1
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Kim C, Jeong E, Lee YB, Kim D. Steroidogenic cytochrome P450 enzymes as drug target. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:325-333. [PMID: 38911541 PMCID: PMC11187042 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-024-00237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are composed of 57 individual enzymes that perform monooxygenase activities. They have diverse physiological roles in metabolizing xenobiotics and producing important endogenous compounds, such as steroid hormones and vitamins. At least seven CYP enzymes are involved in steroid biosynthesis. Steroidogenesis primarily occurs in the adrenal glands and gonads, connecting each reaction to substrates and products. Steroids are essential for maintaining life and significantly contribute to sexual differentiation and reproductive functions within the body. Disorders in steroid biosynthesis can frequently cause serious health problems and lead to the development of diseases, such as prostate cancer, breast cancer, and Cushing's syndrome. In this review, we provide current updated knowledge on the major CYP enzymes involved in the biosynthetic process of steroids, with respect to their enzymatic mechanisms and clinical implications for the development of new drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseo Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-bin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
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2
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Moccia C, Cherubini M, Fortea M, Akinbote A, Padmanaban P, Beltran‐Sastre V, Haase K. Mammary Microvessels are Sensitive to Menstrual Cycle Sex Hormones. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302561. [PMID: 37897317 PMCID: PMC10724440 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a highly vascularized organ influenced by sex hormones including estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4). Beyond whole-organism studies in rodents or cell monocultures, hormonal effects on the breast microvasculature remain largely understudied. Recent methods to generate 3D microvessels on-chip have enabled direct observation of complex vascular processes; however, these models often use non-tissue-specific cell types, such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and fibroblasts from various sources. Here, novel mammary-specific microvessels are generated by coculturing primary breast endothelial cells and fibroblasts under optimized culture conditions. These microvessels are mechanosensitive (to interstitial flow) and require endothelial-stromal interactions to develop fully perfusable vessels. These mammary-specific microvessels are also responsive to exogenous stimulation by sex hormones. When treated with combined E2 and P4, corresponding to the four phases of the menstrual cycle (period, follicular, ovular, and luteal), vascular remodeling and barrier function are altered in a phase-dependent manner. The presence of high E2 (ovulation) promotes vascular growth and remodeling, corresponding to high depletion of proangiogenic factors, whereas high P4 concentrations (luteal) promote vascular regression. The effects of combined E2 and P4 hormones are not only dose-dependent but also tissue-specific, as are shown by similarly treating non-tissue-specific HUVEC microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Moccia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Marta Cherubini
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Marina Fortea
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Akinola Akinbote
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
- Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Prasanna Padmanaban
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
| | | | - Kristina Haase
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
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3
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Lin J, Ye S, Ke H, Lin L, Wu X, Guo M, Jiao B, Chen C, Zhao L. Changes in the mammary gland during aging and its links with breast diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023. [PMID: 37184281 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional capacity of organisms declines in the process of aging. In the case of breast tissue, abnormal mammary gland development can lead to dysfunction in milk secretion, a primary function, as well as the onset of various diseases, such as breast cancer. In the process of aging, the terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) within the breast undergo gradual degeneration, while the proportion of adipose tissue in the breast continues to increase and hormonal levels in the breast change accordingly. Here, we review changes in morphology, internal structure, and cellular composition that occur in the mammary gland during aging. We also explore the emerging mechanisms of breast aging and the relationship between changes during aging and breast-related diseases, as well as potential interventions for delaying mammary gland aging and preventing breast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Lin
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shihui Ye
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hao Ke
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liang Lin
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Mengfei Guo
- Huankui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Baowei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- the Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Limin Zhao
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
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4
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Filippone A, Rossi C, Rossi MM, Di Micco A, Maggiore C, Forcina L, Natale M, Costantini L, Merendino N, Di Leone A, Franceschini G, Masetti R, Magno S. Endocrine Disruptors in Food, Estrobolome and Breast Cancer. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093158. [PMID: 37176599 PMCID: PMC10178963 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota is now recognized as one of the major players in human health and diseases, including cancer. Regarding breast cancer (BC), a clear link between microbiota and oncogenesis still needs to be confirmed. Yet, part of the bacterial gene mass inside the gut, constituting the so called "estrobolome", influences sexual hormonal balance and, since the increased exposure to estrogens is associated with an increased risk, may impact on the onset, progression, and treatment of hormonal dependent cancers (which account for more than 70% of all BCs). The hormonal dependent BCs are also affected by environmental and dietary endocrine disruptors and phytoestrogens which interact with microbiota in a bidirectional way: on the one side disruptors can alter the composition and functions of the estrobolome, ad on the other the gut microbiota influences the metabolism of endocrine active food components. This review highlights the current evidence about the complex interplay between endocrine disruptors, phytoestrogens, microbiome, and BC, within the frames of a new "oncobiotic" perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Filippone
- Center for Integrative Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Rossi
- Center for Integrative Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Rossi
- Center for Integrative Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Micco
- Center for Integrative Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Maggiore
- Center for Integrative Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Forcina
- Center for Integrative Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Natale
- Breast Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lara Costantini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Merendino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alba Di Leone
- Breast Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Franceschini
- Breast Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Women's Health Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Masetti
- Breast Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Women's Health Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Magno
- Center for Integrative Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Mauny A, Faure S, Derbré S. Phytoestrogens and Breast Cancer: Should French Recommendations Evolve? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246163. [PMID: 36551648 PMCID: PMC9776930 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) occurs less frequently in Asia, where there is high soy consumption. It has been hypothesized that soy isoflavones could be protective against BC recurrence and mortality. At the same time, health organizations in several countries have differing recommendations for soy consumption (soy foods or dietary supplements) in BC survivors. The objective of this review is to analyze the literature and to determine whether it is justified to advise avoiding soy in dietary supplements and/or food in women with a history of BC. We conducted a systematic literature search with the Medline/Pubmed and Web of Science databases. Only prospective cohort studies published since 2009 were retained. The endpoint of studies was BC recurrence and/or mortality, and the association with soy isoflavone intake was specifically targeted. Seven studies were included. None of these studies found statistically significant adverse effects of soy consumption on BC recurrence or mortality (specific or all-cause). Overall, only one study was not able to find beneficial effects of soy intake on BC patients. The other studies concluded that there were positive associations but in very variable ways. Two studies found a decrease in BC recurrence associated with a higher isoflavone intake only for post-menopausal women. The other four studies concluded that there were positive associations regardless of menopausal status. Four studies showed better results on women with hormonal-sensitive cancer and/or patients receiving hormonal treatment. Only one found a stronger association for patients with ER-negative BC. No adverse effects of soy isoflavones on BC mortality/recurrence were found. Soy isoflavones may exert beneficial effects. These results coincide with other recent works and suggest that soy isoflavone intake is safe for BC survivors. Thus, these data no longer seem to coincide with the French recommendations, which could then be brought to evolve. However, in order to confirm the current results, larger studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Mauny
- Department Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Angers, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Faure
- Department Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Angers, F-49000 Angers, France
- Inserm, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, University of Angers, F-49000 Angers, France
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (S.D.); Tel.: +33-(0)241-226-740 (S.F.); +33-(0)249-180-440 (S.D.)
| | - Séverine Derbré
- Department Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Angers, F-49000 Angers, France
- SONAS, SFR QUASAV, University of Angers, F-49000 Angers, France
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (S.D.); Tel.: +33-(0)241-226-740 (S.F.); +33-(0)249-180-440 (S.D.)
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Halim F, Azhar Y, Suwarman S, Hernowo B. p53 Mutation as Plausible Predictor for Endocrine Resistance Therapy in Luminal Breast Cancer. F1000Res 2022; 11:330. [PMID: 36519010 PMCID: PMC9718986 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.108628.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy resistance in Luminal Breast Cancer is a significant issue to be tackled, but currently, no specific biomarker could be used to anticipate this event. p53 mutation is widely known as one of Breast Cancer's most prominent genetic alterations. Its mutation could generate various effects in Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor molecular works, tangled in events leading to the aggravation of endocrine therapy resistance. Hence the possibility of p53 mutation utilization as an endocrine therapy resistance predictive biomarker is plausible. The purpose of this review is to explore the latest knowledge of p53 role in Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor molecular actions, thus aggravating the Endocrine Therapy resistance in Luminal Breast Cancer, from which we could define possibilities and limitations to utilize p53 as the predictive biomarker of endocrine therapy resistance in Luminal Breast Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda Halim
- Department of Surgery, Pelita Harapan University, Tangerang, Indonesia,
| | - Yohana Azhar
- Department of Surgery - Oncology, Head and Neck Division, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Suwarman Suwarman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Bethy Hernowo
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Zhang J, Xie Q, Huo X, Liu Z, Da M, Yuan M, Zhao Y, Shen G. Impact of intestinal dysbiosis on breast cancer metastasis and progression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1037831. [PMID: 36419880 PMCID: PMC9678367 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1037831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has a high mortality rate among malignant tumors, with metastases identified as the main cause of the high mortality. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has become a key factor in the development, treatment, and prognosis of breast cancer. The many microorganisms that make up the gut flora have a symbiotic relationship with their host and, through the regulation of host immune responses and metabolic pathways, are involved in important physiologic activities in the human body, posing a significant risk to health. In this review, we build on the interactions between breast tissue (including tumor tissue, tissue adjacent to the tumor, and samples from healthy women) and the microbiota, then explore factors associated with metastatic breast cancer and dysbiosis of the gut flora from multiple perspectives, including enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, antibiotic use, changes in gut microbial metabolites, changes in the balance of the probiotic environment and diet. These factors highlight the existence of a complex relationship between host-breast cancer progression-gut flora. Suggesting that gut flora dysbiosis may be a host-intrinsic factor affecting breast cancer metastasis and progression not only informs our understanding of the role of microbiota dysbiosis in breast cancer development and metastasis, but also the importance of balancing gut flora dysbiosis and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guoshuang Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
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8
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Vitamin D May Protect against Breast Cancer through the Regulation of Long Noncoding RNAs by VDR Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063189. [PMID: 35328609 PMCID: PMC8950893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary vitamin D3 has attracted wide interest as a natural compound for breast cancer prevention and therapy, supported by in vitro and animal studies. The exact mechanism of such action of vitamin D3 is unknown and may include several independent or partly dependent pathways. The active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D, calcitriol), binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and induces its translocation to the nucleus, where it transactivates a myriad of genes. Vitamin D3 is involved in the maintenance of a normal epigenetic profile whose disturbance may contribute to breast cancer. In general, the protective effect of vitamin D3 against breast cancer is underlined by inhibition of proliferation and migration, stimulation of differentiation and apoptosis, and inhibition of epithelial/mesenchymal transition in breast cells. Vitamin D3 may also inhibit the transformation of normal mammary progenitors into breast cancer stem cells that initiate and sustain the growth of breast tumors. As long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in breast cancer pathogenesis, and the specific mechanisms underlying this role are poorly understood, we provided several arguments that vitamin D3/VDR may induce protective effects in breast cancer through modulation of lncRNAs that are important for breast cancer pathogenesis. The main lncRNAs candidates to mediate the protective effect of vitamin D3 in breast cancer are lncBCAS1-4_1, AFAP1 antisense RNA 1 (AFAP1-AS1), metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), long intergenic non-protein-coding RNA 511 (LINC00511), LINC00346, small nucleolar RNA host gene 6 (SNHG6), and SNHG16, but there is a rationale to explore several other lncRNAs.
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9
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Lee O, Fought AJ, Shidfar A, Heinz RE, Kmiecik TE, Gann PH, Khan SA, Chatterton RT. Association of genetic polymorphisms with local steroid metabolism in human benign breasts. Steroids 2022; 177:108937. [PMID: 34762930 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although alterations of concentrations in circulating steroids have been linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of steroidogenic enzymes, we hypothesized that SNPs of such enzymes located within the breast affect local steroid concentrations more than products of such SNPs absorbed from the circulation. METHODS Steroids (estradiol, estrone, testosterone, androstenedione, DHEA, DHEA sulfate, progesterone) in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) were purified by HPLC and they along with serum steroids were quantified by immunoassays. Polymorphisms of the transporter SLCO2B1 and enzymes HSD3B1, CYP19A1, HSD17B12, AKR1C3, CYP1B1, and SRD5A1 were measured in white blood cell DNA. RESULTS Steroid concentrations in NAF of subjects with homozygous minor genotypes differed from those with heterozygotes, i.e., SLCO2B1 (rs2851069) decreased DHEAS (p = 0.04), HSD17B12 (rs11555762) increased estradiol (p < 0.004), and CYP1B1 (rs1056836) decreased estradiol (p = 0.017) and increased progesterone (p = 0.05). Also, in serum, CYP19A1 (rs10046 and rs700518) both decreased testosterone (p = 0.02) and SRD5A1 increased androstenedione (p = 0.006). Steroids in subjects with major homozygotes did not differ from those with heterozygotes indicating recessive characteristics. CONCLUSIONS In the breast, SNPs were associated with decreased uptake of DHEAS (SLCO2B1), increased estradiol concentrations through increased oxidoreductase activity (HSD17B12), or decreased estradiol concentrations by presumed formation of 4-hydroxyestradiol (CYP1B1). CYP19A1 was associated with decreased testosterone concentrations in serum but had no significant effect on estrogen or androgen concentrations within the breast. The hormone differences observed in NAF were not usually evident in serum, indicating the importance of assessing the effect of these SNPs within the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oukseub Lee
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Angela J Fought
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Ali Shidfar
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Richard E Heinz
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Thomas E Kmiecik
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Peter H Gann
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Robert T Chatterton
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Physiology, and Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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10
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Bauer E, Levy MS, Domachevsky L, Anaby D, Nissan N. Background parenchymal enhancement and uptake as breast cancer imaging biomarkers: A state-of-the-art review. Clin Imaging 2021; 83:41-50. [PMID: 34953310 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the past decade, background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) and background parenchymal uptake (BPU) have emerged as novel imaging-derived biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of breast cancer. Growing evidence supports the role of breast parenchyma vascularity and metabolic activity as probable risk factors for breast cancer development. Furthermore, in the presence of a newly-diagnosed breast cancer, added clinically-relevant data was surprisingly found in the respective imaging properties of the non-affected contralateral breast. Evaluation of the contralateral BPE and BPU have been found to be especially instrumental in predicting the prognosis of a patient with breast cancer and even anticipating their response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Simultaneously, further research has found a link between these two biomarkers, even though they represent different physical properties. The aim of this review is to provide an up to date summary of the current clinical applications of BPE and BPU as breast cancer imaging biomarkers with the hope that it propels their further usage in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Miri Sklair Levy
- Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Liran Domachevsky
- Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Debbie Anaby
- Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Noam Nissan
- Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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11
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Cummings CM, Singer JD. Cul3 is required for normal development of the mammary gland. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:49-63. [PMID: 33825963 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cullin 3 (Cul3) has recently been implicated in a multitude of different processes, including the oxidative stress response, autophagy, tumorigenesis, and differentiation. To investigate the role of Cul3 in mammary gland development, we created a mouse model system using Cre-lox targeting where Cul3 is specifically deleted from the mammary gland. Such MMTV-Cre Cul3Flx/Flx mice examined at 2 and 3 months of age show delays and defects in mammary gland development. Mammary ductal trees from Cul3-deficient mammary glands exhibit delayed forward growth through the mammary fat pad, dilation of the ducts, and abnormal morphology of some of the epithelial structures within the gland. Additionally, terminal end buds are larger and less plentiful in MMTV-Cre Cul3Flx/Flx mammary glands, and there is significantly less primary and secondary branching compared to control animals. In contrast, by 6 months of age, the mammary ductal tree has grown to fill the entire mammary fat pad in glands lacking Cul3. However, distorted epithelial structures and dilated ducts persist. MMTV-Cre Cul3Flx/Flx mothers are able to nourish their litters, but the process of involution is slightly delayed in mammary glands lacking Cul3. Therefore, we conclude that while Cul3 is not essential for mammary gland function, Cul3 is required for the mammary gland to proceed normally through development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Cummings
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Stockton University, Galloway, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Singer
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
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12
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Binienda A, Ziolkowska S, Pluciennik E. The Anticancer Properties of Silibinin: Its Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Effect in Breast Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1787-1796. [PMID: 31858905 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666191220142741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silibinin (SB), the main component of Silymarin (SM), is a natural substance obtained from the seeds of the milk thistle. SM contains up to 70% of SB as two isoforms: A and B. It has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect on hepatocytes and is known to inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and curb angiogenesis. SB has demonstrated activity against many cancers, such as skin, liver, lung, bladder, and breast carcinomas. METHODS This review presents current knowledge of the use of SM in breast cancer, this being one of the most common types of cancer in women. It describes selected molecular mechanisms of the action of SM; for example, although SB influences both Estrogen Receptors (ER), α and β, it has opposite effects on the two. Its action on ERα influences the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/ERK signaling pathways, while by up-regulating ERβ, it increases the numbers of apoptotic cells. In addition, ERα is involved in SB-induced autophagy, while ERβ is not. Interestingly, SB also inhibits metastasis by suppressing TGF-β2 expression, thus suppressing Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). It also influences migration and invasive potential via the Jak2/STAT3 pathway. RESULTS SB may be a promising enhancement of BC treatment: when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs such as carboplatin, cisplatin, and doxorubicin, the combination exerts a synergistic effect against cancer cells. This may be of value when treating aggressive types of mammary carcinoma. CONCLUSION Summarizing, SB inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and restrains metastasis via several mechanisms. It is possible to combine SB with different anticancer drugs, an approach that represents a promising therapeutic strategy for patients suffering from BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Binienda
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Ziolkowska
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pluciennik
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Mishra K, Verma SK, Ratre P, Banjare L, Jain A, Thareja S, Jain AK. In Silico Molecular Interaction Studies of Chitosan Polymer with Aromatase Inhibitor: Leads to Letrozole Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1191-1199. [PMID: 32842946 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200825192652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It takes a lot more studies to evaluate the molecular interaction of nanoparticles with the drug, their drug delivery potential and release kinetics. Thus, we have taken in silico and in vitro approaches into account for the evaluation of the drug delivery ability of the chitosan nanoparticles. OBJECTIVE The present work was aimed to study the interaction of chitosan nanoparticles with appropriate aromatase inhibitors using in silico tools. Further, synthesis and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles having optimal binding energy and affinity between drug and polymer in terms of size, encapsulation efficiency were carried out. METHODS In the current study, molecular docking was used to map the molecular interactions and estimation of binding energy involved between the nanoparticles and the drug molecules in silico. Letrozole is used as a model cytotoxic agent currently being used clinically; hence Letrozole loaded chitosan nanoparticles were formulated and characterized using photomicroscope, particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscope and fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. RESULTS Letrozole had the second-highest binding affinity within the core of chitosan with MolDock (-102.470) and Re-rank (-81.084) scores. Further, it was investigated that formulated nanoparticles were having superior drug loading capacity and high encapsulation efficiency. In vitro drug release study exhibited prolonged release of the drug from chitosan nanoparticles. CONCLUSION Results obtained from the in silico and in vitro studies suggest that Letrozole loaded nanoparticles are ideal for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerti Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur- 495 009 (C.G.), India
| | - Sant K Verma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur- 495 009 (C.G.), India
| | - Pooja Ratre
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur- 495 009 (C.G.), India
| | - Laxmi Banjare
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur- 495 009 (C.G.), India
| | - Abhishek Jain
- Department of IT, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur- 495 009 (C.G.), India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151 001 (Punjab), India
| | - Akhlesh K Jain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur- 495 009 (C.G.), India
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14
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Bustamante-Barrientos FA, Méndez-Ruette M, Ortloff A, Luz-Crawford P, Rivera FJ, Figueroa CD, Molina L, Bátiz LF. The Impact of Estrogen and Estrogen-Like Molecules in Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration: Beneficial or Harmful? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:636176. [PMID: 33762910 PMCID: PMC7984366 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.636176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens and estrogen-like molecules can modify the biology of several cell types. Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) belong to the so-called classical family of estrogen receptors, while the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1) represents a non-classical estrogen receptor mainly located in the plasma membrane. As estrogen receptors are ubiquitously distributed, they can modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in several tissues and organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). Estrogens can exert neuroprotective roles by acting as anti-oxidants, promoting DNA repair, inducing the expression of growth factors, and modulating cerebral blood flow. Additionally, estrogen-dependent signaling pathways are involved in regulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), thus influencing neurogenic processes. Since several estrogen-based therapies are used nowadays and estrogen-like molecules, including phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens, are omnipresent in our environment, estrogen-dependent changes in cell biology and tissue homeostasis have gained attention in human health and disease. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on the current knowledge of estrogen and estrogen-like molecules and their impact on cell survival and neurodegeneration, as well as their role in NSPCs proliferation/differentiation balance and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Bustamante-Barrientos
- Immunology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maxs Méndez-Ruette
- Neuroscience Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Ortloff
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Immunology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carlos D Figueroa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Molina
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Luis Federico Bátiz
- Neuroscience Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Pubertal Growth, IGF-1, and Windows of Susceptibility: Puberty and Future Breast Cancer Risk. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:517-522. [PMID: 32888770 PMCID: PMC7902462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Risk markers for breast cancer include earlier onset of menarche (age at menarche [AAM]) and peak height velocity (PHV). Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is associated with pubertal milestones, as well as cancer risk. This study examined the relationships between pubertal milestones associated with breast cancer risk and hormone changes in puberty. METHODS This is a longitudinal study of pubertal maturation in 183 girls, recruited at ages 6-7, followed up between 2004 and 2018. Measures included age at onset of puberty, and adult height attained; PHV; AAM; adult height, and serum IGF-1, and estrone-to-androstenedione (E:A) ratio. RESULTS PHV was greatest in early, and least in late maturing girls; length of the pubertal growth spurt was longest in early, and shortest in late maturing girls. Earlier AAM was related to greater PHV. IGF-1 concentrations tracked significantly during puberty; higher IGF-1 was related to earlier age of PHV, earlier AAM, greater PHV, and taller adult height. Greater E:A ratio was associated with earlier AAM. CONCLUSIONS Factors driving the association of earlier menarche and pubertal growth with breast cancer risk may be explained through a unifying concept relating higher IGF-1 concentrations, greater lifelong estrogen exposure, and longer pubertal growth period, with an expanded pubertal window of susceptibility.
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16
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Impact of Mastectomy on Body Image and Sexuality from a LGBTQ Perspective: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040567. [PMID: 33546220 PMCID: PMC7913342 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mastectomy could lead to a decrease in sexual performance among patients, only a handful of studies focused on the psychological and sexual behavioral aspects after the surgery. Research on post-mastectomy sexuality has focused mainly on female subjects but barely on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ), and male patients. This narrative review aimed to explore the importance of sexuality after mastectomy from a LGBTQ perspective. Each sexual minority group has been addressed individually. In general, sexual and gender minority breast cancer (BC) patients undergoing bilateral mastectomy expect a complex treatment plan in terms of physical and emotional outcomes. Bilateral mastectomy or top surgery for masculinization reasons was reported to be the most popular procedure among transmen, which resulted in a significant improvement in the quality of life. Heterosexual and lesbian female patients are willing to undergo mastectomy after repeated lumpectomies or to avoid radiation, despite potential post-operative somatic and quality-of-life complications. Transwomen would seek gender-affirming surgery to improve physical satisfaction and psychological well-being. There is not enough evidence for non-oncological reasons and consequences of mastectomy in gay men and cisgender heterosexual men. Establishing the awareness of the sexuality impact of mastectomy will allow the implementation of tailored perioperative psychological care.
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COX-2 promotes mammary adipose tissue inflammation, local estrogen biosynthesis, and carcinogenesis in high-sugar/fat diet treated mice. Cancer Lett 2021; 502:44-57. [PMID: 33429006 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for breast cancer, especially in post-menopausal women. In the breast tissue of obese women, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production has been correlated with inflammation and local estrogen biosynthesis via aromatase. Using a mouse model of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/medroxyprogesterone-acetate (DMBA/MPA)-induced carcinogenesis, we demonstrated that an obesogenic diet promotes mammary tissue inflammation and local estrogen production, and accelerates mammary tumor formation in a COX-2-dependent manner. High-sugar/fat (HSF) diet augmented the levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators MCP-1, IL-6, COX-2, and PGE2 in mammary tissue, and this was accompanied by crown-like structures of breast (CLS-B) formation and aromatase/estrogen upregulation. Treatment with a COX-2 selective inhibitor, etoricoxib, decreased PGE2, IL-6, MCP-1, and CLS-B formation as well as reduced aromatase protein and estrogen levels in the mammary tissue of mice fed a HSF diet. Etoricoxib-treated mice showed increased latency and decreased incidence of mammary tumors, which resulted in prolonged animal survival when compared to HSF diet alone. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis also seemed to account for the prolonged survival of COX-2 inhibitor-treated animals. In conclusion, obesogenic diet-induced COX-2 is sufficient to trigger inflammation, local estrogen biosynthesis, and mammary tumorigenesis.
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18
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Samanta S. Potential Impacts of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Cancer Prevention. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 22:605-628. [PMID: 33305713 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621999201210220442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a serious problem throughout the world. The pathophysiology of cancer is multifactorial and is also related to gut microbiota. Intestinal microbes are the useful resident of the healthy human. They play various aspects of human health including nutritional biotransformation, flushing of the pathogens, toxin neutralization, immune response, and onco-suppression. Disruption in the interactions among the gut microbiota, intestinal epithelium, and the host immune system are associated with gastrointestinal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp.) have been regarded as beneficial to health and shown to play a significant role in immunomodulation and displayed preventive role against obesity, diabetes, liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, tumor progression, and cancer. OBJECTIVE The involvement of gut microorganisms in cancer development and prevention has been recognized as a balancing factor. The events of dysbiosis emphasize metabolic disorder and carcinogenesis. The gut flora potentiates immunomodulation and minimizes the limitations of usual chemotherapy. The significant role of prebiotics and probiotics on the improvement of immunomodulation and antitumor properties has been considered. METHODS I had reviewed the literature on the multidimensional activities of prebiotics and probiotics from the NCBI website database PubMed, Springer Nature, Science Direct (Elsevier), Google Scholar database to search relevant articles. Specifically, I had focused on the role of prebiotics and probiotics in immunomodulation and cancer prevention. RESULTS Prebiotics are the nondigestible fermentable sugars that selectively influence the growth of probiotic organisms that exert immunomodulation over the cancerous growth. The oncostatic properties of bacteria are mediated through the recruitment of cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, approaches have also been taken to use probiotics as an adjuvant in cancer therapy. CONCLUSION The present review has indicated that dysbiosis is the crucial factor in many pathological situations including cancer. Applications of prebiotics and probiotics exhibit the immune-surveillance as oncostatic effects. These events increase the possibilities of new therapeutic strategies for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, Paschim Medinipur, 721101, West Bengal,. India
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19
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Obesity-related protein biomarkers for predicting breast cancer risk: an overview of systematic reviews. Breast Cancer 2020; 28:25-39. [PMID: 33237347 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-020-01182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the biological mechanisms underlying the obesity-breast cancer connections, potential protein biomarkers involved in breast cancer development have been identified, which may be helpful for the estimation of breast cancer risk. This study aimed to carry out a comprehensive overview of systematic reviews on circulating levels of obesity-related protein biomarkers for female breast cancer risk to provide a solid reference for potential breast cancer predictors. METHODS Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews up to Dec 2019. The AMSTAR tool was used for the methodological quality assessment of the included systematic reviews. Evidence was reported narratively. RESULTS A total of 28 relevant systematic reviews which were mostly of moderate quality were included in the overview. Protein biomarkers relating to adipokines, insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis, inflammatory cytokines and sex hormones were investigated. Higher levels of circulating IGF-1, IGF-binding protein-3, leptin and resistin were found to be associated with an increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer; lower levels of circulating adiponectin and higher levels of circulating c-reactive protein, leptin, and resistin were found to be associated with an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS We found sufficient evidence on the positive associations between certain obesity-related protein biomarkers with pre- and/or postmenopausal breast cancer risk. These biomarkers could be used jointly as predictors, so as to build a comprehensive risk predictive score for female breast cancer. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020175328.
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20
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Hitzman RT, Dunlap TL, Howell CE, Chen SN, Vollmer G, Pauli GF, Bolton JL, Dietz BM. 6-Prenylnaringenin from Hops Disrupts ERα-Mediated Downregulation of CYP1A1 to Facilitate Estrogen Detoxification. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2793-2803. [PMID: 32986415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements (BDS) containing hops are sold as women's health supplements due to the potent hop phytoestrogen, 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), and the cytoprotective chalcone, xanthohumol. Previous studies have shown a standardized hop extract to beneficially influence chemical estrogen carcinogenesis in vitro by fostering detoxified 2-hydroxylation over genotoxic 4-hydroxylation estrogen metabolism. In this study, hop extract and its bioactive compounds were investigated for its mechanism of action within the chemical estrogen carcinogenesis pathway, which is mainly mediated through the 4-hydroxylation pathway catalyzed by CYP1B1 that can form gentoxic quinones. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists induce CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, while estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) inhibits transcription of CYP1A1, the enzyme responsible for 2-hydroxylated estrogens and the estrogen detoxification pathway. An In-Cell Western MCF-7 cell assay revealed hop extract and 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN) degraded ERα via an AhR-dependent mechanism. Reverse transcription PCR and xenobiotic response element luciferase assays showed hop extract and 6-PN-mediated activation of AhR and induction of CYP1A1. A reduction in estrogen-mediated DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) downregulation of CYP1A1 accompanied this activity in a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Ultimately, hop extract and 6-PN induced preferential metabolism of estrogens to their detoxified form in vitro. These results suggest that the standardized hop extract and 6-PN activate AhR to attenuate epigenetic inhibition of CYP1A1 through degradation of ERα, ultimately increasing 2-hydroxylated estrogens. A new mechanism of action rationalizes the positive influence of hop BDS and 6-PN on oxidative estrogen metabolism in vitro and, thus, potentially on chemical estrogen carcinogenesis. The findings underscore the importance of elucidating various biological mechanisms of action and standardizing BDS to multiple phytoconstituents for optimal resilience promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Hitzman
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Tareisha L Dunlap
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Caitlin E Howell
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Günter Vollmer
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States.,Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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Influence of breast cancer risk factors and intramammary biotransformation on estrogen homeostasis in the human breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3013-3025. [PMID: 32572548 PMCID: PMC7415756 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding intramammary estrogen homeostasis constitutes the basis of understanding the role of lifestyle factors in breast cancer etiology. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify variables influencing levels of the estrogens present in normal breast glandular and adipose tissues (GLT and ADT, i.e., 17β-estradiol, estrone, estrone-3-sulfate, and 2-methoxy-estrone) by multiple linear regression models. Explanatory variables (exVARs) considered were (a) levels of metabolic precursors as well as levels of transcripts encoding proteins involved in estrogen (biotrans)formation, (b) data on breast cancer risk factors (i.e., body mass index, BMI, intake of estrogen-active drugs, and smoking) collected by questionnaire, and (c) tissue characteristics (i.e., mass percentage of oil, oil%, and lobule type of the GLT). Levels of estrogens in GLT and ADT were influenced by both extramammary production (menopausal status, intake of estrogen-active drugs, and BMI) thus showing that variables known to affect levels of circulating estrogens influence estrogen levels in breast tissues as well for the first time. Moreover, intratissue (biotrans)formation (by aromatase, hydroxysteroid-17beta-dehydrogenase 2, and beta-glucuronidase) influenced intratissue estrogen levels, as well. Distinct differences were observed between the exVARs exhibiting significant influence on (a) levels of specific estrogens and (b) the same dependent variables in GLT and ADT. Since oil% and lobule type of GLT influenced levels of some estrogens, these variables may be included in tissue characterization to prevent sample bias. In conclusion, evidence for the intracrine activity of the human breast supports biotransformation-based strategies for breast cancer prevention. The susceptibility of estrogen homeostasis to systemic and tissue-specific modulation renders both beneficial and adverse effects of further variables associated with lifestyle and the environment possible.
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Blasiak J, Pawlowska E, Chojnacki J, Szczepanska J, Fila M, Chojnacki C. Vitamin D in Triple-Negative and BRCA1-Deficient Breast Cancer-Implications for Pathogenesis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3670. [PMID: 32456160 PMCID: PMC7279503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies show that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients have the lowest vitamin D concentration among all breast cancer types, suggesting that this vitamin may induce a protective effect against TNBC. This effect of the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D), can be attributed to its potential to modulate proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis and is supported by many in vitro and animal studies, but its exact mechanism is poorly known. In a fraction of TNBCs that harbor mutations that cause the loss of function of the DNA repair-associated breast cancer type 1 susceptibility (BRCA1) gene, 1,25(OH)2D may induce protective effects by activating its receptor and inactivating cathepsin L-mediated degradation of tumor protein P53 binding protein 1 (TP53BP1), preventing deficiency in DNA double-strand break repair and contributing to genome stability. Similar effects can be induced by the interaction of 1,25(OH)2D with proteins of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) family. Further studies on TNBC cell lines with exact molecular characteristics and clinical trials with well-defined cases are needed to determine the mechanism of action of vitamin D in TNBC to assess its preventive and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jan Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland; (J.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michal Fila
- Department of Neurology, Polish Mother Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Cezary Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland; (J.C.); (C.C.)
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Morgan MM, Schuler LA, Ciciliano JC, Johnson BP, Alarid ET, Beebe DJ. Modeling chemical effects on breast cancer: the importance of the microenvironment in vitro. Integr Biol (Camb) 2020; 12:21-33. [PMID: 32118264 PMCID: PMC7060306 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that our ability to predict chemical effects on breast cancer is limited by a lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models; the typical in vitro breast cancer model consists of the cancer cell and excludes the mammary microenvironment. As the effects of the microenvironment on cancer cell behavior becomes more understood, researchers have called for the integration of the microenvironment into in vitro chemical testing systems. However, given the complexity of the microenvironment and the variety of platforms to choose from, identifying the essential parameters to include in a chemical testing platform is challenging. This review discusses the need for more complex in vitro breast cancer models and outlines different approaches used to model breast cancer in vitro. We provide examples of the microenvironment modulating breast cancer cell responses to chemicals and discuss strategies to help pinpoint what components should be included in a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Morgan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Linda A Schuler
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jordan C Ciciliano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brian P Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elaine T Alarid
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Pemp D, Kleider C, Schmalbach K, Hauptstein R, Geppert LN, Köllmann C, Ickstadt K, Eckert P, Neshkova I, Jakubietz R, Esch HL, Lehmann L. Qualitative and quantitative differences in estrogen biotransformation in human breast glandular and adipose tissues: implications for studies using mammary biospecimens. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2823-2833. [PMID: 31489452 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of its assumed role in breast cancer etiology, estrogen biotransformation (and interaction of compounds therewith) has been investigated in human biospecimens for decades. However, little attention has been paid to the well-known fact that large inter-individual variations exist in the proportion of breast glandular (GLT) and adipose (ADT) tissues and less to adequate tissue characterization. To assess the relevance of this, the present study compares estrogen biotransformation in GLT and ADT. GLT and ADT were isolated from 47 reduction mammoplasty specimens derived from women without breast cancer and were characterized histologically and by their percentages of oil. Levels of 12 unconjugated and five conjugated estrogens were analyzed by GC- and UHPLC-MS/MS, respectively, and levels of 27 transcripts encoding proteins involved in estrogen biotransformation by Taqman® probe-based PCR. Unexpectedly, one-third of specimens provided neat GLT only after cryosection. Whereas 17β-estradiol, estrone, and estrone-3-sulfate were detected in both tissues, estrone-3-glucuronide and 2-methoxy-estrone were detected predominately in GLT and ADT, respectively. Estrogen levels as well as ratios 17β-estradiol/estrone and estrone-3-sulfate/estrone differed significantly between GLT and ADT, yet less than between individuals. Furthermore, estrogen levels in GLT and ADT correlated significantly with each other. In contrast, levels of most transcripts encoding enzymes involved in biotransformation differed more than between individuals and did not correlate between ADT and GLT. Thus, mixed breast tissues (and plasma) will not provide meaningful information on local estrogen biotransformation (and interaction of compounds therewith) whereas relative changes in 17β-estradiol levels may be investigated in the more abundant ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pemp
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Kleider
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Schmalbach
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - René Hauptstein
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leo N Geppert
- Chair of Mathematical Statistics with Applications in Biometrics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Claudia Köllmann
- Chair of Mathematical Statistics with Applications in Biometrics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katja Ickstadt
- Chair of Mathematical Statistics with Applications in Biometrics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Eckert
- Clinic for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Schürerstr. 3, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Iva Neshkova
- Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rafael Jakubietz
- Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald L Esch
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leane Lehmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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25
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Liu R, Yu X, Chen X, Zhong H, Liang C, Xu X, Xu W, Cheng Y, Wang W, Yu L, Wu Y, Yan N, Hu X. Individual factors define the overall effects of dietary genistein exposure on breast cancer patients. Nutr Res 2019; 67:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Oncogenic Signaling in Tumorigenesis and Applications of siRNA Nanotherapeutics in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050632. [PMID: 31064156 PMCID: PMC6562835 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of oncogenes and cross-talks of the oncoproteins-regulated signaling cascades with other intracellular pathways in breast cancer could lead to massive abnormal signaling with the consequence of tumorigenesis. The ability to identify the genes having vital roles in cancer development would give a promising therapeutics strategy in combating the disease. Genetic manipulations through siRNAs targeting the complementary sequence of the oncogenic mRNA in breast cancer is one of the promising approaches that can be harnessed to develop more efficient treatments for breast cancer. In this review, we highlighted the effects of major signaling pathways stimulated by oncogene products on breast tumorigenesis and discussed the potential therapeutic strategies for targeted delivery of siRNAs with nanoparticles in suppressing the stimulated signaling pathways.
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27
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Morgan MM, Arendt LM, Alarid ET, Beebe DJ, Johnson BP. Mammary adipose stromal cells derived from obese women reduce sensitivity to the aromatase inhibitor anastrazole in an organotypic breast model. FASEB J 2019; 33:8623-8633. [PMID: 31002529 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802347rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors are the preferred treatment for certain women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, but evidence suggests that women with obesity experience aromatase inhibitor resistance at higher rates. To compare how stromal cells derived from women who are lean or obese influence response to the aromatase inhibitor (anastrazole), we incorporated patient-derived stroma in a previously characterized MCF7-derived in vitro duct model. Coculture with adipose stromal cells enabled the metabolism of testosterone (T) to E2, which induced estrogen response element activity, epithelial proliferation, and hyperplasia in MCF7 cells. The effects of T were inhibited by the ER antagonist tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitor anastrazole and were increased by the aromatase inducer dexamethasone. Primary mammary adipose stromal cells derived from women with obesity displayed increased aromatase mRNA compared with lean controls. MCF7-derived ducts cocultured with obese stromal cells exhibited higher maximal aromatization-induced ER transactivation and reduced anastrazole sensitivity, a difference not seen in 2-dimensional coculture. Finally, tamoxifen was more effective than anastrazole at reducing aromatization-induced ER transactivation and proliferation. These findings suggest that patient-specific responses to hormone therapies can be modeled and studied organotypically in vitro and add to evidence advocating obesity as a parameter to consider when identifying treatments for patients with ER-positive breast cancer.-Morgan, M. M., Arendt, L. M., Alarid, E. T., Beebe, D. J., Johnson, B. P. Mammary adipose stromal cells derived from obese women reduce sensitivity to the aromatase inhibitor anastrazole in an organotypic breast model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Morgan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lisa M Arendt
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elaine T Alarid
- Department of Oncology, University Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian P Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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28
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Secreto G, Girombelli A, Krogh V. Androgen excess in breast cancer development: implications for prevention and treatment. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R81-R94. [PMID: 30403656 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to highlight the pivotal role of androgen excess in the development of breast cancer. Available evidence suggests that testosterone controls breast epithelial growth through a balanced interaction between its two active metabolites: cell proliferation is promoted by estradiol while it is inhibited by dihydrotestosterone. A chronic overproduction of testosterone (e.g. ovarian stromal hyperplasia) results in an increased estrogen production and cell proliferation that are no longer counterbalanced by dihydrotestosterone. This shift in the androgen/estrogen balance partakes in the genesis of ER-positive tumors. The mammary gland is a modified apocrine gland, a fact rarely considered in breast carcinogenesis. When stimulated by androgens, apocrine cells synthesize epidermal growth factor (EGF) that triggers the ErbB family receptors. These include the EGF receptor and the human epithelial growth factor 2, both well known for stimulating cellular proliferation. As a result, an excessive production of androgens is capable of directly stimulating growth in apocrine and apocrine-like tumors, a subset of ER-negative/AR-positive tumors. The key role of androgen excess in the genesis of different subtypes of breast cancer has significant clinical implications for both treatment and prevention. Our belief stems from a thorough analysis of the literature, where an abundance of evidence is present to justify a clinical trial that would investigate the effectiveness of treating the underlying excessive androgen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Secreto
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Girombelli
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, ASST - Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
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29
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Semmler L, Reiter-Brennan C, Klein A. BRCA1 and Breast Cancer: a Review of the Underlying Mechanisms Resulting in the Tissue-Specific Tumorigenesis in Mutation Carriers. J Breast Cancer 2019; 22:1-14. [PMID: 30941229 PMCID: PMC6438831 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2019.22.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first cloning of BRCA1 in 1994, many of its cellular interactions have been elucidated. However, its highly specific role in tumorigenesis in the breast tissue—carriers of BRCA1 mutations are predisposed to life-time risks of up to 80%—relative to many other tissues that remain unaffected, has not yet been fully enlightened. In this article, we have applied a universal model of tissue-specificity of cancer genes to BRCA1 and present a systematic review of proposed concepts classified into 4 categories. Firstly, tissue-specific differences in levels of BRCA1 expression and secondly differences in expression of proteins with redundant functions are outlined. Thirdly, cell-type specific interactions of BRCA1 are presented: its regulation of aromatase, its interaction with Progesterone- and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-signaling that controls proliferation of luminal progenitor cells, and its influence on cell differentiation via modulation of the key regulators jagged 1-NOTCH and snail family transcriptional repressor 2. Fourthly, factors specific to the cell-type as well as the environment of the breast tissue are elucidated: distinct frequency of losses of heterozygosity, interaction with X inactivation specific transcript RNA, estrogen-dependent induction of genotoxic metabolites and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, and regulation of sirtuin 1. In conclusion, the impact of these concepts on the formation of hormone-sensitive and -insensitive breast tumors is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Semmler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cara Reiter-Brennan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Klein
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Breast Cancer and Its Relationship with the Microbiota. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081747. [PMID: 30110974 PMCID: PMC6121903 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microorganisms that live symbiotically in human beings are increasingly recognized as important players in health and disease. The largest collection of these microorganisms is found in the gastrointestinal tract. Microbial composition reflects both genetic and lifestyle variables of the host. This microbiota is in a dynamic balance with the host, exerting local and distant effects. Microbial perturbation (dysbiosis) could contribute to the risk of developing health problems. Various bacterial genes capable of producing estrogen-metabolizing enzymes have been identified. Accordingly, gut microbiota is capable of modulating estrogen serum levels. Conversely, estrogen-like compounds may promote the proliferation of certain species of bacteria. Therefore, a crosstalk between microbiota and both endogenous hormones and estrogen-like compounds might synergize to provide protection from disease but also to increase the risk of developing hormone-related diseases. Recent research suggests that the microbiota of women with breast cancer differs from that of healthy women, indicating that certain bacteria may be associated with cancer development and with different responses to therapy. In this review, we discuss recent knowledge about the microbiome and breast cancer, identifying specific characteristics of the human microbiome that may serve to develop novel approaches for risk assessment, prevention and treatment for this disease.
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31
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Derks-Smeets IAP, Schrijver LH, de Die-Smulders CEM, Tjan-Heijnen VCG, van Golde RJT, Smits LJ, Caanen B, van Asperen CJ, Ausems M, Collée M, van Engelen K, Kets CM, van der Kolk L, Oosterwijk JC, van Os TAM, Rookus MA, van Leeuwen FE, Gómez García EB. Ovarian stimulation for IVF and risk of primary breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:357-363. [PMID: 29937543 PMCID: PMC6068188 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) on breast cancer risk for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers is rarely examined. As carriers may increasingly undergo IVF as part of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), we examined the impact of ovarian stimulation for IVF on breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. METHODS The study population consisted of 1550 BRCA1 and 964 BRCA2 mutation carriers, derived from the nationwide HEBON study and the nationwide PGD registry. Questionnaires, clinical records and linkages with the Netherlands Cancer Registry were used to collect data on IVF exposure, risk-reducing surgeries and cancer diagnosis, respectively. Time-dependent Cox regression analyses were conducted, stratified for birth cohort and adjusted for subfertility. RESULTS Of the 2514 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, 3% (n = 76) were exposed to ovarian stimulation for IVF. In total, 938 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers (37.3%) were diagnosed with breast cancer. IVF exposure was not associated with risk of breast cancer (HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.46-1.36). Similar results were found for the subgroups of subfertile women (n = 232; HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.39-1.37) and BRCA1 mutation carriers (HR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.60-2.09). In addition, age at and recency of first IVF treatment were not associated with breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION No evidence was found for an association between ovarian stimulation for IVF and breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge A P Derks-Smeets
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieske H Schrijver
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christine E M de Die-Smulders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vivianne C G Tjan-Heijnen
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron J T van Golde
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J Smits
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Beppy Caanen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christi J van Asperen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Ausems
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, P.O. 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet Collée
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaartje van Engelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Marleen Kets
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lizet van der Kolk
- Family Cancer Clinic, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Oosterwijk
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A M van Os
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matti A Rookus
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Flora E van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Encarna B Gómez García
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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32
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Filardo EJ. A role for G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in estrogen-induced carcinogenesis: Dysregulated glandular homeostasis, survival and metastasis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:38-48. [PMID: 28595943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of carcinogenesis by estrogen center on its mitogenic and genotoxic potential on tumor target cells. These models suggest that estrogen receptor (ER) signaling promotes expansion of the transformed population and that subsequent accumulation of somatic mutations that drive cancer progression occur via metabolic activation of cathecol estrogens or by epigenetic mechanisms. Recent findings that GPER is linked to obesity, vascular pathology and immunosuppression, key events in the development of metabolic syndrome and intra-tissular estrogen synthesis, provides an alternate view of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis. Consistent with this concept, GPER is directly associated with clinicopathological indices that predict cancer progression and poor survival in breast and gynecological cancers. Moreover, GPER manifests cell biological responses and a microenvironment conducive for tumor development and cancer progression, regulating cellular responses associated with glandular homeostasis and survival, invading surrounding tissue and attracting a vascular supply. Thus, the cellular actions attributed to GPER fit well with the known molecular mechanisms of G-protein coupled receptors, GPCRs, namely, their ability to transactivate integrins and EGF receptors and alter the interaction between glandular epithelia and their extracellular environment, affecting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and allowing for tumor cell survival and dissemination. This perspective reviews the molecular and cellular responses manifested by GPER and evaluates its contribution to female reproductive cancers as diseases that progress as a result of dysregulated glandular homeostasis resulting in chronic inflammation and metastasis. This review is organized in sections as follows: I) a brief synopsis of the current state of knowledge regarding estrogen-induced carcinogenesis, II) a review of evidence from clinical and animal-based studies that support a role for GPER in cancer progression, and III) a mechanistic framework describing how GPER-mediated estrogen action may influence the tumor and its microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Filardo
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02818, United States.
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33
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Burks H, Pashos N, Martin E, Mclachlan J, Bunnell B, Burow M. Endocrine disruptors and the tumor microenvironment: A new paradigm in breast cancer biology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:13-19. [PMID: 28012841 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in women and is characterized by predominantly estrogen dependent growth. Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) have estrogenic properties which have been shown to increase breast cancer risk. While the direct effects of EDCs on breast cancer cell biology and tumor progression have been well studied, the roles for EDCs on tumor microenvironment composition, signaling and structure are incompletely defined. Estrogen targeting of tumor stromal cells can drive paracrine signaling to breast cancer cells regulating tumorigenesis and progression. Additionally, estrogen and estrogen receptor signaling has been shown to alter breast architecture and extracellular matrix component synthesis. Unsurprisingly, EDCs have been shown to induce structural changes in the mammary gland as well as increased collagen fibers in the tissue stroma. Previous work demonstrates that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are essential components of the tumor microenvironment and are direct targets of both estrogens and EDCs. Furthermore, estrogen-stem cell cross talk has been implicated in breast cancer progression and results in increased tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and invasion. This review aims to dissect the possible relationship and mechanisms between EDCs, the tumor microenvironment, and breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Burks
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nicholas Pashos
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Martin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - John Mclachlan
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bruce Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Matthew Burow
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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34
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Turan V, Bedoschi G, Emirdar V, Moy F, Oktay K. Ovarian Stimulation in Patients With Cancer: Impact of Letrozole and BRCA Mutations on Fertility Preservation Cycle Outcomes. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:26-32. [PMID: 28874104 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117728800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatase inhibitors (AI) have been introduced to reduce estrogen exposure in women with estrogen-sensitive cancer undergoing ovarian stimulation for oocyte/embryo cryopreservation. There have been questions regarding whether the addition of AI and the presence of BRCA mutations affect cycle outcomes. We sought to determine the impact of letrozole and BRCA mutations on fertility preservation (FP) cycle outcomes of patients undergoing ovarian stimulation with an antagonist protocol. METHODS The data were generated by the secondary analysis of a prospective database of all females diagnosed with cancer who underwent embryo or oocyte cryopreservation for FP. The final analysis included 145 patients stimulated with an antagonist protocol either using letrozole combined with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH; LF, n = 118) or rFSH alone (FA, n = 24). RESULTS The mean number of total (15.6 [7.9] vs 10.2 [7.8]; P = .004) and mature oocytes (10.4 [5.1] vs 7.8 [3.5]; P = .044) and embryos frozen (7.7 [5.3] vs 5.3 [2.7]; P = .043) were significantly higher after LF stimulation versus FA. In the LF group, women with BRCA mutations produced significantly fewer oocytes (11.0 [8.0] vs 16.4 [7.7], P = .015) and embryos (5.1 [4.4] vs 8.2 [4.7], P = .013), compared to those who were mutation negative. After adjusting for age, body mass index, baseline FSH level, and BRCA status, LF protocol still resulted in higher number of total oocytes (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9 to 3.6; P = .002) mature oocyte (95% CI: 0.3 to 1.4; P = .028), and embryo yield (95% CI: 0.7 to 1.4; P = .015). CONCLUSION In women with cancer undergoing FP, letrozole appears to enhance response to ovarian stimulation while the presence of BRCA mutations is associated with lower oocyte and embryo yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Turan
- 1 Innovation Institute for Fertility and In Vitro Fertilization, New York, NY, USA.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GOP Hospital, Yeni Yuzyil University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Giuliano Bedoschi
- 1 Innovation Institute for Fertility and In Vitro Fertilization, New York, NY, USA.,3 Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Volkan Emirdar
- 1 Innovation Institute for Fertility and In Vitro Fertilization, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fred Moy
- 1 Innovation Institute for Fertility and In Vitro Fertilization, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kutluk Oktay
- 1 Innovation Institute for Fertility and In Vitro Fertilization, New York, NY, USA.,4 Laboratory of Molecular Reproduction and Fertility Preservation, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
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Ali I, Alothman ZA, Alwarthan A. Supra molecular mechanism of the removal of 17-β-estradiol endocrine disturbing pollutant from water on functionalized iron nano particles. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Wang H, Altemus J, Niazi F, Green H, Calhoun BC, Sturgis C, Grobmyer SR, Eng C. Breast tissue, oral and urinary microbiomes in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88122-88138. [PMID: 29152146 PMCID: PMC5675698 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been proposed that the gut microbiome contributes to breast carcinogenesis by modifying systemic estrogen levels. This is often cited as a possible mechanism linking breast cancer and high-fat, low-fiber diets as well as antibiotic exposure, associations previously identified in population-based studies. More recently, a distinct microbiome has been identified within breast milk and tissue, but few studies have characterized differences in the breast tissue microbiota of patients with and without cancer, and none have investigated distant body-site microbiomes outside of the gut. We hypothesize that cancerous breast tissue is associated with a microbiomic profile distinct from that of benign breast tissue, and that microbiomes of more distant sites, the oral cavity and urinary tract, will reflect dysbiosis as well. Fifty-seven women with invasive breast cancer undergoing mastectomy and 21 healthy women undergoing cosmetic breast surgery were enrolled. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified from urine, oral rinse and surgically collected breast tissue, sequenced, and processed through a QIIME-based bioinformatics pipeline. Cancer patient breast tissue microbiomes clustered significantly differently from non-cancer patients (p=0.03), largely driven by decreased relative abundance of Methylobacterium in cancer patients (median 0.10 vs. 0.24, p=0.03). There were no significant differences in oral rinse samples. Differences in urinary microbiomes were largely explained by menopausal status, with peri/postmenopausal women showing decreased levels of Lactobacillus. Independent of menopausal status, however, cancer patients had increased levels of gram-positive organisms including Corynebacterium (p<0.01), Staphylococcus (p=0.02), Actinomyces (p<0.01), and Propionibacteriaceae (p<0.01). Our observations suggest that the local breast microbiota differ in patients with and without breast cancer. Cancer patient urinary microbiomes were characterized by increased levels of gram-positive organisms in this study, but need to be further studied in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jessica Altemus
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Farshad Niazi
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Holly Green
- Surgical Oncology, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin C Calhoun
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Charles Sturgis
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephen R Grobmyer
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Surgical Oncology, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Comprehensive Breast Cancer Program, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Germline High Risk Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Germline High Risk Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Molina L, Figueroa CD, Bhoola KD, Ehrenfeld P. GPER-1/GPR30 a novel estrogen receptor sited in the cell membrane: therapeutic coupling to breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:755-766. [PMID: 28671018 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1350264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is clinically classified as 'estrogen-positive' when at least 1% of cancer cells stain for the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). However, recent research on both basic and clinical aspects of breast cancer suggests that GPER-1 (G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1) may have an important role in breast cancer. Areas covered: This review provides a comprehensive and systematic literature search on GPER-1. We have focused on the role of GPER-1 in breast cancer and on resistance to endocrine therapy, an unsolved clinical issue still under discussion. Expert opinion: The discovery of GPER-1 as a novel estrogen receptor is unique and the signaling pathways activated by its stimulation, when compared to the classical nuclear ERα, indicate a potential role of GPER-1 in the genesis and mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer. Tumors expressing ERα represent the largest group of breast cancer patients indicating that more women eventually die from ERα-positive breast tumors than from other more malignant breast cancer subtypes such as HER2-positive and the triple negative groups. It is important to develop new strategies on endocrine therapy with regard to ERα and GPER-1 receptors to achieve innovative successful therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Molina
- a Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology , Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Carlos D Figueroa
- a Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology , Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Kanti D Bhoola
- a Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology , Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- a Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology , Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
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Mullooly M, Yang HP, Falk RT, Nyante SJ, Cora R, Pfeiffer RM, Radisky DC, Visscher DW, Hartmann LC, Carter JM, Degnim AC, Stanczyk FZ, Figueroa JD, Garcia-Closas M, Lissowska J, Troester MA, Hewitt SM, Brinton LA, Sherman ME, Gierach GL. Relationship between crown-like structures and sex-steroid hormones in breast adipose tissue and serum among postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:8. [PMID: 28103902 PMCID: PMC5244534 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Postmenopausal obesity is associated with increased circulating levels of androgens and estrogens and elevated breast cancer risk. Crown-like structures (CLS; microscopic foci of dying adipocytes surrounded by macrophages) are proposed to represent sites of increased aromatization of androgens to estrogens. Accordingly, we examined relationships between CLS and sex-steroid hormones in breast adipose tissue and serum from postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Methods Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded benign breast tissues collected for research from postmenopausal women (n = 83) diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the Polish Breast Cancer Study (PBCS) were evaluated. Tissues were immunohistochemically stained for CD68 to determine the presence of CLS per unit area of adipose tissue. Relationships were assessed between CD68 density and CLS and previously reported sex-steroid hormones quantified using radioimmunoassays in serum taken at the time of diagnosis and in fresh frozen adipose tissue taken at the time of surgery. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationships between hormones (in tertiles) and CLS. Results CLS were observed in 36% of benign breast tissues, with a higher frequency among obese versus lean women (54% versus 17%, p = 0.03). Detection of CLS was not related to individual hormone levels or breast tumor pathology characteristics. However, detection of CLS was associated with hormone ratios. Compared with women in the highest tertile of estrone:androstenedione ratio in fat, those in the lowest tertile were less likely to have CLS (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03–0.59). A similar pattern was observed with estradiol:testosterone ratio in serum and CLS (lowest versus highest tertile, OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.04–0.72). Conclusions CLS were more frequently identified in the breast fat of obese women and were associated with increased ratios of select estrogens:androgens in the blood and tissues, but not with individual hormones. Additional studies on CLS, tissue and blood hormone levels, and breast cancer risk are needed to understand and confirm these findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0791-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Mullooly
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Hannah P Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sarah J Nyante
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Renata Cora
- Independent contractor, CT(ASCP), MB(ASCP), Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Center and M. Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Associations of obesity and physical activity with serum and intratumoral sex steroid hormone levels among postmenopausal women with breast cancer: analysis of paired serum and tumor tissue samples. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 162:115-125. [PMID: 28044214 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-4094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been hypothesized that intratumoral estrogens may play important roles in the growth of breast cancer. However, few studies have investigated such intratumoral hormones, or their association with risk factors of breast cancer. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, hormone levels in paired serum and tumor tissue samples from 146 postmenopausal women with breast cancer were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and compared between estrogen/progesterone (ER/PgR) subtypes. The associations of risk factors including body mass index (BMI) and other lifestyle factors with these hormone levels were investigated using analysis of covariance. RESULTS The level of estradiol (E2) in tumor tissue was extremely high in women with ER+ (geometric mean 95.6 pg/g) relative to women with ER-/PgR- (8.9 pg/g), whereas serum E2 level did not differ much between the two groups (3.1 and 2.8 pg/ml, respectively). Serum levels of precursors for E2, including testosterone (T) and androstenedione (Adione), and tissue Adione level, were high among women with ER+. After adjustment for confounding variables, BMI was found to be positively associated with tissue levels of E2, estrone (E1), T, and Adione among women with ER+ (P trend < 0.0001 for E2; 0.0016 for E1; 0.0002 for T; and 0.03 for Adione). CONCLUSION The data suggest that tissue E2 is related to the growth of receptor-positive breast cancer and that risk factors such as BMI affect tissue levels of E2 and its precursors. Understanding of hormonal environments within tumor tissue may be important for elucidating hormonal etiology of breast cancer and improving the prognosis of patients.
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Sánchez M, Suárez L, Cantabrana B, Bordallo J. Estradiol-modified prolactin secretion independently of action potentials and Ca 2+ and blockade of outward potassium currents in GH 3 cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 390:95-104. [PMID: 27747371 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens facilitate prolactin (PRL) secretion acting on pituitary cells. In GH3 cells, estradiol induces acute action potentials and oscillations of intracellular Ca2+ associated with the secretagogue function. Estradiol modulates several ion channels which may affect the action potential rate and the release of PRL in lactotroph cells, which might depend on its concentration. The aims were to characterize the acute effect of supraphysiological concentrations of estradiol on Ca2+ and noninactivating K+ currents and measure the effect on the spontaneous action potentials and PRL release in the somatolactotroph cell line, GH3. Electrophysiological studies were carried out by voltage- and current-clamp techniques and ELISA determination of PRL secretion. Pharmacological concentrations of estradiol (above 1 μM), without a latency period, blocked Ca2+ channels and noninactivating K+ currents, including the large-conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK), studied in whole-cell nystatin perforated and in excided inside-out patches of GH3 and CHO cells, transiently transfected with the human α-pore forming subunit of BK. The effect on BK was contrary to the agonist effect associated with the regulatory β1-subunits of the BK, which GH3 cells lack, but its transient transfection did not modify the noninactivating current blockade, suggesting a different mechanism of regulation. Estradiol, at the same concentration range, acutely decreased the frequency of action potentials, an expected effect as consequence of the Ca2+ channel blockade. Despite this, PRL secretion initially increased, followed by a decrease in long-term incubations. This suggests that, in GH3 cells, supraphysiological concentrations of estradiol modulating PRL secretion are partially independent of extracellular Ca2+ influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez
- Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. .,Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. .,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Fundación Bancaria Caja de Ahorros de Asturias, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Lorena Suárez
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Fundación Bancaria Caja de Ahorros de Asturias, Asturias, Spain
| | - Begoña Cantabrana
- Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Fundación Bancaria Caja de Ahorros de Asturias, Asturias, Spain
| | - Javier Bordallo
- Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Fundación Bancaria Caja de Ahorros de Asturias, Asturias, Spain
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41
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Gomes MA, Jia X, Kolenski I, Duncan AM, Meckling KA. The role of background diet on the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in healthy pre-menopausal women: a randomized, cross-over, controlled study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:168. [PMID: 27687127 PMCID: PMC5043588 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The links between dietary fat intake, polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and breast cancer risk remain equivocal, with some studies pointing to improvements in risk upon omega-3 supplementation. However, the background diet is poorly controlled in most studies, potentially confounding this link. Therefore, this study examined the hypothesis that in order to see the benefits of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, the background diet must be low in fat. Methods Of the 56 healthy, pre-menopausal women randomized to one of two experimental arms, consisting of a two-treatment, randomized, cross-over design, 41 completed the 10 month intervention. The two diet phases (habitual and low-fat) were separated by a washout phase, each lasting 3 menstrual cycles. During each diet phase, women were supplemented with 1.2 g eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid per day. Results Red blood cell fatty acid composition indicated that more eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid was incorporated in the low-fat diet than the habitual diet, though both diet phases resulted in significant increases in the omega-3 to omega-6 ratio. In the context of omega-3 supplementation in breast cancer risk reduction, we also measured fatty acid incorporation into nipple aspirate fluid. Similar changes to red blood cells were noted in nipple aspirate fluid, with higher incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid in the low-fat diet phase. Conclusions These data suggest that the total level of dietary fat has some direct impact on fatty acid partitioning in addition to the recognized importance of fatty acid ratios, and supports the hypothesis that dietary fat intake must be considered a confounder in supplementation trials. Additionally, we demonstrate that n3 supplementation both reaches and imparts improvements in lipid content and n3:n6 at the target breast tissue. Trial registration Trial was been retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov (RegNCT02816125).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Arnold Gomes
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Xiaoyuan Jia
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Iris Kolenski
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alison M Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kelly A Meckling
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Evaluation of Local CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 Expression Levels as Prognostic Factors in Postmenopausal Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer Cases. Biochem Genet 2016; 54:784-802. [PMID: 27365044 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-016-9756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is growing attention focused on local estrogen production in the breast tissue and its possible role in breast cancer initiation and progression. Understanding the underlying mechanisms for estrogen synthesis and the microenvironment consisting of tumor and its surrounding adipose tissue might open new avenues in breast cancer prevention, prognosis and treatment. In order to obtain insight, we compared peritumoral and tumor tissue expressions of CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 genes, which play an important role in estrogen biosynthesis. The paired tissue samples of 20 postmenopausal ER+/PR+ patients diagnosed with invasive ductal breast cancer were studied. In addition, 12 breast tissue samples obtained from premenopausal women without a history of breast cancer were also investigated as representative of normal conditions. Peritumoral adipose tissues expressed CYP19A1 approximately threefold higher than tumor itself (p = 0.001). A nonsignificant trend toward low expression of CYP17A1 was observed in peritumoral compared to tumor tissue (p = 0.687). Clinicopathological parameters and patient characteristics which are accepted as risk factors for breast cancer were also associated with individual and combined expressions of CYP17A1 and CYP19A1. This study offers that evaluation of CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 local expression levels might be useful for deciding on personalized treatment approaches and more accurate diagnosis, when evaluated together with several clinicopathological and disease risk factors. Considering the key role of these CYPs in estrogen synthesis, determining their expression levels may be useful as a postdiagnostic marker and for choosing the right treatment method in addition to the conventional approach.
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Afifi R, Elnwishy N, Hannora A, Hedström M, Mattiasson B, Omran H, Alharbi OML, Ali I. SPE and HPLC monitoring of 17-β-estradiol in Egyptian aquatic ecosysetms. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1174712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raafat Afifi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Marine Biology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Elnwishy
- Zewail City for Science and Technology, Biomedical Science Program, 6th of October City, Egypt
- Biotechnology Researach Center (BRC), Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amro Hannora
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Martin Hedström
- Department of Biotechnology, Center of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Mattiasson
- Department of Biotechnology, Center of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Helmy Omran
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - O. M. L. Alharbi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
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Ji XW, Chen GP, Song Y, Hua M, Wang LJ, Li L, Yuan Y, Wang SY, Zhou TY, Lu W. Intratumoral estrogen sulfotransferase induction contributes to the anti-breast cancer effects of the dithiocarbamate derivative TM208. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1246-55. [PMID: 25937633 PMCID: PMC4814201 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Sulfotransferase-catalyzed sulfation is the most important pathway for inactivating estrogens. Thus, activation of estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) may be an alternative approach for the treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer. In this study we investigated the involvement of EST in anti-breast cancer effects of the dithiocarbamate derivative TM208 in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The viability of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells was determined using a SBB assay. Nude mice bearing MCF-7 cells were orally administered TM208 (50 and 150 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) for 18 days. The xenograft tumors and uteri were collected. The mRNA expression of EST was examined with real-time PCR. EST protein was detected with Western blot, ELISA or immunohistochemical staining assays. A radioactive assay was used to measure the EST activity. Uterotropic bioassay was used to examine the uterine estrogen responses. RESULTS Treatment with TM208 (10, 15 and 20 μmol/L) concentration-dependently increased EST expression in MCF-7 cells in vitro. Co-treatment with triclosan, an inhibitor of sulfonation, abolished TM208-induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells. TM208 exhibited an apparent anti-estrogenic property: it exerted more potent cytotoxicity in E2-treated MCF-7 cells. In the nude mice bearing MCF-7 cells, TM208 administration time-dependently increased the expression and activity of EST, and blocked the gradual increase of E2 concentration in the xenograft tumors. Furthermore, TM208 administration blocked the estrogens-stimulated uterine enlargement. Tamoxifen, a positive control drug, produced similar effects on the expression and activity of EST in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION The induction of EST and reduction of estrogen concentration contribute to the anti-breast cancer action of TM208 and tamoxifen. TM208 may be developed as anticancer drug for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-wei Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guang-ping Chen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Hua
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li-jie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Si-yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tian-yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Ji XW, Zhou TY, Lu Y, Wei MJ, Lu W, Cho WC. Breast cancer treatment and sulfotransferase. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:821-34. [PMID: 25677121 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1014803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sustained exposure to excessive estrogen is an established risk factor for breast cancer. Sulfotransferase (SULT)-mediated sulfonation represents an effective approach for estrogen deprivation as estrogen sulfates do not bind and activate estrogen receptors (ERs). The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily functions as a sensor for xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules, which can regulate the expression of SULT. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of SULT regulation by NRs and inactivation of estrogen by SULT. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of clinical therapy targeting SULT in breast cancer treatment. Gaps in current knowledge that require further study are also highlighted. EXPERT OPINION The prevention of estrogen binding to ER by antiestrogen and inhibition of estrogen synthesis by aromatase or sulfatase inhibitor have been used in clinical therapy for breast cancer. Although the induction of SULT has been proven effective to estrogen inactivation, reports on this method applied to breast cancer treatment are rare. Targeted activation of SULT may open up a new means of treating hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Wei Ji
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University , Beijing , China
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Kwon Y. Effect of soy isoflavones on the growth of human breast tumors: findings from preclinical studies. Food Sci Nutr 2014; 2:613-22. [PMID: 25493176 PMCID: PMC4256563 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, and many women with breast cancer live more than 5 years after their diagnosis. Breast cancer patients and survivors have a greater interest in taking soy foods and isoflavone supplements. However, the effect of isoflavones on breast cancer remains controversial. Thus, it is critical to determine if and when isoflavones are beneficial or detrimental to breast cancer patients. According to the available preclinical data, high concentrations of isoflavones inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells, regardless of their estrogen receptor (ER) status. In comparison, genistein, a major isoflavone, has stimulated tumor growth at low concentrations and mitigated tamoxifen efficacy in ER-positive breast cancer. Studies have indicated that the relative levels of genistein and estrogen at the target site are important to determine the genistein effect on the ER-positive tumor growth. However, studies using ovariectomized mice and subcutaneous xenograft models might not truly reflect estrogen concentrations in human breast tumors. Moreover, it may be an oversimplification that isoflavones stimulate hormone-dependent tumor growth due to their potential estrogenic effect since studies also suggest nonestrogenic anticancer effects of isoflavones and ER-independent anticancer activity of tamoxifen. Therefore, the concentrations of isoflavones and estrogen in human breast tumors should be considered better in future preclinical studies and the parameters that can estimate those levels in breast tumors are required in human clinical/epidemiological investigation. In addition, it will be important to identify the molecular mechanisms that either inhibit or promote the growth of breast cancer cells by soy isoflavones, and use those molecules to evaluate the relevance of the preclinical findings to the human disease and to predict the health effects of isoflavones in human breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjoo Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University Seoul, Korea
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Loud JT, Gierach GL, Veenstra TD, Falk RT, Nichols K, Guttmann A, Xu X, Greene MH, Gail MH. Circulating estrogens and estrogens within the breast among postmenopausal BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 143:517-29. [PMID: 24442642 PMCID: PMC3955055 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurately quantifying parent estrogens (PE) estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) and their metabolites (EM) within breast tissue and serum may permit detailed investigations of their contributions to breast carcinogenesis among BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. We conducted a study of PE/EM in serum, nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), and ductal lavage supernatant (DLS) among postmenopausal BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. PE/EM (conjugated and unconjugated) were measured in paired serum/NAF (n = 22 women) and paired serum/DLS samples (n = 24 women) using quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The relationships between serum and tissue-specific PE/EM were measured using Pearson's correlation coefficients. Conjugated forms of PE/EM constituted the majority of estrogen in serum (88 %), NAF (59 %) and DLS (69 %). PE/EM in NAF and serum were highly correlated [E1 (r = 0.97, p < 0.0001), E2 (r = 0.90, p < 0.0001) and estriol (E3) (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001)] as they were in DLS and serum [E1 (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001; E2 (r = 0.70, p = 0.0001; E3 (r = 0.67, p = 0.0004)]. Analyses of paired total estrogen values for NAF and serum, and DLS and serum yielded ratios of 0.22 (95 % CI 0.19-0.25) and 0.28 (95 % CI 0.24-0.32), respectively. This report is the first to employ LC/MS/MS to quantify PE/EM in novel breast tissue-derived biospecimens (i.e., NAF and DLS). We demonstrate that circulating PE and EM are strongly and positively correlated with tissue-specific PE and EM measured in NAF and DLS among postmenopausal BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. If confirmed, future etiologic studies could utilize the more readily obtainable serum hormone levels as a reliable surrogate measure of exposure at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T. Loud
- Clinical Genetics Branch (CGB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E536, Bethesda, MD 20850-9772, USA
| | - Gretchen L. Gierach
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch (HREB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E108, Bethesda, MD 20850-9774, USA
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., 1050 Boyles St., Bldg. 469/163, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Roni T. Falk
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch (HREB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E108, Bethesda, MD 20850-9774, USA
| | - Kathryn Nichols
- WESTAT Corporation, 1450 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Allison Guttmann
- Clinical Genetics Branch (CGB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E536, Bethesda, MD 20850-9772, USA
| | - Xia Xu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., 1050 Boyles St., Bldg. 469/163, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark H. Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch (CGB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E536, Bethesda, MD 20850-9772, USA
| | - Mitchell H. Gail
- Biostatistics Branch (BB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 7E138, Bethesda, MD 20850-9780, USA
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Bastings L, Beerendonk CCM, Westphal JR, Massuger LFAG, Kaal SEJ, van Leeuwen FE, Braat DDM, Peek R. Autotransplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in cancer survivors and the risk of reintroducing malignancy: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 19:483-506. [PMID: 23817363 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of recurrent oncological disease due to the reintroduction of cancer cells via autotransplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue is unknown. METHODS A systematic review of literature derived from MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Studies on follow-up after autotransplantation; detection of cancer cells in ovarian tissue from oncological patients by histology, polymerase chain reaction or xenotransplantation; and epidemiological data on ovarian metastases were included. RESULTS A total of 289 studies were included. Metastases were repeatedly detected in ovarian tissue obtained for cryopreservation purposes from patients with leukaemia, as well as in one patient with Ewing sarcoma. No metastases were detected in ovarian tissue from lymphoma and breast cancer patients who had their ovarian tissue cryopreserved. Clinical studies indicated that one should be concerned about autotransplantation safety in patients with colorectal, gastric and endometrial cancer. For patients with low-stage cervical carcinoma, clinical data were relatively reassuring, but studies focused on the detection of metastases were scarce. Oncological recurrence has been described in one survivor of cervical cancer and one survivor of breast cancer who had their ovarian tissue autotransplanted, although these recurrences may not be related to the transplantation. CONCLUSIONS It is advisable to refrain from ovarian tissue autotransplantation in survivors of leukaemia. With survivors of all other malignancies, current knowledge regarding the safety of autotransplantation should be discussed. The most reassuring data regarding autotransplantation safety were found for lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bastings
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (791), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Liu S, Han SJ, Smith CL. Cooperative activation of gene expression by agonists and antagonists mediated by estrogen receptor heteroligand dimer complexes. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1066-77. [PMID: 23462505 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.084228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists are generally thought to inhibit estrogen action through competitive inhibition, resulting in receptor binding to antagonist rather than agonist. However, microarray analyses reveal a group of genes for which ER agonist and antagonist cooperatively regulate expression, suggesting additional models of combined agonist/antagonist action must exist. In conjunction with a chimeric reporter gene and two modified ERs, one [ERα(GSCKV)] with a mutation in the DNA-binding domain and the other (ERα-G521R) with a ligand-binding specificity mutation, we herein demonstrate that ER agonist and antagonist cooperatively activate gene expression through an ER heteroligand dimer complex (ER-HLD) consisting of one subunit of the receptor dimer bound to agonist and another occupied by antagonist. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed interaction between the agonist-bound and antagonist-bound receptors. This cooperative activation of gene expression was enhanced by steroid receptor coactivator 3 coactivator, and required each ligand-bound subunit of the dimer to bind to DNA, as well as both activation function 1 domains for maximal transcriptional activity. Ligand combinations able to induce ER-HLD transcriptional activity include the agonists 17β-estradiol or conjugated estrogens with the antagonists tamoxifen, raloxifene, bazedoxifene, or fulvestrant. Moreover, ER-HLD can activate transcription in the context of a natural promoter. Taken together, these findings broaden our understanding of the complex relationship between ER agonist and antagonist, and suggest a novel model by which cell and tissue selective effects of antiestrogens may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
Based on the results of a French cohort of postmenopausal women, it has been claimed that micronized progesterone does not enhance breast cancer risk. The impact of reproductive factors on breast cancer risk and a high prevalence of occult breast carcinomas at the time of menopause suggest an involvement of endogenous progesterone in the development of breast cancer. High mammographic density in the luteal phase and during treatment with estrogen/progestogen combinations reflect a change in the composition of mammary stroma and an increased water accumulation in the extracellular matrix which is caused by hygroscopic hyaluronan-proteoglycan aggregates. Proteoglycans are also involved in the regulation of proliferation, migration, and differentiation of epithelial cells and angiogenesis, and may influence malignant transformation of breast cells and progression of tumors. Reports on a lack of effect of estrogen/progesterone therapy on breast cancer risk may be rooted in a selective prescription to overweight women and/or to the very low progesterone serum levels after oral administration owing to a strong inactivation rate. The contradictory results concerning the proliferative effect of progesterone may be associated with a different local metabolism in normal compared to malignant breast tissue. Similar to other progestogens, hormone replacement therapy with progesterone seems to promote the development of breast cancer, provided that the progesterone serum levels have reached the threshold for endometrial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kuhl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, J. W. Goethe University of Frankfurt, Germany
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