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Ratusznik J, Ratusznik F, Pękala JR, Krager E, Hołda M, Sarata V, Łazarz D, Raputa W, Tomaszewski KA. A meta-analysis of the accessory left atrial appendage and the left atrial diverticulum. Clin Anat 2024; 37:294-303. [PMID: 37621227 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Left atrial (LA) structures, including the accessory left atrial appendage (aLAA) and left atrial diverticulum, have been studied based on their prevalence, shape, and association with arrhythmia and thrombi formation. A pooled prevalence with morphometric data has not been determined in previous research. Our goal is to provide structured, clinically relevant information on said structures for clinical practitioners to use in their daily work. We propose that morphometric data of additional LA structures is necessary when considering the possible complications during cardiac interventions. We conducted a meta-analysis of all relevant studies which used electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated computed tomography (CT) imaging to determine the prevalence of LA structures and record their morphometric characteristics as well as the presence of thrombi. Data were extracted from 19 studies (n = 6643 hearts). The pooled prevalence estimate of left atrial diverticulum and/or aLAAs were reported from 14 studies and was 28.8%. The most common location noted was anterosuperior in the LA with 70.2% of structures found there. Data regarding thrombi presence in left atrial diverticulums or aLAAs were extracted from 11 studies and a thrombus was present in 0.2%. The prevalence rates of aLAAs and left atrial diverticulums are essential in performing uncomplicated cardiac interventions and reducing risk of electrophysiological procedures. Our findings show a considerable prevalence of LA structures in varying populations, provides information regarding the general characteristics of said structures, and does not support the previously theorized associated risk of thrombus formation in relation to LA structure presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ratusznik
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Filip Ratusznik
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub R Pękala
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Eirik Krager
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Hołda
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Victoria Sarata
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominik Łazarz
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wiktor Raputa
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof A Tomaszewski
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Kraków, Poland
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Alkhouli M, Di Biase L, Natale A, Rihal CS, Holmes DR, Asirvatham S, Bartus K, Lakkireddy D, Friedman PA. Nonthrombogenic Roles of the Left Atrial Appendage: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 81:1063-1075. [PMID: 36922093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The atrial appendage (LAA) is a well-established source of cardioembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Therefore, research involving the LAA has largely focused on its thrombogenic attribute and the utility of its exclusion in stroke prevention. However, recent studies have highlighted several novel functions of the LAA that may have important therapeutic implications. In this paper, we provide a concise overview of the LAA anatomy and summarize the emerging data on its nonthrombogenic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Alkhouli
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Luigi Di Biase
- Montefiore-Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Natale
- St David's Medical Center, Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Charanjit S Rihal
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David R Holmes
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuel Asirvatham
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Krzysztof Bartus
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical College, John Paul Hospital, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Paul A Friedman
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Veen D, Bruning TA, de Groot NMS. Left atrial diverticula: Innocent bystanders or wolves in sheep's clothing? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31:2484-2488. [PMID: 32445428 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The finding of left atria diverticula (LAD) on cardiac computed tomography images obtained from patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) referred for pulmonary vein isolation is not uncommon. Prior studies reporting on LAD do not always provide definitions of LAD resulting in confusion with other anatomical structures such as left atrial accessory appendages (LAAA) and atrial aneurysms. The aim of this review is to identify an accurate definition of LAD and to describe distinctive properties between LAD and other left atrial structures, such as LAAA and aneurysms. Also, the relation between LAD and development of atrial tachyarrhythmias is discussed. METHODS PubMed was searched for studies reporting on atrial aneurysms, left atrial diverticula, left atrial accessory appendages and atrial congenital aneurysms, resulting in 36 papers. RESULTS LAD can be distinguished from LAAA by taking into account embryologic origins of the left atrium and their locations, resulting in the following definitions: (a) LAAA are contractile, trabeculated structures with circumscriptive ostia and narrow necks, originating from the primitive atria, (b) LAD are contractile, sac like structures with either smooth or trabeculated inner surfaces, circumscriptive ostia, narrow necks, and variable morphologies, originating from the embryologic common pulmonary vein, that incorporates into the LA, and (c) atrial aneurysms are non-contractile structures with wide necks and sac like bodies. There are no differences in prevalences of LAD between patients with sinus rhythm and AF. CONCLUSION The pathophysiology of LAD is not yet fully understood. It is unlikely, that LAD are related to the development of atrial tachycardia's and AF by either being a source of ectopic activity or being part of an arrhythmogenic substrate. No differences in LAD prevalences between patients with sinus rhythm and AF have been found. Thus, it is unlikely that LAD could potentially be wolves in sheep's clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Veen
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias A Bruning
- Department of Cardiology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M S de Groot
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Şeker M. The characteristics of left atrial diverticula in normal sinüs rhythm patients. Surg Radiol Anat 2019; 42:377-384. [PMID: 31768699 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-019-02382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, location, size and morphological characteristics of left atrial diverticula using electrocardiographically gated multi-detector computed tomography in patients with normal sinus rhythm. METHODS Electrocardiographically gated cardiac multi-detector computed tomography was performed in 93 patients with normal sinus rhythm. The prevalence, number, size, morphological characteristics and location of left atrial diverticula were recorded. RESULTS A total of 72 left atrial diverticula were diagnosed in 45 (48.4%) of the 93 patients in this study. Of these 72 diverticula, 66 (91.7%) were cystiform and 6 (8.3%) were tubiform. Anterosuperior wall, left lateral wall and septum were the most common locations of these left atrial diverticula (n = 42, 58.3%; n = 22, 15.3% and n = 7, 9.7%, respectively). CONCLUSION Diverticula are common variations. The discovery of these structures is relatively new and their clinical significance remains unclear. They are generally asymptomatic but although not supported by many studies, in some case reports they are claimed to be associated with arrhythmias and thromboembolism. In addition, it is theoretically reasonable to think that they may cause complications during interventional procedures. Better understanding of these structures has the potential to improve management strategies and reduce potential complications. Therefore, they should be reported during routine cardiac computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Şeker
- Department of Radiology, Medipol Mega Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, TEM Avrupa Otoyolu Göztepe Çıkışı No: 1, Bağcılar, 34214, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Hołda MK, Koziej M, Wszołek K, Pawlik W, Krawczyk-Ożóg A, Sorysz D, Łoboda P, Kuźma K, Kuniewicz M, Lelakowski J, Dudek D, Klimek-Piotrowska W. Left atrial accessory appendages, diverticula, and left-sided septal pouch in multi-slice computed tomography. Association with atrial fibrillation and cerebrovascular accidents. Int J Cardiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Prevalence of left atrial diverticula and accessory appendages and origins of the sinoatrial nodal artery in patients with atrial fibrillation. Res Cardiovasc Med 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.39081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Assessment of normal left atrial appendage anatomy and function over gender and ages by dynamic cardiac CT. Eur Radiol 2015; 26:1512-20. [PMID: 26310584 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-3962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate variations in anatomy and function according to age and gender using cardiac computed tomography (CT) in a large prospective cohort of healthy patients. BACKGROUND The left atrial appendage (LAA) is considered the most frequent site of intracardiac thrombus formation. However, variations in normal in vivo anatomy and function according to age and gender remain largely unknown. METHODS Three-dimensional (3D) cardiac reconstructions of the LAA were performed from CT scans of 193 consecutive patients. Parameters measured included LAA number of lobes, anatomical position of the LAA tip, angulation measured between the proximal and distal portions, minimum (iVolmin) and maximum (iVolmax) volumes indexed to body surface area (BSA), and ejection fraction (LAAEF). Relationship with age was assessed for each parameter. RESULTS We found that men had longer and wider LAAs. The iVolmin and iVolmax increased by 0.23 and 0.19 ml per decade, respectively, while LAAEF decreased by 2% per decade in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Although LAA volumes increase, LAAEF decreases with age in both sexes. KEY POINTS • Variations in normal left atrial appendage in vivo anatomy and function remain largely unknown. • Cardiac CT is reliable for left atrial appendage volume measurements. • Although LAA volumes increase, LAAEF decreases with age in both sexes.
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Fukushima K, Fukushima N, Kato K, Ejima K, Sato H, Fukushima K, Saito C, Hayashi K, Arai K, Manaka T, Ashihara K, Shoda M, Hagiwara N. Correlation between left atrial appendage morphology and flow velocity in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 17:59-66. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jev117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Vehian AV, Choi BG, Rekhi SS, Young HA, Dusaj RS, Zeman RK. Clinical Significance of Left Atrial Anatomic Abnormalities Identified by Cardiac Computed Tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/act.2015.41001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Left atrial diverticulum. Herz 2013; 38:943-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00059-013-3781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Genç B, Solak A, Kantarci M, Bayraktutan U, Ogul H, Yüceler Z, Oztürk A, Kizrak Y. Anatomical features and clinical importance of left atrial diverticula: MDCT findings. Clin Anat 2013; 27:738-47. [PMID: 24214737 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To assess the anatomical features and clinical importance of left atrial diverticula and atrial accessory appendages in patients undergoing cardiac computed tomography with multidetector computed tomography. A total of 1305 consecutive patients (385 female, 29.5%; 920 male, 70.5%) were assessed using electrocardiogram-gated computed tomography between May 2010 and June 2013. The anatomical features and the prevalences of left atrial diverticula and left atrial accessory appendages were retrospectively assessed by four radiologists. The relationships between the prevalence and size of the diverticula and the age and gender of the patients were assessed. Among the 1305 patients, 610 (46.7%) exhibited 708 left atrial diverticula, and 62 (4.8%) exhibited left atrial accessory appendages. The most common locations of the left atrial diverticula were the right anterior superior wall (n = 328, 46.3%) and the lateral superior wall (n = 96, 13.5%). In addition to classical cystic and tubular diverticula, 49 (3.7%) of the patients exhibited mixed (cystic-tubular), conical, or hook-shaped diverticula and diverticular forms containing mural calcifications. There was no significant relationship between the prevalence of diverticula and the age and gender of the patients (P > 0.05). In addition to tubular and cystic diverticula, the left atrial wall can host different diverticular forms (such as mixed, conical, calcific, and hook shaped). It could be beneficial to assess the left atrium using MDCT to determine the source of emboli in cryptogenic embolism and to reduce complications associated with interventional procedures performed for left atrial arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhan Genç
- Şifa University, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, İzmir, Turkey
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12
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Ko JY, Kim YD, Hong YJ, Lee HJ, Hur J, Choi BW, Heo JH, Kim YJ. Lack of association between stroke and left atrial out-pouching structures: results of a case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76617. [PMID: 24116128 PMCID: PMC3792154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Clinical significance of out-pouching structures of the left atrium (LA) as potential embolic sources remains unclear. We sought to evaluate the association between stroke and LA out-pouching structures. Methods A case-control study was conducted to assess the prevalence of LA out-pouching structures in subjects with and without stroke. Case subjects were 270 stroke patients who had undergone cardiac CT. Control subjects were 270 age- and sex-matched patients without a history of stroke and who had undergone cardiac CT. Presence of LA out-pouching structures was determined by ECG-gated cardiac CT. The location of out-pouching structures was categorized as near Bachmann bundle, anterior, inferoseptal, inferior, and lateral. The prevalence, number and location of out-pouching structures and clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups. Results One hundred sixty eight out-pouching structures were identified in 139 stroke patients (51%), while a total of 169 out-pouching structures were found in 155 control patients (57%) (p=0.1949). The prevalence of LA out-pouching structures with different locations was not significantly different between the stroke group and control group. In the stroke group, the prevalence of out-pouching structures was not significantly different by subtypes of ischemic stroke and the prevalence of LA out-pouching structures was not different between patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and without AF. Conclusion The left atrial out-pouching structures are commonly seen in a population with and without stroke with similar prevalence. Our study suggests that LA out-pouching structures are not significant risk factors of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Ko
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Hong
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Lee
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Wook Choi
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Cardiovascular Radiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Vorre MM, Abdulla J. Diagnostic Accuracy and Radiation Dose of CT Coronary Angiography in Atrial Fibrillation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Radiology 2013; 267:376-86. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13121224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Lazoura O, Reddy T, Shriharan M, Lindsay A, Nicol E, Rubens M, Padley S. Prevalence of left atrial anatomical abnormalities in patients with recurrent atrial fibrillation compared with patients in sinus rhythm using multi-slice CT. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2012; 6:268-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Restrepo CS, Lane MJ, Murillo H. Cardiac Aneurysms, Pseudoaneurysms, and Diverticula. Semin Roentgenol 2012; 47:262-76. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Anatomical analysis of incidental left atrial diverticula in patients with suspected coronary artery disease using 64-channel multidetector CT. Clin Radiol 2011; 66:961-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Troupis J, Crossett M, Scneider-Kolsky M, Nandurkar D. Presence of accessory left atrial appendage/diverticula in a population with atrial fibrillation compared with those in sinus rhythm: a retrospective review. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 28:375-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-011-9815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Multidetector CT of left atrium. Eur J Radiol 2010; 81:e37-46. [PMID: 21123014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MDCT angiography has enabled visualization of left atrium in addition to coronary arteries. CT images can be utilized to demonstrate normal anatomy and pathologies. Left atrium variations and pathologies include atrial septal pouch, patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, atrial band, lipomatous hypertrophy, cor triatriatum, diverticulum, accessory appendages, atrial thrombus and masses. Left atrium should be carefully evaluated in patients undergoing coronary CT angiography. MDCT is becoming an alternative modality for the evaluation of left atrium.
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Naqvi TZ, Rafie R, Cesario D. Electrical Dissociation within the Left Atrium and Left Atrial Appendage Diagnosed with Transesophageal Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23:1113.e1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Normal variations and anatomic pitfalls that may mimic diseases on coronary CT angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 26:281-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-010-9707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cardiac CT assessment of left atrial accessory appendages and diverticula. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 193:807-12. [PMID: 19696296 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.08.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence, morphology, size, and location of left atrial abnormalities including diverticula and accessory appendages in consecutive patients undergoing cardiac-gated CT for coronary artery evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Routine retrospectively gated contrast-enhanced 64-MDCT angiography (0.75-mm collimation, 330-milliseconds gantry rotation time) was performed in 529 consecutive patients. CT data sets were evaluated using axial, sagittal, coronal, and interactive multiplanar reconstructions; maximum intensity projections (MIPs); and interactive volume rendering. The presence, type, and location of left atrial appendages and diverticula were recorded. RESULTS One hundred twenty-one patients had left atrial accessory appendages (n = 20) or left atrial diverticula (n = 81) or both (n = 20). One hundred four left atrial diverticula were found in 101 of the 529 patients (20%) and 44 accessory appendages in 41 patients (8%). Of the atrial diverticula, 88% were superior and anterior, 9% were right lateral superior, and 3% were inferior. Of accessory appendages, 34% were inferior posterior, 32% were left inferior, 18% were superior anterior, 14% were inferior posterior, and 2% were right inferior posterior. The average sizes of diverticula were 6.4 +/- 2.5 x 6.2 +/- 2.4 mm, and accessory appendages were 4.9 +/- 2.1 x 3.9 +/- 2.4 mm. CONCLUSION Left atrial diverticula and accessory appendages are commonly found on cardiac-gated CT.
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Killeen RP, Ryan R, MacErlane A, Martos R, Keane D, Dodd JD. Accessory left atrial diverticulae: contractile properties depicted with 64-slice cine-cardiac CT. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 26:241-8. [PMID: 19768571 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-009-9511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To assess the contractility of accessory left atrial appendages (LAAs) using multiphasic cardiac CT. We retrospectively analyzed the presence, location, size and contractile properties of accessory LAAs using multiphasic cardiac 64-slice CT in 102 consecutive patients (63 males, 39 females, mean age 57). Multiplanar reformats were used to create image planes in axial oblique, sagittal oblique and coronal oblique planes. For all appendages with an orifice diameter >or= 10 mm, axial and sagittal diameters and appendage volumes were recorded in atrial diastole and systole. Regression analysis was performed to assess which imaging appearances best predicted accessory appendage contractility. Twenty-three (23%) patients demonstrated an accessory LAA, all identified along the anterior LA wall. Dimensions for axial oblique (AOD) and sagittal oblique (SOD) diameters and sagittal oblique length (SOL) were 6.3-19, 3.4-20 and 5-21 mm, respectively. All appendages (>or=10 mm) demonstrated significant contraction during atrial systole (greatest diameter reduction was AOD [3.8 mm, 27%]). Significant correlations were noted between AOD-contraction and AOD (R = 0.57, P < 0.05) and SOD-contraction and AOD, SOD and SOL (R = 0.6, P < 0.05). Mean diverticulum volume in atrial diastole was 468.4 +/- 493 mm(3) and in systole was 171.2 +/- 122 mm(3), indicating a mean change in volume of 297.2 +/- 390 mm(3), P < 0.0001. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed SOL to be the strongest independent predictor of appendage contractility (R(2) = 0.86, P < 0.0001) followed by SOD (R(2) = 0.91, P < 0.0001). Accessory LAAs show significant contractile properties on cardiac CT. Those accessory LAAs with a large sagittal height or depth should be evaluated for contractile properties, and if present should be examined for ectopic activity during electrophysiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan P Killeen
- Departments of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Saremi F, Tafti M. The role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in ablation procedures for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2009; 30:125-56. [PMID: 19358443 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac ablation procedures have become the standard of therapy for various arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation. Understanding the morphological characteristics of the left atrium (LA) and pulmonary veins (PV) in detail and identification of its anatomic variants is crucial to perform a successful ablation procedure and minimize complications. The current techniques for radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation include targeting the PVs or the tissue in the antrum of the LA. Localization of the anatomic structures within the LA is performed by using fluoroscopy, electroanatomic mapping, and intracardiac echocardiography. Multidimentional computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography are invaluable techniques for better visualization of the anatomic landmarks that are essential for cardiac ablation procedures as well as prompt diagnosis and, in selected cases, prevention of procedure-related complications. Some of the complications of ablation procedures may include cardiac tamponade, PV stenosis, as well as esophageal and phrenic nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhood Saremi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Saremi F, Channual S, Krishnan S, Gurudevan SV, Narula J, Abolhoda A. Bachmann Bundle and Its Arterial Supply: Imaging with Multidetector CT—Implications for Interatrial Conduction Abnormalities and Arrhythmias. Radiology 2008; 248:447-57. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2482071908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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