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Chen Y, Li Z, Li Q, Wang J, Hu N, Zheng Y, Chen A. The neural dynamics of conflict adaptation induced by conflict observation: Evidence from univariate and multivariate analysis. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 198:112324. [PMID: 38428745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Conflict adaptation can be expressed as greater performance (shorter response time and lower error rate) after incongruent trials when compared to congruent trials. It has been observed in designs that minimize confounding factors, i.e., feature integration, contingency learning, and temporal learning. Our current study aimed to further elucidate the temporal evolution mechanisms of conflict adaptation. To address this issue, the current study employed a combination of behavioral, univariate, and multivariate analysis (MVPA) methods in a modified color-word Stroop task, where half of the trials required button presses (DO trials), and the other half only required observation (LOOK trials). Both behavioral and the ERP results (N450 and SP) in the LOOK-DO transition trials revealed significant conflict adaptation without feature integration, contingency learning, and temporal learning, providing support for the conflict monitoring theory. Furthermore, during the LOOK trials, significant Stroop effect in the N450 and SP components were observed, indicating that conflict monitoring occurred at the stimulus level and triggered reactive control adjustments. The MVPA results decoded the congruent-incongruent and incongruent-incongruent conditions during the conflict adjustment phase but not during the conflict monitoring phase, emphasizing the unique contribution of conflict adjustment to conflict adaptation. The current research findings provided more compelling supporting evidence for the conflict monitoring theory, while also indicating that future studies should employ the present design to elucidate the specific processes of conflict adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Na Hu
- Department of Preschool and Special Education, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Antao Chen
- School of Psychology, Research Center for Exercise and Brain Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Hwang S, Suk JW, Meffert H, Lerdahl A, Garvey WF, Edwards R, Delizza A, Soltis-Vaughan B, Cordts K, Leibenluft E, Blair RJR. Neural Responses to Intranasal Oxytocin in Youths With Severe Irritability. Am J Psychiatry 2024; 181:291-298. [PMID: 38419495 PMCID: PMC10984767 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors investigated the neural impact of intranasal oxytocin on emotion processing areas in youths with severe irritability in the context of disruptive mood and behavior disorders. METHODS Fifty-two participants with severe irritability, as measured by a score ≥4 on the Affective Reactivity Index (ARI), with diagnoses of disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) and/or disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) were randomly assigned to treatment with intranasal oxytocin or placebo daily for 3 weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at the end of the trial; the primary outcomes were measures of irritability on the ARI and ratings on the Clinical Global Impressions severity scale (CGI-S) focusing on DBD and DMDD symptoms, and secondary outcomes included the CGI improvement scale (CGI-I) and ratings of proactive and reactive aggressive behavior on the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire. Forty-three participants (22 in the oxytocin group and 21 in the placebo group) completed pre- and posttreatment functional MRI (fMRI) scans with the affective Stroop task. RESULTS Youths who received oxytocin showed significant improvement in CGI-S and CGI-I ratings compared with those who received placebo. In the fMRI data, blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses to emotional stimuli in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex were significantly reduced after oxytocin compared with placebo. These BOLD response changes were correlated with improvement in clinical severity. CONCLUSIONS This study provides initial and preliminary evidence that intranasal oxytocin may induce neural-level changes in emotion processing in youths with irritability in the context of DBDs and DMDD. This may lead to symptom and severity changes in irritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonjo Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry (Hwang, Lerdahl, Edwards), Department of Psychology (Delizza), and Department of Neurological Sciences (Soltis-Vaughan, Cordts), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Suk); Slimmer AI, Groningen, the Netherlands (Meffert); Cognitive Ability and Plasticity Lab, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (Garvey); Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (Blair)
| | - Ji-Woo Suk
- Department of Psychiatry (Hwang, Lerdahl, Edwards), Department of Psychology (Delizza), and Department of Neurological Sciences (Soltis-Vaughan, Cordts), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Suk); Slimmer AI, Groningen, the Netherlands (Meffert); Cognitive Ability and Plasticity Lab, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (Garvey); Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (Blair)
| | - Harma Meffert
- Department of Psychiatry (Hwang, Lerdahl, Edwards), Department of Psychology (Delizza), and Department of Neurological Sciences (Soltis-Vaughan, Cordts), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Suk); Slimmer AI, Groningen, the Netherlands (Meffert); Cognitive Ability and Plasticity Lab, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (Garvey); Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (Blair)
| | - Arica Lerdahl
- Department of Psychiatry (Hwang, Lerdahl, Edwards), Department of Psychology (Delizza), and Department of Neurological Sciences (Soltis-Vaughan, Cordts), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Suk); Slimmer AI, Groningen, the Netherlands (Meffert); Cognitive Ability and Plasticity Lab, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (Garvey); Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (Blair)
| | - William F Garvey
- Department of Psychiatry (Hwang, Lerdahl, Edwards), Department of Psychology (Delizza), and Department of Neurological Sciences (Soltis-Vaughan, Cordts), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Suk); Slimmer AI, Groningen, the Netherlands (Meffert); Cognitive Ability and Plasticity Lab, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (Garvey); Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (Blair)
| | - Ryan Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry (Hwang, Lerdahl, Edwards), Department of Psychology (Delizza), and Department of Neurological Sciences (Soltis-Vaughan, Cordts), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Suk); Slimmer AI, Groningen, the Netherlands (Meffert); Cognitive Ability and Plasticity Lab, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (Garvey); Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (Blair)
| | - Alison Delizza
- Department of Psychiatry (Hwang, Lerdahl, Edwards), Department of Psychology (Delizza), and Department of Neurological Sciences (Soltis-Vaughan, Cordts), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Suk); Slimmer AI, Groningen, the Netherlands (Meffert); Cognitive Ability and Plasticity Lab, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (Garvey); Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (Blair)
| | - Brigette Soltis-Vaughan
- Department of Psychiatry (Hwang, Lerdahl, Edwards), Department of Psychology (Delizza), and Department of Neurological Sciences (Soltis-Vaughan, Cordts), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Suk); Slimmer AI, Groningen, the Netherlands (Meffert); Cognitive Ability and Plasticity Lab, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (Garvey); Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (Blair)
| | - Katrina Cordts
- Department of Psychiatry (Hwang, Lerdahl, Edwards), Department of Psychology (Delizza), and Department of Neurological Sciences (Soltis-Vaughan, Cordts), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Suk); Slimmer AI, Groningen, the Netherlands (Meffert); Cognitive Ability and Plasticity Lab, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (Garvey); Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (Blair)
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Department of Psychiatry (Hwang, Lerdahl, Edwards), Department of Psychology (Delizza), and Department of Neurological Sciences (Soltis-Vaughan, Cordts), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Suk); Slimmer AI, Groningen, the Netherlands (Meffert); Cognitive Ability and Plasticity Lab, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (Garvey); Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (Blair)
| | - R J R Blair
- Department of Psychiatry (Hwang, Lerdahl, Edwards), Department of Psychology (Delizza), and Department of Neurological Sciences (Soltis-Vaughan, Cordts), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Suk); Slimmer AI, Groningen, the Netherlands (Meffert); Cognitive Ability and Plasticity Lab, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (Garvey); Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen (Blair)
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Xu H, Yang G, Wu H, Xiao J, Li Q, Liu X. Distinct mechanisms underlying cross-modal semantic conflict and response conflict processing. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad539. [PMID: 38212286 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Interference from task-irrelevant stimuli can occur during the semantic and response processing stages. Previous studies have shown both common and distinct mechanisms underlying semantic conflict processing and response conflict processing in the visual domain. However, it remains unclear whether common and/or distinct mechanisms are involved in semantic conflict processing and response conflict processing in the cross-modal domain. Therefore, the present electroencephalography study adopted an audiovisual 2-1 mapping Stroop task to investigate whether common and/or distinct mechanisms underlie semantic conflict and response conflict. Behaviorally, significant cross-modal semantic conflict and significant cross-modal response conflict were observed. Electroencephalography results revealed that the frontal N2 amplitude and theta power increased only in the semantic conflict condition, while the parietal N450 amplitude increased only in the response conflict condition. These findings indicated that distinct neural mechanisms were involved in cross-modal semantic conflict and response conflict processing, supporting the domain-specific cognitive control mechanisms from a cross-modal multistage conflict processing perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Guochun Yang
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
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Salehinejad MA, Ghanavati E, Reinders J, Hengstler JG, Kuo MF, A Nitsche M. Sleep-dependent upscaled excitability, saturated neuroplasticity, and modulated cognition in the human brain. eLife 2022; 11:69308. [PMID: 35666097 PMCID: PMC9225005 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep strongly affects synaptic strength, making it critical for cognition, especially learning and memory formation. Whether and how sleep deprivation modulates human brain physiology and cognition is not well understood. Here we examined how overnight sleep deprivation vs overnight sufficient sleep affects (a) cortical excitability, measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation, (b) inducibility of long-term potentiation (LTP)- and long-term depression (LTD)-like plasticity via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and (c) learning, memory, and attention. The results suggest that sleep deprivation upscales cortical excitability due to enhanced glutamate-related cortical facilitation and decreases and/or reverses GABAergic cortical inhibition. Furthermore, tDCS-induced LTP-like plasticity (anodal) abolishes while the inhibitory LTD-like plasticity (cathodal) converts to excitatory LTP-like plasticity under sleep deprivation. This is associated with increased EEG theta oscillations due to sleep pressure. Finally, we show that learning and memory formation, behavioral counterparts of plasticity, and working memory and attention, which rely on cortical excitability, are impaired during sleep deprivation. Our data indicate that upscaled brain excitability and altered plasticity, due to sleep deprivation, are associated with impaired cognitive performance. Besides showing how brain physiology and cognition undergo changes (from neurophysiology to higher-order cognition) under sleep pressure, the findings have implications for variability and optimal application of noninvasive brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Salehinejad
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elham Ghanavati
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Min-Fang Kuo
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
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Alba G, Vila J, Miranda JGV, Montoya P, Muñoz MA. Tonic pain reduces autonomic responses and EEG functional connectivity elicited by affective stimuli. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14018. [PMID: 35128683 PMCID: PMC9285073 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Alba
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center at University of Granada (CIMCYC‐UGR) Spain
| | - Jaime Vila
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center at University of Granada (CIMCYC‐UGR) Spain
| | - José G. V. Miranda
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Biosystems Federal University of Bahia Salvador Brazil
| | - Pedro Montoya
- Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS) University of Balearic Islands Palma Spain
| | - Miguel A. Muñoz
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center at University of Granada (CIMCYC‐UGR) Spain
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Kimmey BA, McCall NM, Wooldridge LM, Satterthwaite T, Corder G. Engaging endogenous opioid circuits in pain affective processes. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:66-98. [PMID: 33314372 PMCID: PMC8197770 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The pervasive use of opioid compounds for pain relief is rooted in their utility as one of the most effective therapeutic strategies for providing analgesia. While the detrimental side effects of these compounds have significantly contributed to the current opioid epidemic, opioids still provide millions of patients with reprieve from the relentless and agonizing experience of pain. The human experience of pain has long recognized the perceived unpleasantness entangled with a unique sensation that is immediate and identifiable from the first-person subjective vantage point as "painful." From this phenomenological perspective, how is it that opioids interfere with pain perception? Evidence from human lesion, neuroimaging, and preclinical functional neuroanatomy approaches is sculpting the view that opioids predominately alleviate the affective or inferential appraisal of nociceptive neural information. Thus, opioids weaken pain-associated unpleasantness rather than modulate perceived sensory qualities. Here, we discuss the historical theories of pain to demonstrate how modern neuroscience is revisiting these ideas to deconstruct the brain mechanisms driving the emergence of aversive pain perceptions. We further detail how targeting opioidergic signaling within affective or emotional brain circuits remains a strong avenue for developing targeted pharmacological and gene-therapy analgesic treatments that might reduce the dependence on current clinical opioid options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A. Kimmey
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Equal contributions
| | - Nora M. McCall
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Equal contributions
| | - Lisa M. Wooldridge
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Theodore Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gregory Corder
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Crum KI, Hwang S, Blair KS, Aloi JM, Meffert H, White SF, Tyler PM, Leibenluft E, Pope K, Blair RJR. Interaction of irritability and anxiety on emotional responding and emotion regulation: a functional MRI study. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2778-2788. [PMID: 32584213 PMCID: PMC7759590 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritability and anxiety frequently co-occur in pediatric populations. Studies separately looking at the neural correlates of these symptoms have identified engagement of similar neural systems - particularly those implicated in emotional processing. Both irritability and anxiety can be considered negative valence emotional states that might relate to emotion dysregulation. However, previous work has not examined the neural responding during the performance of an emotion regulation task as a function of interaction between irritability and anxiety simultaneously. METHODS This fMRI study involved 155 participants (90 with significant psychopathologies and 92 male) who performed the Affective Stroop Task, designed to engage emotion regulation as a function of task demands. The Affective Reactivity Index (ARI) was used to index irritability and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) was used to index anxiety. RESULTS Levels of irritability, but not anxiety, was positively correlated with responses to visual images within the right rostro-medial prefrontal cortex and left anterior cingulate cortex during view trials. The second region of ventral anterior cingulate cortex showed a condition-by-emotion-by-ARI score-by-SCARED score interaction. Specifically, anxiety level was significantly correlated with a decreased differential BOLD response to negative relative to neutral view trials but only in the presence of relatively high irritability. CONCLUSIONS Atypical maintenance of emotional stimuli within the rostro-medial prefrontal cortex may exacerbate the difficulties faced by adolescents with irritability. Moreover, increased anxiety combined with significant irritability may disrupt an automatic emotional conflict-based form of emotion regulation that is particularly associated with the ventral anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen I. Crum
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Soonjo Hwang
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Karina S. Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | | | | | - Stuart F. White
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Patrick M. Tyler
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kayla Pope
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Northeastern Wisconsin Psychiatry Training Program, Winnebago, Wisconsin, USA
| | - R. J. R. Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
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Imbir KK, Pastwa M, Duda-Goławska J, Sobieszek A, Jankowska M, Modzelewska A, Wielgopolan A, Żygierewicz J. Electrophysiological correlates of interference control in the modified emotional Stroop task with emotional stimuli differing in valence, arousal, and subjective significance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258177. [PMID: 34648542 PMCID: PMC8516239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of emotional factors in maintaining cognitive control is one of the most intriguing issues in understanding emotion-cognition interactions. In the current experiment, we assessed the role of emotional factors (valence, arousal, and subjective significance) in perceptual and conceptual inhibition processes. We operationalised both processes with the classical cognitive paradigms, i.e., the flanker task and the emotional Stroop task merged into a single experimental procedure. The procedure was based on the presentation of emotional words displayed in four different font colours flanked by the same emotional word printed with the same or different font colour. We expected to find distinct effects of both types of interference: earlier for perceptual and later for emotional interference. We also predicted an increased arousal level to disturb inhibitory control effectiveness, while increasing the subjective significance level should improve this process. As we used orthogonal manipulations of emotional factors, our study allowed us for the first time to assess interactions within emotional factors and between types of interference. We found on the behavioural level the main effects of flanker congruency as well as effects of emotionality. On the electrophysiological level, we found effects for EPN, P2, and N450 components of ERPs. The exploratory analysis revealed that effects due to perceptual interference appeared earlier than the effects of emotional interference, but they lasted for an extended period of processing, causing perceptual and emotional interference to partially overlap. Finally, in terms of emotional interference, we showed the effect of subjective significance: the reduction of interference cost in N450 for highly subjective significant stimuli. This study is the first one allowing for the investigation of two different types of interference in a single experiment, and provides insight into the role of emotion in cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K. Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Duda-Goławska
- Faculty of Physics, Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Sobieszek
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Jarosław Żygierewicz
- Faculty of Physics, Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Salehinejad MA, Wischnewski M, Ghanavati E, Mosayebi-Samani M, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA. Cognitive functions and underlying parameters of human brain physiology are associated with chronotype. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4672. [PMID: 34344864 PMCID: PMC8333420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms have natural relative variations among humans known as chronotype. Chronotype or being a morning or evening person, has a specific physiological, behavioural, and also genetic manifestation. Whether and how chronotype modulates human brain physiology and cognition is, however, not well understood. Here we examine how cortical excitability, neuroplasticity, and cognition are associated with chronotype in early and late chronotype individuals. We monitor motor cortical excitability, brain stimulation-induced neuroplasticity, and examine motor learning and cognitive functions at circadian-preferred and non-preferred times of day in 32 individuals. Motor learning and cognitive performance (working memory, and attention) along with their electrophysiological components are significantly enhanced at the circadian-preferred, compared to the non-preferred time. This outperformance is associated with enhanced cortical excitability (prominent cortical facilitation, diminished cortical inhibition), and long-term potentiation/depression-like plasticity. Our data show convergent findings of how chronotype can modulate human brain functions from basic physiological mechanisms to behaviour and higher-order cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Salehinejad
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Miles Wischnewski
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elham Ghanavati
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mohsen Mosayebi-Samani
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Min-Fang Kuo
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany.
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Calderazzo SM, Busch SE, Moore TL, Rosene DL, Medalla M. Distribution and overlap of entorhinal, premotor, and amygdalar connections in the monkey anterior cingulate cortex. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:885-904. [PMID: 32677044 PMCID: PMC8214921 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is important for decision-making as it integrates motor plans with affective and contextual limbic information. Disruptions in these networks have been observed in depression, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Yet, overlap of limbic and motor connections within subdivisions of the ACC is not well understood. Hence, we administered a combination of retrograde and anterograde tracers into structures important for contextual memories (entorhinal cortex), affective processing (amygdala), and motor planning (dorsal premotor cortex) to assess overlap of labeled projection neurons from (outputs) and axon terminals to (inputs) the ACC of adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Our data show that entorhinal and dorsal premotor cortical (dPMC) connections are segregated across ventral (A25, A24a) and dorsal (A24b,c) subregions of the ACC, while amygdalar connections are more evenly distributed across subregions. Among all areas, the rostral ACC (A32) had the lowest relative density of connections with all three regions. In the ventral ACC, entorhinal and amygdalar connections strongly overlap across all layers, especially in A25. In the dorsal ACC, outputs to dPMC and the amygdala strongly overlap in deep layers. However, dPMC input to the dorsal ACC was densest in deep layers, while amygdalar inputs predominantly localized in upper layers. These connection patterns are consistent with diverse roles of the dorsal ACC in motor evaluation and the ventral ACC in affective and contextual memory. Further, distinct laminar circuits suggest unique interactions within specific ACC compartments that are likely important for the temporal integration of motor and limbic information during flexible goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Calderazzo
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Silas E. Busch
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tara L. Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Imbir KK, Duda-Goławska J, Pastwa M, Jankowska M, Żygierewicz J. Event-Related Potential Correlates of Valence, Arousal, and Subjective Significance in Processing of an Emotional Stroop Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:617861. [PMID: 33716692 PMCID: PMC7947367 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.617861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is the first to measure event-related potentials associated with the processing of the emotional Stroop task (EST) with the use of an orthogonal factorial manipulation for emotional valence, arousal, and subjective significance (the importance of the current experience for goals and plans for the future). The current study aimed to investigate concurrently the role of the three dimensions describing the emotion-laden words for interference control measured in the classical version of the EST paradigm. The results showed that reaction times were affected by the emotional valence of presented words and the interactive effect of valence and arousal. The expected emotional arousal effect was only found in behavioral results for neutrally valenced words. Electrophysiological results showed valence and subjective significance correlated with the amplitude differences in the P2 component. Moreover, the amplitude of the N450 component varied with the level of subjective significance. This study also demonstrated that exploratory event-related potential analysis provides additional information beyond the classical component-based analysis. The obtained results show that cognitive control effects in the EST may be altered by manipulation in the subjective significance dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Duda-Goławska
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jarosław Żygierewicz
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Imbir KK, Pastwa M, Jankowska M, Kosman M, Modzelewska A, Wielgopolan A. Valence and arousal of words in visual and conceptual interference control efficiency. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241694. [PMID: 33211720 PMCID: PMC7676691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control efficiency is susceptible to the emotional state of an individual. The aim of the current experiment was to search for the role of valence and arousal of emotion-laden words in a performance efficiency of a modified emotional Stroop task (EST) combined with the flanker task. Both paradigms allow for the measurement of the interference control, but interference appears on different stages of stimulus processing. In the flanker task, the interference is perceptual, while in EST, it is based on the emotional meaning of stimuli. We expected to find the effects of emotionality of words, that is, arousal and valence levels, for interference measured with EST. In a series of two experiments, the results confirmed that a high arousal level enlarges the reaction latencies to the EST. We also identified interaction between valence and arousal in shaping reaction latencies. We found the flanker congruency effect. We did not find interactions between emotional factors and flanker congruency. This suggests that interference measured with the EST and flanker task are in fact different from one another, and while using the modified EST combined with the flanker task, the word-meaning effects do not interfere with pure perceptual interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K. Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Kosman
- Faculty of Polish Studies, Institute of Applied Polish Studies, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Heidlmayr K, Kihlstedt M, Isel F. A review on the electroencephalography markers of Stroop executive control processes. Brain Cogn 2020; 146:105637. [PMID: 33217721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present article on executive control addresses the issue of the locus of the Stroop effect by examining neurophysiological components marking conflict monitoring, interference suppression, and conflict resolution. Our goal was to provide an overview of a series of determining neurophysiological findings including neural source reconstruction data on distinct executive control processes and sub-processes involved in the Stroop task. Consistently, a fronto-central N2 component is found to reflect conflict monitoring processes, with its main neural generator being the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Then, for cognitive control tasks that involve a linguistic component like the Stroop task, the N2 is followed by a centro-posterior N400 and subsequently a late sustained potential (LSP). The N400 is mainly generated by the ACC and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and is thought to reflect interference suppression, whereas the LSP plausibly reflects conflict resolution processes. The present overview shows that ERP constitute a reliable methodological tool for tracing with precision the time course of different executive processes and sub-processes involved in experimental tasks involving a cognitive conflict. Future research should shed light on the fine-grained mechanisms of control respectively involved in linguistic and non-linguistic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Heidlmayr
- Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Kihlstedt
- Laboratory Models, Dynamics, Corpus, CNRS and University Paris Nanterre - Paris Lumières, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Isel
- Laboratory Models, Dynamics, Corpus, CNRS and University Paris Nanterre - Paris Lumières, Paris, France.
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14
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Feroz FS, Leicht G, Rauh J, Mulert C. The Time Course of Dorsal and Rostral-Ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity in the Emotional Stroop Experiment Reveals Valence and Arousal Aberrant Modulation in Patients with Schizophrenia. Brain Topogr 2018; 32:161-177. [PMID: 30288663 PMCID: PMC6327077 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-018-0677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the temporal dynamics within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the rostral-ventral (rv) ACC during the interaction of emotional valence and arousal with cognitive control in patients with Schizophrenia (SZ). Although cognitive deficits in SZ are highly relevant and emotional disturbances are common, the temporal relationship of brain regions involved in the interaction of emotional and cognitive processing in SZ is yet to be determined. To address this issue, the reaction time (RT), event-related potential (ERP) and temporal dynamics of the dACC and rvACC activity were compared between SZ subjects and healthy controls (HC), using a modified emotional Stroop experiment (with factors namely congruence, arousal and valence). EEG was recorded with 64 channels and source localisation was performed using the sLORETA software package. We observed slower initial increase and lower peaks of time course activity within the dACC and rvACC in the SZ group. In this particular group, the dACC activity during late negativity was negatively correlated with a significantly higher RT in the high arousal conflict condition. In contrast to HC subjects, at the N450 window, there was no significant valence (ERP and rvACC ROI) modulation effect in the SZ subjects. Using high density EEG and source localisation, it was possible to distinguish various disturbances within the dACC and rvACC in patients with SZ, during emotion–cognition processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Feroz
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malacca, Malaysia
| | - G Leicht
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Rauh
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Mulert
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Centre for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Zhao X, Li X, Shi W. Influence of inhibitory tagging (IT) on emotional and cognitive conflict processing: Evidence from event-related potentials. Neurosci Lett 2017; 657:120-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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