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Khamidullina AI, Abramenko YE, Bruter AV, Tatarskiy VV. Key Proteins of Replication Stress Response and Cell Cycle Control as Cancer Therapy Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1263. [PMID: 38279263 PMCID: PMC10816012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Replication stress (RS) is a characteristic state of cancer cells as they tend to exchange precision of replication for fast proliferation and increased genomic instability. To overcome the consequences of improper replication control, malignant cells frequently inactivate parts of their DNA damage response (DDR) pathways (the ATM-CHK2-p53 pathway), while relying on other pathways which help to maintain replication fork stability (ATR-CHK1). This creates a dependency on the remaining DDR pathways, vulnerability to further destabilization of replication and synthetic lethality of DDR inhibitors with common oncogenic alterations such as mutations of TP53, RB1, ATM, amplifications of MYC, CCNE1 and others. The response to RS is normally limited by coordination of cell cycle, transcription and replication. Inhibition of WEE1 and PKMYT1 kinases, which prevent unscheduled mitosis entry, leads to fragility of under-replicated sites. Recent evidence also shows that inhibition of Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), such as CDK4/6, CDK2, CDK8/19 and CDK12/13 can contribute to RS through disruption of DNA repair and replication control. Here, we review the main causes of RS in cancers as well as main therapeutic targets-ATR, CHK1, PARP and their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvina I. Khamidullina
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncobiology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (Y.E.A.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav E. Abramenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncobiology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (Y.E.A.)
| | - Alexandra V. Bruter
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V. Tatarskiy
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncobiology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (Y.E.A.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Thanh Nguyen TD, Wang Y, Bui TN, Lazcano R, Ingram DR, Yi M, Vakulabharanam V, Luo L, Pina MA, Karakas C, Li M, Kettner NM, Somaiah N, Hougton PJ, Mawlawi O, Lazar AJ, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Sequential Targeting of Retinoblastoma and DNA Synthesis Pathways Is a Therapeutic Strategy for Sarcomas That Can Be Monitored in Real Time. Cancer Res 2023; 83:939-955. [PMID: 36603130 PMCID: PMC10023441 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment strategies with a strong scientific rationale based on specific biomarkers are needed to improve outcomes in patients with advanced sarcomas. Suppression of cell-cycle progression through reactivation of the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (Rb) using CDK4/6 inhibitors is a potential avenue for novel targeted therapies in sarcomas that harbor intact Rb signaling. Here, we evaluated combination treatment strategies (sequential and concomitant) with the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemacicib to identify optimal combination strategies. Expression of Rb was examined in 1,043 sarcoma tumor specimens, and 50% were found to be Rb-positive. Using in vitro and in vivo models, an effective two-step sequential combination strategy was developed. Abemaciclib was used first to prime Rb-positive sarcoma cells to reversibly arrest in G1 phase. Upon drug removal, cells synchronously traversed to S phase, where a second treatment with S-phase targeted agents (gemcitabine or Wee1 kinase inhibitor) mediated a synergistic response by inducing DNA damage. The response to treatment could be noninvasively monitored using real-time positron emission tomography imaging and serum thymidine kinase activity. Collectively, these results show that a novel, sequential treatment strategy with a CDK4/6 inhibitor followed by a DNA-damaging agent was effective, resulting in synergistic tumor cell killing. This approach can be readily translated into a clinical trial with noninvasive functional imaging and serum biomarkers as indicators of response and cell cycling. SIGNIFICANCE An innovative sequential therapeutic strategy targeting Rb, followed by treatment with agents that perturb DNA synthesis pathways, results in synergistic killing of Rb-positive sarcomas that can be noninvasively monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen Duong Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tuyen N. Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rossana Lazcano
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Davis R. Ingram
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Min Yi
- Departments of Breast Surgical Oncology and Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Linjie Luo
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marc A. Pina
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cansu Karakas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nicole M. Kettner
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Neeta Somaiah
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peter J. Hougton
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute and Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Heath Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Osama Mawlawi
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kelly K. Hunt
- Departments of Breast Surgical Oncology and Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Low-molecular-weight cyclin E deregulates DNA replication and damage repair to promote genomic instability in breast cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:5331-5346. [PMID: 36344674 PMCID: PMC9742291 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight cyclin E (LMW-E) is an N-terminus deleted (40 amino acid) form of cyclin E detected in breast cancer, but not in normal cells or tissues. LMW-E overexpression predicts poor survival in breast cancer patients independent of tumor proliferation rate, but the oncogenic mechanism of LMW-E and its unique function(s) independent of full-length cyclin E (FL-cycE) remain unclear. In the current study, we found LMW-E was associated with genomic instability in early-stage breast tumors (n = 725) and promoted genomic instability in human mammary epithelial cells (hMECs). Mechanistically, FL-cycE overexpression inhibited the proliferation of hMECs by replication stress and DNA damage accumulation, but LMW-E facilitated replication stress tolerance by upregulating DNA replication and damage repair. Specifically, LMW-E interacted with chromatin and upregulated the loading of minichromosome maintenance complex proteins (MCMs) in a CDC6 dependent manner and promoted DNA repair in a RAD51- and C17orf53-dependent manner. Targeting the ATR-CHK1-RAD51 pathway with ATR inhibitor (ceralasertib), CHK1 inhibitor (rabusertib), or RAD51 inhibitor (B02) significantly decreased the viability of LMW-E-overexpressing hMECs and breast cancer cells. Collectively, our findings delineate a novel role for LMW-E in tumorigenesis mediated by replication stress tolerance and genomic instability, providing novel therapeutic strategies for LMW-E-overexpressing breast cancers.
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Chen X, Yang D, Carey JPW, Karakas C, Albarracin C, Sahin AA, Arun BK, Guray Durak M, Li M, Kohansal M, Bui TN, Ha MJ, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Targeting Replicative Stress and DNA Repair by Combining PARP and Wee1 Kinase Inhibitors Is Synergistic in Triple Negative Breast Cancers with Cyclin E or BRCA1 Alteration. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071656. [PMID: 33916118 PMCID: PMC8036262 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of invasive breast cancer with an aggressive phenotype that has decreased survival compared with other types of breast cancers, due in part to the lack of biomarker driven targeted therapies. Here, we show that breast cancer patients whose tumors show high levels of cyclin E expression have a higher prevalence of BRCA1/2 alterations and have the worst clinical outcomes. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that combination therapies with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and Wee1 kinase inhibitors in TNBC cells with either BRCA1 mutations or high levels of cyclin E results in synergistic cell death due to induction of replicative stress and downregulation of DNA repair. These studies suggest that by preselecting patients whose tumors have high cyclin E levels or harbor mutations in BRCA1, only those cases with the highest replicative stress properties will be subjected to combination treatment and likely result in synergistic activity of the two agents. Abstract The identification of biomarker-driven targeted therapies for patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a major clinical challenge, due to a lack of specific targets. Here, we show that cyclin E, a major regulator of G1 to S transition, is deregulated in TNBC and is associated with mutations in DNA repair genes (e.g., BRCA1/2). Breast cancers with high levels of cyclin E not only have a higher prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations, but also are associated with the worst outcomes. Using several in vitro and in vivo model systems, we show that TNBCs that harbor either mutations in BRCA1/2 or overexpression of cyclin E are very sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of AZD-1775 (Wee 1 kinase inhibitor) when used in combination with MK-4837 (PARP inhibitor). Combination treatment of TNBC cell lines with these two agents results in synergistic cell killing due to induction of replicative stress, downregulation of DNA repair and cytokinesis failure that results in increased apoptosis. These findings highlight the potential clinical application of using cyclin E and BRCA mutations as biomarkers to select only those patients with the highest replicative stress properties that may benefit from combination treatment with Wee 1 kinase and PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.C.); (D.Y.); (J.P.W.C.); (C.K.); (M.G.D.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.C.); (D.Y.); (J.P.W.C.); (C.K.); (M.G.D.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Jason P. W. Carey
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.C.); (D.Y.); (J.P.W.C.); (C.K.); (M.G.D.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Cansu Karakas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.C.); (D.Y.); (J.P.W.C.); (C.K.); (M.G.D.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Constance Albarracin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Aysegul A. Sahin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Banu K. Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Merih Guray Durak
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.C.); (D.Y.); (J.P.W.C.); (C.K.); (M.G.D.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.C.); (D.Y.); (J.P.W.C.); (C.K.); (M.G.D.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Mehrnoosh Kohansal
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.C.); (D.Y.); (J.P.W.C.); (C.K.); (M.G.D.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Tuyen N. Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.C.); (D.Y.); (J.P.W.C.); (C.K.); (M.G.D.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Min-Jin Ha
- Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Kelly K. Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (X.C.); (D.Y.); (J.P.W.C.); (C.K.); (M.G.D.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (T.N.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-792-4845
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Pang W, Li Y, Guo W, Shen H. Cyclin E: a potential treatment target to reverse cancer chemoresistance by regulating the cell cycle. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:5170-5187. [PMID: 33042412 PMCID: PMC7540110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cyclin family plays important roles in regulating the proliferative cycle of mammalian cells. Among the members of this family, cyclin E regulates multiple downstream molecules, such as the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1) and the transcription factor E2F, by interacting with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and plays an important role in the cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase. Over the years, studies have shown that cyclin E is closely related to the chemotherapy resistance of tumor cells and that its expression in tumor cells is closely related to prognosis. The dysregulated expression of cyclin E has a definite effect not only on the cell cycle regulation of tumor cells but also on the presence of low-molecular-weight cyclin E (LMW-E) and other cyclins that render tumor cells resistant. In addition, many studies in recent years have confirmed that chemotherapy resistance mediated by cyclin E can be reversed. For example, the combination of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) with anticancer drugs or the therapeutic targeting of related genes improves chemotherapy resistance by reducing the level or activity of cyclin E in tumor cells. This review summarizes the specific processes by which cyclin E regulates the cell cycle, its relationship to chemotherapy resistance in cancer, and its potential as a clinical therapeutic target to reverse chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yashan Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
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Drießen D, Stuhldreier F, Frank A, Stark H, Wesselborg S, Stork B, Müller TJJ. Novel meriolin derivatives as rapid apoptosis inducers. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3463-3468. [PMID: 31248707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
3-(Hetero)aryl substituted 7-azaindoles possessing multikinase inhibitor activity are readily accessed in a one-pot Masuda borylation-Suzuki coupling sequence. Several promising derivatives were identified as apoptosis inducers and, emphasizing the multikinase inhibition potential, as sphingosine kinase 2 inhibitors. Our measurements provide additional insights into the structure-activity relationship of meriolin derivatives, suggesting derivatives bearing a pyridine moiety with amino groups in 2-position as most active anticancer compounds and thus as highly promising candidates for future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Drießen
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Stuhldreier
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annika Frank
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wesselborg
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Stork
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas J J Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Chandarlapaty S, Razavi P. Cyclin E mRNA: Assessing Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK) Activation State to Elucidate Breast Cancer Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibitors. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:1148-1150. [PMID: 30920879 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedram Razavi
- 1 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Wood DJ, Endicott JA. Structural insights into the functional diversity of the CDK-cyclin family. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180112. [PMID: 30185601 PMCID: PMC6170502 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their characterization as conserved modules that regulate progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle, cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) in higher eukaryotic cells are now also emerging as significant regulators of transcription, metabolism and cell differentiation. The cyclins, though originally characterized as CDK partners, also have CDK-independent roles that include the regulation of DNA damage repair and transcriptional programmes that direct cell differentiation, apoptosis and metabolic flux. This review compares the structures of the members of the CDK and cyclin families determined by X-ray crystallography, and considers what mechanistic insights they provide to guide functional studies and distinguish CDK- and cyclin-specific activities. Aberrant CDK activity is a hallmark of a number of diseases, and structural studies can provide important insights to identify novel routes to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wood
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jane A Endicott
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Presence of lymphocytic infiltrate cytotoxic T lymphocyte CD3+, CD8+, and immunoscore as prognostic marker in patients after radical cystectomy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205746. [PMID: 30308033 PMCID: PMC6181418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) has been shown to be essential to predict disease outcome in several types of cancers. Moreover, the distribution of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+) and T cells in general (CD3+) have been used to establish an Immunoscore, as a new cancer prognosticator for survival in colon and lung cancer. In bladder cancer, immune activation has been shown to be associated with genomic subtypes of muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). We sought to evaluate the prognostic impact of these immune cell types in MIBC patients treated with radical cystectomy. For this purpose, cystectomy sections (n = 67) with identifiable invasive margin were selected and stained for CD8+ and CD3+ tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs); both tumor core (CT) and invasive margin (IM) were assessed. Immunoscore was calculated based on previously defined criteria and used to illustrate differences in survival. High density of CD8IM TILs was associated with better disease-free (DFS) (P = 0.01) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0.02) whereas CD3IM TILs were associated with better OS (P = 0.05). Immunoscore was associated with improved DFS (P = 0.02) and OS (P = 0.05). The expression of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) in TCGA bladder cancer was also investigated from RNA-Seq profiles of 344 cases. T cell cytotoxicity associated genes (n = 113) were derived from MSig GSEA database. Luminal (n = 121) and basal (n = 68) samples were used to evaluate expression differences. Differential expression (P<0.05) of cytotoxic T cell genes was noted across different molecular subsets of bladder cancer within TCGA analysis. Our data suggests host immune system appears to play a valuable prognostic role in MIBC.
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10
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Roscovitine and purvalanol A effectively reverse anthracycline resistance mediated by the activity of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3): A promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Chen X, Low KH, Alexander A, Jiang Y, Karakas C, Hess KR, Carey JPW, Bui TN, Vijayaraghavan S, Evans KW, Yi M, Ellis DC, Cheung KL, Ellis IO, Fu S, Meric-Bernstam F, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Cyclin E Overexpression Sensitizes Triple-Negative Breast Cancer to Wee1 Kinase Inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6594-6610. [PMID: 30181387 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poor prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is due to an aggressive phenotype and lack of biomarker-driven targeted therapies. Overexpression of cyclin E and phosphorylated-CDK2 are correlated with poor survival in patients with TNBC, and the absence of CDK2 desensitizes cells to inhibition of Wee1 kinase, a key cell-cycle regulator. We hypothesize that cyclin E expression can predict response to therapies, which include the Wee1 kinase inhibitor, AZD1775. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mono- and combination therapies with AZD1775 were evaluated in TNBC cell lines and multiple patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models with different cyclin E expression profiles. The mechanism(s) of cyclin E-mediated replicative stress were investigated following cyclin E induction or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout by a number of assays in multiple cell lines. RESULTS Cyclin E overexpression (i) is enriched in TNBCs with high recurrence rates, (ii) sensitizes TNBC cell lines and PDX models to AZD1775, (iii) leads to CDK2-dependent activation of DNA replication stress pathways, and (iv) increases Wee1 kinase activity. Moreover, treatment of cells with either CDK2 inhibitors or carboplatin leads to transient transcriptional induction of cyclin E (in cyclin E-low tumors) and result in DNA replicative stress. Such drug-mediated cyclin E induction in TNBC cells and PDX models sensitizes them to AZD1775 in a sequential treatment combination strategy.Conclusions: Cyclin E is a potential biomarker of response (i) for AZD1775 as monotherapy in cyclin E-high TNBC tumors and (ii) for sequential combination therapy with CDK2 inhibitor or carboplatin followed by AZD1775 in cyclin E-low TNBC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Kwang-Huei Low
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Angela Alexander
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cansu Karakas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kenneth R Hess
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason P W Carey
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tuyen N Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Smruthi Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kurt W Evans
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min Yi
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - D Christian Ellis
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kwok-Leung Cheung
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian O Ellis
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Siqing Fu
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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12
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Carey JPW, Karakas C, Bui T, Chen X, Vijayaraghavan S, Zhao Y, Wang J, Mikule K, Litton JK, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Synthetic Lethality of PARP Inhibitors in Combination with MYC Blockade Is Independent of BRCA Status in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 78:742-757. [PMID: 29180466 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors (PARPi) benefit only a fraction of breast cancer patients. Several of those patients exhibit intrinsic/acquired resistance mechanisms that limit efficacy of PARPi monotherapy. Here we show how the efficacy of PARPi in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) can be expanded by targeting MYC-induced oncogenic addiction. In BRCA-mutant/sporadic TNBC patients, amplification of the MYC gene is correlated with increased expression of the homologous DNA recombination enzyme RAD51 and tumors overexpressing both genes are associated with worse overall survival. Combining MYC blockade with PARPi yielded synthetic lethality in MYC-driven TNBC cells. Using the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor dinaciclib, which downregulates MYC expression, we found that combination with the PARPi niraparib increased DNA damage and downregulated homologous recombination, leading to subsequent downregulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem-like cell phenotypes. Notably, dinaciclib resensitized TBNC cells, which had acquired resistance to niraparib. We found that the synthetic lethal strategy employing dinaciclib and niraparib was also highly efficacious in ovarian, prostate, pancreatic, colon, and lung cancer cells. Taken together, our results show how blunting MYC oncogene addiction can leverage cancer cell sensitivity to PARPi, facilitating the clinical use of c-myc as a predictive biomarker for this treatment.Significance: Dual targeting of MYC-regulated homologous recombination and PARP-mediated DNA repair yields potent synthetic lethality in triple-negative breast tumors and other aggressive tumors characterized by MYC overexpression. Cancer Res; 78(3); 742-57. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P W Carey
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Cansu Karakas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tuyen Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Smruthi Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Keith Mikule
- Tesaro Biopharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massacheusetts
| | - Jennifer K Litton
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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13
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Alexander A, Karakas C, Chen X, Carey JPW, Yi M, Bondy M, Thompson P, Cheung KL, Ellis IO, Gong Y, Krishnamurthy S, Alvarez RH, Ueno NT, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Cyclin E overexpression as a biomarker for combination treatment strategies in inflammatory breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14897-14911. [PMID: 28107181 PMCID: PMC5362453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a virulent form of breast cancer, and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors from women with a clinical diagnosis of IBC (n = 147) and those with non-IBC breast cancer (n = 2510) revealed that, whereas in non-IBC cases cytoplasmic cyclin E was highly correlated with poor prognosis (P < 0.001), in IBC cases both nuclear and cytoplasmic cyclin E were indicative of poor prognosis. These results underscored the utility of the cyclin E/CDK2 complex as a novel target for treatment. Because IBC cell lines were highly sensitive to the CDK2 inhibitors dinaciclib and meriolin 5, we developed a high-throughput survival assay (HTSA) to design novel sequential combination strategies based on the presence of cyclin E and CDK2. Using a 14-cell-line panel, we found that dinaciclib potentiated the activity of DNA-damaging chemotherapies treated in a sequence of dinaciclib followed by chemotherapy, whereas this was not true for paclitaxel. We also identified a signature of DNA repair–related genes that are downregulated by dinaciclib, suggesting that global DNA repair is inhibited and that prolonged DNA damage leads to apoptosis. Taken together, our findings argue that CDK2-targeted combinations may be viable strategies in IBC worthy of future clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Alexander
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cansu Karakas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason P W Carey
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Min Yi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa Bondy
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patricia Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | - Ian O Ellis
- University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yun Gong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Savitri Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ricardo H Alvarez
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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14
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Francis AM, Alexander A, Liu Y, Vijayaraghavan S, Low KH, Yang D, Bui T, Somaiah N, Ravi V, Keyomarsi K, Hunt KK. CDK4/6 Inhibitors Sensitize Rb-positive Sarcoma Cells to Wee1 Kinase Inhibition through Reversible Cell-Cycle Arrest. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1751-1764. [PMID: 28619757 PMCID: PMC5975955 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Research into the biology of soft tissue sarcomas has uncovered very few effective treatment strategies that improve upon the current standard of care which usually involves surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Many patients with large (>5 cm), high-grade sarcomas develop recurrence, and at that point have limited treatment options available. One challenge is the heterogeneity of genetic drivers of sarcomas, and many of these are not validated targets. Even when such genes are tractable targets, the rarity of each subtype of sarcoma makes advances in research slow. Here we describe the development of a synergistic combination treatment strategy that may be applicable in both soft tissue sarcomas as well as sarcomas of bone that takes advantage of targeting the cell cycle. We show that Rb-positive cell lines treated with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib reversibly arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and upon drug removal cells progress through the cell cycle as expected within 6-24 hours. Using a long-term high-throughput assay that allows us to examine drugs in different sequences or concurrently, we found that palbociclib-induced cell-cycle arrest poises Rb-positive sarcoma cells (SK-LMS1 and HT-1080) to be more sensitive to agents that work preferentially in S-G2 phase such as doxorubicin and Wee1 kinase inhibitors (AZD1775). The synergy between palbociclib and AZD1775 was also validated in vivo using SK-LMS1 xenografts as well as Rb-positive patient-derived xenografts (PDX) developed from leiomyosarcoma patients. This work provides the necessary preclinical data in support of a clinical trial utilizing this treatment strategy. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(9); 1751-64. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh M Francis
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Angela Alexander
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Smruthi Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kwang Hui Low
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tuyen Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Neeta Somaiah
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vinod Ravi
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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15
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Costa R, Carneiro B, Wainwright D, Santa-Maria C, Kumthekar P, Chae Y, Gradishar W, Cristofanilli M, Giles F. Developmental therapeutics for patients with breast cancer and central nervous system metastasis: current landscape and future perspectives. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:44-56. [PMID: 28177431 PMCID: PMC7360139 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second-leading cause of metastatic disease in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent advances in the biological understanding of breast cancer have facilitated an unprecedented increase of survival in a subset of patients presenting with metastatic breast cancer. Patients with HER2 positive (HER2+) or triple negative breast cancer are at highest risk of developing CNS metastasis, and typically experience a poor prognosis despite treatment with local and systemic therapies. Among the obstacles ahead in the realm of developmental therapeutics for breast cancer CNS metastasis is the improvement of our knowledge on its biological nuances and on the interaction of the blood–brain barrier with new compounds. This article reviews recent discoveries related to the underlying biology of breast cancer brain metastases, clinical progress to date and suggests rational approaches for investigational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Costa
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - B.A. Carneiro
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - D.A. Wainwright
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - C.A. Santa-Maria
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago
| | | | - Y.K. Chae
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - W.J. Gradishar
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - M. Cristofanilli
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - F.J. Giles
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago
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16
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Hunt KK, Karakas C, Ha MJ, Biernacka A, Yi M, Sahin AA, Adjapong O, Hortobagyi GN, Bondy M, Thompson P, Cheung KL, Ellis IO, Bacus S, Symmans WF, Do KA, Keyomarsi K. Cytoplasmic Cyclin E Predicts Recurrence in Patients with Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2991-3002. [PMID: 27881578 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Low molecular weight cyclin E (LMW-E) detected by Western blot analysis predicts for reduced breast cancer survival; however, it is impractical for clinical use. LMW-E lacks a nuclear localization signal that leads to accumulation in the cytoplasm that can be detected by IHC. We tested the hypothesis that cytoplasmic staining of cyclin E can be used as a predictor of poor outcome in different subtypes of breast cancer using patient cohorts with distinct clinical and pathologic features.Experimental Design: We evaluated the subcellular localization of cyclin E in breast cancer specimens from 2,494 patients from 4 different cohorts: 303 from a prospective study and 2,191 from retrospective cohorts [NCI, MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDA), and the United Kingdom (UK)]. Median follow-up times were 8.0, 10.1, 13.5, and 5.7 years, respectively.Results: Subcellular localization of cyclin E on IHC was associated with full-length (nuclear) and low molecular weight isoforms (cytoplasmic) of cyclin E on Western blot analysis. In multivariable analysis, cytoplasmic cyclin E staining was associated with the greatest risk of recurrence compared with other prognostic factors across all subtypes in three (NCI, MDA, and UK) of the cohorts. In the MDA cohort, cytoplasmic cyclin E staining outperformed Ki67 and all other variables as prognostic factors.Conclusions: Cytoplasmic cyclin E identifies patients with the highest likelihood of recurrence consistently across different patient cohorts and subtypes. These patients may benefit from alternative therapies targeting the oncogenic isoforms of cyclin E. Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 2991-3002. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cansu Karakas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Min Jin Ha
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anna Biernacka
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Min Yi
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aysegul A Sahin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Opoku Adjapong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriel N Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa Bondy
- Department of Pathology Administration, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patricia Thompson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Ian O Ellis
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah Bacus
- Quintiles Transnational Corp, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - W Fraser Symmans
- Department of Pathology Administration, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kim-Anh Do
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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17
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Balaji K, Vijayaraghavan S, Diao L, Tong P, Fan Y, Carey JP, Bui TN, Warner S, Heymach JV, Hunt KK, Wang J, Byers LA, Keyomarsi K. AXL Inhibition Suppresses the DNA Damage Response and Sensitizes Cells to PARP Inhibition in Multiple Cancers. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 15:45-58. [PMID: 27671334 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with a wide range of changes in cancer cells, including stemness, chemo- and radio-resistance, and metastasis. The mechanistic role of upstream mediators of EMT has not yet been well characterized. Recently, we showed that non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) that have undergone EMT overexpress AXL, a receptor tyrosine kinase. AXL is also overexpressed in a subset of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), and its overexpression has been associated with more aggressive tumor behavior and linked to resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. Because the DNA repair pathway is also altered in patient tumor specimens overexpressing AXL, it is hypothesized that modulation of AXL in cells that have undergone EMT will sensitize them to agents targeting the DNA repair pathway. Downregulation or inhibition of AXL directly reversed the EMT phenotype, led to decreased expression of DNA repair genes, and diminished efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) and RAD51 foci formation. As a result, AXL inhibition caused a state of HR deficiency in the cells, making them sensitive to inhibition of the DNA repair protein, PARP1. AXL inhibition synergized with PARP inhibition, leading to apoptotic cell death. AXL expression also associated positively with markers of DNA repair across TNBC, HNSCC, and NSCLC patient cohorts. IMPLICATIONS The novel role for AXL in DNA repair, linking it to EMT, suggests that AXL can be an effective therapeutic target in combination with targeted therapy such as PARP inhibitors in several different malignancies. Mol Cancer Res; 15(1); 45-58. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Balaji
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd. Unit 1052, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Smruthi Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd. Unit 1052, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1410, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Pan Tong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1410, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Youhong Fan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0432 Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jason Pw Carey
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd. Unit 1052, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tuyen N Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd. Unit 1052, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0432 Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street. Unit 1434 Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1410, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lauren Averett Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0432 Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd. Unit 1052, Houston, Texas 77030
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18
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Karakas C, Biernacka A, Bui T, Sahin AA, Yi M, Akli S, Schafer J, Alexander A, Adjapong O, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Cytoplasmic Cyclin E and Phospho-Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Are Biomarkers of Aggressive Breast Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1900-1912. [PMID: 27182644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin E and its co-activator, phospho-cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (p-CDK2), regulate G1 to S phase transition and their deregulation induces oncogenesis. Immunohistochemical assessments of these proteins in cancer have been reported but were based only on their nuclear expression. However, the oncogenic forms of cyclin E (low molecular weight cyclin E or LMW-E) in complex with CDK2 are preferentially mislocalized to the cytoplasm. Here, we used separate nuclear and cytoplasmic scoring systems for both cyclin E and p-CDK2 expression to demonstrate altered cellular accumulation of these proteins using immunohistochemical analysis. We examined the specificity of different cyclin E antibodies and evaluated their concordance between immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses in a panel of 14 breast cell lines. Nuclear versus cytoplasmic staining of cyclin E readily differentiated full-length from LMW-E, respectively. We also evaluated the expression of cyclin E and p-CDK2 in 1676 breast carcinoma patients by immunohistochemistry. Cytoplasmic cyclin E correlated strongly with cytoplasmic p-CDK2 (P < 0.0001), high tumor grade, negative estrogen/progesterone receptor status, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity (all P < 0.0001). In multivariable analysis, cytoplasmic cyclin E plus phosphorylated CDK2 (as one variable) predicted breast cancer recurrence-free and overall survival. These results suggest that cytoplasmic cyclin E and p-CDK2 can be readily detected with immunohistochemistry and used as clinical biomarkers for aggressive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Karakas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Anna Biernacka
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tuyen Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Aysegul A Sahin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min Yi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Said Akli
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jolie Schafer
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Angela Alexander
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Opoku Adjapong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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19
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Inoue K, Fry EA. Novel Molecular Markers for Breast Cancer. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:25-42. [PMID: 26997872 PMCID: PMC4790586 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s38394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of molecular biomarkers assures that breast cancer (BC) patients receive optimal treatment. Established biomarkers, such as estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2, and Ki67, have been playing significant roles in the subcategorization of BC to predict the prognosis and decide the specific therapy to each patient. Antihormonal therapy using 4-hydroxytamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors have been employed in patients whose tumor cells express hormone receptors, while monoclonal antibody to HER2 has been administered to HER2-positive BCs. Although new therapeutic agents have been developed in the past few decades, many patients still die of the disease due to relapse; thus, novel molecular markers that predict therapeutic failure and those that can be targets for specific therapy are expected. We have chosen four of such molecules by reviewing recent publications, which are cyclin E, B-Myb, Twist, and DMP1β. The oncogenicity of these molecules has been demonstrated in vivo and/or in vitro through studies using transgenic mice or siRNAs, and their expressions have been shown to be associated with shortened overall or disease-free survival of BC patients. The former three molecules have been shown to accelerate epithelial-mesenchymal transition that is often associated with cancer stem cell-ness and metastasis; all these four can be novel therapeutic targets as well. Thus, large prospective studies employing immunohistochemistry will be needed to establish the predictive values of these molecules in patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Fry
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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20
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Lucenay KS, Doostan I, Karakas C, Bui T, Ding Z, Mills GB, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Cyclin E Associates with the Lipogenic Enzyme ATP-Citrate Lyase to Enable Malignant Growth of Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2406-18. [PMID: 26928812 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin E is altered in nearly a third of invasive breast cancers where it is a powerful independent predictor of survival in women with stage I-III disease. Full-length cyclin E is posttranslationally cleaved into low molecular weight (LMW-E) isoforms, which are tumor-specific and accumulate in the cytoplasm because they lack a nuclear localization sequence. We hypothesized that aberrant localization of cytosolic LMW-E isoforms alters target binding and activation ultimately contributing to LMW-E-induced tumorigenicity. To address this hypothesis, we used a retrovirus-based protein complementation assay to find LMW-E binding proteins in breast cancer, identifying ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), an enzyme in the de novo lipogenesis pathway, as a novel LMW-E-interacting protein in the cytoplasm. LMW-E upregulated ACLY enzymatic activity, subsequently increasing lipid droplet formation, thereby providing cells with essential building blocks to support growth. ACLY was also required for LMW-E-mediated transformation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro along with tumor growth in vivo In clinical specimens of breast cancer, the absence of LMW-E and low expression of adipophilin (PLIN2), a marker of lipid droplet formation, associated with favorable prognosis, whereas overexpression of both proteins correlated with a markedly worse prognosis. Taken together, our findings establish a novel relationship between LMW-E isoforms of cyclin E and aberrant lipid metabolism pathways in breast cancer tumorigenesis, warranting further investigation in additional malignancies exhibiting their expression. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2406-18. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Lucenay
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Iman Doostan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cansu Karakas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tuyen Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhiyong Ding
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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21
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Jabbour-Leung NA, Chen X, Bui T, Jiang Y, Yang D, Vijayaraghavan S, McArthur MJ, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Sequential Combination Therapy of CDK Inhibition and Doxorubicin Is Synthetically Lethal in p53-Mutant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:593-607. [PMID: 26826118 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive malignancy in which the tumors lack expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2. Hence, TNBC patients cannot benefit from clinically available targeted therapies and rely on chemotherapy and surgery for treatment. While initially responding to chemotherapy, TNBC patients are at increased risk of developing distant metastasis and have decreased overall survival compared with non-TNBC patients. A majority of TNBC tumors carry p53 mutations, enabling them to bypass the G1 checkpoint and complete the cell cycle even in the presence of DNA damage. Therefore, we hypothesized that TNBC cells are sensitive to cell-cycle-targeted combination therapy, which leaves nontransformed cells unharmed. Our findings demonstrate that sequential administration of the pan-CDK inhibitor roscovitine before doxorubicin treatment is synthetically lethal explicitly in TNBC cells. Roscovitine treatment arrests TNBC cells in the G2-M cell-cycle phase, priming them for DNA damage. Combination treatment increased frequency of DNA double-strand breaks, while simultaneously reducing recruitment of homologous recombination proteins compared with doxorubicin treatment alone. Furthermore, this combination therapy significantly reduced tumor volume and increased overall survival compared with single drug or concomitant treatment in xenograft studies. Examination of isogenic immortalized human mammary epithelial cells and isogenic tumor cell lines found that abolishment of the p53 pathway is required for combination-induced cytotoxicity, making p53 a putative predictor of response to therapy. By exploiting the specific biologic and molecular characteristics of TNBC tumors, this innovative therapy can greatly impact the treatment and care of TNBC patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(4); 593-607. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Jabbour-Leung
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tuyen Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Smruthi Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark J McArthur
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Steger GG, Gnant M, Bartsch R. Palbociclib for the treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer - an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:255-63. [PMID: 26679057 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1133590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising different biological subtypes. In two thirds of tumours, expression of steroid-receptors is present, allowing for targeted treatment with endocrine therapy. In metastatic breast cancer, sequential administration of different non-cross resistant drugs offers a chance to delay cytotoxic chemotherapy. Activity of endocrine therapy, however, decreases with time as indicated by a shorter progression-free survival interval with every further treatment line, suggesting onset of resistance. Current research therefore focuses on prevention or delay of resistance by combining endocrine therapy with other targeted treatment approaches such as small-molecule pathway-inhibitors. Indeed, combining the steroidal aromatase-inhibitor exemestane with the mTor-inhibitor everolimus doubles activity of endocrine therapy in a pretreated population albeit at the price of increased toxicity. Data from several clinical trials suggest that inhibitors of the cycline-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6 are able to delay or reverse resistance to endocrine therapy as well, while tolerability may be superior. AREAS COVERED This review provides a summary of clinical data on CDK 4/6 inhibitors, summarizes the biological rational for their use and provides an outlook to future developments in this field. A systematic literature search was performed in order to identify publications concerning the use of CDK 4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer. The search included original research articles, abstracts from major conferences and reviews published from 2005 to 2015 and was limited to English-language publications. EXPERT OPINION Based upon available data regarding activity and tolerability, it is believed that CDK 4/6 inhibitors will evolve to become a valuable addition to the therapeutic options in metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenther G Steger
- a Department of Internal Medicine I/Division of Oncology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,c Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Michael Gnant
- b Surgical Department , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,c Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Rupert Bartsch
- a Department of Internal Medicine I/Division of Oncology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,c Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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Caruso JA, Campana R, Wei C, Su CH, Hanks AM, Bornmann WG, Keyomarsi K. Indole-3-carbinol and its N-alkoxy derivatives preferentially target ERα-positive breast cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2587-99. [PMID: 25486199 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2015.942210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a natural anti-carcinogenic compound found at high concentrations in Brassica vegetables. I3C was recently reported to inhibit neutrophil elastase (NE) activity, while consequently limiting the proteolytic processing of full length cyclin E into pro-tumorigenic low molecular weight cyclin E (LMW-E). In this study, we hypothesized that inhibition of NE activity and resultant LMW-E generation is critical to the anti-tumor effects of I3C. LMW-E was predominately expressed by ERα-negative breast cancer cell lines. However, ERα-positive cell lines demonstrated the greatest sensitivity to the anti-tumor effects of I3C and its more potent N-alkoxy derivatives. We found that I3C was incapable of inhibiting NE activity or the generation of LMW-E. Therefore, this pathway did not contribute to the anti-tumor activity of I3C. Gene expression analyzes identified ligand-activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which mediated sensitivity to the anti-tumor effects of I3C in ERα-positive MCF-7 cells. In this model system, the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced upregulation of ATF-3 and pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins (e.g. NOXA) contributed to the sensitivity of ERα-positive breast cancer cells to the anti-tumor effects of I3C. Overexpression of ERα in MDA-MB-231 cells, which normally lack ERα expression, increased sensitivity to the anti-tumor effects of I3C, demonstrating a direct role for ERα in mediating the sensitivity of breast cancer cell lines to I3C. Our results suggest that ERα signaling amplified the pro-apoptotic effect of I3C-induced AhR signaling in luminal breast cancer cell lines, which was mediated in part through oxidative stress induced upregulation of ATF-3 and downstream BH3-only proteins.
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Key Words
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CYP, cytochrome p450 oxidases
- DIM, 3,3-diindoylmethane
- ERα, estrogen receptor α
- HMECs, human mammary epithelial cells
- I3C, indole-3-carbinol
- LMW-E, low molecular weight cyclin E
- NE, neutrophil elastase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPPA, reverse phase protein array
- TNBC, triple-receptor negative breast cancer
- aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- estrogen receptor α
- indole-3-carbinol
- neutrophil elastase
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Caruso
- a Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology ; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston , TX USA
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24
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PKCiota promotes ovarian tumor progression through deregulation of cyclin E. Oncogene 2015; 35:2428-40. [PMID: 26279297 PMCID: PMC4856585 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The high frequency of relapse of epithelial ovarian tumors treated with standard chemotherapy has highlighted the necessity to identify targeted therapies that can improve patient outcomes. The dynamic relationship between Cyclin E and PKCiota frequent overexpression in high-grade ovarian tumors poses a novel pathway for therapeutic investigation. We hypothesized that a PI3K dependent signaling pathway activating PKCiota perpetuates cyclin E deregulation during ovarian tumorigenesis. We observed a positive correlation between PKCiota and cyclin E in a panel of 19 ovarian cancer cell lines. Modulation of cyclin E had no effect on PKCiota knockdown/overexpression however PKCiota differentially regulated cyclin E expression. In the serous ovarian cancer cells (IGROV, OVCAR-3), shPKCiota decreased proliferation, caused a G1 arrest, and significantly prolonged overall survival in xenograft mouse models. In vitro shPKCiota decreased the ability of IGROV cells to grow under anchorage independent conditions and form aberrant acini, which was dependent upon Ad-cyclin E or Ad-LMW-E expression. RPPA analysis of PKCiota wild-type, catalytic active, dominant negative protein isoforms strengthened the association between phospho-PKCiota levels and PI3K pathway activation. Inhibitors of PI3K coordinately decreased phospho-PKCiota and Cyclin E protein levels. In conclusion, we have identified a PI3K/PKCiota/Cyclin E signaling pathway as a therapeutic target during ovarian tumorigenesis.
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Mitri Z, Karakas C, Wei C, Briones B, Simmons H, Ibrahim N, Alvarez R, Murray JL, Keyomarsi K, Moulder S. A phase 1 study with dose expansion of the CDK inhibitor dinaciclib (SCH 727965) in combination with epirubicin in patients with metastatic triple negative breast cancer. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:890-4. [PMID: 25947565 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low molecular weight cyclin E (LMW-E) isoforms, overexpressed in a majority (~70 %) of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), were found in preclinical models to mediate tumorigenesis through binding and activation of CDK2. CDK1/CDK2 inhibitors, such as dinaciclib, combined with anthracyclines, were synergistic in decreasing viability of TNBC cell lines. Based on this data, a phase 1 study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose of dinaciclib in combination with epirubicin in patients with metastatic TNBC. METHODS Cohorts of at least 2 patients were treated with escalating doses of dinaciclib given on day 1 followed by standard dose of epirubicin given on day 2 of a 21 day cycle. No intra-patient dose escalation was allowed. An adaptive accrual design based upon toxicity during cycle 1 determined entry into therapy cohorts. The target acceptable dose limiting toxicity (DLT) to advance to the next treatment level was 30 %. RESULTS Between 9/18/2012 and 7/18/2013, 9 patients were enrolled and treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center. DLTs included febrile neutropenia (grade 3, n = 2), syncope (grade 3, n = 2) and vomiting (grade 3, n = 1). Dose escalation did not proceed past the second cohort due to toxicity. After further accrual, the first dose level was also found to be too toxic. No treatment responses were noted, median time to progression was 5.5 weeks (range 3-12 weeks). Thus, accrual was stopped rather than explore the -1 dose level. CONCLUSION The combination of dinaciclib and epirubicin is associated with substantial toxicities and does not appear to be an effective treatment option for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahi Mitri
- Department of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Torres G, Echavarría I, Lobo M, Márquez-Rodas I, Martin M. Cyclin Kinase Inhibitors in Breast Cancer: From Bench to Bedside. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-014-0142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Alexander A, Keyomarsi K. Exploiting Cell Cycle Pathways in Cancer Therapy: New (and Old) Targets and Potential Strategies. NUCLEAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND TARGETING TRANSCRIPTION IN CANCER 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8039-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Randomized phase II trial of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor dinaciclib (MK-7965) versus capecitabine in patients with advanced breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2013; 14:169-76. [PMID: 24393852 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective therapies after failure of treatment with anthracyclines and taxanes are needed for patients with metastatic breast cancer. Dinaciclib (MK-7965, formerly SCH727965), a small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, has demonstrated antitumor activity in phase I studies with solid-tumor patients. This phase II trial was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of dinaciclib compared with that of capecitabine in women with previously treated advanced breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were randomized to receive either dinaciclib at 50 mg/m(2), administered as a 2-hour infusion every 21 days, or 1250 mg/m(2) capecitabine, administered orally twice daily in 21-day cycles. RESULTS An unplanned interim analysis showed that the time to disease progression was inferior with dinaciclib treatment compared with capecitabine treatment; therefore, the trial was stopped after 30 patients were randomized. Dinaciclib treatment demonstrated antitumor activity in 2 of 7 patients with estrogen receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer (1 confirmed and 1 unconfirmed partial response), as well as acceptable safety and tolerability. Grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events were common and included neutropenia, leukopenia, increase in aspartate aminotransferase, and febrile neutropenia. Population pharmacokinetic model-predicted mean dinaciclib exposure (area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity [AUC[I]]) at 50 mg/m(2) was similar to that observed in a previous phase I trial, and no drug accumulation was observed after multiple-dose administration. CONCLUSION Although dinaciclib monotherapy demonstrated some antitumor activity and was generally tolerated, efficacy was not superior to capecitabine. Future studies may be considered to evaluate dinaciclib in select patient populations with metastatic breast cancer and in combination with other agents.
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Galons H, Oumata N, Gloulou O, Meijer L. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors closer to market launch? Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:945-63. [PMID: 23600454 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.789861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interest in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors was stimulated by the demonstration that their pharmacological activities could lead to therapies for numerous diseases. Until now, despite the clinical introduction of a dozen compounds belonging to other classes of kinase inhibitors, no CDK inhibitor has reached the marketplace. AREAS COVERED This review covers CDK inhibitor patents published between 2009 and September 2012. It presents compounds currently undergoing clinical development, along with our earlier (2010) review of the same topic, as well as descriptions of recently published compounds not disclosed in the patent literature. It provides the reader with an update of all chemical structures of current interest in the CDK inhibitor field. EXPERT OPINION Though cancer remains the most obvious application for CDK inhibition, other indications, such as HIV infection, could potentially be treated with CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Galons
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, INSERM U 1022, Université Paris - Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France.
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Dutta P, Bui T, Bauckman KA, Keyomarsi K, Mills GB, Nanjundan M. EVI1 splice variants modulate functional responses in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:647-68. [PMID: 23517670 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification of 3q26.2, found in many cancer lineages, is a frequent and early event in ovarian cancer. We previously defined the most frequent region of copy number increase at 3q26.2 to EVI1 (ecotropic viral integration site-1) and MDS1 (myelodysplastic syndrome 1) (aka MECOM), an observation recently confirmed by the cancer genome atlas (TCGA). MECOM is increased at the DNA, RNA, and protein level and likely contributes to patient outcome. Herein, we report that EVI1 is aberrantly spliced, generating multiple variants including a Del(190-515) variant (equivalent to previously reported) expressed in >90% of advanced stage serous epithelial ovarian cancers. Although EVI1(Del190-515) lacks ∼70% of exon 7, it binds CtBP1 as well as SMAD3, important mediators of TGFβ signaling, similar to wild type EVI1. This contrasts with EVI1 1-268 which failed to interact with CtBP1. Interestingly, the EVI1(Del190-515) splice variant preferentially localizes to PML nuclear bodies compared to wild type and EVI1(Del427-515). While wild type EVI1 efficiently repressed TGFβ-mediated AP-1 (activator protein-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) promoters, EVI1(Del190-515) elicited a slight increase in both promoter activities. Expression of EVI1 and EVI1(Del427-515) (but not EVI1(Del190-515)) in OVCAR8 ovarian cancer cells increased cyclin E1 LMW expression and cell cycle progression. Furthermore, knockdown of specific EVI1 splice variants (both MDS1/EVI1 and EVI1(Del190-515)) markedly increased claudin-1 mRNA and protein expression in HEY ovarian and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Changes in claudin-1 were associated with alterations in specific epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers concurrent with reduced migratory potential. Collectively, EVI1 is frequently aberrantly spliced in ovarian cancer with specific forms eliciting altered functions which could potentially contribute to ovarian cancer pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punashi Dutta
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Loeb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
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LMW-E/CDK2 deregulates acinar morphogenesis, induces tumorigenesis, and associates with the activated b-Raf-ERK1/2-mTOR pathway in breast cancer patients. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002538. [PMID: 22479189 PMCID: PMC3315462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastase-mediated cleavage of cyclin E generates low molecular weight cyclin E (LMW-E) isoforms exhibiting enhanced CDK2-associated kinase activity and resistance to inhibition by CDK inhibitors p21 and p27. Approximately 27% of breast cancers express high LMW-E protein levels, which significantly correlates with poor survival. The objective of this study was to identify the signaling pathway(s) deregulated by LMW-E expression in breast cancer patients and to identify pharmaceutical agents to effectively target this pathway. Ectopic LMW-E expression in nontumorigenic human mammary epithelial cells (hMECs) was sufficient to generate xenografts with greater tumorigenic potential than full-length cyclin E, and the tumorigenicity was augmented by in vivo passaging. However, cyclin E mutants unable to interact with CDK2 protected hMECs from tumor development. When hMECs were cultured on Matrigel, LMW-E mediated aberrant acinar morphogenesis, including enlargement of acinar structures and formation of multi-acinar complexes, as denoted by reduced BIM and elevated Ki67 expression. Similarly, inducible expression of LMW-E in transgenic mice generated hyper-proliferative terminal end buds resulting in enhanced mammary tumor development. Reverse-phase protein array assay of 276 breast tumor patient samples and cells cultured on monolayer and in three-dimensional Matrigel demonstrated that, in terms of protein expression profile, hMECs cultured in Matrigel more closely resembled patient tissues than did cells cultured on monolayer. Additionally, the b-Raf-ERK1/2-mTOR pathway was activated in LMW-E-expressing patient samples, and activation of this pathway was associated with poor disease-specific survival. Combination treatment using roscovitine (CDK inhibitor) plus either rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) or sorafenib (a pan kinase inhibitor targeting b-Raf) effectively prevented aberrant acinar formation in LMW-E-expressing cells by inducing G1/S cell cycle arrest. LMW-E requires CDK2-associated kinase activity to induce mammary tumor formation by disrupting acinar development. The b-Raf-ERK1/2-mTOR signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in breast cancer and can be suppressed by combination treatment with roscovitine plus either rapamycin or sorafenib.
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