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Huang H, Qin J, Wen Z, Liu Y, Chen C, Wang C, Li H, Yang X. Effects of natural extract interventions in prostate cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155598. [PMID: 38608596 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over years, there has been a widespread quest for effective dietary patterns and natural extracts to mitigate prostate cancer risk. However, despite numerous experimental studies conducted on various natural extracts, the evidence substantiating their efficacy remains largely insufficient. This dearth of compelling evidence presents a significant challenge in advocating for their widespread use as preventive measures against prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE Our study endeavors to undertake a network meta-analysis to evaluate the influence of natural extracts on prostate cancer. METHODS Researchers systematically searched through Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases until December 2023. The main focus was on assessing primary outcomes comprising prostate-specific antigen (PSA), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). We conducted data analysis utilizing StataMP 15.0 software. Therapeutic effects were ranked based on the probability values derived from Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking curve (SUCRA). Additionally, cluster analysis was employed to assess the impacts of natural extracts on three distinct outcomes. RESULTS Following screening procedures, the 28 eligible studies were incorporated, the selected studies encompassed 1,566 prostate cancer patients and evaluated 16 different natural extract treatments. Specifically, 24 trials included PSA indicators, 10 included IGF-1 indicators, and 8 included IGFBP-3 indicators. The findings revealed that, based on the SUCRA values, the combined therapy of silybin with selenium (74%) appears to be the most effective approach for reducing serum PSA levels. Simultaneously, silybin alone (84.6%) stands out as the most promising option for decreasing serum IGF-1 levels. Lastly, concerning IGFBP-3, silybin alone (67.7%) emerges as the optimal choice. Twelve studies provided comprehensive information on adverse drug reactions/events (ADR/ADE), whereas five articles did not report any significant ADR/ADE. CONCLUSION The NMA suggests that, compared to placebo, utilizing silybin either alone or in combination with selenium has been shown to enhance therapeutic effects, offering potential benefits to patients with prostate cancer. This study can offer valuable insights for prostate patients considering natural extract treatments. Further evidence is required to confirm the safety profile of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Huang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiao Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhi Wen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Caixia Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.
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Di Napoli R, Balzano N, Mascolo A, Cimmino C, Vitiello A, Zovi A, Capuano A, Boccellino M. What Is the Role of Nutraceutical Products in Cancer Patients? A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2023; 15:3249. [PMID: 37513667 PMCID: PMC10383141 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy represents the main pharmacological cancer treatment. Recently, positive effects emerged with the combination of anticancer therapy and nutraceutical products. The aim of this systematic review is to collect and synthesize the available scientific evidence regarding the potential effects of nutraceuticals on cancer cells. A systematic literature search of randomized clinical trials of nutraceutical products in patients with cancer published up to 15 December 2022 was conducted using three data sources: Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science. The effect of high-dose isoflavone supplements on prostate cancer resulted in stabilization or reduction of PSA concentrations in 50% of isoflavone group patients six months after treatment. High doses of vitamin D supplementation plus chemotherapy in patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer showed a median PFS of 13.0 months (95% CI, 10.1-14.7 months) for 49 patients. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on markers of inflammatory level and antioxidant capacity in women with breast cancer showed a significant increase in serum vitamin D concentration (28 ± 2.6 to 39 ± 3.5; p = 0.004) after 8 weeks of treatment. In conclusion, nutraceutical supplements represent a potentially growing sector and can be utilized in medical treatment or nutrition to provide integrated medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Di Napoli
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Balzano
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mascolo
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Zovi
- Ministry of Health, Viale Giorgio Ribotta 5, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Capuano
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Boccellino
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
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The Anti-Cancer Activity of Lycopene: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235152. [PMID: 36501182 PMCID: PMC9741066 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a nutraceutical with health-promoting and anti-cancer activities, but due to a lack of evidence, there are no recommendations regarding its use and dosage. This review aimed to evaluate the benefits of lycopene supplementation in cancer prevention and treatment based on the results of in vivo studies. We identified 72 human and animal studies that were then analysed for endpoints such as cancer incidence, improvement in treatment outcomes, and the mechanisms of lycopene action. We concluded that the results of most of the reviewed in vivo studies confirmed the anti-cancer activities of lycopene. Most of the studies concerned prostate cancer, reflecting the number of in vitro studies. The reported mechanisms of lycopene action in vivo included regulation of oxidative and inflammatory processes, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of cell division, angiogenesis, and metastasis formation. The predominance of particular mechanisms seemed to depend on tumour organ localisation and the local storage capacity of lycopene. Finally, there is a need to look for predictive factors to identify a population that may benefit from lycopene supplementation. The potential candidates appear to be race, single nucleotide polymorphisms in carotene-cleaving enzymes, some genetic abbreviations, and insulin-like growth factor-dependent and inflammatory diseases.
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Tomatoes: An Extensive Review of the Associated Health Impacts of Tomatoes and Factors That Can Affect Their Cultivation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020239. [PMID: 35205105 PMCID: PMC8869745 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The research outlined in this review paper discusses potential health benefits associated with a diet enriched with tomatoes and tomato products. This includes details of previous studies investigating the anticancer properties of tomatoes, protection against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes, maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome, and improved skin health, fertility, immune response, and exercise recovery. The specific parts of a tomato fruit that contribute these health benefits are also outlined. The potential disadvantages to a tomato-rich diet are detailed, especially the consumption of supplements that contain compounds found in tomatoes, such as lycopene. This review also discusses how the cultivation of tomato plants can affect the nutritional value of the fruit harvested. Different environmental growing conditions such as light intensity, growing media, and temperature are explained in terms of the impact they have on the quality of fruit, its nutrient content, and hence the potential health benefits acquired from eating the fruit. Abstract This review outlines the health benefits associated with the regular consumption of tomatoes and tomato products. The first section provides a detailed account of the horticultural techniques that can impact the quality of the fruit and its nutritional properties, including water availability, light intensity, temperature, and growing media. The next section provides information on the components of tomato that are likely to contribute to its health effects. The review then details some of the health benefits associated with tomato consumption, including anticancer properties, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and skin health. This review also discusses the impact tomatoes can have on the gut microbiome and associated health benefits, including reducing the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases. Other health benefits of eating tomatoes are also discussed in relation to effects on diabetes, the immune response, exercise recovery, and fertility. Finally, this review also addresses the negative effects that can occur as a result of overconsumption of tomato products and lycopene supplements.
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Puah BP, Jalil J, Attiq A, Kamisah Y. New Insights into Molecular Mechanism behind Anti-Cancer Activities of Lycopene. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133888. [PMID: 34202203 PMCID: PMC8270321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a well-known compound found commonly in tomatoes which brings wide range of health benefits against cardiovascular diseases and cancers. From an anti-cancer perspective, lycopene is often associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer and people often look for it as a dietary supplement which may help to prevent cancer. Previous scientific evidence exhibited that the anti-cancer activity of lycopene relies on its ability to suppress oncogene expressions and induce proapoptotic pathways. To further explore the real potential of lycopene in cancer prevention, this review discusses the new insights and perspectives on the anti-cancer activities of lycopene which could help to drive new direction for research. The relationship between inflammation and cancer is being highlighted, whereby lycopene suppresses cancer via resolution of inflammation are also discussed herein. The immune system was found to be a part of the anti-cancer system of lycopene as it modulates immune cells to suppress tumor growth and progression. Lycopene, which is under the family of carotenoids, was found to play special role in suppressing lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon-Peng Puah
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9289-7533
| | - Ali Attiq
- Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Malaysia;
| | - Yusof Kamisah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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Dulińska-Litewka J, Sharoni Y, Hałubiec P, Łazarczyk A, Szafrański O, McCubrey JA, Gąsiorkiewicz B, Laidler P, Bohn T. Recent Progress in Discovering the Role of Carotenoids and Their Metabolites in Prostatic Physiology and Pathology with a Focus on Prostate Cancer-A Review-Part I: Molecular Mechanisms of Carotenoid Action. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040585. [PMID: 33920256 PMCID: PMC8069951 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the vast variety of plant-derived phytochemicals, the group of carotenoids has continuously been investigated in order to optimize their potential application in the area of dietary intervention and medicine. One organ which has been especially targeted in many of these studies and clinical trials is the human prostate. Without doubt, carotenoids (and their endogenous derivatives—retinoids and other apo-carotenoids) are involved in intra- and intercellular signaling, cell growth and differentiation of prostate tissue. Due to the accumulation of new data on the role of different carotenoids such as lycopene (LC) and β-carotene (BC) in prostatic physiology and pathology, the present review aims to cover the past ten years of research in this area. Data from experimental studies are presented in the first part of the review, while epidemiological studies are disclosed and discussed in the second part. The objective of this compilation is to emphasize the present state of knowledge regarding the most potent molecular targets of carotenoids and their main metabolites, as well as to propose promising carotenoid agents for the prevention and treatment of prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dulińska-Litewka
- Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.); (B.G.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-422-3272
| | - Yoav Sharoni
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653 Beer Sheva, Israel;
| | - Przemysław Hałubiec
- Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.); (B.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Agnieszka Łazarczyk
- Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.); (B.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Oskar Szafrański
- Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.); (B.G.); (P.L.)
| | - James A. McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody Medical Sciences Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Bartosz Gąsiorkiewicz
- Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.); (B.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Piotr Laidler
- Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.); (B.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-23 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
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7
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Oczkowski M, Dziendzikowska K, Pasternak-Winiarska A, Włodarek D, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. Dietary Factors and Prostate Cancer Development, Progression, and Reduction. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020496. [PMID: 33546190 PMCID: PMC7913227 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the constantly increasing number of cases, prostate cancer has become one of the most important health problems of modern societies. This review presents the current knowledge regarding the role of nutrients and foodstuff consumption in the etiology and development of prostate malignancies, including the potential mechanisms of action. The results of several in vivo and in vitro laboratory experiments as well as those reported by the clinical and epidemiological research studies carried out around the world were analyzed. The outcomes of these studies clearly show the influence of both nutrients and food products on the etiology and prevention of prostate cancer. Consumption of certain nutrients (saturated and trans fatty acids) and food products (e.g., processed meat products) leads to the disruption of prostate hormonal regulation, induction of oxidative stress and inflammation, and alteration of growth factor signaling and lipid metabolism, which all contribute to prostate carcinogenesis. On the other hand, a high consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish, and whole grain products exerts protective and/or therapeutic effects. Special bioactive functions are assigned to compounds such as flavonoids, stilbenes, and lycopene. Since the influence of nutrients and dietary pattern is a modifiable risk factor in the development and prevention of prostate cancer, awareness of the beneficial and harmful effects of individual food ingredients is of great importance in the global strategy against prostate cancer.
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Sadeghian M, Asadi M, Rahmani S, Sadeghi N, Hosseini SA, Zare Javid A. Lycopene Does Not Affect Prostate-Specific Antigen in Men with Non-Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2796-2807. [PMID: 33355018 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1862254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the effect of lycopene supplementation on serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in patients with prostate cancer. However, results have been inconclusive. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus up to January 2020 to find RCTs investigating the effect of lycopene supplementation on serum levels of PSA in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer. Using a random-effects model, the reported risk estimates were pooled. A total of six trials were included in the final analysis. we found no significant effect of lycopene on circulating PSA (WMD: -0.60, 95% CI: -2.01, 0.81 µg/L). However, we observed a significant reducing effect when the analysis was confined to studies that included patients with higher baseline levels of PSA (≥6.5 µg/L) (WMD: -3.74 µg/L, 95% CI: -5.15, -2.32, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis based on the duration of intervention did not result in any significant effect. Non-linear dose-response analysis did not show any significant effects of lycopene dosage (Pnon-linearity = 0.50) and duration of the intervention (Pnon-linearity = 0.63) on serum levels of PSA. Although lycopene supplementation did not produce any reduction in PSA levels overall, a significant reducing effect was observed in patients with higher levels of baseline PSA. Due to the heterogeneity of our results, further high-quality clinical trials with long-term duration are required to determine the efficacy of lycopene in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sadeghian
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Asadi
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Rahmani
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Narges Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Hosseini
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zare Javid
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Grammatikopoulou MG, Gkiouras K, Papageorgiou SΤ, Myrogiannis I, Mykoniatis I, Papamitsou T, Bogdanos DP, Goulis DG. Dietary Factors and Supplements Influencing Prostate Specific-Antigen (PSA) Concentrations in Men with Prostate Cancer and Increased Cancer Risk: An Evidence Analysis Review Based on Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102985. [PMID: 33003518 PMCID: PMC7600271 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for dietary patterns and supplements efficient in down-regulating prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations among men with prostate cancer (PCa) or increased PCa risk has been long. Several antioxidants, including lycopene, selenium, curcumin, coenzyme Q10, phytoestrogens (including isoflavones and flavonoids), green tea catechins, cernitin, vitamins (C, E, D) and multivitamins, medicinal mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum), fruit extracts (saw palmetto, cranberries, pomegranate), walnuts and fatty acids, as well as combined supplementations of all, have been examined in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in humans, on the primary, secondary, and tertiary PCa prevention level. Despite the plethora of trials and the variety of examined interventions, the evidence supporting the efficacy of most dietary factors appears inadequate to recommend their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Grammatikopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41334 Larissa, Greece; (M.G.G.); (D.P.B.)
| | - Konstantinos Gkiouras
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41334 Larissa, Greece; (M.G.G.); (D.P.B.)
- Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.Τ.P.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (D.G.G.)
| | - Stefanos Τ. Papageorgiou
- Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.Τ.P.); (I.M.)
| | - Ioannis Myrogiannis
- Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.Τ.P.); (I.M.)
| | - Ioannis Mykoniatis
- Institute for the Study of Urological Diseases (ISUD), 33 Nikis Avenue, GR-54622 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- 1st Department of Urology and Center for Sexual and Reproductive Health, G. Gennimatas—Aghios Demetrius General Hospital, 41 Ethnikis Amynis Street, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54635 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios P. Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41334 Larissa, Greece; (M.G.G.); (D.P.B.)
- Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London Medical School, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Dimitrios G. Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (D.G.G.)
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Yurko-Mauro K, Van Elswyk M, Teo L. A Scoping Review of Interactions between Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Genetic Variation in Relation to Cancer Risk. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061647. [PMID: 32498320 PMCID: PMC7352171 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This scoping review examines the interaction of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and genetic variants of various types of cancers. A comprehensive search was performed to identify controlled and observational studies conducted through August 2017. Eighteen unique studies were included: breast cancer (n = 2), gastric cancer (n = 1), exocrine pancreatic cancer (n = 1), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n = 1), prostate cancer (n = 7) and colorectal cancer (n = 6). An additional 13 studies that focused on fish intake or at-risk populations were summarized to increase readers’ understanding of the topic based on this review, DHA and EPA interact with certain genetic variants to decrease breast, colorectal and prostate cancer risk, although data was limited and identified polymorphisms were heterogeneous. The evidence to date demonstrates that omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) may decrease cancer risk by affecting genetic variants of inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress and tumor apoptosis. Collectively, data supports the notion that once a genetic variant is identified, the benefits of a targeted, personalized therapeutic regimen that includes DHA and/or EPA should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Yurko-Mauro
- Pharma Segment, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Lynn Teo
- Teo Research Consulting, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA;
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Biernacka KM, Holly JM, Martin RM, Frankow A, Bull CJ, Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Neal DE, Metcalfe C, Lane A. Effect of green tea and lycopene on the insulin-like growth factor system: the ProDiet randomized controlled trial. Eur J Cancer Prev 2019; 28:569-575. [PMID: 30921005 PMCID: PMC6784856 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Whether prostate cancer (PCa) may be preventable by dietary interventions can be assessed in randomized trials using intermediate biomarkers of cancer risk or progression. We investigated whether lycopene or green tea modify circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) peptides in men at increased risk of PCa. Participants (aged 50-69 years) in one centre in the UK wide PCa testing and treatment trial (ProtecT) with prostate specific antigen between 2.0 and 2.95 ng/ml or negative biopsies, were randomized to daily lycopene (n = 44 assigned 15 mg capsules/day; 44 assigned a lycopene-rich diet; 45 assigned placebo) and green tea (n = 45 assigned 600 mg/day epigallocatechin gallate; 45 assigned green tea drink; 43 assigned placebo) for 6 months. The interventions significantly elevated the primary outcomes, serum epigallocatechin gallate and lycopene at 6 months of follow-up. We report here an exploratory analysis in which serum IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein (BP)-2 and IGFBP-3 were measured at baseline and 6 months of postintervention. A total of 133 men were randomized (34% of eligible men approached) and 130 had follow-up IGF peptides (98%). In intention-to-treat analyses, there was only weak evidence that lycopene or green tea influenced some aspects of serum IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2 or IGFBP-3. In men randomized to lycopene supplements, IGFBP-2 was nonsignificantly (50.9 ng/ml; 95% confidence interval: -51.2-152.9, P = 0.3) higher in comparison to placebo, whereas in men randomized to green tea supplements, IGFBP-3 was nonsignificantly (205.2 ng/ml; 95% confidence interval: -583.3-172.9, P = 0.3) lower than with placebo. In this small, pilot randomized controlled trial, there was little evidence that lycopene or green tea interventions influenced serum levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBBP-3 and IGFBP-2. However, the effects were imprecisely estimates and some observed trends may justify larger trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina M. Biernacka
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol
| | - Jeff M.P. Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital
| | - Richard M. Martin
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - Aleksandra Frankow
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol
| | - Caroline J. Bull
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - Freddie C. Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford
- Faculty of Medical Science, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford
| | - Jenny L. Donovan
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - David E. Neal
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Metcalfe
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol
| | - Athene Lane
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
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12
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Gevariya N, Besançon M, Robitaille K, Picard V, Diabaté L, Alesawi A, Julien P, Fradet Y, Bergeron A, Fradet V. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease prostate cancer progression associated with an anti-tumor immune response in eugonadal and castrated mice. Prostate 2019; 79:9-20. [PMID: 30073695 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence suggest effects of dietary fat on prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. Targeting omega (ω)-3:ω6 fatty acids (FA) ratio could be beneficial against PCa by favorably modulating inflammation. Here, we studied the effects of ω3- and ω6-enriched diets on prostate tumor growth and inflammatory response in androgen-deprived and non-deprived conditions. METHODS Immune-competent eugonadal and castrated C57BL/6 mice were injected with TRAMP-C2 prostate tumor cells and daily fed with ω3- or ω6-enriched diet. FA and cytokine profiles were measured in blood and tumors using gas chromatography and multiplex immunoassay, respectively. Immune cell infiltration in tumors was profiled by multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS ω3-enriched diet decreased prostate TRAMP-C2 tumor growth in immune-competent eugonadal and castrated mice. Cytokines associated with Th1 immune response (IL-12 [p70], IFN-γ, GM-CSF) and eosinophil recruitment (eotaxin-1, IL-5, and IL-13) were significantly elevated in tumors of ω3-fed mice. Using in vitro experiments, we confirmed ω3 FA-induced eotaxin-1 secretion by tumor cells and that eotaxin-1 secretion was regulated by androgens. Analysis of immune cell infiltrating tumors showed no major difference of immune cells' abundance between ω3- and ω6-enriched diets. CONCLUSIONS ω3-enriched diet reduces prostate tumor growth independently of androgen levels. ω3 FA can inhibit tumor cell growth and induce a local anti-tumor inflammatory response. These findings warrant further examination of dietary ω3's potential to slow down the progression of androgen-sensitive and castrate-resistant PCa by modulating immune cell function in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj Gevariya
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marjorie Besançon
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karine Robitaille
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Picard
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lamoussa Diabaté
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anwar Alesawi
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval-CHUL, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Fradet
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Bergeron
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Fradet
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Critical Evaluation of Gene Expression Changes in Human Tissues in Response to Supplementation with Dietary Bioactive Compounds: Moving Towards Better-Quality Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070807. [PMID: 29932449 PMCID: PMC6073419 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical cell and animal nutrigenomic studies have long suggested the modulation of the transcription of multiple gene targets in cells and tissues as a potential molecular mechanism of action underlying the beneficial effects attributed to plant-derived bioactive compounds. To try to demonstrate these molecular effects in humans, a considerable number of clinical trials have now explored the changes in the expression levels of selected genes in various human cell and tissue samples following intervention with different dietary sources of bioactive compounds. In this review, we have compiled a total of 75 human studies exploring gene expression changes using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). We have critically appraised the study design and methodology used as well as the gene expression results reported. We herein pinpoint some of the main drawbacks and gaps in the experimental strategies applied, as well as the high interindividual variability of the results and the limited evidence supporting some of the investigated genes as potential responsive targets. We reinforce the need to apply normalized procedures and follow well-established methodological guidelines in future studies in order to achieve improved and reliable results that would allow for more relevant and biologically meaningful results.
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Desai SJ, Prickril B, Rasooly A. Mechanisms of Phytonutrient Modulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Inflammation Related to Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:350-375. [PMID: 29578814 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1446091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The link between chronic inflammation and cancer involves cytokines and mediators of inflammatory pathways. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in fatty acid metabolism, is upregulated during both inflammation and cancer. COX-2 is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines at the site of inflammation and enhanced COX-2-induced synthesis of prostaglandins stimulates cancer cell proliferation, promotes angiogenesis, inhibits apoptosis, and increases metastatic potential. As a result, COX-2 inhibitors are a subject of intense research interest toward potential clinical applications. Epidemiological studies highlight the potential benefits of diets rich in phytonutrients for cancer prevention. Plants contain numerous phytonutrient secondary metabolites shown to modulate COX-2. Studies have shown that these metabolites, some of which are used in traditional medicine, can reduce inflammation and carcinogenesis. This review describes the molecular mechanisms by which phytonutrients modulate inflammation, including studies of carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and fatty acids targeting various inflammation-related molecules and pathways associated with cancer. Examples of pathways include those of COX-2, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B. Such phytonutrient modulation of COX-2 and inflammation continue to be explored for applications in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreena J Desai
- a Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine , National Cancer Institute , Rockville , Maryland , USA
| | - Ben Prickril
- a Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine , National Cancer Institute , Rockville , Maryland , USA
| | - Avraham Rasooly
- a Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine , National Cancer Institute , Rockville , Maryland , USA
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15
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Fasano E, Serini S, Cittadini A, Calviello G. Long-chain n-3 PUFA against breast and prostate cancer: Which are the appropriate doses for intervention studies in animals and humans? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2245-2262. [PMID: 25897862 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.850060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential antineoplastic effect of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) remains a highly controversial issue. Numerous animal studies have supported the anticancer role of these dietary fatty acids, whereas conflicting results have been obtained in population studies, and only a few intervention human trials have been so far performed. In view of the possibility that the anticancer effects may be maximally observed within a defined range of EPA and DHA doses, herein we critically review the results and doses used in both animal studies and human clinical trials focusing on the possible n-3 PUFA protective effects against breast and prostate cancer. Our main aim is to identify the EPA and/or DHA ranges of doses needed to obtain clear anticancer effects. This may be of great help in designing future animal studies, and also in understanding the most appropriate dose for further human intervention studies. Moreover, since the healthy effects of these fatty acids have been strictly related to their increased incorporation in plasma and tissue lipids, we also examine and discuss the incorporation changes following the administration of the effective anticancer EPA and/or DHA doses in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fasano
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Simona Serini
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Achille Cittadini
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Gabriella Calviello
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
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16
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Shivappa N, Miao Q, Walker M, Hébert JR, Aronson KJ. Association Between a Dietary Inflammatory Index and Prostate Cancer Risk in Ontario, Canada. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:825-832. [PMID: 28718711 PMCID: PMC6093856 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1339095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence exists showing that various aspects of diet are implicated in the etiology of prostate cancer, although results across studies remain inconsistent. METHODS We examined the ability of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) to predict prostate cancer in a case-control study conducted in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, between 1997 and 1999. The study included 72 cases of incident primary prostate cancer patients and 302 controls of urology clinic patients who had prostate conditions other than prostate cancer. The DII was computed based on intake of 18 nutrients assessed using a 67-item food frequency questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS Men with higher DII scores were at increased risk of prostate cancer using DII score fit both as a continuous [OR = 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-2.38] and categorical variable [compared to men in the lowest DII quartile, men in the highest quartile were at elevated risk (OR = 3.50, 95% CI 1.25-9.80; ptrend = 0.02)]. There was no significant heterogeneity by weight status, but stronger association was observed in men with body mass index >25 kg/m2 versus <25 kg/m2. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that a proinflammatory diet, as indicated by increasing DII score, is a risk factor for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
- Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Qun Miao
- Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie Walker
- Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R. Hébert
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
- Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kristan J. Aronson
- Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Aucoin M, Cooley K, Knee C, Fritz H, Balneaves LG, Breau R, Fergusson D, Skidmore B, Wong R, Seely D. Fish-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Integr Cancer Ther 2017; 16:32-62. [PMID: 27365385 PMCID: PMC5736071 DOI: 10.1177/1534735416656052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of natural health products in prostate cancer (PrCa) is high despite a lack of evidence with respect to safety and efficacy. Fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids possess anti-inflammatory effects and preclinical data suggest a protective effect on PrCa incidence and progression; however, human studies have yielded conflicting results. METHODS A search of OVID MEDLINE, Pre-MEDLINE, Embase, and the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) was completed for human interventional or observational data assessing the safety and efficacy of fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids in the incidence and progression of PrCa. RESULTS Of 1776 citations screened, 54 publications reporting on 44 studies were included for review and analysis: 4 reports of 3 randomized controlled trials, 1 nonrandomized clinical trial, 20 reports of 14 cohort studies, 26 reports of 23 case-control studies, and 3 case-cohort studies. The interventional studies using fish oil supplements in patients with PrCa showed no impact on prostate-specific antigen levels; however, 2 studies showed a decrease in inflammatory or other cancer markers. A small number of mild adverse events were reported and interactions with other interventions were not assessed. Cohort and case-control studies assessing the relationship between dietary fish intake and the risk of PrCa were equivocal. Cohort studies assessing the risk of PrCa mortality suggested an association between higher intake of fish and decreased risk of prostate cancer-related death. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence is insufficient to suggest a relationship between fish-derived omega-3 fatty acid and risk of PrCa. An association between higher omega-3 intake and decreased PrCa mortality may be present but more research is needed. More intervention trials or observational studies with precisely measured exposure are needed to assess the impact of fish oil supplements and dietary fish-derived omega-3 fatty acid intake on safety, PrCa incidence, treatment, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Aucoin
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kieran Cooley
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Knee
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heidi Fritz
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rodney Breau
- Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean Fergusson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Becky Skidmore
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dugald Seely
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Integrative Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Leapman M, Jazayeri SB, Katsigeorgis M, Hobbs A, Samadi DB. Patient-perceived Causes of Prostate Cancer: Result of an Internet-based Survey. Urology 2017; 99:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Yarla NS, Bishayee A, Sethi G, Reddanna P, Kalle AM, Dhananjaya BL, Dowluru KSVGK, Chintala R, Duddukuri GR. Targeting arachidonic acid pathway by natural products for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:48-81. [PMID: 26853158 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) pathway, a metabolic process, plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Hence, AA pathway metabolic enzymes phospholipase A2s (PLA2s), cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) and their metabolic products, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, have been considered novel preventive and therapeutic targets in cancer. Bioactive natural products are a good source for development of novel cancer preventive and therapeutic drugs, which have been widely used in clinical practice due to their safety profiles. AA pathway inhibitory natural products have been developed as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents against several cancers. Curcumin, resveratrol, apigenin, anthocyans, berberine, ellagic acid, eugenol, fisetin, ursolic acid, [6]-gingerol, guggulsteone, lycopene and genistein are well known cancer chemopreventive agents which act by targeting multiple pathways, including COX-2. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid and baicalein can be chemopreventive molecules against various cancers by inhibiting LOXs. Several PLA2s inhibitory natural products have been identified with chemopreventive and therapeutic potentials against various cancers. In this review, we critically discuss the possible utility of natural products as preventive and therapeutic agents against various oncologic diseases, including prostate, pancreatic, lung, skin, gastric, oral, blood, head and neck, colorectal, liver, cervical and breast cancers, by targeting AA pathway. Further, the current status of clinical studies evaluating AA pathway inhibitory natural products in cancer is reviewed. In addition, various emerging issues, including bioavailability, toxicity and explorability of combination therapy, for the development of AA pathway inhibitory natural products as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents against human malignancy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, USA.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telagana, India
| | - Arunasree M Kalle
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telagana, India; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Human Environmental Epigenomes, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya
- Toxinology/Toxicology and Drug Discovery Unit, Center for Emerging Technologies, Jain Global Campus, Jain University, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara 562 112, Karnataka, India
| | - Kaladhar S V G K Dowluru
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India; Department of Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Bilaspur University, Bilaspur 495 001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ramakrishna Chintala
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India
| | - Govinda Rao Duddukuri
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India.
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20
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Liang P, Henning SM, Schokrpur S, Wu L, Doan N, Said J, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Cohen P, Aronson WJ. Effect of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Prostate Cancer Progression. Prostate 2016; 76:1293-302. [PMID: 27338236 PMCID: PMC5081258 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that a fish oil-based diet may play a role in delaying the progression of prostate cancer through a number of different mechanisms involving inflammatory pathways. Given the importance of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in carcinogenesis, we hypothesized that a fish oil-based diet will inhibit TAM infiltration and delay the growth of prostate cancer. METHODS Androgen sensitive mouse prostate cancer (MycCaP) allograft tumors were grown in fully immunocompetent FVB mice fed a high- fat fish oil (omega-3) or corn oil (omega-6) diet. Gene expression of markers for immune cell populations, cytokines, chemokines, and signaling pathways were determined by real-time PCR and western blot in tumor tissue. Cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro were measured by MTS assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS Tumor volumes were significantly smaller in mice in ω-3 versus the ω-6 group (P = 0.048). Gene expression of markers for M1 and M2 macrophages (F4/80, iNOS, ARG1), associated cytokines (IL-6, TNF alpha, IL-10), and the chemokine CCL-2 were also lower in the omega-3 group. Correlative in vitro studies were performed in M1 and M2 polarized macrophages and mirrored the in vivo findings. Dietary fish oil and in vitro omega-3 fatty acid administration reduced protein expression of transcription factors in the nuclear factor kappa B pathway leading to a significant decrease in gene expression of downstream targets (Bcl-2, BCL-XL, XIAP, survivin) in MycCap cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the potential of fish oil in modulating the clinical course of human prostate cancer through the immune system. Further preclinical and clinical studies are warranted evaluating fish oil-based therapies for inhibiting the recruitment and function of M1 and M2 tumor infiltrating macrophages. Prostate 76:1293-1302, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liang
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Susanne M Henning
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shiruyeh Schokrpur
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lily Wu
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ngan Doan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Said
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tristan Grogan
- Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Elashoff
- Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - William J Aronson
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- VA Medical Center Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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Gann PH, Deaton RJ, Rueter EE, van Breemen RB, Nonn L, Macias V, Han M, Ananthanarayanan V. A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Nutr Cancer 2016; 67:1104-12. [PMID: 26422197 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A diverse body of evidence suggests that lycopene might inhibit prostate cancer development. We conducted a 6-mo repeat biopsy randomized trial among men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). Here we report results for serum lycopene, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) proteins, histopathological review, and tissue markers for proliferation [minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM-2)] and cell cycle inhibition (p27). Participants consumed placebo or tomato extract capsules containing 30 mg/day lycopene. Pre- and posttreatment biopsies were immunostained and digitally scored. Serum lycopene was determined by LC-MS-MS. In secondary analyses, pathologists blindly reviewed each biopsy to score histological features. Fifty-eight men completed the trial. Serum lycopene increased 0.55 μmol/L with treatment and declined 0.29 μmol/L with placebo. We observed no meaningful differences in PSA, IGF-1, or IGF binding protein 3 concentrations between groups, nor any differences in expression of MCM-2 or p27 in epithelial nuclei. Prevalences of cancer, HGPIN, atrophy, or inflammation posttreatment were similar; however, more extensive atrophy and less extensive HGPIN was more common in the lycopene group. Despite large differences in serum lycopene following intervention, no treatment effects were apparent on either the serum or benign tissue endpoints. Larger studies are warranted to determine whether changes observed in extent of HGPIN and focal atrophy can be replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Gann
- a Department of Pathology , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Ryan J Deaton
- a Department of Pathology , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Erika Enk Rueter
- a Department of Pathology , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- a Department of Pathology , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Virgilia Macias
- a Department of Pathology , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Misop Han
- c Department of Urology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Viju Ananthanarayanan
- d Department of Pathology , Loyola University Medical Center , Maywood , Illinois , USA
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ω-3 fatty acid differentially modulated serum levels of IGF1 and IGFBP3 in men with CVD: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Nutrition 2014; 31:480-4. [PMID: 25701338 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have reported elevated serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels followed by ω-3 supplementation in various groups. Considering decreased level of IGF1 in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and protective effects of IGF1 against CVD progression and myocardial infarctions mortality, this study was performed with the aim of determining effects of ω-3 supplementation on serum levels and gene expression of IGF1 and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) in men with CVD. METHODS Sixty-two middle-aged (55.9 ± 6.5 y) non-obese men with CVD followed the study protocol in two groups of ω-3 (n = 31) or placebo (n = 31) supplementation. Participants took ω-3 supplement or placebo (edible paraffin) for 8 wk and were asked not to change their diet or physical activity plan. Anthropometric and lipid profile characteristics, serum IGF1, serum IGFBP3 and also IGF1 and IGFBP3 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured in all participants before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the two study groups in age and body mass index at baseline. The groups also had no difference in baseline serum low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, triacylglycerols, and IGF1. Compared with placebo, ω-3 supplementation increased serum IGF1 levels (P = 0.01), and decreased serum level of IGFBP3 (P = 0.02). There was a trending toward an increase in IGF1 expression and nonsignificant decrease in IGFBP3 expression. CONCLUSIONS ω-3 supplementation in patients with CVD increases serum IGF1 levels and decreases serum IGFBP3. Further research is warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
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Abstract
For men with prostate cancer (PC), patient care and treatment recommendations should not focus solely on the disease but should also take into account the views of the patient. The diagnosis and consequences of monitoring or treatment should be fully explained. Recommending Active Surveillance (AS) for the monitoring of a proven low-risk, low-volume prostate cancer should ensure that the psychological impact of AS is taken into account and included in a holistic approach to patient and disease management. This article is a rapid literature search relating to AS, and how the psychological impact of a cancer diagnosis may influence patient choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Simpson
- Uro-Oncology Specialist Nurse at East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Kent and Canterbury Hospital
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Moreel X, Allaire J, Léger C, Caron A, Labonté MÈ, Lamarche B, Julien P, Desmeules P, Têtu B, Fradet V. Prostatic and dietary omega-3 fatty acids and prostate cancer progression during active surveillance. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:766-76. [PMID: 24824038 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The association between omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids and prostate cancer has been widely studied. However, little is known about the impact of prostate tissue fatty acid content on prostate cancer progression. We hypothesized that compared with the estimated dietary ω-3 fatty acids intake and the ω-3 fatty acids levels measured in red blood cells (RBC), the prostate tissue ω-3 fatty acid content is more strongly related to prostate cancer progression. We present the initial observations from baseline data of a phase II clinical trial conducted in a cohort of 48 untreated men affected with low-risk prostate cancer, managed under active surveillance. These men underwent a first repeat biopsy session within 6 months after the initial diagnosis of low-risk prostate cancer, at which time 29% of the men had progressed from a Gleason score of 6 to a Gleason score of 7. At the first repeat biopsy session, fatty acid levels were assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire, and determined in the RBC and in the prostate tissue biopsy. We found that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer progression when measured directly in the prostate tissue. Thus, this initial interim study analysis suggests that prostate tissue ω-3 fatty acids, especially EPA, may be protective against prostate cancer progression in men with low-risk prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Moreel
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janie Allaire
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Léger
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Caron
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Labonté
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Patrice Desmeules
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Quebec-Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bernard Têtu
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Quebec-Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Fradet
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada;
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25
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Magbanua MJM, Richman EL, Sosa EV, Jones LW, Simko J, Shinohara K, Haqq CM, Carroll PR, Chan JM. Physical activity and prostate gene expression in men with low-risk prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:515-23. [PMID: 24504435 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vigorous physical activity after diagnosis of localized prostate cancer may reduce the risk of disease progression and prostate cancer-specific mortality. The molecular mechanisms by which physical activity may exert protective effects in the prostate remain unknown. METHODS We examined the associations between self-reported physical activity and gene expression patterns in morphologically normal prostate tissue of 71 men with low-risk prostate cancer on active surveillance. Differential gene expression, gene set, and pathway analyses were conducted comparing dichotomous groups defined by type, intensity, and amount of physical activity reported. RESULTS Cell cycling and DNA repair pathways were up-regulated in men who participated in ≥ 3 h/week vigorous activity compared with men who did not. In addition, canonical pathways involved in cell signaling and metabolism, the cellular effects of sildenafil (Viagra), and the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response were modulated in men who reported ≥ 3 h/week of vigorous activity. Differential expression analysis at the individual gene level revealed modest differences between men who performed vigorous activity for ≥ 3 h/week and those who did not. There were no differences in prostate gene expression in comparisons with exercise groupings that did not consider both duration and intensity of activity. CONCLUSIONS Prostate gene expression and pathway analyses revealed sets of transcripts that may be modulated in normal prostate tissue by participating in ≥ 3 h/week of vigorous activity after diagnosis of low-risk prostate cancer. These findings suggest potential biological mechanisms by which vigorous activity may reduce risk of prostate cancer progression and warrant further study and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jesus M Magbanua
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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26
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Parnes HL, House MG, Tangrea JA. Prostate cancer prevention: agent development strategies. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 202:121-131. [PMID: 24531786 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45195-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, radiation, and medical therapy over the past decade and the widespread adoption of PSA screening, prostate cancer continues to be the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States. Invasive cancer is the end result of carcinogenesis, a chronic process occurring over many years driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations. The protracted nature of this transformation to the malignant phenotype provides an opportunity to intervene pharmacologically to prevent, reverse, or delay carcinogenesis, i.e. chemoprevention. Herein, we describe the unique features of cancer prevention, as opposed to cancer treatment, agent development clinical trials, and provide a summary of the ongoing research in this field being supported by the National Cancer Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Parnes
- Division of Cancer Prevention, 9609 Medical Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9783, USA,
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27
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An appraisal of the therapeutic value of lycopene for the chemoprevention of prostate cancer: A nutrigenomic approach. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Ornish D, Lin J, Chan JM, Epel E, Kemp C, Weidner G, Marlin R, Frenda SJ, Magbanua MJM, Daubenmier J, Estay I, Hills NK, Chainani-Wu N, Carroll PR, Blackburn EH. Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14:1112-1120. [PMID: 24051140 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Azrad M, Turgeon C, Demark-Wahnefried W. Current evidence linking polyunsaturated Fatty acids with cancer risk and progression. Front Oncol 2013; 3:224. [PMID: 24027672 PMCID: PMC3761560 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a role in cancer risk and progression. The n-3 family of PUFAs includes alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while the n-6 family includes linolenic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA). EPA and DHA are precursors for anti-inflammatory lipid mediators while AA is a precursor for pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Collectively, PUFAs play crucial roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and perturbations in dietary intake or PUFA metabolism could result in cellular dysfunction and contribute to cancer risk and progression. Epidemiologic studies provide an inconsistent picture of the associations between dietary PUFAs and cancer. This discrepancy may reflect the difficulties in collecting accurate dietary data; however, it also may reflect genetic variation in PUFA metabolism which has been shown to modify physiological levels of PUFAs and cancer risk. Also, host-specific mutations as a result of cellular transformation could modify metabolism of PUFAs in the target-tissue. Clinical trials have shown that supplementation with PUFAs or foods high in PUFAs can affect markers of inflammation, immune function, tumor biology, and prognosis. Pre-clinical investigations have begun to elucidate how PUFAs may mediate cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis, and the signaling pathways involved in these processes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence linking PUFAs and their metabolites with cancer and the molecular mechanisms that underlie this association. Identifying the molecular mechanism(s) through which PUFAs affect cancer risk and progression will provide an opportunity to pursue focused dietary interventions that could translate into the development of personalized diets for cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azrad
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chelsea Turgeon
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wendy Demark-Wahnefried
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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30
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Chua ME, Sio MCD, Sorongon MC, Morales ML. The relevance of serum levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Can Urol Assoc J 2013; 7:E333-43. [PMID: 23766835 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to systematically analyze the evidence for an association between serum level long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) and prostate cancer risk from human epidemiological studies. STUDY PROCEDURES: We searched biomedical literature databases up to November 2011 and included epidemiological studies with description of long chain n-3 PUFA and incidence of prostate cancer in humans. Critical appraisal was done by two independent reviewers. Data were pooled using the general variance-based method with random-effects model; effect estimates were expressed as risk ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed by Chi(2) and quantified by I(2), publication bias was also determined. RESULTS In total, 12 studies were included. Significant negative association was noted between high serum level of n-3 PUFA doc-osapentaenoic acid (DPA) and total prostate cancer risk (RR:0.756; 95% CI 0.599, 0.955; p = 0.019). Likewise, a positive association between high blood level of fish oil contents, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and high-grade prostate tumour incidence (RR:1.381; 95% CI 1.050, 1.817; p = 0.021) was noted; however, this finding was evident only after adjustment was done on interstudy variability through the removal of a lower quality study from the pool. CONCLUSIONS High serum levels of long chain n-3 PUFA DPA is associated with reduced total prostate cancer risk. While high blood level of EPA and DHA is possibly associated with increased high-grade prostate tumour risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Chua
- Institute of Urology and Research and Biotechnology Division, St. Luke's Medical Center, Philippines
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an update of clinical research supported by the National Cancer Institute's Phase I/II prostate cancer chemoprevention agent development program. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous clinical trials of pharmacologic interventions to delay, prevent or reverse carcinogenesis ('chemoprevention') with the ultimate goal of reducing cancer incidence have been conducted over the past decade. These trials range from relatively small, short-duration studies with biomarker endpoints to very large, long-term, general population trials with definitive cancer endpoints. Two large, population-based, Phase III prostate cancer prevention trials have shown a significant benefit for 5-α-reductase inhibitors. However, this class of agents was also associated with increased detection of high-grade prostate cancer. Another large, Phase III prostate cancer prevention trial showed no benefit for either selenium or vitamin E, given individually or in combination; in fact, a significant increase in prostate cancer was observed among men randomized to the vitamin E alone arm. SUMMARY A number of early phase trials and three definitive Phase III trials have been conducted in the field of prostate cancer prevention over the past decade. Although a great deal has been learned from these studies, significant work remains to be done to fully realize the potential of chemoprevention in this disease.
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Low-fat diet with omega-3 fatty acids increases plasma insulin-like growth factor concentration in healthy postmenopausal women. Nutr Res 2013; 33:565-71. [PMID: 23827131 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor pathway plays a central role in the normal and abnormal growth of tissues; however, nutritional determinants of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its binding proteins in healthy individuals are not well defined. Three test diets-high-fat diet (40% energy as fat), low-fat diet (LF; 20% energy as fat), and a diet with low fat and high omega-3 fatty acid (LFn3; 23% energy as fat)--were tested in a randomized crossover designed controlled feeding trial in healthy postmenopausal women. Plasma IGF-I, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), insulin, glucose, and ratio of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 concentrations were measured in response to diets. Insulin sensitivity was calculated using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance We hypothesized that IGF-I, insulin, and glucose concentrations would decrease and IGFBP-3 concentration would increase in response to the low-fat diets. Eight weeks of the LFn3 diet increased circulating IGF-I (P < .001) and IGFBP-3 (P = .01) and the LF diet increased IGFBP-3 (P = .04), resulting in trends toward an increased IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio with the LFn3 diet and a decreased IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio with the LF diet (P = .13 for both comparisons). No statistically significant differences were detected between treatments at baseline or 8 weeks for IGF-1, IGFBP-3, or the ratio of IGF-1/IGFBP-3. Insulin, glucose, and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance were not altered by the interventions. Low-fat diet with high n-3 fatty acids may increase circulating IGF-I concentrations without adversely affecting insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals.
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Blood level omega-3 Fatty acids as risk determinant molecular biomarker for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013; 2013:875615. [PMID: 23589776 PMCID: PMC3621295 DOI: 10.1155/2013/875615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous researches involving dietary methods have shown
conflicting findings. Authors sought to assess the association of
prostate cancer risk with blood levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) through a meta-analysis of human
epidemiological studies in available online databases (July,
2012). After critical appraisal by two independent reviewers,
Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOQAS) was used to
grade the studies. Six case control and six nested case control
studies were included. Results showed nonsignificant association
of overall effect estimates with total or advanced prostate cancer
or high-grade tumor. High blood level of alpha-linolenic acid
(ALA) had nonsignificant positive association with total prostate
cancer risk. High blood level of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) had
significant negative association with total prostate cancer risk.
Specific n-3 PUFA in fish oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had positive association with
high-grade prostate tumor risk only after adjustment of interstudy
variability. There is evidence that high blood level of DPA that
is linked with reduced total prostate cancer risk and elevated
blood levels of fish oils, EPA, and DHA is associated with
high-grade prostate tumor, but careful interpretation is needed
due to intricate details involved in prostate carcinogenesis and
N-3 PUFA metabolism.
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34
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Urol 2012; 22:254-62. [PMID: 22469752 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e328352c3f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Fleshner NE, Lucia MS, Egerdie B, Aaron L, Eure G, Nandy I, Black L, Rittmaster RS. Dutasteride in localised prostate cancer management: the REDEEM randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 379:1103-11. [PMID: 22277570 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of dutasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor, on prostate cancer progression in men with low-risk disease who chose to be followed up with active surveillance. METHODS In our 3 year, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, undertaken at 65 academic medical centres or outpatient clinics in North America, we enrolled men aged 48-82 years who had low-volume, Gleason score 5-6 prostate cancer and had chosen to be followed up with active surveillance. We randomly allocated participants in a one-to-one ratio, stratified by site and in block sizes of four, to receive once-daily dutasteride 0·5 mg or matching placebo. Participants were followed up for 3 years, with 12-core prostate biopsy samples obtained after 18 months and 3 years. The primary endpoint was time to prostate cancer progression, defined as the number of days between the start of study treatment and the earlier of either pathological progression (in patients with ≥1 biopsy assessment after baseline) or therapeutic progression (start of medical therapy). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00363311. FINDINGS Between Aug 10, 2006, and March 26, 2007, we randomly allocated 302 participants, of whom 289 (96%) had at least one biopsy procedure after baseline and were included in the primary analysis. By 3 years, 54 (38%) of 144 men in the dutasteride group and 70 (48%) of 145 controls had prostate cancer progression (pathological or therapeutic; hazard ratio 0·62, 95% CI 0·43-0·89; p=0·009). Incidence of adverse events was much the same between treatment groups. 35 (24%) men in the dutasteride group and 23 (15%) controls had sexual adverse events or breast enlargement or tenderness. Eight (5%) men in the dutasteride group and seven (5%) controls had cardiovascular adverse events, but there were no prostate cancer-related deaths or instances of metastatic disease. INTERPRETATION Dutasteride could provide a beneficial adjunct to active surveillance for men with low-risk prostate cancer. FUNDING GlaxoSmithKline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Fleshner
- Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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36
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:106-18. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834ee42b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Aronson WJ, Kobayashi N, Barnard RJ, Henning S, Huang M, Jardack PM, Liu B, Gray A, Wan J, Konijeti R, Freedland SJ, Castor B, Heber D, Elashoff D, Said J, Cohen P, Galet C. Phase II prospective randomized trial of a low-fat diet with fish oil supplementation in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:2062-71. [PMID: 22027686 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest lowering dietary fat and decreasing the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decreases the risk of prostate cancer development and progression. We conducted a phase II randomized trial to test the effect of decreasing dietary fat combined with decreasing the dietary omega-6:omega-3 ratio on biomarkers related to prostate cancer development and progression. Patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were randomly assigned to receive a low-fat diet with 5 grams of fish oil daily (dietary omega-6:omega-3 ratio of 2:1) or a control Western diet (omega-6:omega-3 ratio of 15:1) for four to six weeks prior to surgery. The primary endpoint was change in serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) between arms. Secondary endpoints were serum IGFBP-1, prostate prostaglandin E2 levels, omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratios, COX-2, and markers of proliferation and apoptosis. Fifty-five patients were randomized and 48 completed the trial. There was no treatment difference in the primary outcome. Positive secondary outcomes in the low-fat fish oil versus Western group were reduced benign and malignant prostate tissue omega-6:omega-3 ratios, reduced proliferation (Ki-67 index), and reduced proliferation in an ex vivo bioassay when patient sera was applied to prostate cancer cells in vitro. In summary, four to six weeks of a low-fat diet and fish oil capsules to achieve an omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio of 2:1 had no effect on serum IGF-1 levels, though in secondary analyses, the intervention resulted in decreased prostate cancer proliferation and decreased prostate tissue omega-6:omega-3 ratios. These results support further studies evaluating reduction of dietary fat with fish oil supplementation on modulating prostate cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Aronson
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Box 951738, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Magbanua MJM, Roy R, Sosa EV, Weinberg V, Federman S, Mattie MD, Hughes-Fulford M, Simko J, Shinohara K, Haqq CM, Carroll PR, Chan JM. Gene expression and biological pathways in tissue of men with prostate cancer in a randomized clinical trial of lycopene and fish oil supplementation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24004. [PMID: 21912659 PMCID: PMC3164676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies suggest that micronutrients may modify the risk or delay progression of prostate cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We examined the effects of lycopene and fish oil on prostate gene expression in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Methods Eighty-four men with low risk prostate cancer were stratified based on self-reported dietary consumption of fish and tomatoes and then randomly assigned to a 3-month intervention of lycopene (n = 29) or fish oil (n = 27) supplementation or placebo (n = 28). Gene expression in morphologically normal prostate tissue was studied at baseline and at 3 months via cDNA microarray analysis. Differential gene expression and pathway analyses were performed to identify genes and pathways modulated by these micronutrients. Results Global gene expression analysis revealed no significant individual genes that were associated with high intake of fish or tomato at baseline or after 3 months of supplementation with lycopene or fish oil. However, exploratory pathway analyses of rank-ordered genes (based on p-values not corrected for multiple comparisons) revealed the modulation of androgen and estrogen metabolism in men who routinely consumed more fish (p = 0.029) and tomato (p = 0.008) compared to men who ate less. In addition, modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism (p = 0.01) was observed after 3 months of fish oil supplementation compared with the placebo group; and modulation of nuclear factor (erythroid derived-2) factor 2 or Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response for either supplement versus placebo (fish oil: p = 0.01, lycopene: p = 0.001). Conclusions We did not detect significant individual genes associated with dietary intake and supplementation of lycopene and fish oil. However, exploratory analyses revealed candidate in vivo pathways that may be modulated by these micronutrients. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00402285
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jesus M. Magbanua
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ritu Roy
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center Biostatistics and Computational Biology Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eduardo V. Sosa
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vivian Weinberg
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center Biostatistics and Computational Biology Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Federman
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Mattie
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Millie Hughes-Fulford
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeff Simko
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Katsuto Shinohara
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Haqq
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Carroll
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - June M. Chan
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Richman EL, Carroll PR, Chan JM. Vegetable and fruit intake after diagnosis and risk of prostate cancer progression. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:201-10. [PMID: 21823116 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables, tomato sauce and legumes have been associated with reduced risk of incident advanced prostate cancer. In vitro and animal studies suggest these foods may inhibit progression of prostate cancer, but there are limited data in men. Therefore, we prospectively examined whether intake of total vegetables, and specifically cruciferous vegetables, tomato sauce and legumes, after diagnosis reduce risk of prostate cancer progression among 1,560 men diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer and participating in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor, a United States prostate cancer registry. As a secondary analysis, we also examined other vegetable subgroups, total fruit and subgroups of fruits. The participants were diagnosed primarily at community-based clinics and followed from 2004 to 2009. We assessed vegetable and fruit intake via a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and ascertained prostate cancer outcomes via urologist report and medical records. We observed 134 events of progression (53 biochemical recurrences, 71 secondary treatments likely due to recurrence, 6 bone metastases and 4 prostate cancer deaths) during 3,171 person-years. Men in the fourth quartile of post-diagnostic cruciferous vegetable intake had a statistically significant 59% decreased risk of prostate cancer progression compared to men in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio (HR): 0.41; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22, 0.76; p-trend: 0.003). No other vegetable or fruit group was statistically significantly associated with risk of prostate cancer progression. In conclusion, cruciferous vegetable intake after diagnosis may reduce risk of prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Richman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Molecular markers that can be utilized in diet and dietary supplement research. Urol Clin North Am 2011; 38:321-4. [PMID: 21798394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate and other cancers have a multitude of potential markers that can be used in laboratory and clinical studies of diet and dietary supplement interventions. More overt clinical markers include imaging tests, biopsy samples, prostate-specific antigen kinetics, and urinary testing. Many molecular markers are currently available, including antiapoptotic and apoptotic proteins, cell adhesion molecules, cell cycle compounds, growth factors, angiogenic markers, and proliferative and inflammatory signals. Protein kinases and transcription factors should also be considered for diversity. Testing of numerous molecular markers has become critical in gaining preliminary insight into the potential impact of a novel diet and supplemental agents.
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