PMID: 35629880 PMCID: PMC9146172 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) have been identified that manifest 3-methylglutaconic (3MGC) aciduria as a phenotypic feature. In primary 3MGC aciduria, IEM-dependent deficiencies in leucine pathway enzymes prevent catabolism of trans-3MGC CoA. Consequently, this metabolite is converted to 3MGC acid and excreted in urine. In secondary 3MGC aciduria, however, no leucine metabolism pathway enzyme deficiencies exist. These IEMs affect mitochondrial membrane structure, electron transport chain function or ATP synthase subunits. As a result, acetyl CoA oxidation via the TCA cycle slows and acetyl CoA is diverted to trans-3MGC CoA, and then to 3MGC acid. Whereas the trans diastereomer of 3MGC CoA is the only biologically relevant diastereomer, the urine of affected subjects contains both cis- and trans-3MGC acids. Studies have revealed that trans-3MGC CoA is susceptible to isomerization to cis-3MGC CoA. Once formed, cis-3MGC CoA undergoes intramolecular cyclization, forming an anhydride that, upon hydrolysis, yields cis-3MGC acid. Alternatively, cis-3MGC anhydride can acylate protein lysine side chains. Once formed, cis-3MGCylated proteins can be deacylated by the NAD+-dependent enzyme, sirtuin 4. Taken together, the excretion of 3MGC acid in secondary 3MGC aciduria represents a barometer of defective mitochondrial function.
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11
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An adult patient with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 and movement disorders. J Neurol 2022; 269:3915-3917. [PMID: 35113260 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-10999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Pulido N, Guevara-Morales JM, Rodriguez-López A, Pulido Á, Díaz J, Edrada-Ebel RA, Echeverri-Peña OY. 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Urine as Diagnostic Tool for Organic Acidemias and Aminoacidopathies. Metabolites 2021; 11:891. [PMID: 34940649 PMCID: PMC8704601 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of low-resolution 1H-NMR analysis for the identification of biomarkers provided evidence for rapid biochemical diagnoses of organic acidemia and aminoacidopathy. 1H-NMR, with a sensitivity expected for a field strength of 400 MHz at 64 scans was used to establish the metabolomic urine sample profiles of an infant population diagnosed with small molecule Inborn Errors of Metabolism (smIEM) compared to unaffected individuals. A qualitative differentiation of the 1H-NMR spectral profiles of urine samples obtained from individuals affected by different organic acidemias and aminoacidopathies was achieved in combination with GC-MS. The smIEM disorders investigated in this study included phenylalanine metabolism; isovaleric, propionic, 3-methylglutaconicm and glutaric type I acidemia; and deficiencies in medium chain acyl-coenzyme and holocarboxylase synthase. The observed metabolites were comparable and similar to those reported in the literature, as well as to those detected with higher-resolution NMR. In this study, diagnostic marker metabolites were identified for the smIEM disorders. In some cases, changes in metabolite profiles differentiated post-treatments and follow-ups while allowing for the establishment of different clinical states of a biochemical disorder. In addition, for the first time, a 1H-NMR-based biomarker profile was established for holocarboxylase synthase deficiency spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninna Pulido
- San Ignacio University Hospital, Bogota 4665684, Colombia;
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra 7 # 43-82, Edificio 54 Lab 303A, Bogota 4665684, Colombia;
| | - Johana M. Guevara-Morales
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra 7 # 43-82, Edificio 54 Lab 303A, Bogota 4665684, Colombia;
| | - Alexander Rodriguez-López
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogota 4665684, Colombia;
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 4665684, Colombia;
| | - Álvaro Pulido
- Electrical and Electronics Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 4665684, Colombia;
| | - Jhon Díaz
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 4665684, Colombia;
| | - Ru Angelie Edrada-Ebel
- The Natural Products Metabolomics Group, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Strathclyde, The John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Olga Y. Echeverri-Peña
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra 7 # 43-82, Edificio 54 Lab 303A, Bogota 4665684, Colombia;
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13
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Jones DE, Klacking E, Ryan RO. Inborn errors of metabolism associated with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 522:96-104. [PMID: 34411555 PMCID: PMC8464523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) associated with compromised mitochondrial energy metabolism manifest an unusual phenotypic feature: 3-methylglutaconic (3MGC) aciduria. Two major categories of 3MGC aciduria, primary and secondary, have been described. In primary 3MGC aciduria, IEMs in 3MGC CoA hydratase (AUH) or HMG CoA lyase block leucine catabolism, resulting in a buildup of pathway intermediates, including 3MGC CoA. Subsequent thioester hydrolysis yields 3MGC acid, which is excreted in urine. In secondary 3MGC aciduria, no deficiencies in leucine catabolism enzymes exist and 3MGC CoA is formed de novo from acetyl CoA. In the "acetyl CoA diversion pathway", when IEMs directly, or indirectly, interfere with TCA cycle activity, acetyl CoA accumulates in the matrix space. This leads to condensation of two acetyl CoA to form acetoacetyl CoA, followed by another condensation between acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA to form 3-hydroxy, 3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA. Once formed, HMG CoA serves as a substrate for AUH, producing trans-3MGC CoA. Non enzymatic isomerization of trans-3MGC CoA to cis-3MGC CoA precedes intramolecular cyclization to cis-3MGC anhydride plus CoA. Subsequent hydrolysis of cis-3MGC anhydride gives rise to cis-3MGC acid, which is excreted in urine. In reviewing 20 discrete IEMs that manifest secondary 3MGC aciduria, evidence supporting the acetyl CoA diversion pathway was obtained. This biochemical pathway serves as an "overflow valve" in muscle / brain tissue to redirect acetyl CoA to 3MGC CoA when entry to the TCA cycle is impeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan E Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Emma Klacking
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Robert O Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, United States.
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14
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Ziats CA, Burns WB, Tedder ML, Pollard L, Wood T, Champaigne NL. 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria in carriers of primary carnitine deficiency. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104365. [PMID: 34637945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of secondary 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGA-uria) is not well understood although is thought to be a marker of mitochondrial dysfunction. For this reason, suspicion for a secondary 3-MGA-uria often leads to an extensive clinical and laboratory work-up for mitochondrial disease, although in many cases evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction is never found. 3-methylglutaconic aciduria in healthy individuals without known metabolic disease has not been well described. Here, we describe clinical and biochemical features of 23 individuals evaluated at the Greenwood Genetic Center for low plasma free carnitine reported on newborn screening. Of the 23 individuals evaluated, four individuals were diagnosed with primary carnitine deficiency, 16 were identified as carriers for primary carnitine deficiency, and three individuals were determined to be unaffected non-carriers based on molecular and biochemical testing. Elevated 3-MGA (>20 mmol/mol of creatinine) was identified in nine carriers of primary carnitine deficiency, while all unaffected non carriers and all affected individuals with primary carnitine deficiency had a normal 3-MGA level (<20 mmol/mol of creatinine). Average 3-MGA among all carriers was 39.66 mmol/mol of creatinine. Average plasma free carnitine in among all carriers (n = 16) was 13.87 μm/L, and average plasma free carnitine was not significantly different between carriers with and those without elevated 3-MGA (p = 0.66). In summary, we describe elevated 3-MGA as a discriminatory feature in nine healthy carriers of primary carnitine deficiency. Our findings suggest that heterozygosity for pathogenic alterations on SLC22A5 should be considered in the differential for individuals with persistent 3-MGA-uria of unclear etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Ziats
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA; Dell Children's Medical Group, Austin, TX, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Tim Wood
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neena L Champaigne
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA; Divsion of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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15
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Jones DE, Ricker JD, Geary LM, Kosma DK, Ryan RO. Isomerization of trans-3-methylglutaconic acid. JIMD Rep 2021; 58:61-69. [PMID: 33728248 PMCID: PMC7932859 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Methylglutaconic (3MGC) aciduria is a common phenotypic feature of a growing number of inborn errors of metabolism. "Primary" 3MGC aciduria is caused by deficiencies in leucine pathway enzymes while "secondary" 3MGC aciduria results from inborn errors of metabolism that impact mitochondrial energy production. The metabolic precursor of 3MGC acid is trans-3MGC CoA, an intermediate in the leucine catabolism pathway. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of commercially available trans-3MGC acid yielded a mixture of cis and trans isomers while 1H-NMR spectroscopy of trans-3MGC acid at 25°C provided no evidence for the cis isomer. When trans-3MGC acid was incubated under conditions used for sample derivatization prior to GC-MS (but with no trimethylsilane added), 1H-NMR spectroscopy provided evidence of trans to cis isomerization. Incubation of trans-3MGC acid at 37°C resulted in time-dependent isomerization to cis-3MGC acid. Cis-3MGC acid behaved in a similar manner except that, under identical incubation conditions, less isomerization occurred. In agreement with these experimental results, molecular modeling studies provided evidence that the energy minimized structure of cis-3MGC acid is 4 kJ/mol more stable than that for trans-3MGC acid. Once generated in vivo, trans-3MGC acid is proposed to isomerize via a mechanism involving π electron delocalization with formation of a resonance structure that permits bond rotation. The data presented are consistent with the occurrence of both diastereomers in urine samples of subjects with 3MGC aciduria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan E. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNevadaUSA
| | - J. David Ricker
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Laina M. Geary
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Dylan K. Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Robert O. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNevadaUSA
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16
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Zamani M, Seifi T, Zeighami J, Mazaheri N, Jahangirnezhad E, Gholamzadeh M, Sedaghat A, Shariati G, Galehdari H. Identification of the rs797045105 in the SERAC1 Gene by Whole-exome Sequencing in a Patient Suspicious of MEGDEL Syndrome. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 11:549-556. [PMID: 33613893 PMCID: PMC7878045 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) has been increasingly utilized in genetic determinants of various inherited diseases. Methods: We applied WES for a patient presenting 3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria (MEG), Deafness (D), Encephalopathy (E), and Leigh-like (L) syndrome. Then Sanger sequencing was used for the detected variant validation. Results: We found an insertion, rs797045105 (chr6, 158571484, C>CCATG), in the SERAC1 gene with homozygous genotype in the patient and heterozygous genotype in her unaffected parents. Notably, bioinformatics analysis using mutation taster (prob>0.99) and DDIGin (prob=86.51) predicted this mutation as disease-causing. Also, the variant was not present in our database, including 700 exome files. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the pathogenicity of rs797045105 for MEGDEL syndrome. On the other hand, our data shed light on the significance of WES application as a genetic test to identify and characterize the comprehensive spectrum of genetic variation and classification for patients with neurometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Zamani
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Seifi
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jawaher Zeighami
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Neda Mazaheri
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Minoo Gholamzadeh
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sedaghat
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Ahvaz, Iran.,Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Shariati
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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17
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Barth syndrome: cardiolipin, cellular pathophysiology, management, and novel therapeutic targets. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1605-1629. [PMID: 33415565 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Barth syndrome is a rare X-linked genetic disease classically characterized by cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, growth retardation, neutropenia, and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. It is caused by mutations in the tafazzin gene localized to chromosome Xq28.12. Mutations in tafazzin may result in alterations in the level and molecular composition of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin and result in large elevations in the lysophospholipid monolysocardiolipin. The increased monolysocardiolipin:cardiolipin ratio in blood is diagnostic for the disease, and it leads to disruption in mitochondrial bioenergetics. In this review, we discuss cardiolipin structure, synthesis, and function and provide an overview of the clinical and cellular pathophysiology of Barth Syndrome. We highlight known pharmacological management for treatment of the major pathological features associated with the disease. In addition, we discuss non-pharmacological management. Finally, we highlight the most recent promising therapeutic options for this rare mitochondrial disease including lipid replacement therapy, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, tafazzin gene replacement therapy, induced pluripotent stem cells, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and peptides, and the polyphenolic compound resveratrol.
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18
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Yan D, Chen S, Cai F, Shu J, Zhi X, Zheng J, Zhang C, Li D, Cai C. Complicated Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Caused by SERAC1 Variants in a Chinese Family. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:816265. [PMID: 35223715 PMCID: PMC8873186 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.816265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serine active site-containing protein 1 (SERAC1) biallelic variant usually causes MEGDEL syndrome, clinically characterized by increased excretion of 3-methylglutaconic in the urine, muscle hypotonia, sensorineural deafness, and Leigh-like lesions on brain MRI scans. In this study, we present a case from a Chinese family with disordered metabolism and dystonia owing to SERAC1 variants; the clinical phenotypes of the proband were different from those of MEGDEL syndrome but were similar to those juvenile-onset complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. Thus, in this study, we aimed to confirm the relationship between SERAC1 variants and complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. METHODS MRI and laboratory tests, including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), were carried out for the proband. Whole-exome sequencing was used to detect the candidate SERAC1 variants. Variants were verified using Sanger sequencing. Various software programs (PolyPhen-2, MutationTaster, PROVEAN, and SIFT) were used to predict the pathogenicity of novel variants. RESULTS Brain MRI scans showed a symmetric flake abnormal signal shadow in the bilateral basal ganglia in T2-weighted image (T2WI) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) analyses. The excretion of 3-methylglutaconic acid was found to be increased in our GC/MS analysis. Whole-exome sequencing showed novel compound heterozygous variants, including a novel c.1495A>G (p.Met499Val) variant in exon 14 of SERAC1 inherited from the father and a novel c.721_722delAG (p.Leu242fs) variant in exon 8 inherited from the mother. The pathogenicity prediction results showed that these two variants were deleterious. CONCLUSIONS This study presented a patient with complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by SERAC1 variants. These findings expand the number of known SERAC1 variants and the phenotypic spectrum associated with SERAC1 deficiency. This study may contribute to counseling and prevention of hereditary diseases through prenatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Yan
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaopei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China
| | - Fengying Cai
- Department of Physiology, Tianjin Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianbo Shu
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiufang Zhi
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Matsumoto Institute of Life Science (MILS) International, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China
| | - Chunquan Cai
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China
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19
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Bizjak N, Zerjav Tansek M, Avbelj Stefanija M, Repic Lampret B, Mezek A, Drole Torkar A, Battelino T, Groselj U. Precocious puberty in a girl with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 (3-MGA-I) due to a novel AUH gene mutation. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100691. [PMID: 33304818 PMCID: PMC7718479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 (3-MGA-I) (MIM ID #250950) is an ultra-rare, autosomal recessive organic aciduria, resulting from mutated AUH gene, leading to the deficient 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (3-MGH). Only around 40 cases are previously reported, caused by a spectrum of 10 mutations. The clinical spectrum of 3-MGA-I in children is heterogeneous, varying from asymptomatic individuals to mild neurological impairment, speech delay, quadriplegia, dystonia, choreoathetoid movements, severe encephalopathy, psychomotor retardation, basal ganglia involvement. Early dietary treatment with leucine restriction and carnitine supplementation may be effective in improving neurological state in pediatric patients with 3-MGA-I. We presented a girl with 3-MGA-I due to novel AUH gene mutation (homozygous variant c.330 + 5G > A) and confirmed by almost undetectable 3-MGH-enzyme activity, who initially presented with central precocious puberty at an early age of 4.5 years. Precocious puberty might be associated with the 3-MGA-I, as is reported previously in some other metabolic disorders that result in pathologic accumulation of metabolites or toxic brain damage. Therapy with GnRH agonist triptorelin effectively arrested pubertal development. Girl with 3-MGA-I presented with central precocious puberty. Novel AUH gene mutation and almost undetectable 3-MGH-enzyme activity were detected. GnRH agonist triptorelin effectively arrested pubertal development. Precocious puberty is reported in some other metabolic disorders.
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Key Words
- 3-HIVA, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid
- 3-MG, 3-methylglutaric acid
- 3-MGA-I
- 3-MGA-I, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I
- 3-MGH, 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
- 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 1
- AUH gene
- C5-OH, 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-carnitine
- GnRH agonist
- GnRH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- IEM, inborn errors of metabolism
- LC-MS/MS, Tandem mass spectrometry
- LH, luteinizing hormone
- MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
- NBS, newborn screening
- Precocious puberty
- ToL, The Tower of London test
- Triptorelin
- UCHL, University Children's Hospital Ljubljana
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Affiliation(s)
- Neli Bizjak
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Developmental Neurology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Zerjav Tansek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magdalena Avbelj Stefanija
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbka Repic Lampret
- Clinical Institute for Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ajda Mezek
- Unit for Clinical Dietetics, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Drole Torkar
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Battelino
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urh Groselj
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Dudipala SC, M P, B KC, Chenalla LK. Acute Encephalopathic Presentation of 3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type I With a Novel Mutation in AUH Gene. Cureus 2020; 12:e11951. [PMID: 33425530 PMCID: PMC7785470 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type I (3-MGA I) is a rare inherited disorder of the leucine metabolism pathway due to mutations in the AUH gene for 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase enzyme and enzyme deficiency. It has a variable phenotypic presentation from infancy to adulthood. Here, we report a three-year-old female patient with normal development presented with acute encephalopathy and status dystonicus. Neuroimaging was normal. Urine organic acid analysis showed high levels of 3-methylglutaconic acid, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. Next-generation sequencing revealed a novel homozygous mutation of variant c.505+1G>C (5' splice site) in intron 4 of the AUH gene that was compatible with the diagnosis of 3-MGA I. The child was asymptomatic on follow-up with a low leucine diet. Clinicians should suspect rare inherited metabolic disorders in acute onset unexplainable neurological symptoms and evaluate with urine organic acid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Chandar Dudipala
- Pediatric Neurology, Star Women and Children Hospital, Karimnagar, IND.,Pediatrics, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, IND
| | - Prashanthi M
- Pediatrics, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, IND
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21
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Stathopoulos S, Gaujoux R, Lindeque Z, Mahony C, Van Der Colff R, Van Der Westhuizen F, O'Ryan C. DNA Methylation Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a South African Autism Spectrum Disorder Cohort. Autism Res 2020; 13:1079-1093. [PMID: 32490597 PMCID: PMC7496548 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by phenotypic heterogeneity and a complex genetic architecture which includes distinctive epigenetic patterns. We report differential DNA methylation patterns associated with ASD in South African children. An exploratory whole‐epigenome methylation screen using the Illumina 450 K MethylationArray identified differentially methylated CpG sites between ASD and controls that mapped to 898 genes (P ≤ 0.05) which were enriched for nine canonical pathways converging on mitochondrial metabolism and protein ubiquitination. Targeted Next Generation Bisulfite Sequencing of 27 genes confirmed differential methylation between ASD and control in our cohort. DNA pyrosequencing of two of these genes, the mitochondrial enzyme Propionyl‐CoA Carboxylase subunit Beta (PCCB) and Protocadherin Alpha 12 (PCDHA12), revealed a wide range of methylation levels (9–49% and 0–54%, respectively) in both ASD and controls. Three CpG loci were differentially methylated in PCCB (P ≤ 0.05), while PCDHA12, previously linked to ASD, had two significantly different CpG sites (P ≤ 0.001) between ASD and control. Differentially methylated CpGs were hypomethylated in ASD. Metabolomic analysis of urinary organic acids revealed that three metabolites, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaric acid (P = 0.008), 3‐methyglutaconic acid (P = 0.018), and ethylmalonic acid (P = 0.043) were significantly elevated in individuals with ASD. These metabolites are directly linked to mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders, with a putative link to PCCB, consistent with impaired mitochondrial function. Our data support an association between DNA methylation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology of ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1079‐1093. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary Epigenetic changes are chemical modifications of DNA which can change gene function. DNA methylation, a type of epigenetic modification, is linked to autism. We examined DNA methylation in South African children with autism and identified mitochondrial genes associated with autism. Mitochondria are power‐suppliers in cells and mitochondrial genes are essential to metabolism and energy production, which are important for brain cells during development. Our findings suggest that some individuals with ASD also have mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Stathopoulos
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Zander Lindeque
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Caitlyn Mahony
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rachelle Van Der Colff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Colleen O'Ryan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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22
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Alagoz M, Kherad N, Turkmen S, Bulut H, Yuksel A. A novel mutation in the SERAC1 gene correlates with the severe manifestation of the MEGDEL phenotype, as revealed by whole-exome sequencing. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:3505-3512. [PMID: 32346411 PMCID: PMC7185166 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The condition 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGA) with deafness, encephalopathy and Leigh-like (MEGDEL) syndrome, also known as 3-MGA IV, is one of a group of five rare metabolic disorders characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in a series of phenotypic abnormalities. It is a rare, recessive inherited disorder with a limited number of cases reported worldwide; hence, it is important to study each case to understand its genetic complexity. An impaired activity of serine active site-containing protein 1 (SERAC1), caused by mutations, leads to defects in phosphatidylglycerol remodelling, which is important for mitochondrial function and intracellular cholesterol trafficking. In the present study, the patients (two male siblings of consanguineous Turkish parents) were analysed, whose multisystem dysfunctions, including an elevated 3-MGA concentration in early age, hearing loss and Leigh-like syndrome as determined by MRI, were consistent with MEGDEL syndrome. A novel mutation in the SERAC1 gene, in the upstream lipase domain, c.1015G>C (p.Gly339Arg) mutation located on exon 10 of the SERAC1, was identified and predicted to cause protein dysfunction. Furthermore, the results pointed towards a possible association between this mutation and the severity of MEGDEL syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Alagoz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Genome Centre, Biruni University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Nasim Kherad
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Genome Centre, Biruni University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Selda Turkmen
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul 34096, Turkey
| | - Hatice Bulut
- Faculty of Medicine, Biruni University Hospital, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yuksel
- Faculty of Medicine, Biruni University Hospital, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
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Ugarteburu O, Sánchez-Vilés M, Ramos J, Barcos-Rodríguez T, Garrabou G, García-Villoria J, Ribes A, Tort F. Physiopathological Bases of the Disease Caused by HACE1 Mutations: Alterations in Autophagy, Mitophagy and Oxidative Stress Response. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9040913. [PMID: 32225089 PMCID: PMC7231286 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recessive HACE1 mutations are associated with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder (OMIM: 616756). However, the physiopathologycal bases of the disease are yet to be completely clarified. Whole-exome sequencing identified homozygous HACE1 mutations (c.240C>A, p.Cys80Ter) in a patient with brain atrophy, psychomotor retardation and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction. To elucidate the pathomechanisms underlying HACE1 deficiency, a comprehensive molecular analysis was performed in patient fibroblasts. Western Blot demonstrated the deleterious effect of the mutation, as the complete absence of HACE1 protein was observed. Immunofluorescence studies showed an increased number of LC3 puncta together with the normal initiation of the autophagic cascade, indicating a reduction in the autophagic flux. Oxidative stress response was also impaired in HACE1 fibroblasts, as shown by the reduced NQO1 and Hmox1 mRNA levels observed in H2O2-treated cells. High levels of lipid peroxidation, consistent with accumulated oxidative damage, were also detected. Although the patient phenotype could resemble a mitochondrial defect, the analysis of the mitochondrial function showed no major abnormalities. However, an important increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress markers and a strong reduction in the mitophagic flux were observed, suggesting that the recycling of damaged mitochondria might be targeted in HACE1 cells. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that the impairment of autophagy, mitophagy and oxidative damage response might be involved in the pathogenesis of HACE1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Ugarteburu
- Section of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-IBC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sánchez-Vilés
- Section of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-IBC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Ramos
- Hospital of Torrecardenas, 04009 Almeria, Spain
| | - Tamara Barcos-Rodríguez
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, CIBERER, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, CIBERER, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit García-Villoria
- Section of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-IBC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Ribes
- Section of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-IBC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Frederic Tort
- Section of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-IBC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (F.T.)
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Garlid AO, Schaffer CT, Kim J, Bhatt H, Guevara-Gonzalez V, Ping P. TAZ encodes tafazzin, a transacylase essential for cardiolipin formation and central to the etiology of Barth syndrome. Gene 2019; 726:144148. [PMID: 31647997 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tafazzin, which is encoded by the TAZ gene, catalyzes transacylation to form mature cardiolipin and shows preference for the transfer of a linoleic acid (LA) group from phosphatidylcholine (PC) to monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) with influence from mitochondrial membrane curvature. The protein contains domains and motifs involved in targeting, anchoring, and an active site for transacylase activity. Tafazzin activity affects many aspects of mitochondrial structure and function, including that of the electron transport chain, fission-fusion, as well as apoptotic signaling. TAZ mutations are implicated in Barth syndrome, an underdiagnosed and devastating disease that primarily affects male pediatric patients with a broad spectrum of disease pathologies that impact the cardiovascular, neuromuscular, metabolic, and hematologic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders O Garlid
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Calvin T Schaffer
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hirsh Bhatt
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vladimir Guevara-Gonzalez
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peipei Ping
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioinformatics, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Scalable Analytics Institute (ScAi), University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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25
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Vamecq J, Papegay B, Nuyens V, Boogaerts J, Leo O, Kruys V. Mitochondrial dysfunction, AMPK activation and peroxisomal metabolism: A coherent scenario for non-canonical 3-methylglutaconic acidurias. Biochimie 2019; 168:53-82. [PMID: 31626852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGA) is a well understood phenomenon in leucine oxidation and ketogenesis disorders (primary 3-MGAs). In contrast, its genesis in non-canonical (secondary) 3-MGAs, a growing-up group of disorders encompassing more than a dozen of inherited metabolic diseases, is a mystery still remaining unresolved for three decades. To puzzle out this anthologic problem of metabolism, three clues were considered: (i) the variety of disorders suggests a common cellular target at the cross-road of metabolic and signaling pathways, (ii) the response to leucine loading test only discriminative for primary but not secondary 3-MGAs suggests these latter are disorders of extramitochondrial HMG-CoA metabolism as also attested by their failure to increase 3-hydroxyisovalerate, a mitochondrial metabolite accumulating only in primary 3-MGAs, (iii) the peroxisome is an extramitochondrial site possessing its own pool and displaying metabolism of HMG-CoA, suggesting its possible involvement in producing extramitochondrial 3-methylglutaconate (3-MG). Following these clues provides a unifying common basis to non-canonical 3-MGAs: constitutive mitochondrial dysfunction induces AMPK activation which, by inhibiting early steps in cholesterol and fatty acid syntheses, pipelines cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA to peroxisomes where a rise in HMG-CoA followed by local dehydration and hydrolysis may lead to 3-MGA yield. Additional contributors are considered, notably for 3-MGAs associated with hyperammonemia, and to a lesser extent in CLPB deficiency. Metabolic and signaling itineraries followed by the proposed scenario are essentially sketched, being provided with compelling evidence from the literature coming in their support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Vamecq
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Univ Lille, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hormonology, Metabolism-Nutrition & Oncology (HMNO), Center of Biology and Pathology (CBP) Pierre-Marie Degand, CHRU Lille, EA 7364 RADEME, University of North France, Lille, France.
| | - Bérengère Papegay
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Vincent Nuyens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Jean Boogaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Oberdan Leo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Immunology Research Center (UIRC), Free University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Véronique Kruys
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Gene, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Immunology Research Center (UIRC), Free University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
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26
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Bezafibrate In Vivo Administration Prevents 3-Methylglutaric Acid-Induced Impairment of Redox Status, Mitochondrial Biogenesis, and Neural Injury in Brain of Developing Rats. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:809-822. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Recent topics: the diagnosis, molecular genesis, and treatment of mitochondrial diseases. J Hum Genet 2018; 64:113-125. [PMID: 30459337 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are inherited metabolic diseases based on disorders of energy production. The expansion of exome analyses has led to the discovery of many pathogenic nuclear genes associated with these diseases, and research into the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases has progressed. In cases of Leigh syndrome, it is desirable to perform both biochemical and genetic analyses, and pathogenic gene mutations have been identified in over half of the cases analyzed this way. Tandem mass screening and organic acid analyses of urine can sometimes provide important information that leads to the identification of pathogenic genes. Our comprehensive gene analyses have led to the discovery of several novel genes for mitochondrial diseases. Indeed, we reported that GTPBP3 and QRSL1 are involved in mitochondrial DNA maturation. In 2017, as a result of international collaboration, we also identified that mutations in ATAD3 and C1QBP cause mitochondrial disease. Given the varied pathogeneses, treatments for mitochondrial diseases should be specifically tailored to the mutated gene. Clinical trials of sodium pyruvate, 5-aminolevulinic acid with sodium ferrous citrate, and taurine as a treatment for mitochondrial disease have begun in Japan. Given that some mitochondrial diseases may respond well to certain treatments if the pathogenic gene can be identified, an early genetic diagnosis is crucial. Additionally, in Japan, prenatal diagnoses for mitochondrial diseases caused by nuclear genes have been achieved for genes shown to be pathogenic. Treatment and management approaches, including prenatal diagnoses, specifically tailored to the various phenotypes and pathologies of mitochondrial diseases are expected to become increasingly available.
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28
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Cesar S. Neuromuscular diseases with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2018; 2018:27. [PMID: 30393639 PMCID: PMC6209456 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2018.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
[first paragraph of article]Neuromuscular disorders are frequently associated with cardiac abnormalities, even in pediatric population. Cardiac involvement includes both structural changes and conduction disease. In general, HCM is a rare manifestation of neuromuscular diseases. Autosomal dominant inheritance with mutations in sarcomeric genes are described in about 60% of young adults and adult population with HCM. Other genetic disorders, such as inherited metabolic and neuromuscular diseases and other chromosome abnormalities are responsible of 5–10% of HCM in adults. We review the most frequent neuromuscular diseases related with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Cesar
- Arrhythmia, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Pediatric Cardiology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital and Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Metabolomics of colistin methanesulfonate treated Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:154-160. [PMID: 30029902 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 5 years, there has been a renewed interest in finding new compounds with anti-TB action. Colistin methanesulfonate or polymyxin E, is a possible anti-TB drug candidate, which may in future be used either alone or in combination to the current 6 month "directly observed treatment short-course" (DOTS) regimen. However its mechanism of action has to date not yet been fully explored, and only described from a histological and genomics perspective. Considering this, we used a GCxGC-TOFMS metabolomics approach and identified those metabolite markers characterising Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cultured in the presence of colistin methanesulfonate, in order to better understand or confirm its mechanism of action. The metabolite markers identified indicated a flux in the metabolism of the colistin methanesulfonate treated Mtb towards fatty acid synthesis and cell wall repair, confirming previous reports that colistin acts by disrupting the cell wall of mycobacteria. Accompanying this, is a subsequently elevated glucose uptake, since the latter now serves as the primary energy substrate for the upregulated glyoxylate cycle, and additionally as a precursor for further fatty acid synthesis via the glycerolipid metabolic pathway. Furthermore, the elevated concentrations of those metabolites associated with pentose phosphate, valine, threonine, and pentanediol metabolism, also confirms a shift towards glucose utilization for energy production, in the colistin methanesulfonate treated Mtb.
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30
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Haydar S, Lautier C, Grigorescu F. BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS AT THE EDGE BETWEEN MENDELIAN AND COMPLEX DISORDERS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2018; 14:238-247. [PMID: 31149264 PMCID: PMC6516512 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2018.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Branched chained amino acids (BCAA) are essential components of the human diet and important nutrient signals, which regain particular interest in recent years with the avenue of metabolomics studies suggesting their potential role as biomarkers. There is now compelling evidence for predictive role of BCAA in progression of diabetes, but causality relationship is still debated concerning insulin resistance and genetic versus non-genetic pathogenesis. Mendelian randomization studies in large cohorts of diabetes indicated pathogenic role of PPM1K (protein phosphatase Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1K) on Chr 4q22.1 gene, encoding for a phosphatase that activates BCKDH (branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase) complex. Recent studies indicated that insulin rapidly and dose-dependently regulates gene expression of the same complex, but the relationship with systemic insulin resistance and glucose levels is complex. Rare genetic syndromes due to Mendelian mutations in key genes in BCAA catabolism may be good models to understand potential role of gene of BCAA catabolism. However, in studying complex disorders geneticists are faced to complete new aspects of metabolic regulation complicating understanding genetics of obesity, diabetes or metabolic syndrome. A review of genetic syndromes of BCAA metabolism suggests that insulin resistance is not present, except rare cases of methylmalonic aciduria due to MUT (methylmalonyl-coA mutase) gene on Chr 6p12.3. Another aspect that complicates understanding is the new role of central nervous system (CNS) in insulin resistance. For a long time the hypothalamic hunger/satiety neuronal system was considered a key site of nutrient regulation. Genes may also affect the brain rewarding system (BRS) that would regulate food intake by modulating the motivation to obtain food and considering hedonic properties. Nutrigenomic and nutrigenetic investigations taking into account concurrently BCAA intake, metabolic regulation and gene variation have large perspectives to merge genetic and nutritional understanding in complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - F. Grigorescu
- University of Montpellier, UMR204 NUTRIPASS (IRD, UM, SupAgro), Montpellier, France
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31
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Almannai M, Alasmari A, Alqasmi A, Faqeih E, Al Mutairi F, Alotaibi M, Samman MM, Eyaid W, Aljadhai YI, Shamseldin HE, Craigen W, Alkuraya FS. Expanding the phenotype of SLC25A42-associated mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. Clin Genet 2018; 93:1097-1102. [PMID: 29327420 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SLC25A42 gene encodes an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that imports Coenzyme A into the mitochondrial matrix. A mutation in this gene was recently reported in a subject born to consanguineous parents who presented with mitochondrial myopathy with muscle weakness and lactic acidosis. In this report, we present 12 additional individuals with the same founder mutation who presented with variable manifestations ranging from asymptomatic lactic acidosis to a severe phenotype characterized by developmental regression and epilepsy. Our report confirms the link between SLC25A42 and mitochondrial disease in humans, and suggests that pathogenic variants in SLC25A42 should be interpreted with the understanding that the associated phenotype may be highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Almannai
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Alasmari
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Alqasmi
- Children's Hospital, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - E Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F Al Mutairi
- Medical Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Alotaibi
- Children's Hospital, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Samman
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Administration, Section of Molecular Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Eyaid
- Medical Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Y I Aljadhai
- Department of Neuroimaging and Intervention, Medical Imaging Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Craigen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - F S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Fitzsimons PE, Alston CL, Bonnen PE, Hughes J, Crushell E, Geraghty MT, Tetreault M, O'Reilly P, Twomey E, Sheikh Y, Walsh R, Waterham HR, Ferdinandusse S, Wanders RJA, Taylor RW, Pitt JJ, Mayne PD. Clinical, biochemical, and genetic features of four patients with short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECHS1) deficiency. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1115-1127. [PMID: 29575569 PMCID: PMC5947294 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (SCEH or ECHS1) deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by biallelic mutations in the gene ECHS1 (OMIM 602292). Clinical presentation includes infantile-onset severe developmental delay, regression, seizures, elevated lactate, and brain MRI abnormalities consistent with Leigh syndrome (LS). Characteristic abnormal biochemical findings are secondary to dysfunction of valine metabolism. We describe four patients from two consanguineous families (one Pakistani and one Irish Traveler), who presented in infancy with LS. Urine organic acid analysis by GC/MS showed increased levels of erythro-2,3-dihydroxy-2-methylbutyrate and 3-methylglutaconate (3-MGC). Increased urine excretion of methacrylyl-CoA and acryloyl-CoA related metabolites analyzed by LC-MS/MS, were suggestive of SCEH deficiency; this was confirmed in patient fibroblasts. Both families were shown to harbor homozygous pathogenic variants in the ECHS1 gene; a c.476A > G (p.Gln159Arg) ECHS1variant in the Pakistani family and a c.538A > G, p.(Thr180Ala) ECHS1 variant in the Irish Traveler family. The c.538A > G, p.(Thr180Ala) ECHS1 variant was postulated to represent a Canadian founder mutation, but we present SNP genotyping data to support Irish ancestry of this variant with a haplotype common to the previously reported Canadian patients and our Irish Traveler family. The presence of detectable erythro-2,3-dihydroxy-2-methylbutyrate is a nonspecific marker on urine organic acid analysis but this finding, together with increased excretion of 3-MGC, elevated plasma lactate, and normal acylcarnitine profile in patients with a Leigh-like presentation should prompt consideration of a diagnosis of SCEH deficiency and genetic analysis of ECHS1. ECHS1 deficiency can be added to the list of conditions with 3-MGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Fitzsimons
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charlotte L Alston
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope E Bonnen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joanne Hughes
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ellen Crushell
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael T Geraghty
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L1
| | - Martine Tetreault
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Peter O'Reilly
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eilish Twomey
- Department of Radiology, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yusra Sheikh
- Department of Radiology, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard Walsh
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - James J Pitt
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philip D Mayne
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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33
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Tavasoli AR, Shervin Badv R, Zschocke J, Ashrafi MR, Rostami P. Early infantile presentation of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 with a novel mutation in AUH gene: A case report and literature review. Brain Dev 2017; 39:714-716. [PMID: 28438368 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
3-Methylglutaconic aciduria is a member of inborn errors of leucine metabolism pathway. 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type I (MGA1) causes neurological problems which are present during infancy or childhood but the diagnosis may be delayed until adulthood. Here we report a 3years old patient with developmental delay from a relative parent's that his medical evaluations include analyses of urinary organic acid and blood acylcarnitine showed high level of 3-methylglutacoic acid, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and increased level of 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine respectively. Further evaluation and genetic tests revealed a novel homozygous mutation of variant c.179del G (p.Gly60Valfs*12) in exon 1 of the AUH gene that was compatible with the diagnosis of MGA1. In segregation analysis of his family, both parents were heterozygous for the respective mutation, confirming obligate parental carrier status and segregation of the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Tavasoli
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Neurometabolic Registry Center, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shervin Badv
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Neurometabolic Registry Center, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mahmood Reza Ashrafi
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Neurometabolic Registry Center, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Rostami
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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34
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Bakšienė M, Benušienė E, Morkūnienė A, Ambrozaitytė L, Utkus A, Kučinskas V. A novel intronic splice site tafazzin gene mutation detected prenatally in a family with Barth syndrome. Balkan J Med Genet 2016; 19:95-100. [PMID: 28289596 PMCID: PMC5343338 DOI: 10.1515/bjmg-2016-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare X-linked disease characterized by dilated cardiomyopathy, proximal skeletal myopathy and cyclic neutropenia. It is caused by various mutations in the tafazzin (TAZ) gene located on Xq28 that results in remodeling of cardiolipin and abnormalities in mitochondria stability and energy production. Here we report on a novel c.285-1G>C splice site mutation in intron 3 of the TAZ gene that was detected prenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bakšienė
- Center for Medical Genetics, Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - E Benušienė
- Center for Medical Genetics, Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - A Morkūnienė
- Center for Medical Genetics, Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - L Ambrozaitytė
- Center for Medical Genetics, Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - A Utkus
- Center for Medical Genetics, Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - V Kučinskas
- Center for Medical Genetics, Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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35
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Abstract
The three essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine and valine, share the first enzymatic steps in their metabolic pathways, including a reversible transamination followed by an irreversible oxidative decarboxylation to coenzyme-A derivatives. The respective oxidative pathways subsequently diverge and at the final steps yield acetyl- and/or propionyl-CoA that enter the Krebs cycle. Many disorders in these pathways are diagnosed through expanded newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is the only disorder of the group that is associated with elevated body fluid levels of the BCAAs. Due to the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation step distal enzymatic blocks in the pathways do not result in the accumulation of amino acids, but rather to CoA-activated small carboxylic acids identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of urine and are therefore classified as organic acidurias. Disorders in these pathways can present with a neonatal onset severe-, or chronic intermittent- or progressive forms. Metabolic instability and increased morbidity and mortality are shared between inborn errors in the BCAA pathways, while treatment options remain limited, comprised mainly of dietary management and in some cases solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Manoli
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C P Venditti
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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Courage C, Jackson CB, Hahn D, Euro L, Nuoffer JM, Gallati S, Schaller A. SDHA mutation with dominant transmission results in complex II deficiency with ocular, cardiac, and neurologic involvement. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:225-230. [PMID: 27683074 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Isolated defects of the mitochondrial respiratory complex II (succinate dehydrogenase, SDH) are rare, accounting for approximately 2% of all respiratory chain deficiency diagnoses. Here, we report clinical and molecular investigations of three family members with a heterozygous mutation in the large flavoprotein subunit SDHA previously described to cause complex II deficiency. The index patient presented with bilateral optic atrophy and ocular movement disorder, a progressive polyneuropathy, psychiatric involvement, and cardiomyopathy. Two of his children presented with cardiomyopathy and methylglutaconic aciduria in early childhood. The daughter deceased at the age of 7 months due to cardiac insufficiency. The 30-year old son presents with cardiomyopathy and developed bilateral optic atrophy in adulthood. Of the four nuclear encoded proteins composing complex II (SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD) and currently known assembly factors SDHAF1 and SDHAF2 mainly recessively inherited mutations have been described in SDHA, SDHB, SDHD, and SDHAF1 to be causative for mitochondrial disease phenotypes. This is the second report presenting autosomal dominant inheritance of a SDHA mutation.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Courage
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Jackson
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.,Biomedicum Helsinki, Research Program for Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dagmar Hahn
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Liliya Euro
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Research Program for Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Gallati
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - André Schaller
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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37
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Experimental Evidence that 3-Methylglutaric Acid Disturbs Mitochondrial Function and Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain Synaptosomes: New Converging Mechanisms. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2619-2626. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Navein AE, Cooke EJ, Davies JR, Smith TG, Wells LHM, Ohazama A, Healy C, Sharpe PT, Evans SL, Evans BAJ, Votruba M, Wells T. Disrupted mitochondrial function in the Opa3L122P mouse model for Costeff Syndrome impairs skeletal integrity. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2404-2416. [PMID: 27106103 PMCID: PMC5181626 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction connects metabolic disturbance with numerous pathologies, but the significance of mitochondrial activity in bone remains unclear. We have, therefore, characterized the skeletal phenotype in the Opa3L122P mouse model for Costeff syndrome, in which a missense mutation of the mitochondrial membrane protein, Opa3, impairs mitochondrial activity resulting in visual and metabolic dysfunction. Although widely expressed in the developing normal mouse head, Opa3 expression was restricted after E14.5 to the retina, brain, teeth and mandibular bone. Opa3 was also expressed in adult tibiae, including at the trabecular surfaces and in cortical osteocytes, epiphyseal chondrocytes, marrow adipocytes and mesenchymal stem cell rosettes. Opa3L122P mice displayed craniofacial abnormalities, including undergrowth of the lower mandible, accompanied in some individuals by cranial asymmetry and incisor malocclusion. Opa3L122P mice showed an 8-fold elevation in tibial marrow adiposity, due largely to increased adipogenesis. In addition, femoral length and cortical diameter and wall thickness were reduced, the weakening of the calcified tissue and the geometric component of strength reducing overall cortical strength in Opa3L122P mice by 65%. In lumbar vertebrae reduced vertebral body area and wall thickness were accompanied by a proportionate reduction in marrow adiposity. Although the total biomechanical strength of lumbar vertebrae was reduced by 35%, the strength of the calcified tissue (σmax) was proportionate to a 38% increase in trabecular number. Thus, mitochondrial function is important for the development and maintenance of skeletal integrity, impaired bone growth and strength, particularly in limb bones, representing a significant new feature of the Costeff syndrome phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Navein
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Esther J Cooke
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Jennifer R Davies
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4LU, UK
| | - Terence G Smith
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4LU, UK
| | - Lois H M Wells
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.,Caerleon Comprehensive School, Caerleon, Newport NP18 1NF, UK
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Christopher Healy
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sam L Evans
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Bronwen A J Evans
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4LU, UK.,Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Timothy Wells
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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39
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Novel CLPB mutation in a patient with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria causing severe neurological involvement and congenital neutropenia. Clin Immunol 2016; 165:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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In Vivo NMR Studies of the Brain with Hereditary or Acquired Metabolic Disorders. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2647-85. [PMID: 26610379 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, whether hereditary or acquired, affect the brain, and abnormalities of the brain are related to cellular integrity; particularly in regard to neurons and astrocytes as well as interactions between them. Metabolic disturbances lead to alterations in cellular function as well as microscopic and macroscopic structural changes in the brain with diabetes, the most typical example of metabolic disorders, and a number of hereditary metabolic disorders. Alternatively, cellular dysfunction and degeneration of the brain lead to metabolic disturbances in hereditary neurological disorders with neurodegeneration. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques allow us to assess a range of pathophysiological changes of the brain in vivo. For example, magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects alterations in brain metabolism and energetics. Physiological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects accompanying changes in cerebral blood flow related to neurovascular coupling. Diffusion and T1/T2-weighted MRI detect microscopic and macroscopic changes of the brain structure. This review summarizes current NMR findings of functional, physiological and biochemical alterations within a number of hereditary and acquired metabolic disorders in both animal models and humans. The global view of the impact of these metabolic disorders on the brain may be useful in identifying the unique and/or general patterns of abnormalities in the living brain related to the pathophysiology of the diseases, and identifying future fields of inquiry.
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41
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Brunel-Guitton C, Levtova A, Sasarman F. Mitochondrial Diseases and Cardiomyopathies. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:1360-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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42
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Dweikat IM, Abdelrazeq S, Ayesh S, Jundi T. MEGDEL Syndrome in a Child From Palestine: Report of a Novel Mutation in SERAC1 Gene. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1053-6. [PMID: 25051967 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814541474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the first Palestinian child manifesting with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria psychomotor delay, muscle hypotonia, sensori-neural deafness, and Leigh-like lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a clinical phenotype that is characteristic of MEGDEL syndrome. MEGDEL syndrome was recently found to be caused by mutations in SERAC1, encoding a protein essential for mitochondrial function, phospholipid remodeling, and intracellular cholesterol trafficking. We identified a novel homozygous mutation in SERAC1 gene (c.1018delT) that generates frame shift and premature termination of protein translation. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid lactate, plasma alanine, and respiratory chain complexes in fresh muscle were normal. This report further expands the genetic spectrum of MEGDEL syndrome and adds to the evidence that it is associated with variable patterns of respiratory chain abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad M Dweikat
- An-Najah National University, Metabolic. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nablus
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43
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Clinical Severity of PGK1 Deficiency Due To a Novel p.E120K Substitution Is Exacerbated by Co-inheritance of a Subclinical Translocation t(3;14)(q26.33;q12), Disrupting NUBPL Gene. JIMD Rep 2015; 23:55-65. [PMID: 25814383 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2015_427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carriers of cytogenetically similar, apparently balanced familial chromosome translocations not always exhibit the putative translocation-associated disease phenotype. Additional genetic defects, such as genomic imbalance at breakpoint regions or elsewhere in the genome, have been reported as the most plausible explanation.By means of comprehensive molecular and functional analyses, additional to careful dissection of the t(3;14)(q26.33;q12) breakpoints, we unveil a novel X-linked PGK1 mutation and examine the contribution of these to the extremely severe clinical phenotype characterized by hemolytic anemia and neuromyopathy.The 3q26.33 breakpoint is 40 kb from the 5' region of tetratricopeptide repeat domain 14 gene (TTC14), whereas the 14q12 breakpoint is within IVS6 of nucleotide-binding protein-like gene (NUBPL) that encodes a mitochondrial complex I assembly factor. Disruption of NUBPL in translocation carriers leads to a decrease in the corresponding mRNA accompanied by a decrease in protein level. Exclusion of pathogenic genomic imbalance and reassessment of familial clinical history indicate the existence of an additional causal genetic defect. Consequently, by WES a novel mutation, c.358G>A, p.E120K, in the X-linked phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) was identified that segregates with the phenotype. Specific activity, kinetic properties, and thermal stability of this enzyme variant were severely affected. The novel PGK1 mutation is the primary genetic alteration underlying the reported phenotype as the translocation per se only results in a subclinical phenotype. Nevertheless, its co-inheritance presumably exacerbates PGK1-deficient phenotype, most likely due to a synergistic interaction of the affected genes both involved in cell energy supply.
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44
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Bowron A, Honeychurch J, Williams M, Tsai-Goodman B, Clayton N, Jones L, Shortland GJ, Qureshi SA, Heales SJR, Steward CG. Barth syndrome without tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin deficiency: a possible ameliorated phenotype. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:279-86. [PMID: 25112388 PMCID: PMC4341014 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked disorder characterised by cardiac and skeletal myopathy, growth delay, neutropenia and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGCA). Patients have TAZ gene mutations which affect metabolism of cardiolipin, resulting in low tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin (CL(4)), an increase in its precursor, monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), and an increased MLCL/CL(4) ratio. During development of a diagnostic service for BTHS, leukocyte CL(4) was measured in 156 controls and 34 patients with genetically confirmed BTHS. A sub-group of seven subjects from three unrelated families was identified with leukocyte CL(4) concentrations within the control range. This had led to initial false negative disease detection in two of these patients. MLCL/CL(4) in this subgroup was lower than in other BTHS patients but higher than controls, with no overlap between the groups. TAZ gene mutations in these families are all predicted to be pathological. This report describes the clinical histories of these seven individuals with an atypical phenotype: some features were typical of BTHS (five have had cardiomyopathy, one family has a history of male infant deaths, three have growth delay and five have 3-MGCA) but none has persistent neutropenia, five have excellent exercise tolerance and two adults are asymptomatic. This report also emphasises the importance of measurement of MLCL/CL(4) ratio rather than CL(4) alone in the biochemical diagnosis of the BTHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Bowron
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK,
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45
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Capo-Chichi JM, Boissel S, Brustein E, Pickles S, Fallet-Bianco C, Nassif C, Patry L, Dobrzeniecka S, Liao M, Labuda D, Samuels ME, Hamdan FF, Velde CV, Rouleau GA, Drapeau P, Michaud JL. Disruption ofCLPBis associated with congenital microcephaly, severe encephalopathy and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. J Med Genet 2015; 52:303-11. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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46
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Wortmann SB, Espeel M, Almeida L, Reimer A, Bosboom D, Roels F, de Brouwer APM, Wevers RA. Inborn errors of metabolism in the biosynthesis and remodelling of phospholipids. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:99-110. [PMID: 25178427 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the proposal to define a separate subgroup of inborn errors of metabolism involved in the biosynthesis and remodelling of phospholipids, sphingolipids and long chain fatty acids in 2013, this group is rapidly expanding. This review focuses on the disorders involved in the biosynthesis of phospholipids. Phospholipids are involved in uncountable cellular processes, e.g. as structural components of membranes, by taking part in vesicle and mitochondrial fusion and fission or signal transduction. Here we provide an overview on both pathophysiology and the extremely heterogeneous clinical presentations of the disorders reported so far (Sengers syndrome (due to mutations in AGK), MEGDEL syndrome (or SERAC defect, SERAC1), Barth syndrome (or TAZ defect, TAZ), congenital muscular dystrophy due to CHKB deficiency (CHKB). Boucher-Neuhäuser/Gordon Holmes syndrome (PNPLA6), PHARC syndrome (ABHD12), hereditary spastic paraplegia type 28, 54 and 56 (HSP28, DDHD1; HSP54, DDHD2; HSP56, CYP2U1), Lenz Majewski syndrome (PTDSS1), spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone-rod dystrophy (PCYT1A), atypical haemolytic-uremic syndrome due to DGKE deficiency (DGKE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia B Wortmann
- Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders (NCMD) at the Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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47
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Spergel CD, Milko M, Edwards C, Steinhoff JP. 3-Methylglutaconyl-Coenzyme-A Hydratase Deficiency and the Development of Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Cardiol Res 2014; 5:158-162. [PMID: 28348715 PMCID: PMC5358122 DOI: 10.14740/cr359w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 25-year-old Canadian male with a history of 3-methylglutaconyl-coenzyme-A hydratase deficiency, also known as 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I, a very rare inborn error of metabolism, presented with respiratory distress, nausea, vomiting and signs of multisystem organ failure due to a suspected underlying infectious process. An electrocardiogram revealed bilateral atrial enlargement and an elevated brain natriuretic peptide on the initial laboratory studies, which prompted a more thorough cardiac workup. The transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a dilated cardiomyopathy with severe systolic dysfunction. The deficient enzyme present in this patient is involved in the pathway of leucine catabolism and is particularly important in various tissues for energy production and sterol synthesis. The dilated cardiomyopathy in this patient possibly had a variety of potential mechanisms including: a mitochondrial myopathy due to the deficiency of this enzyme leading to a defect in energy production inside cardiac myocytes; or a direct toxicity from 3-methylglutaconic acid (3-MGA) and its toxic metabolites; or a cardiac dysfunction due to a variety of other potential mechanisms. In conclusion, this patient’s clinical presentation suggested that 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase deficiency could cause a severe dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Spergel
- Largo Medical Center, 201 14th Street Southwest, Largo, FL 33770, USA
| | - Mariya Milko
- Largo Medical Center, 201 14th Street Southwest, Largo, FL 33770, USA
| | | | - Jeff P Steinhoff
- Largo Medical Center, 201 14th Street Southwest, Largo, FL 33770, USA
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48
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Su B, Ryan RO. Metabolic biology of 3-methylglutaconic acid-uria: a new perspective. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:359-68. [PMID: 24407466 PMCID: PMC4016128 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 25 years a growing number of distinct syndromes/mutations associated with compromised mitochondrial function have been identified that share a common feature: urinary excretion of 3-methylglutaconic acid (3MGA). In the leucine degradation pathway, carboxylation of 3-methylcrotonyl CoA leads to formation of 3-methylglutaconyl CoA while 3-methylglutaconyl CoA hydratase converts this metabolite to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA). In "primary" 3MGA-uria, mutations in the hydratase are directly responsible for the accumulation of 3MGA. On the other hand, in all "secondary" 3MGA-urias, no defect in leucine catabolism exists and the metabolic origin of 3MGA is unknown. Herein, a path to 3MGA from mitochondrial acetyl CoA is proposed. The pathway is initiated when syndrome-associated mutations/DNA deletions result in decreased Krebs cycle flux. When this occurs, acetoacetyl CoA thiolase condenses two acetyl CoA into acetoacetyl CoA plus CoASH. Subsequently, HMG CoA synthase 2 converts acetoacetyl CoA and acetyl CoA to HMG CoA. Under syndrome-specific metabolic conditions, 3-methylglutaconyl CoA hydratase converts HMG CoA into 3-methylglutaconyl CoA in a reverse reaction of the leucine degradation pathway. This metabolite fails to proceed further up the leucine degradation pathway owing to the kinetic properties of 3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase. Instead, hydrolysis of the CoA moiety of 3-methylglutaconyl CoA generates 3MGA, which appears in urine. If experimentally confirmed, this pathway provides an explanation for the occurrence of 3MGA in multiple disorders associated with compromised mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Su
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
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49
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Wortmann SB, Kluijtmans LAJ, Sequeira S, Wevers RA, Morava E. Leucine Loading Test is Only Discriminative for 3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Due to AUH Defect. JIMD Rep 2014; 16:1-6. [PMID: 24757000 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2014_309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, six inborn errors of metabolism with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria as discriminative feature are known. The "Primary 3-methylglutaconic aciduria," 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase deficiency or AUH defect, is a disorder of leucine catabolism. For all other subtypes, also denoted "Secondary 3-methylglutaconic acidurias" (TAZ defect or Barth syndrome, SERAC1 defect or MEGDEL syndrome, OPA3 defect or Costeff syndrome, DNAJC19 defect or DCMA syndrome, TMEM70 defect, "not otherwise specified (NOS) 3-MGA-uria"), the origin of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria remains enigmatic but is hypothesized to be independent from leucine catabolism. Here we show the results of leucine loading test in 21 patients with different inborn errors of metabolism who present with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. After leucine loading urinary 3-methylglutaconic acid levels increased only in the patients with an AUH defect. This strongly supports the hypothesis that 3-methylglutaconic aciduria is independent from leucine breakdown in other inborn errors of metabolism with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria and also provides a simple test to discriminate between primary and secondary 3-methylglutaconic aciduria in regular patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia B Wortmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders (NCMD), Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Centre, 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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50
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Wortmann SB, Duran M, Anikster Y, Barth PG, Sperl W, Zschocke J, Morava E, Wevers RA. Inborn errors of metabolism with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria as discriminative feature: proper classification and nomenclature. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:923-8. [PMID: 23296368 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased urinary 3-methylglutaconic acid excretion is a relatively common finding in metabolic disorders, especially in mitochondrial disorders. In most cases 3-methylglutaconic acid is only slightly elevated and accompanied by other (disease specific) metabolites. There is, however, a group of disorders with significantly and consistently increased 3-methylglutaconic acid excretion, where the 3-methylglutaconic aciduria is a hallmark of the phenotype and the key to diagnosis. Until now these disorders were labelled by roman numbers (I-V) in the order of discovery regardless of pathomechanism. Especially, the so called "unspecified" 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type IV has been ever growing, leading to biochemical and clinical diagnostic confusion. Therefore, we propose the following pathomechanism based classification and a simplified diagnostic flow chart for these "inborn errors of metabolism with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria as discriminative feature". One should distinguish between "primary 3-methylglutaconic aciduria" formerly known as type I (3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase deficiency, AUH defect) due to defective leucine catabolism and the--currently known--three groups of "secondary 3-methylglutaconic aciduria". The latter should be further classified and named by their defective protein or the historical name as follows: i) defective phospholipid remodelling (TAZ defect or Barth syndrome, SERAC1 defect or MEGDEL syndrome) and ii) mitochondrial membrane associated disorders (OPA3 defect or Costeff syndrome, DNAJC19 defect or DCMA syndrome, TMEM70 defect). The remaining patients with significant and consistent 3-methylglutaconic aciduria in whom the above mentioned syndromes have been excluded, should be referred to as "not otherwise specified (NOS) 3-MGA-uria" until elucidation of the underlying pathomechanism enables proper (possibly extended) classification.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/urine
- Barth Syndrome/diagnosis
- Barth Syndrome/genetics
- Barth Syndrome/urine
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/diagnosis
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/urine
- Cerebellar Ataxia/diagnosis
- Cerebellar Ataxia/genetics
- Cerebellar Ataxia/urine
- Chorea/diagnosis
- Chorea/genetics
- Chorea/urine
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Glutarates/urine
- Humans
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/classification
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/urine
- Optic Atrophy/diagnosis
- Optic Atrophy/genetics
- Optic Atrophy/urine
- Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary/diagnosis
- Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary/genetics
- Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary/urine
- Terminology as Topic
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia B Wortmann
- Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders at the Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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