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Balali-Mood M, Sinclair RD, Darchini-Maragheh E, Etemad L. Mucocutaneous alterations and complications in amphetamine abusers: a narrative review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2023; 42:219-231. [PMID: 37450708 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2023.2235425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamines are the second most commonly used illicit drug worldwide. Amphetamine use can result in significant cutaneous morbidity. This review highlights the dermatological manifestations of amphetamine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Balali-Mood
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Rodney D Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Sinclair Dermatology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emadodin Darchini-Maragheh
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Sinclair Dermatology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Drug Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Chen B, Ding X, Wan A, Qi X, Lin X, Wang H, Mu W, Wang G, Zheng J. Comprehensive analysis of TLX2 in pan cancer as a prognostic and immunologic biomarker and validation in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16244. [PMID: 37758722 PMCID: PMC10533500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell leukemia homeobox 2 (TLX2) plays an important role in some tumors. Bioinformatics and experimental validation represent a useful way to explore the mechanisms and functions of TLX2 gene in the cancer disease process from a pan cancer perspective. TLX2 was aberrantly expressed in pan cancer and cell lines and correlated with clinical stage. High TLX2 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival in COAD, KIRC, OC, and UCS. The greatest frequency of TLX2 alterations in pan cancer was amplification. Alterations of NXF2B, MSLNL, PCGF1, INO80B-WBP1, LBX2-AS1, MRPL53, LBX2, TTC31, WDR54, and WBP1 co-occurred in the TLX2 alteration group. PFS was significantly shorter in the TLX2-altered group (n = 6) compared to the TLX2-unaltered group (n = 400). Methylation levels of TLX2 were high in 17 tumors. TLX2 expression was associated with MSI in seven tumors and TMB in five tumors. TLX2 expression was associated with immune infiltration and immune checkpoint genes. TLX2 may be associated with some pathways and chemoresistance. We constructed a possible competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network of LINC01010/miR-146a-5p/TLX2 in OC. TLX2 expression was significantly upregulated in ovarian cancer cell lines compared to ovarian epithelial cell lines. Aberrant expression of TLX2 in pan cancer may promote tumorigenesis and progression through different mechanisms. TLX2 may represent an important therapeutic target for human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buze Chen
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, No. 209 Tongshan Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Ding
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ailing Wan
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoman Lin
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haihong Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyu Mu
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, No. 209 Tongshan Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Fleischer LM, Somaiya RD, Miller GM. Review and Meta-Analyses of TAAR1 Expression in the Immune System and Cancers. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29997511 PMCID: PMC6029583 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2001, the major focus of TAAR1 research has been on its role in monoaminergic regulation, drug-induced reward and psychiatric conditions. More recently, TAAR1 expression and functionality in immune system regulation and immune cell activation has become a topic of emerging interest. Here, we review the immunologically-relevant TAAR1 literature and incorporate open-source expression and cancer survival data meta-analyses. We provide strong evidence for TAAR1 expression in the immune system and cancers revealed through NCBI GEO datamining and discuss its regulation in a spectrum of immune cell types as well as in numerous cancers. We discuss connections and logical directions for further study of TAAR1 in immunological function, and its potential role as a mediator or modulator of immune dysregulation, immunological effects of psychostimulant drugs of abuse, and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Fleischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachana D Somaiya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gregory M Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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McKay HS, Bream JH, Margolick JB, Martínez-Maza O, Phair JP, Rinaldo CR, Abraham AG, Jacobson LP. Host factors associated with serologic inflammatory markers assessed using multiplex assays. Cytokine 2016; 85:71-9. [PMID: 27295613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic systemic inflammation contributes to the development of adverse health conditions, yet the influence of fixed and modifiable risk factors on many serologic biomarkers of inflammation remains largely unknown. Serum concentrations of twenty-three biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), cytokines (CXCL11, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL13, CCL4, CCL17, CXCL13, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-1β, GM-CSF, BAFF), and soluble immune receptors (sCD14, sIL-2Rα, sCD27, sgp130, sTNF-R2) were measured longitudinally using multiplexed immunometric assays in 250 HIV-uninfected men followed in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (1984-2009). Generalized gamma regression was used to determine the statistical significance of factors associated with each biomarker. After accounting for age, race, and education, and for analysis of multiple biomarkers, higher concentrations of specific individual biomarkers were significantly (P<0.002) associated with hypertension, obesity, hepatitis C infection, stimulant use, and diabetes and lower concentrations with hypercholesterolemia. These associations should be taken into account in epidemiological studies of these biomarkers, and may provide potential targets for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S McKay
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jay H Bream
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John P Phair
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, CA, USA
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa P Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Weber R, Huber M, Battegay M, Stähelin C, Castro Batanjer E, Calmy A, Bregenzer A, Bernasconi E, Schoeni-Affolter F, Ledergerber B. Influence of noninjecting and injecting drug use on mortality, retention in the cohort, and antiretroviral therapy, in participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. HIV Med 2014; 16:137-51. [PMID: 25124393 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We studied the influence of noninjecting and injecting drug use on mortality, dropout rate, and the course of antiretroviral therapy (ART), in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). METHODS Cohort participants, registered prior to April 2007 and with at least one drug use questionnaire completed until May 2013, were categorized according to their self-reported drug use behaviour. The probabilities of death and dropout were separately analysed using multivariable competing risks proportional hazards regression models with mutual correction for the other endpoint. Furthermore, we describe the influence of drug use on the course of ART. RESULTS A total of 6529 participants (including 31% women) were followed during 31 215 person-years; 5.1% participants died; 10.5% were lost to follow-up. Among persons with homosexual or heterosexual HIV transmission, noninjecting drug use was associated with higher all-cause mortality [subhazard rate (SHR) 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-2.83], compared with no drug use. Also, mortality was increased among former injecting drug users (IDUs) who reported noninjecting drug use (SHR 2.34; 95% CI 1.49-3.69). Noninjecting drug use was associated with higher dropout rates. The mean proportion of time with suppressed viral replication was 82.2% in all participants, irrespective of ART status, and 91.2% in those on ART. Drug use lowered adherence, and increased rates of ART change and ART interruptions. Virological failure on ART was more frequent in participants who reported concomitant drug injections while on opiate substitution, and in current IDUs, but not among noninjecting drug users. CONCLUSIONS Noninjecting drug use and injecting drug use are modifiable risks for death, and they lower retention in a cohort and complicate ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital, Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Karahalios A, Baglietto L, Carlin JB, English DR, Simpson JA. A review of the reporting and handling of missing data in cohort studies with repeated assessment of exposure measures. BMC Med Res Methodol 2012; 12:96. [PMID: 22784200 PMCID: PMC3464662 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-12-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retaining participants in cohort studies with multiple follow-up waves is difficult. Commonly, researchers are faced with the problem of missing data, which may introduce biased results as well as a loss of statistical power and precision. The STROBE guidelines von Elm et al. (Lancet, 370:1453-1457, 2007); Vandenbroucke et al. (PLoS Med, 4:e297, 2007) and the guidelines proposed by Sterne et al. (BMJ, 338:b2393, 2009) recommend that cohort studies report on the amount of missing data, the reasons for non-participation and non-response, and the method used to handle missing data in the analyses. We have conducted a review of publications from cohort studies in order to document the reporting of missing data for exposure measures and to describe the statistical methods used to account for the missing data. METHODS A systematic search of English language papers published from January 2000 to December 2009 was carried out in PubMed. Prospective cohort studies with a sample size greater than 1,000 that analysed data using repeated measures of exposure were included. RESULTS Among the 82 papers meeting the inclusion criteria, only 35 (43%) reported the amount of missing data according to the suggested guidelines. Sixty-eight papers (83%) described how they dealt with missing data in the analysis. Most of the papers excluded participants with missing data and performed a complete-case analysis (n=54, 66%). Other papers used more sophisticated methods including multiple imputation (n=5) or fully Bayesian modeling (n=1). Methods known to produce biased results were also used, for example, Last Observation Carried Forward (n=7), the missing indicator method (n=1), and mean value substitution (n=3). For the remaining 14 papers, the method used to handle missing data in the analysis was not stated. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the inconsistent reporting of missing data in cohort studies and the continuing use of inappropriate methods to handle missing data in the analysis. Epidemiological journals should invoke the STROBE guidelines as a framework for authors so that the amount of missing data and how this was accounted for in the analysis is transparent in the reporting of cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Karahalios
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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