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Molehin D, Rasha F, Rahman RL, Pruitt K. Regulation of aromatase in cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2449-2464. [PMID: 33599895 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of aromatase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of estrogen in normal and cancer cells, has been associated with growth factor signaling and immune response modulation. The tissue-specific regulatory roles of these factors are of particular importance as local aromatase expression is strongly linked to cancer development/progression and disease outcomes in patients. Therefore, aromatase has become a chemotherapeutic target and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are used in the clinic for treating hormone-dependent cancers. Although AIs have shown promising results in the treatment of cancers, the emerging increase in AI-resistance necessitates the development of new and improved targeted therapies. This review discusses the role of tumor and stromal-derived growth factors and immune cell modulators in regulating aromatase. Current single-agent and combination therapies with or without AIs targeting growth factors and immune checkpoints are also discussed. This review highlights recent studies that show new connections between growth factors, mediators of immune response, and aromatase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Molehin
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Fahmida Rasha
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA. .,Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6591, USA.
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2
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Tiash S, Kamaruzman NIB, Chowdhury EH. Carbonate apatite nanoparticles carry siRNA(s) targeting growth factor receptor genes egfr1 and erbb2 to regress mouse breast tumor. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1721-1730. [PMID: 29119846 PMCID: PMC8240997 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1396385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells lose their control on cell cycle by numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations. In a tumor, these cells highly express growth factor receptors (GFRs), eliciting growth, and cell division. Among the GFRs, epidermal growth factor receptor-1 (EGFR1) (Her1/ERBB1) and epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (EGFR2) (Her2/ERBB2) from epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) are highly expressed on breast cancer cells, thus contributing to the aggressive growth and invasiveness, have been focused in this study. Moreover, overexpression of these receptors is related to suppression of cell death and conferring resistance against the classical drugs used to treat cancer nowadays. Therefore, silencing of these GFRs-encoding genes by using selective small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) could be a powerful approach to treat breast cancer. The inorganic pH sensitive carbonate apatite nanoparticles (NPs) were used as a nano-carrier to deliver siRNA(s) against single or multiple GFR genes in breast cancer cells as well as in a mouse model of breast carcinoma. Silencing of egfr1 and erbb2 simultaneously led to a reduction in cell viability with an increase in cell death signal in the cancer cells and regression of tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Tiash
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Nur Izyani Binti Kamaruzman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Chen J, Power KA, Mann J, Cheng A, Thompson LU. Flaxseed Alone or in Combination with Tamoxifen Inhibits MCF-7 Breast Tumor Growth in Ovariectomized Athymic Mice with High Circulating Levels of Estrogen. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 232:1071-80. [PMID: 17720953 DOI: 10.3181/0702-rm-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed (FS) is rich in mammalian lignan precursors and α-linolenic acid, which have been suggested as having anticancer effects. Previous studies have shown that 10% FS inhibits the growth of human estrogen–dependent breast cancer (MCF-7) in athymic mice, and it enhances the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen (TAM). This study determined whether the effect of FS, alone or in combination with TAM, is dose dependent, and it explored the potential mechanism of action. Ovariectomized athymic mice with estradiol (E2) supplementation (1.7 mg/pellet, 60-day release) and established MCF-7 tumors were treated with basal diet control (0FS), 5% FS (5FS), 10% FS (10FS), and TAM (TAM/ 0FS; 5 mg/pellet, 60-day release), alone or in combination (TAM/ 5FS and TAM/10FS) for 8 weeks. Compared with control, 5FS and 10FS significantly inhibited tumor growth by 26% and 38%, respectively. TAM/0FS had an effect similar to the 10FS. TAM/ 5FS and TAM/10FS, respectively, induced significant 48% and 43% reductions in tumor size compared with 0FS, and 18% and 10% reductions compared with TAM/0FS. The relative uterine weight was significantly lower in all TAM groups compared with the control. The reduction of tumor growth resulted from decreased cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis. TAM/ 5FS caused a significantly higher expression of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) compared with 5FS and TAM/0FS, whereas TAM/10FS had a higher ERα than 10FS and TAM/0FS. Compared with the control, progesterone receptor (PgR) expression was significantly reduced in all treatment groups, but insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression was reduced only by 10FS, TAM/5FS and TAM/10FS. Tumor cell proliferation was significantly positively associated with expression of PgR and IGF-1 and negatively associated with apoptosis and ERα. Apoptosis was only associated with ERα. In conclusion, FS inhibited MCF-7 tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced the inhibitory effect of TAM due to the modulation of ER and growth factor signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
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4
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Nakagawa S, Miki Y, Miyashita M, Hata S, Takahashi Y, Rai Y, Sagara Y, Ohi Y, Hirakawa H, Tamaki K, Ishida T, Watanabe M, Suzuki T, Ohuchi N, Sasano H. Tumor microenvironment in invasive lobular carcinoma: possible therapeutic targets. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 155:65-75. [PMID: 26715212 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas (IDC and ILC) are the two most common histological types of breast cancer, and have been considered to develop from terminal duct lobular unit but their molecular, pathological, and clinical features are markedly different between them. These differences could be due to different mechanisms of carcinogenesis and tumor microenvironment, especially cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) but little has been explored in this aspect. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the status of angiogenesis, maturation of intratumoral microvessels, and proliferation of CAFs using immunohistochemistry and PCR array analysis to explore the differences of tumor microenvironment between ILC and IDC. We studied grade- and age-matched, luminal-like ILC and IDC. We immunolocalized CD34 and αSMA for an evaluation of CAFs and CD31, Vasohibin-1, a specific marker of proliferative endothelial cells and nestin, a marker of pericytes for studying the status of proliferation and maturation of intratumoral microvessel. We also performed PCR array analysis to evaluate angiogenic factors in tumor stromal components. The number of CAFs, microvessel density, and vasohibin-1/CD31 positive ratio were all significantly higher in ILC than IDC but nestin immunoreactivity in intratumoral microvessel was significantly lower in ILC. These results did indicate that proliferation of CAFs and endothelial cells was more pronounced in ILC than IDC but newly formed microvessels were less mature than those in IDC. PCR array analysis also revealed that IGF-1 expression was higher in ILC than IDC. This is the first study to demonstrate the differences of tumor microenvironment including CAFs and proliferation and maturation of intratumoral vessels between ILC and IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Nakagawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Minoru Miyashita
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shuko Hata
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yayoi Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Rai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sagara Hospital, Social Medical Corporation Hakuaikai, 3-31 Matsubara-cho, Kagoshima, 892-0833, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Sagara
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sagara Hospital, Social Medical Corporation Hakuaikai, 3-31 Matsubara-cho, Kagoshima, 892-0833, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Ohi
- Department of Pathology, Sagara Hospital, Social Medical Corporation Hakuaikai, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirakawa
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tohoku Kosai Hospital, 2-3-11 Kokubuncho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0803, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tamaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takanori Ishida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ohuchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
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5
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Schmidt S, Monk JM, Robinson LE, Mourtzakis M. The integrative role of leptin, oestrogen and the insulin family in obesity-associated breast cancer: potential effects of exercise. Obes Rev 2015; 16:473-87. [PMID: 25875578 PMCID: PMC4691342 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an established risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. The mechanisms through which obesity influences the development and progression of breast cancer are not fully elucidated; however, several factors such as increased oestrogen, concentrations of various members of the insulin family and inflammation that are associated with adiposity are purported to be important factors in this relationship. Emerging research has also begun to focus on the role of adipokines, (i.e. adipocyte secreted factors), in breast cancer. Leptin secretion is directly related to adiposity and is believed to promote breast cancer directly and independently, as well as through involvement with the oestrogen and insulin signalling pathways. As leptin is secreted from white adipose tissue, any intervention that reduces adiposity may be favourable. However, it is also important to consider that energy expenditure through exercise, independent of fat loss, may improve leptin regulation. The purpose of this narrative review was to explore the role of leptin in breast cancer development and progression, identify key interactions with oestrogen and the insulin family, and distinguish the potential effects of exercise on these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schmidt
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - J M Monk
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - L E Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - M Mourtzakis
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Sirianni R, Capparelli C, Chimento A, Panza S, Catalano S, Lanzino M, Pezzi V, Andò S. Nandrolone and stanozolol upregulate aromatase expression and further increase IGF-I-dependent effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 363:100-10. [PMID: 22906881 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several doping agents, such as anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and peptide hormones like insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), are employed without considering the potential deleterious effects that they can cause. In addition, androgens are used in postmenopausal women as replacement therapy. However, there are no clear guidelines regarding the optimal therapeutic doses of androgens or long-term safety data. In this study we aimed to determine if two commonly used AAS, nandrolone and stanozolol, alone or in combination with IGF-I, could activate signaling involved in breast cancer cell proliferation. Using a human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, as an experimental model we found that both nandrolone and stanozolol caused a dose-dependent induction of aromatase expression and, consequently, estradiol production. Moreover, when nandrolone and stanozolol were combined with IGF-I, higher induction in aromatase expression was observed. This increase involved phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC), which are part of IGF-I transductional pathways. Specifically, both AAS were able to activate membrane rapid signaling involving IGF-I receptor, extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and AKT, after binding to estrogen receptor (ER), as confirmed by the ability of the ER antagonist ICI182, 780 to block such activation. The estrogenic activity of nandrolone and stanozolol was further confirmed by their capacity to induce the expression of the ER-regulated gene, CCND1 encoding for the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, which represents a key protein for the control of breast cancer cell proliferation. In fact, when nandrolone and stanozolol were combined with IGF-I, they increased cell proliferation to levels higher than those elicited by the single factors. Taken together these data clearly indicate that the use of high doses of AAS, as occurs in doping practice, may increase the risk of breast cancer. This potential risk is higher when AAS are used in association with IGF-I. To our knowledge this is the first report directly associating AAS with this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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7
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Increased insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor mRNA expression predicts poor survival in immunophenotypes of early breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:201-8. [PMID: 21057462 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biology of breast carcinoma shows a great variation, reflected by the recent classification of phenotypes based on DNA microarrays or immunohistochemistry. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) in breast carcinoma subtypes and the impact on the outcome. We studied 197 consecutive breast carcinoma patients in stage I-II treated conservatively. Phenotypes were assessed on the basis of the expressions of ER/PR, HER2, Ki67, p53, Bcl2, CK5/6 and EGFR. Moreover, IGF1R expression (α-subunit and β-phosphorylated/active form) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, IGF1R mRNA levels by quantitative RT-PCR and IGF1R mutations by direct DNA sequencing. Overall, 40% (78/197) of tumors were luminal A, 24% (48/197) luminal B, 19% (37/197) HER2-positive and 17% (34/197) basal/triple-negative. Luminal A tumors were predominantly of low grade, without necrosis, presenting in older patients as a ≤2-cm unilateral mass (all P ≤ 0.046). α-IGF1R overexpression was observed more frequently in luminal A (49%) cases, followed by luminal B (20%), HER2-positive area under the curve (22%) and basal/triple-negative cases (9%) (P = 0.01) with similar results for mRNA levels (53, 24, 13 and 10%, respectively) (P = 0.038), but without differences for mutations (P = NS). High IGF1R mRNA correlated with poor patient survival among subtypes (P = 0.004) (Kaplan-Meier; log-rank test). For overall survival, only histological grade and IGF1R mRNA emerged as significant predictors (P ≤ 0.034; Cox regression). Increased IGF1R mRNA implies poorer patient prognosis among the different subtypes, and that may be associated with the lack of responsiveness to tamoxifen in cases with a positive hormone receptor status. Our results highlight the biological and clinical relevance of IGF1R in early breast carcinoma subtypes, and provide knowledge to assist in treatment decision.
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Koczorowska MM, Kwasniewska A, Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A. IGF1 mRNA isoform expression in the cervix of HPV-positive women with pre-cancerous and cancer lesions. Exp Ther Med 2010; 2:149-156. [PMID: 22977483 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2010.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a crucial role in cervical cancer etiology. However, not all HPV-infected women develop cancer, indicating that additional cellular factors facilitate carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression profile of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) isoforms in the context of FOX2, SP1 and IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) expression during HPV-dependent cervical carcinogenesis. One hundred and nine epithelial tissue samples from women with pre-cancerous and cancer lesions of the cervix were analyzed. HPV DNA was identified by PCR, and real-time PCR was used to quantify the expression levels of the analyzed genes. All IGF1 mRNA splicing isoforms were up-regulated in pre-cancerous cells, and a shift in the balance towards mitogenic IGF1Eb was observed in the cancer samples. IGF1 expression was controlled mainly by the P1 promoter, and an increase in P2 usage was observed in the cancer. Correlations between IGF1 mRNA splicing isoforms and the FOX2 splicing factor, as well as P1/P2 activity and SP1 transcription factor expression levels were detected. No correlation was observed between the expression of IGF1 and its receptor IGF1R. Our results suggest that IGF1, in particular its splicing profile, may be an additional prognostic factor in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Divergent effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression on prognosis of estrogen receptor positive versus triple negative invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 129:725-36. [PMID: 21107683 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R) is involved in progression of breast cancer and resistance to systemic treatment. Targeting IGF1R signaling may, therefore, be beneficial in systemic treatment. We report the effect of IGF1R expression on prognosis in invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC), the most common type of breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tumor tissue of a consecutive cohort of 429 female patients treated for operable primary IDC. Associations between IGF1R expression with clinicopathological parameters, disease free survival (DFS) and breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) were evaluated by multivariate analyses focusing on ER-positive and triple negative IDC (TN-IDC). To enlarge the TN-IDCs cohort, we analyzed a combined dataset of 51 TN-IDC tumors from our series with 64 TN-IDCs with similar clinicopathological parameters. Patients with tumors expressing cytoplasmic IGF1R have a longer DFS and BCSS (DFS: HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27-0.49, P = 0.005, BCSS: HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.19-0.74, P = 0.005). This effect was most prominent in ER-positive tumors. However, in a combined series of 105 TN-IDCs cytoplasmic IGF1R expression was associated with a shorter DFS (HR = 2.29, 95% CI 1.08-4.84, P = 0.03), also when combined in a multivariate model, including well-known prognostic factors (HR 2.06; 95% CI 0.95-4.47; P = 0.07). IGF1R expression in ER-positive IDC is strongly related to a favorable DFS and BCSS, but to a shorter DFS in TN-IDC tumors. This divergent effect of IGF1R expression in subgroups of IDC may affect selection of patients for IGF1R targeted therapy.
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Haynes BP, Straume AH, Geisler J, A'Hern R, Helle H, Smith IE, Lønning PE, Dowsett M. Intratumoral Estrogen Disposition in Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1790-801. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pfeiler G, Treeck O, Wenzel G, Goerse R, Hartmann A, Schmitz G, Ortmann O. Correlation of body mass index and menopausal status with the intra-tumoral estrogen system in invasive breast cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol 2009; 25:183-7. [PMID: 19347708 DOI: 10.1080/09513590802549825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity increases breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women. This is, in part, due to elevated non-glandular aromatase activity, resulting in higher estradiol serum levels. We tested the hypothesis that obesity and menopausal status influence the intra-tumoral estrogen system of breast cancer tissue. DESIGN Breast cancer tissue and fasting serum were collected from 26 female patients. After microdissection of the frozen samples, RNA was isolated, and expression of estrogen receptor (ER)alpha, ERbeta1, ERbeta2, ERbeta5, CYP19 aromatase and steroid sulfatase was measured on mRNA level by means of real time RT-PCR. Fasting estradiol serum levels were analysed by ELISA. RESULTS Post-menopausal women older than 70 years exhibited a significantly higher expression both of steroid sulfatase and ERalpha than did pre-menopausal women younger than 50 years. We identified a significant positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and lymphovascular/vascular invasion. A significant inverse correlation between ERalpha and ERbeta2 expression was identified in invasive breast cancer tissue irrespective of BMI or menopausal status. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we report an association between menopausal status - but not BMI - and the intra-tumoral expression of steroid sulfatase and ERalpha. Our observation that BMI was associated with invasiveness supports the hypothesis that metabolic factors are able to affect essential features of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Pfeiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Peiró G, Benlloch S, Sánchez-Tejada L, Adrover E, Lerma E, Peiró FM, Sánchez-Payá J, Aranda FI. Low activation of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1-Receptor (IGF1R) is associated with local recurrence in early breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 117:433-41. [PMID: 18683043 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The predictive value of IGF1R on local recurrence in invasive breast carcinoma (BC) is not well known. Methods In a series of 197 lymph-node negative BC patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy, we performed immunohistochemistry for alpha-IGF1R, beta-IGF1R (phosphorylated/active form) and Estrogen/Progesterone receptors. We further evaluated the IGF1R mRNA expression by quantitative RT-PCR and IGF1R mutations by direct DNA sequencing (exons 19 and 21) in 85 primary BC (42 control cases, 31 with local recurrence and 12 with distant metastasis) and in 31 local recurrences. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for recurrence. Results Local recurrences were associated with high-grade tumors, PR-negative and low active-IGF1R, which emerged as independent breast relapse predictors by multivariate analysis. Conclusion Patients with early BC treated with lumpectomy and radiation who have low-grade tumors and favorable markers (increased content of active IGF1R and PR-positive) have a low risk of local recurrence. Therefore, do not benefit from a boost dose on the surgical scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Peiró
- Research Unit, Hospital General Universitari d'Alacant, c/ Pintor Baeza s/n, 03010 Alacant, Spain.
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Hughes PJ, Lee JS, Reiner NE, Brown G. The vitamin D receptor-mediated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3Kα) plays a role in the 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated increase in steroid sulphatase activity in myeloid leukaemic cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1551-72. [PMID: 17879954 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article we show that 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)) stimulates the activity of the class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PI3Kalpha and its downstream target Akt in HL60, U937 and THP-1 myeloid leukaemic cell lines. Furthermore, we show that the classical nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR(nuc)) is involved in this activation of the PI3K/Akt signalling in these cell lines. We have previously shown that the activity of steroid sulphatase is stimulated in HL60, U937 and THP-1 myeloid leukaemic cell lines by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) (Hughes et al., [2001] Biochem J 355:361-371; Hughes et al., [2005] J Cell Biochem 94:1175-1189; Hughes and Brown [2006] J Cell Biochem 98:590-617). In this article we show that the 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)-stimulated increase in signalling via the PI3K/Akt pathway plays a role in the increase in steroid sulphatase activity in the HL60 U937 and THP-1 cell lines. We used a variety of pharmacological and biochemical approaches to show that activation of PI3Kalpha mediates the 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)-stimulated increase in steroid sulphatase activity in myeloid leukaemic cells. We also show that the PI3K/Akt dependent activation of NF-kappaB plays a role in the 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)-stimulated increase in steroid sulphatase activity in myeloid leukaemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Hughes
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Talbott KE, Gammon MD, Kibriya MG, Chen Y, Teitelbaum SL, Long CM, Gurvich I, Santella RM, Ahsan H. A CYP19 (aromatase) polymorphism is associated with increased premenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 111:481-7. [PMID: 17975727 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the established association between estrogen levels and breast cancer risk, polymorphic variation in genes regulating estrogen levels is thought to be related to breast cancer risk. Aromatase, the protein product of the CYP19 gene, is involved in the production of endogenous estrogens via androgen conversion. We examined whether polymorphic variation in CYP19 associated with increased breast cancer risk in a population based case-control study. We examined two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), rs1008805 (A/G) and rs730154 (C/T), which have been shown to tag SNPs within two different haplotype blocks in CYP19. Among premenopausal women, the presence of at least one G allele at rs1008805 was significantly associated with an increase in the risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.72 [95% CI, 1.20-2.49]), especially with estrogen and progesterone receptor negative breast cancer (OR = 3.89 [1.74-8.70] and OR = 2.52 [1.26-5.05], respectively). No association was observed among postmenopausal women (OR = 1.06 [0.82-1.36]). There was no significant association between rs730154 and breast cancer, regardless of menopausal status. Our results suggest that premenopausal women carrying the G allele at CYP19 rs1008805 have increased risk of breast cancer. The finding supports the potential role of variation in estrogen biosynthesis genes in premenopausal breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Talbott
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Hartog H, Wesseling J, Boezen HM, van der Graaf WTA. The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in cancer: old focus, new future. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:1895-904. [PMID: 17624760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signalling in malignant behaviour of tumour cells is well established. Currently, development of drugs targeting the IGF-1R as anticancer treatment is emerging. Several IGF-1R targeting strategies are being investigated in phases I and II clinical trials. Interactions of IGF-1R with insulin receptor, however, might complicate efficiency and tolerability of such drugs. This review describes mechanisms, recent developments and potential limitations of IGF-1R antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermien Hartog
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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The insulin-like growth factor-1 ligand in breast cancer management. METASTASIS OF BREAST CANCER 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5867-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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