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Ramli I, Cheriet T, Thuan DTB, Khoi DN, Thu DNK, Posadino AM, Fenu G, Sharifi-Rad J, Pintus G. Potential applications of antofine and its synthetic derivatives in cancer therapy: structural and molecular insights. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03180-x. [PMID: 38842561 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a major global health challenge, being the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality after cardiovascular disease. The growing economic burden and profound psychosocial impact on patients and their families make it urgent to find innovative and effective anticancer solutions. For this reason, interest in using natural compounds to develop new cancer treatments has grown. In this respect, antofine, an alkaloid class found in Apocynaceae, Lauraceae, and Moraceae family plants, exhibits promising biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and antifungal activities. Several molecular mechanisms have been identified underlying antofine anti-cancerous effects, including the inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, epigenetic inhibition of protein synthesis, ribosomal targeting, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of DNA synthesis, and cell cycle arrest. This study discusses the molecular structure, sources, photochemistry, and anticancer properties of antofine in relation to its structure-activity relationship and molecular targets. Then, examine in vitro and in vivo studies and analyze the mechanisms of action underpinning antofine efficacy against cancer cells. This review also discusses multidrug resistance in human cancer and the potential of antofine in this context. Safety and toxicity concerns are also addressed as well as current challenges in antofine research, including the need for clinical trials and bioavailability optimization. This review aims to provide comprehensive information for more effective natural compound-based cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Ramli
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculté Des Sciences de La Nature Et de La Vie, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Thamere Cheriet
- Unité de Valorisation Des Ressources Naturelles, Molécules Bioactives Et Analyses Physicochimiques Et Biologiques, Université Des Frères Mentouri Constantine, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
- Département Science de La Nature Et de La Vie, Faculté Des Sciences Exactes Et Science de La Natute Et de La Vie, Université Mohammed Boudiaf-Oum El-Bouaghi, 04000, Oum El-Bouaghi, Algeria
| | | | - Dang Ngoc Khoi
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Gia Lam, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Anna Maria Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Grazia Fenu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43B, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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2
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Liao Z, Li J, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Wang X, Qiu D, Zhang Y. The association between computed tomography attenuation value of renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex and response to everolimus. World J Urol 2024; 42:10. [PMID: 38183428 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The response to everolimus in patients with renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC-RAML) varies among individuals. This study aims to identify potential factors associated with the response to everolimus. METHOD We retrospectively examined data encompassing age, gender, tumor size, computed tomography attenuation value (CT value), CT enhancement, and tumor reduction rate in patients with TSC-RAML undergoing everolimus in two previously registered clinical trials. RESULT A total of 33 participants (29.33 ± 6.63 years old, 20 females) were included. The correlation analysis conducted separately for tumors located in the left and right kidneys revealed significant negative correlations (P < 0.05) between tumor reduction rate and age, as well as tumor size. While significant positive correlations (P < 0.05) were observed between tumor reduction rate and unenhanced CT value as well as CT enhancement. Nonetheless, based on multiple linear regression analysis, unenhanced CT value emerged as the sole-independent predictor of tumor reduction rate among age, gender, tumor size, unenhanced CT value and CT enhancement for both left (coefficient = 0.00319, P < 0.0001) and right kidneys (coefficient = 0.00315, P = 0.0104). Notable reductions were observed in unenhanced CT value (- 3.81 vs - 24.70HU, P < 0.0001) and CT enhancement (48.16 vs 33.56HU, P < 0.0001) following a 3-month administration of everolimus. The decline in both unenhanced CT value and tumor size predominantly occurred within the initial 3 months, subsequently maintaining a relatively stable level throughout the treatment. CONCLUSION The unenhanced CT value of TSC-RAML showed an independent correlation with the response to everolimus, suggesting its potential as a predictor of everolimus efficacy in patients with TSC-RAML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangcheng Liao
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxu Qiu
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Perrelli A, Bozza A, Ferraris C, Osella S, Moglia A, Mioletti S, Battaglia L, Retta SF. Multidrug-Loaded Lipid Nanoemulsions for the Combinatorial Treatment of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020480. [PMID: 36831015 PMCID: PMC9953270 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) or cavernoma is a major vascular disease of genetic origin, whose main phenotypes occur in the central nervous system, and is currently devoid of pharmacological therapeutic strategies. Cavernomas can remain asymptomatic during a lifetime or manifest with a wide range of symptoms, including recurrent headaches, seizures, strokes, and intracerebral hemorrhages. Loss-of-function mutations in KRIT1/CCM1 are responsible for more than 50% of all familial cases, and have been clearly shown to affect cellular junctions, redox homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of multidrug-loaded lipid nanoemulsions in rescuing the pathological phenotype of CCM disease. The pro-autophagic rapamycin, antioxidant avenanthramide, and antiangiogenic bevacizumab were loaded into nanoemulsions, with the aim of reducing the major molecular dysfunctions associated with cavernomas. Through Western blot analysis of biomarkers in an in vitro CCM model, we demonstrated that drug-loaded lipid nanoemulsions rescue antioxidant responses, reactivate autophagy, and reduce the effect of pro-angiogenic factors better than the free drugs. Our results show the importance of developing a combinatorial preventive and therapeutic approach to reduce the risk of lesion formation and inhibit or completely revert the multiple hallmarks that characterize the pathogenesis and progression of cavernomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Annalisa Bozza
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Chiara Ferraris
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Sara Osella
- San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Torino, 10154 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Silvia Mioletti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Luigi Battaglia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, TO, Italy
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, TO, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (S.F.R.)
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (S.F.R.)
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Anghileri E, Pollo B, Ferroli P, Aquino D, Demichelis G, Schiariti M, Ferrau F, Chiapparini L, Cuccarini V. Case report: Multiple brain intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia: incidence, diagnostic challenges, and management approach. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1115325. [PMID: 37153668 PMCID: PMC10157200 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1115325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple hemorrhagic brain lesions are mainly diagnosed based on clinico-radiological features integrated with histological data. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH), or Masson's tumor, is a very rare entity, particularly when localized in the brain. In this study, we describe a case of multiple recurrent brain IPEHs and provide details on the diagnostic phase, therapeutic approaches, and related challenges. A 55-year-old woman presented with a relapsing neurological deficit. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a hemorrhagic right frontal-parietal lesion. When new neurological symptoms occurred, subsequent MRI scans detected more bleeding cerebral lesions. She underwent a series of single hemorrhagic lesion debulking. For any samples that underwent histopathological examination, the first results were not informative; the second and the third results revealed hemangioendothelioma (HE); and the fourth results led to the IPEH diagnosis. Interferon alpha (IFN-α) and subsequently sirolimus were prescribed. Both were well tolerated. Clinical and radiological features remained stable 43 months after starting sirolimus therapy and 132 months after the first diagnosis. To date, 45 cases of intracranial IPEH have been reported, mostly as single lesions without parenchymal location. They are usually treated by surgery and sometimes by radiotherapy upon recurrence. Our case is notable for two main reasons: because of the consecutive recurrent multifocal exclusively cerebral lesions and the therapeutic approach we used. Based on multifocal brain recurrence and good performance, we propose pharmacological therapy, including IFN-α and sirolimus, to stabilize IPEH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Anghileri
- Neuroncology Unit, Fondazione Irccs Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elena Anghileri
| | - Bianca Pollo
- Neuropathological Unit, Fondazione Irccs Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferroli
- Neurosurgical Department, Fondazione Irccs Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Aquino
- Neuroradiological Unit, Fondazione Irccs Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Demichelis
- Neuroradiological Unit, Fondazione Irccs Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Schiariti
- Neurosurgical Department, Fondazione Irccs Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Chiapparini
- Radiodiagnostic Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Cuccarini
- Neuroradiological Unit, Fondazione Irccs Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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Lee HS, Kim JY, Ro SW, Kim MS, Kim H, Joo DJ. Antitumor Effect of Low-Dose of Rapamycin in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Liver Cancer. Yonsei Med J 2022; 63:1007-1015. [PMID: 36303309 PMCID: PMC9629903 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigate whether low-dose rapamycin is effective in preventing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth and treating HCC after tumor development in transgenic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established transgenic mice with HCC induced by activated HrasG12V and p53 suppression. Transgenic mice were randomly assigned to five experimental groups: negative control, positive control, tacrolimus only, rapamycin only, and tacrolimus plus rapamycin. The mice were further divided into two groups according to time to commencement of immunosuppressant treatment: de novo treatment and post-tumor development. RESULTS In the de novo treatment group, marked suppression of tumor growth was observed in the rapamycin only group. In the post-tumor development group, the rapamycin only group displayed no significant suppression of tumor growth, compared to the positive control group. In T lymphocyte subset analysis, the numbers of CD4+ effector T cells and CD4+ regulatory T cells were significantly lower in the positive control, tacrolimus only, and tacrolimus plus rapamycin groups than the negative control group. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly higher expression of phosphorylated-mTOR, 4E-BP1, and S6K1 in the positive control group than in the rapamycin only group. CONCLUSION Low-dose rapamycin might be effective to prevent HCC growth, but may be ineffective as a treatment option after HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Soon Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Joon Ye Kim
- The Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Simon Weonsang Ro
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Kim
- The Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haeryoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- The Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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6
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SnoRNA in Cancer Progression, Metastasis and Immunotherapy Response. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080809. [PMID: 34440039 PMCID: PMC8389557 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary A much larger number of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) have been found encoded within our genomes than we ever expected to see. The activities of the snoRNAs were thought restricted to the nucleolus, where they were first discovered. Now, however, their significant number suggests that their functions are more diverse. Studies in cancers have shown snoRNA levels to associate with different stages of disease progression, including with metastasis. In addition, relationships between snoRNA levels and response to immunotherapies, have been reported. Emerging technologies now allow snoRNA to be targeted directly in cancers, and the therapeutic value of this is being explored. Abstract Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) were one of our earliest recognised classes of non-coding RNA, but were largely ignored by cancer investigators due to an assumption that their activities were confined to the nucleolus. However, as full genome sequences have become available, many new snoRNA genes have been identified, and multiple studies have shown their functions to be diverse. The consensus now is that many snoRNA are dysregulated in cancers, are differentially expressed between cancer types, stages and metastases, and they can actively modify disease progression. In addition, the regulation of the snoRNA class is dominated by the cancer-supporting mTOR signalling pathway, and they may have particular significance to immune cell function and anti-tumour immune responses. Given the recent advent of therapeutics that can target RNA molecules, snoRNA have robust potential as drug targets, either solely or in the context of immunotherapies.
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Konishi T, Yoshidome H, Shida T, Furukawa K, Takayashiki T, Kuboki S, Takano S, Miyazaki M, Ohtsuka M. Phosphorylated mTOR expression as a predictor of survival after liver resection for colorectal liver metastases. J Surg Oncol 2021; 124:598-606. [PMID: 34061356 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) plays a crucial role in the process of cancer progression. Common gene mutations of colorectal cancer lead to the activation of the PI3k/Akt/mTOR pathway. In this study, we determined whether p-mTOR expression in colorectal liver metastases is a predictive marker of prognosis following liver resection. METHODS Eighty-one patients with colorectal liver metastases who had undergone curative resection were evaluated using immunohistochemistry of p-mTOR. Data regarding clinicopathological features and patient survival were analyzed. RESULTS The p-mTOR expression in colorectal liver metastases was detected in 55 (67.9%) patients. Patients whose metastases had high p-mTOR expression showed a significantly lower overall survival rate after resection as compared to patients with low p-mTOR expression (p = 0.016), while there was no significant difference in the disease-free survival between the two groups. Repeat resection for recurrence was performed more frequently in patients with p-mTOR positive than others (p = 0.024). Multivariate analysis showed that p-mTOR expression was an independent prognostic factor of overall survival after liver resection (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS mTOR was frequently activated in colorectal liver metastases, and the p-mTOR expression was a biological marker for predicting the overall survival of patients with colorectal liver metastases following liver resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Konishi
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshidome
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Oami Municipal Hospital, Oami-Shirasato-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Shida
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsunori Furukawa
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Takayashiki
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuboki
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigetsugu Takano
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Miyazaki
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohtsuka
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
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Vaziri N, Shariati L, Javanmard SH. Leukemia inhibitory factor: A main controller of breast cancer. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Chen L, Guo X, Hu Y, Li L, Liang G, Zhang G. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate sensitises multidrug-resistant oral carcinoma xenografts to vincristine sulfate. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1403-1413. [PMID: 32475087 PMCID: PMC7327922 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a very aggressive malignancy, and 50% of patients who receive curative treatment die from the disease or related complications within 5 years. Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant bioactive ingredient of tea polyphenols in green tea and has anticancer properties. Here, we evaluated the preclinical efficacy of EGCG combined with vincristine sulfate (VCR) on the growth, angiogenic activity and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in xenograft nude mice inoculated with KBV200 cells. Compared with VCR alone, the combined use of EGCG and VCR strongly inhibited tumour growth and angiogenesis (P < 0.01). VEGF mRNA and protein levels were lower in the KBV200 xenograft group treated with the combined regime (P < 0.01) than those in the VCR alone group. EGCG sensitises multidrug‐resistant OSCC to VCR, and this may occur through the inhibition of angiogenesis via VEGF down‐regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- New Drug Research & Development Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China.,Pharmacy School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xianwen Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ye Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Li
- Pharmacy School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Gang Liang
- Pharmacy School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
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Small intestinal perforation due to a huge gastrointestinal stromal tumor in a kidney transplant recipient: a case report and literature review. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:120. [PMID: 30943904 PMCID: PMC6448240 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in transplant recipients are very rare and only a handful of cases have been reported to date. Here we present the first known case of a huge GIST in a kidney transplant recipient with perforation of small intestine. Case presentation A 64-year-old male presented at our hospital with right colic pain; he had received an ABO incompatible kidney transplant 6 years earlier and was treated with cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and methylprednisolone. Radiological evaluation revealed a huge (11 cm in diameter) solitary tumor at the small intestine without distant metastasis. The small intestinal wall at the tumor location was perforated one week after diagnosis and the patient underwent emergency surgery. The pathological findings were compatible with GIST and the tumor consisted of spindle cells with positive staining for KIT, CD34, and DOG1 and negative or weak staining for desmin and S-100 protein. A mutation in exon 11 of the c-kit gene was also detected. Cyclosporine was withdrawn and imatinib mesylate (400 mg daily) was introduced. However, thereafter, we needed to decrease the dose at 300 mg daily due to severe hyponatremia. Reduced imatinib treatment was well tolerated and recurrence was not observed for 18 months after surgery. Conclusions The occurrence of GISTs in transplant patients is rare, and huge GISTs should be resected immediately after diagnosis because gastrointestinal tract at the tumor site could be perforated. Imatinib treatment is feasible in transplant recipients under immunosuppression, although immunosuppressive drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 should be used at a reduced dosage or withdrawn.
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Hurvitz S, Singh R, Adams B, Taguchi JA, Chan D, Dichmann RA, Castrellon A, Hu E, Berkowitz J, Mani A, DiCarlo B, Callahan R, Smalberg I, Wang X, Meglar I, Martinez D, Hobbs E, Slamon DJ. Phase Ib/II single-arm trial evaluating the combination of everolimus, lapatinib and capecitabine for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases (TRIO-US B-09). Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918807339. [PMID: 30542377 PMCID: PMC6236634 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918807339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Improving outcomes for patients with human epidermal growth factor 2-positive
(HER2+) central nervous system (CNS) metastases remains an unmet clinical
need. This trial evaluated a novel combination of everolimus, lapatinib and
capecitabine for this disease. Methods: Patients with trastuzumab-pretreated, HER2+ breast cancer brain metastasis
without prior therapy with a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor
were eligible. Patients received lapatinib and everolimus daily
(continuously) and capecitabine twice daily (d1–14) in 21-d cycles. The
primary endpoint was the 12-week CNS objective response rate (ORR).
Secondary endpoints included safety, progression-free survival (PFS),
overall survival (OS), best CNS ORR and extra-CNS ORR. Results: A total of 19 participants were enrolled and treated with ⩾1 dose of the
study drug. The median age was 58.5 years, the median number of therapies
for metastatic breast cancer was 2.5 (0–11). Pretrial, 74% of participants
had received prior lapatinib, capecitabine or both. A total of 63% had
received previous CNS radiation or surgical resection and CNS radiation. The
maximum tolerated doses were lapatinib at 1000 mg, everolimus at 10 mg, and
capecitabine at 1000 mg/m2. Phase II proceeded with capecitabine
at 750 mg/m2 due to better tolerability. The most common grade
3/4 adverse events were mucositis (16%), diarrhea, fatigue, and hypokalemia
(11% each). Of 11 participants evaluable for 12-week CNS ORR, 3 (27%) had
partial response and 7 (64%) had stable disease. The best CNS ORR in
eligible participants was 28% (5/18). The median PFS and OS were 6.2 and
24.2 months, respectively. Conclusions: This novel triplet combination of lapatinib, everolimus, and capecitabine is
well tolerated and yielded a 27% response rate in the CNS at 12 weeks in
heavily pretreated participants. Larger studies are warranted to further
evaluate this regimen. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01783756. Registered 05 February 2013, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01783756
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hurvitz
- University of California, Los Angeles, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, PVUB Suite 3360, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rashi Singh
- University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brad Adams
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - David Chan
- Torrance Health Association DBA, Torrance Memorial Physician Network, Redondo Beach, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Eddie Hu
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Aruna Mani
- Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, FL, USA
| | - Brian DiCarlo
- San Luis Obispo Oncology and Hematology Health Center, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA Coastal Integrative Cancer Care, San Luis Obispo, CA
| | - Rena Callahan
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ira Smalberg
- Tower Imaging Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA Tower Saint John's Imaging, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ivana Meglar
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diego Martinez
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evthokia Hobbs
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ji L, Wu M, Li Z. Rutacecarpine Inhibits Angiogenesis by Targeting the VEGFR2 and VEGFR2-Mediated Akt/mTOR/p70s6k Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082047. [PMID: 30111763 PMCID: PMC6222666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ru (Rut) on angiogenesis, and the underlying regulation mechanism of signal transduction. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, adhesion inhibition experiment, migration inhibition experiment, and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays were performed on models of angiogenesis. The potential targets of rutaecarpine (Ru) were reverse screened with Discovery Studio 2017. The interaction between the compound and target were detected by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), enzyme-activity experiment, and Western blot assay. The obtained results confirmed that Ru exhibited modest inhibitory activity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (IC50 =16.54 ± 2.4 μM) and remarkable inhibitive effect against the migration and adhesion of HUVECs, as well as significant anti-angiogenesis activities in the CAM assay. The possible targets of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) were identified by computer-aided simulation. Results showed a good binding relationship between the ligand and target through molecular docking, and this relationship was confirmed by SPR analysis. Furthermore, enzyme-activity experiment and western blot assay showed that Ru remarkably inhibited the activity of VEGFR2 and blocked the VEGFR2-mediated Akt/ (mTOR)/p70s6k signaling pathway in vitro. Ru can be a potential drug candidate for cancer prevention and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Mingfei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Zeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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13
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Pascual J, Berger SP, Witzke O, Tedesco H, Mulgaonkar S, Qazi Y, Chadban S, Oppenheimer F, Sommerer C, Oberbauer R, Watarai Y, Legendre C, Citterio F, Henry M, Srinivas TR, Luo WL, Marti A, Bernhardt P, Vincenti F. Everolimus with Reduced Calcineurin Inhibitor Exposure in Renal Transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1979-1991. [PMID: 29752413 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Everolimus permits reduced calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) exposure, but the efficacy and safety outcomes of this treatment after kidney transplant require confirmation.Methods In a multicenter noninferiority trial, we randomized 2037 de novo kidney transplant recipients to receive, in combination with induction therapy and corticosteroids, everolimus with reduced-exposure CNI (everolimus arm) or mycophenolic acid (MPA) with standard-exposure CNI (MPA arm). The primary end point was treated biopsy-proven acute rejection or eGFR<50 ml/min per 1.73 m2 at post-transplant month 12 using a 10% noninferiority margin.Results In the intent-to-treat population (everolimus n=1022, MPA n=1015), the primary end point incidence was 48.2% (493) with everolimus and 45.1% (457) with MPA (difference 3.2%; 95% confidence interval, -1.3% to 7.6%). Similar between-treatment differences in incidence were observed in the subgroups of patients who received tacrolimus or cyclosporine. Treated biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss, or death at post-transplant month 12 occurred in 14.9% and 12.5% of patients treated with everolimus and MPA, respectively (difference 2.3%; 95% confidence interval, -1.7% to 6.4%). De novo donor-specific antibody incidence at 12 months and antibody-mediated rejection rate did not differ between arms. Cytomegalovirus (3.6% versus 13.3%) and BK virus infections (4.3% versus 8.0%) were less frequent in the everolimus arm than in the MPA arm. Overall, 23.0% and 11.9% of patients treated with everolimus and MPA, respectively, discontinued the study drug because of adverse events.Conclusions In kidney transplant recipients at mild-to-moderate immunologic risk, everolimus was noninferior to MPA for a binary composite end point assessing immunosuppressive efficacy and preservation of graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Pascual
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Stefan P Berger
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Helio Tedesco
- Nephrology Division, Hospital do Rim, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shamkant Mulgaonkar
- Renal and Pancreas Division, St. Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey
| | - Yasir Qazi
- Division of Nephrology, Keck School of Medicine Renal Transplant Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven Chadban
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Federico Oppenheimer
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Renal Transplant Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Sommerer
- Department of Nephrology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Oberbauer
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, University Clinic for Internal Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yoshihiko Watarai
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya-City, Aich, Japan
| | - Christophe Legendre
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Adult Transplantation Service, Paris Descartes University and Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Franco Citterio
- Department of Surgery, Renal Transplantation, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mitchell Henry
- Department of Surgery, The Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Titte R Srinivas
- Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
| | - Wen-Lin Luo
- Department of Biometrics and Statistical Science, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - AnaMaria Marti
- Department of Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Peter Bernhardt
- Department of Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Flavio Vincenti
- Department of Surgery, Kidney Transplant Service, University of California, San Francisco, California
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14
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Zhu YR, Zhou XZ, Zhu LQ, Yao C, Fang JF, Zhou F, Deng XW, Zhang YQ. The anti-cancer activity of the mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor XL388 in preclinical osteosarcoma models. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49527-49538. [PMID: 27385099 PMCID: PMC5226526 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the activity of XL388, a novel mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) dual inhibitor, in preclinical osteosarcoma (OS) models. XL388 was cytotoxic, cytostatic and pro-apoptotic to multiple established OS cell lines and primary human OS cells. XL388 blocked mTORC1/2 activation and downregulated cyclin D1/B1 expressions in OS cells, leaving AKT Thr-308 phosphorylation un-affected. Intriguingly, AKT1 T308A mutation potentiated XL388-induced cytotoxicity in OS cells. XL388 activated cytoprotective autophagy in OS cells. Autophagy inhibition, either pharmacologically or genetically, augmented XL388-induced anti-OS activity. Further, XL388 oral administration inhibited U2OS xenografts growth in severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mice. Such activity was enhanced with co-administration of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Similarly, Beclin-1-silenced U2OS xenografts were remarkably more sensitive to XL388. Thus, concurrent blockage of mTORC1/2 with XL388 may have therapeutic value for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Rong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin City, 215600, China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Zhou
- The Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Lun-Qing Zhu
- The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Children's Bone Diseases, The Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, China
| | - Chen Yao
- Joint group of Orthopedic Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jian-Feng Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin City, 215600, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin City, 215600, China
| | - Xiong-Wei Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin City, 215600, China
| | - Yun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin City, 215600, China
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15
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Patel N, Able S, Allen D, Fokas E, Cornelissen B, Gleeson FV, Harris AL, Vallis KA. Monitoring response to anti-angiogenic mTOR inhibitor therapy in vivo using 111In-bevacizumab. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:49. [PMID: 28560583 PMCID: PMC5449352 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to image vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) could enable prospective, non-invasive monitoring of patients receiving anti-angiogenic therapy. This study investigates the specificity and pharmacokinetics of 111In-bevacizumab binding to VEGF and its use for assessing response to anti-angiogenic therapy with rapamycin. Specificity of 111In-bevacizumab binding to VEGF was tested in vitro with unmodified radiolabelled bevacizumab in competitive inhibition assays. Uptake of 111In-bevacizumab in BALB/c nude mice bearing tumours with different amounts of VEGF expression was compared to that of isotype-matched control antibody (111In-IgG1κ) with an excess of unlabelled bevacizumab. Intratumoural VEGF was evaluated using ELISA and Western blot analysis. The effect of anti-angiogenesis therapy was tested by measuring tumour uptake of 111In-bevacizumab in comparison to 111In-IgG1κ following administration of rapamycin to mice bearing FaDu xenografts. Uptake was measured using gamma counting of ex vivo tumours and effect on vasculature by using anti-CD31 microscopy. RESULTS Specific uptake of 111In-bevacizumab in VEGF-expressing tumours was observed. Rapamycin led to tumour growth delay associated with increased relative vessel size (8.5 to 10.3, P = 0.045) and decreased mean relative vessel density (0.27 to 0.22, P = 0.0015). Rapamycin treatment increased tumour uptake of 111In-bevacizumab (68%) but not 111In-IgGκ and corresponded with increased intratumoural VEGF165. CONCLUSIONS 111In-bevacizumab accumulates specifically in VEGF-expressing tumours, and changes after rapamycin therapy reflect changes in VEGF expression. Antagonism of mTOR may increase VEGF in vivo, and this new finding provides the basis to consider combination studies blocking both pathways and a way to monitor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Patel
- Department of Radiology, Churchill Hospital, Headington, OX3 7LE, Oxford, UK.
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sarah Able
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Danny Allen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouil Fokas
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fergus V Gleeson
- Department of Radiology, Churchill Hospital, Headington, OX3 7LE, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Katherine A Vallis
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Examination of pathways involved in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-induced cell growth arrest using label-free proteomics approach. J Proteomics 2017; 168:37-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Park HJ, Kim MK, Choi KS, Jeong JW, Bae SK, Kim HJ, Bae MK. Neuromedin B receptor antagonism inhibits migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:934-42. [PMID: 27571778 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromedin B (NMB) acts as an autocrine growth factor and a pro-angiogenic factor. Its receptor, NMB receptor (NMB-R), is overexpressed in solid tumors. In the present study, we showed that an NMB-R antagonist, PD168368, suppresses migration and invasion of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. In addition, PD168368 reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer cells by E-cadherin upregulation and vimentin downregulation. Moreover, we found that PD168368 potently inhibits in vivo metastasis of breast cancer. Taken together, these findings suggest that NMB-R antagonism may be an alternative approach to prevent breast cancer metastasis, and targeting NMB-R may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sil Choi
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 136‑710, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Jeong
- School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Bae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
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18
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Matrix metalloproteinases are possible targets in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension: investigation of anti-remodeling effects of alagebrium and everolimus. Anatol J Cardiol 2016; 17:8-17. [PMID: 27182612 PMCID: PMC5324875 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2016.6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In our study, sildenafil alone and everolimus or alagebrium in combination with sildenafil were investigated in terms of their additional therapeutic and anti-remodeling activity in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) model in rats. In particular, the inter-relationships between PH and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were investigated. Methods: The pulmonary artery responses of male Sprague Dawley rats were recorded using myography, and the quantities and activities of MMPs were analyzed in homogenates of the pulmonary arteries and lungs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, activity assays, and gelatin zymography techniques. Results: Our results indicated that the therapeutic effects of sildenafil were accompanied by its suppressor effects on MMP activity. It was also shown that everolimus or alagebrium in combination with sildenafil showed additional regulatory effects on MMPs as well as functional responses on pulmonary artery pressure. Therefore, the enzymes in the MMP superfamily are likely to be target molecules for the treatment of PH. Conclusion: In conclusion, MMPs were involved in the pathogenesis of PH, and our results suggested that the addition of everolimus or alagebrium to sildenafil therapy may be beneficial in PH. Our results indicated that agents that limit pulmonary vascular hypertrophy and inflammation via their anti-remodeling effects significantly ameliorate mortality and morbidity in PH.
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19
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Pereira UA, Moreira TA, Barbosa LCA, Maltha CRA, Bomfim IS, Maranhão SS, Moraes MO, Pessoa C, Barros-Nepomuceno FWA. Rubrolide analogues and their derived lactams as potential anticancer agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00459d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of rubrolides were synthesized and shown to be cytotoxic to several cancer cell lines and not toxic to L929 normal cells. The cytotoxicity involved the induction of cell death by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. A. Pereira
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Viçosa
- Viçosa
- Brazil
| | - T. A. Moreira
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Viçosa
- Viçosa
- Brazil
| | - L. C. A. Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Viçosa
- Viçosa
- Brazil
- Department of Chemistry
| | - C. R. A. Maltha
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Viçosa
- Viçosa
- Brazil
| | - I. S. Bomfim
- Center for Research and Drug Development
- Federal University of Ceará
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
| | - S. S. Maranhão
- Center for Research and Drug Development
- Federal University of Ceará
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
| | - M. O. Moraes
- Center for Research and Drug Development
- Federal University of Ceará
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
| | - C. Pessoa
- Center for Research and Drug Development
- Federal University of Ceará
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
| | - F. W. A. Barros-Nepomuceno
- Institute of Health Sciences
- University of International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony
- Acarape
- Brazil
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20
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Endothelial Rictor is crucial for midgestational development and sustained and extensive FGF2-induced neovascularization in the adult. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17705. [PMID: 26635098 PMCID: PMC4669526 DOI: 10.1038/srep17705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the general requirement of endothelial mTORC2 during embryonic and
adolescent development, we knocked out the essential mTORC2 component Rictor
in the mouse endothelium in the embryo, during adolescence and in endothelial cells
in vitro. During embryonic development, Rictor knockout resulted
in growth retardation and lethality around embryonic day 12. We detected reduced
peripheral vascularization and delayed ossification of developing fingers, toes and
vertebrae during this confined midgestational period. Rictor knockout did not
affect viability, weight gain, and vascular development during further adolescence.
However during this period, Rictor knockout prevented skin capillaries to
gain larger and heterogeneously sized diameters and remodeling into tortuous vessels
in response to FGF2. Rictor knockout strongly reduced extensive FGF2-induced
neovascularization and prevented hemorrhage in FGF2-loaded matrigel plugs.
Rictor knockout also disabled the formation of capillary-like networks by
FGF2-stimulated mouse aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Low RICTOR
expression was detected in quiescent, confluent mouse aortic endothelial cells,
whereas high doses of FGF2 induced high RICTOR expression that was associated with
strong mTORC2-specific protein kinase Cα and AKT phosphorylation. We
demonstrate that the endothelial FGF-RICTOR axis is not required during endothelial
quiescence, but crucial for midgestational development and sustained and extensive
neovascularization in the adult.
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Ma BL, Shan MH, Sun G, Ren GH, Dong C, Yao X, Zhou M. Immunohistochemical analysis of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin and its downstream signaling components in invasive breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5246-54. [PMID: 26151180 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is activated in invasive breast cancer. The expression levels of phosphorylated (p)‑mTOR at ser2448 were detected, as well as the expression levels of its downstream signaling molecules: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‑binding protein 1 (4E‑BP1), and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). The correlation between p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, p‑S6K1, and the clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer were also determined. p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 expression was detected in 285 breast cancer tumor samples and adjacent normal tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. The expression levels and the location of the proteins were analyzed and compared in the various tissue samples. Multivariate Cox regression was used to analyze the clinicopathological factors and prognosis associated with the tissue samples. The disease‑free survival rate was examined using survival analyses and Log‑rank tests. The results of the present study indicated that the expression levels of p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 were significantly higher in breast cancer tissue, as compared with normal tissue (P<0.01). p‑mTOR was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm, whereas p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 were predominantly co‑expressed in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In addition, p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 were more likely to be expressed in the cytoplasm in breast cancer tissue samples, as compared with normal tissue samples (P<0.001). Positive p‑mTOR was not significantly correlated with positive p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 expression. The survival analyses of the patients with positive p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 tissue samples were not significantly different from those of the patients with negative tissue samples (P>0.05). Thus suggesting that these markers are not adequate risk factors for disease free survival (P>0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 are activated in invasive breast cancer. In addition, the exclusive expression of p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 in the cytoplasm may be characteristic of progressive breast cancer. However, p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 are not prognostic factors for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Lin Ma
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Hui Shan
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Ren
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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22
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Matsushima M, Kikuchi E, Matsumoto K, Hattori S, Takeda T, Kosaka T, Miyajima A, Oya M. Intravesical dual PI3K/mTOR complex 1/2 inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 therapy in an orthotopic bladder cancer model. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:377-83. [PMID: 25963317 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NVP-BEZ235 is an inhibitor of both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2), and its antitumor activity is expected to be higher than that of mTORC1 inhibitors because it inhibits the upregulation of pAkt through mTORC2. We examined the efficacy of intravesical NVP-BEZ235 therapy in the treatment of bladder cancer using an orthotopic bladder cancer model. The cytotoxic effects of various concentrations of NVP-BEZ235 in MBT-2 cells were examined using a WST assay. The expression of pAkt, pS6 and p4EBP1 was evaluated in MBT-2 cells treated with NVP-BEZ235 using western blotting. Orthotopic models were established by implanting MBT-2 cells into the bladders of female C3H/He mice. We assigned C3H/He mice to 2 groups: a control group treated with vehicle control (n=15), and a group intravesically administered 40 µM (18.78 mg/l) of NVP-BEZ235 (n=15). NVP-BEZ235 inhibited the viability of MBT-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the expression of pAkt, pS6, and p4EBP1 was inhibited in NVP-BEZ235-treated MBT-2 cells. Bladder weights were significantly lower in the NVP-BEZ235-treated group than in the control group (P<0.05). An analysis of the tumor tissues revealed that the NVP-BEZ235 treatment strongly reduced pAkt, pS6 and p4EBP1 levels. An immunohistochemical analysis showed that NVP-BEZ235 significantly inhibited the expression of pS6. Intravesically administered NVP-BEZ235 exerted significant antitumor effects in the orthotopic bladder cancer model by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The intravesical instillation of a dual PI3K/mTORC1/2 inhibitor may represent a novel therapy for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Matsushima
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Seiya Hattori
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takeda
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Miyajima
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Phase II study of capecitabine and the oral mTOR inhibitor everolimus in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:1135-41. [PMID: 25822310 PMCID: PMC4441736 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The combination of an mTOR inhibitor with 5-fluorouracil-based anticancer therapy is attractive because of preclinical evidence of synergy between these drugs. According to our phase I study, the combination of capecitabine and everolimus is safe and feasible, with potential activity in pancreatic cancer patients. Methods Patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were enrolled. Eligible patients had a WHO performance status 0–2 and adequate hepatic and renal functions. The treatment regimen consisted of capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 BID day 1–14 and everolimus 10 mg daily (5 mg BID) in a continuous 21-day schedule. Tumor assessment was performed with CT-scan every three cycles. Primary endpoint was response rate (RR) according to RECIST 1.0. Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival, overall survival and 1-year survival rate. Results In total, 31 patients were enrolled. Median (range) treatment duration with everolimus was 76 days (1–431). Principal grade 3/4 toxicities were hyperglycemia (45 %), hand-foot syndrome (16 %), diarrhea (6 %) and mucositis (3 %). Prominent grade 1/2 toxicities were anemia (81 %), rash (65 %), mucositis (58 %) and fatigue (55 %). RR was 6 %. Ten patients (32 %) had stable disease resulting in a disease control rate of 38 %. Median overall survival was 8.9 months (95 % CI 4.6–13.1). Progression-free survival was 3.6 months (95 % CI 1.9–5.3). Conclusions The oral regimen with the combination of capecitabine and everolimus is a moderately active treatment for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, with an acceptable toxicity profile at the applied dose level.
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Cheng L, Chen YZ, Peng Y, Yi N, Gu XS, Jin Y, Bai XM. Ceramide production mediates cinobufotalin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5763-71. [PMID: 25724183 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive and lethal neoplasm with poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the anticancer activity of cinobufotalin, a bufadienolide isolated from toad venom, in cultured HCC cells, and to study the underlying mechanisms. We found that cinobufotalin (at nmol/L) significantly inhibited HCC cell growth and survival while inducing considerable cell apoptosis. Further, cinobufotalin inhibited sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) activity and induced pro-apoptotic ceramide production. Ceramide synthase-1 small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-depletion inhibited cinobufotalin-induced ceramide production and HCC cell apoptosis. On the other hand, the glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitor 1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP) facilitated cinobufotalin-induced ceramide production and cell apoptosis. SphK1 inhibitor II (SKI-II), similar to cinobufotalin, increased cellular ceramide level and promoted HCC cell apoptosis. Finally, we observed that cinobufotalin inactivated Akt-S6K1 signaling in HepG2 cells, which was again inhibited by ceramide synthase-1 shRNA-depletion. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that cinobufotalin induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in cultured HCC cells through ceramide production. Cinobufotalin may be investigated as a novel anti-HCC agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215001, China
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Li X, Yang Q, Yu H, Wu L, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Yue X, Liu Z, Wu H, Haffty BG, Feng Z, Hu W. LIF promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer through the AKT-mTOR pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 5:788-801. [PMID: 24553191 PMCID: PMC3996668 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multi-functional cytokine protein. The role of LIF in tumorigenesis is not well-understood. Here, we found that LIF promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer. LIF promotes cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells in vitro, and the growth of xenograft breast tumors in vivo. LIF also promotes invasion and migration of breast cancer cells in vitro and metastasis of breast cancer in vivo. We found that LIF activates the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway to promote tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer. Inhibiting the AKT activity can largely block the activation of the mTOR pathway by LIF, suggesting that LIF activates the mTOR pathway through AKT. Inhibiting the AKT activity as well as inhibiting the mTOR activity largely block the promoting effect of LIF on tumorigenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, overexpression of LIF is significantly associated with a poorer relapse free survival in breast cancer patients. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that LIF plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer, and could be an important prognostic marker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Lin Z, Wan X, Jiang R, Deng L, Gao Y, Tang J, Yang Y, Zhao W, Yan X, Yao K, Sun B, Chen Y. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 2A promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via metastatic tumor antigen 1 and mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling induction. J Virol 2014; 88:11872-85. [PMID: 25100829 PMCID: PMC4178752 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01867-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), thereby increasing tumor invasion. Recently, the dysregulation of metastatic tumor antigen 1 (MTA1) was found to enhance tumor metastasis in a variety of cancers. A molecular connection between these two proteins has been proposed but not firmly established. In this study, we reported the overexpression of MTA1 in 29/60 (48.3%) NPC patients, and the overexpression of MTA1 significantly correlated with tumor metastasis. The overexpression of MTA1 promoted EMT via the Wnt1 pathway and β-catenin activation. We demonstrated that LMP2A reinforces the expression of MTA1 via the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway to promote EMT in NPC. Furthermore, by knocking down 4EBP1 in combination with the new mTOR inhibitor INK-128 treatment, we discovered that LMP2A expression activates the 4EBP1-eIF4E axis and increases the expression of MTA1 at the translational level partially independent of c-myc. These findings provided novel insights into the correlation between the LMP2A and MTA1 proteins and reveal a novel function of the 4EBP1-eIF4E axis in EMT of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Importance: Prevention of the recurrence and metastasis of NPC is critical to achieving a successful NPC treatment. As we all know, EMT has a vital role in metastasis of malignancies. LMP2A, an oncoprotein of Epstein-Barr virus, a well-known NPC activator, induces EMT and has been proved to exert a promoting effect in tumor metastasis. Our study demonstrated that LMP2A could induce EMT by activating MTA1 at the translational level via activating mTOR signaling and the 4EBP1-eIF4E axis. Taken together, our findings bridge the gap between the NPC-specific cell surface molecule and the final phenotype of the NPC cells. Additionally, our findings indicate that LMP2A and mTOR will serve as targets for NPC therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Runqiu Jiang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junwei Tang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Thimonier E, Guillaud O, Walter T, Decullier E, Vallin M, Boillot O, Dumortier J. Conversion to everolimus dramatically improves the prognosis of de novo malignancies after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Clin Transplant 2014; 28:1339-48. [PMID: 25081431 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
De novo malignancies are a main cause for late death after liver transplantation (LT). Everolimus (ERL) is an immunosuppressive agent with antitumoral properties. The aim of the present retrospective study was to identify prognostic factors, including conversion to ERL, for patients presenting non-cutaneous de novo solid organ malignancy after LT for alcoholic cirrhosis. The study population consisted of 83 patients (presenting 100 tumors, including 75% of upper aerodigestive tract cancers), among the 398 patients who underwent LT for alcoholic cirrhosis in our center. After diagnosis, ERL was introduced in 38 patients and calcineurin-inhibitor was discontinued in 64.1% of them. Tumor stage was a significant prognostic factor with a one-yr survival at 82.6% for early stages, 63.4% for intermediate stages (N+) and 27.4% for disseminated diseases (p < 0.001). Associated relative risk factor was 2.202 (95% CI 1.044-4.644) for intermediate stages and 5.743 (95% CI 2.436-13.541) for metastatic stages. One- and five-yr survival was 77.4% and 35.2% in ERL group vs. 47.2% and 19.4% in the non-ERL group, respectively (p = 0.003). The relative risk factor for ERL was 0.447 (95%CI 0.257-0.778). Our results strongly suggest that conversion to ERL improves the prognosis of de novo malignancies after LT for alcoholic cirrhosis. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Thimonier
- Hospices civils de Lyon, Fédération des Spécialités Digestives, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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Bison SM, Pool SE, Koelewijn SJ, van der Graaf LM, Groen HC, Melis M, de Jong M. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with [(177)Lu-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotate in combination with RAD001 treatment: further investigations on tumor metastasis and response in the rat pancreatic CA20948 tumor model. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:21. [PMID: 24995150 PMCID: PMC4070081 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported on the unexpected development of distant metastases in the subcutaneous rat pancreas CA20948 tumor model after 4.5 weeks of treatment with RAD001-only or in combination with [(177)Lu-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotate ((177)Lu-DOTATATE) (Cancer Res. 73:12-8, 2013). Moreover, the combination therapy was less effective compared to (177)Lu-DOTATATE-only. In the current study, we address the following questions: (1) Why was the combination therapy less effective? Is (177)Lu-DOTATATE tumor uptake affected by pretreatment with RAD001? (2) Could sudden cessation of RAD001 therapy cause the development of distant metastases? (3) Is (177)Lu-DOTATATE an effective treatment option for these metastases? METHODS Lewis rats (HanHsd or SsNHsd substrain with a slight difference in immune response) bearing subcutaneous CA20948 tumors were treated with either 125 or 275 MBq (177)Lu-DOTATATE, RAD001, or their combination. RAD001 was given twice a week for 4.5 or 12 weeks, whereas (177)Lu-DOTATATE was given as a single injection. When combined, RAD001 was started either 3 days prior to or 3 days post administration of (177)Lu-DOTATATE. SPECT/CT was performed to quantify (177)Lu-DOTATATE tumor uptake. Where indicated, primary tumors were surgically removed when tumor size is >6,000 mm(3) to enable monitoring for possible metastasis. If metastases were suspected, an (111)In-DTPA-octreotide SPECT/CT scan was performed. Seven rats with metastases were treated with 400 MBq (177)Lu-DOTATATE. RESULTS Lu-DOTATATE tumor uptake was not significantly affected by RAD001 pretreatment. The occurrence of metastases after RAD001 treatment was not dose dependent in the dose range tested, nor was it related to the duration of RAD001 treatment. In the experiment in which the LEW/SsNsd substrain was used, only 12.5% of RAD001-treated rats showed complete response (CR), compared to 50% tumor regression in the control group. Re-treatment with a high dose of (177)Lu-DOTATATE resulted in CR in only two out of seven animals. CONCLUSION Less effective anti-tumor effects after the combination of RAD001 + (177)Lu-DOTATATE could not be explained by reduced (177)Lu-DOTATATE tumor uptake after RAD001. Our current data support RAD001-induced immune suppression as the reason for this observation. No evidence was found that cessation of RAD001 treatment caused development of metastases. Metastases appeared to be less sensitive to (177)Lu-DOTATATE treatment than primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander M Bison
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Postbus 2040, Rotterdam 3000, CA, the Netherlands ; Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000, CA, the Netherlands ; Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000, CA, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan E Pool
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Postbus 2040, Rotterdam 3000, CA, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart J Koelewijn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Postbus 2040, Rotterdam 3000, CA, the Netherlands
| | - Linda M van der Graaf
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Postbus 2040, Rotterdam 3000, CA, the Netherlands
| | - Harald C Groen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Postbus 2040, Rotterdam 3000, CA, the Netherlands ; Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000, CA, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen Melis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Postbus 2040, Rotterdam 3000, CA, the Netherlands
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Postbus 2040, Rotterdam 3000, CA, the Netherlands ; Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000, CA, the Netherlands
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Nong YC, Lai MY, Su T. GOLPH3 gene overexpression promotes proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1669-1675. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i12.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the effect of GOLPH3 gene overexpression on the proliferation of gastric cancer cells.
METHODS: The lentivirus containing the GOLPH3 gene was infected into gastric cancer cells, fluorescence microscopy was used to detect the expression of EGFP, and flow cytometry was applied to verify the infection efficiency. GOLPH3 overexpression was verified by quantitative real-time PCR (at the mRNA level) and Western blot (at the protein level). The expression of mTOR and p-mTOR proteins was detected by Western blot, and cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay.
RESULTS: Gastric cancer cells expressing high levels of EGFP were successfully obtained, with an infection rate of 100%. GOLPH3 expression was significantly up-regulated in SGC-7901 cells infected with the lentivirus containing the GOLPH3 gene compared with SGC-7901 cells transduced with the empty vector or non-infected SGC-7901 cells (P < 0.05 for both). MTT assay showed that up-regulated GOLPH3 could significantly enhance the proliferation of gastric cancer cells (P < 0.05). Although the mTOR protein expression did not significantly differ between different groups of cells, but p-mTOR protein expression was enhanced in SGC-7901 cells infected with the lentivirus containing the GOLPH3 gene compared with control cells (P < 0.05), suggesting that up-regulated GOLPH3 could promote the protein expression of p-mTOR in SGC-7901 cells.
CONCLUSION: GOLPH3 gene overexpression could promote the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by up-regulating the expression of p-mTOR in SGC-7901 cells.
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Wang Y, Jia H, Lin H, Tan X, Du Z, Chen H, Xu Y, Han X, Zhang J, Zhao S, Yu X, Lu Y. Metastasis-associated gene, mag-1 improves tumour microenvironmental adaptation and potentiates tumour metastasis. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:3037-51. [PMID: 22985252 PMCID: PMC4393732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major cause of death from malignant diseases, and the underlying mechanisms are still largely not known. A detailed probe into the factors which may regulate tumour invasion and metastasis contributes to novel anti-metastatic therapies. We previously identified a novel metastasis-associated gene 1 (mag-1) by means of metastatic phenotype cloning. Then we characterized the gene expression profile of mag-1 and showed that it promoted cell migration, adhesion and invasion in vitro. Importantly, the disruption of mag-1 via RNA interference not only inhibited cellular metastatic behaviours but also significantly reduced tumour weight and restrained mouse breast cancer cells to metastasize to lungs in spontaneous metastatic assay in vivo. Furthermore, we proved that mag-1 integrates dual regulating mechanisms through the stabilization of HIF-1α and the activation of mTOR signalling pathway. We also found that mag-1-induced metastatic promotion could be abrogated by mTOR specific inhibitor, rapamycin. Taken together, the findings identified a direct role that mag-1 played in metastasis and implicated its function in cellular adaptation to tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Oudard S, Medioni J, Aylllon J, Barrascourt E, Elaidi RT, Balcaceres J, Scotte F. Everolimus (RAD001): an mTOR inhibitor for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 9:705-17. [DOI: 10.1586/era.09.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Yamanaka K, Petrulionis M, Lin S, Gao C, Galli U, Richter S, Winkler S, Houben P, Schultze D, Hatano E, Schemmer P. Therapeutic potential and adverse events of everolimus for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma - systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 2013; 2:862-71. [PMID: 24403259 PMCID: PMC3892390 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Everolimus is an orally administrated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor. Several large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated the survival benefits of everolimus at the dose of 10 mg/day for solid cancers. Furthermore, mTOR-inhibitor-based immunosuppression is associated with survival benefits for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have received liver transplantation. However, a low rate of tumor reduction and some adverse events have been pointed out. This review summarizes the antitumor effects and adverse events of everolimus and evaluates its possible application in advanced HCC. For the meta-analysis of adverse events, we used the RCTs for solid cancers. The odds ratios of adverse events were calculated using the Peto method. Manypreclinical studies demonstrated that everolimus had antitumor effects such as antiproliferation and antiangiogenesis. However, some differences in the effects were observed among in vivo animal studies for HCC treatment. Meanwhile, clinical studies demonstrated that the response rate of single-agent everolimus was low, though survival benefits could be expected. The meta-analysis revealed the odds ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) of stomatitis: 5.42 [4.31-6.73], hyperglycemia: 3.22 [2.37-4.39], anemia: 3.34 [2.37-4.67], pneumonitis: 6.02 [3.95-9.16], aspartate aminotransferase levels: 2.22 [1.37-3.62], and serum alanine aminotransferase levels: 2.94 [1.72-5.02], respectively. Everolimus at the dose of 10 mg/day significantly increased the risk of the adverse events. In order to enable its application to the standard conventional therapies of HCC, further studies are required to enhance the antitumor effects and manage the adverse events of everolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Yamanaka
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Gao J, Yin M, Zhu Y, Gu L, Zhang Y, Li Q, Jia C, Ma Z. Prognostic significance and therapeutic potential of the activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:471. [PMID: 24112608 PMCID: PMC3852000 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT/mTOR) pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK)-mediated tumorigenesis in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and correlated with unfavorable outcome in certain types of other cancers. However, the prognostic value of AKT/mTOR activation in ALCL remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we aim to address this question from a clinical perspective by comparing the expressions of the AKT/mTOR signaling molecules in ALCL patients and exploring the therapeutic significance of targeting the AKT/mTOR pathway in ALCL. METHODS A cohort of 103 patients with ALCL was enrolled in the study. Expression of ALK fusion proteins and the AKT/mTOR signaling phosphoproteins was studied by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The pathogenic role of ALK fusion proteins and the therapeutic significance of targeting the ATK/mTOR signaling pathway were further investigated in vitro study with an ALK + ALCL cell line and the NPM-ALK transformed BaF3 cells. RESULTS ALK expression was detected in 60% of ALCLs, of which 79% exhibited the presence of NPM-ALK, whereas the remaining 21% expressed variant-ALK fusions. Phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR, 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), and 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase polypeptide 1 (p70S6K1) was detected in 76%, 80%, 91%, and 93% of ALCL patients, respectively. Both phospho-AKT (p-AKT) and p-mTOR were correlated to ALK expression, and p-mTOR was closely correlated to p-AKT. Both p-4E-BP1 and p-p70S6K1 were correlated to p-mTOR, but were not correlated to the expression of ALK and p-AKT. Clinically, ALK + ALCL occurred more commonly in younger patients, and ALK + ALCL patients had a much better prognosis than ALK-ALCL cases. However, expression of p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-4E-BP1, or p-p70S6K1 did not have an impact on the clinical outcome. Overexpression of NPM-ALK in a nonmalignant murine pro-B lymphoid cell line, BaF3, induced the cells to become cytokine-independent and resistant to glucocorticoids (GCs). Targeting AKT/mTOR inhibited growth and triggered the apoptotic cell death of ALK + ALCL cells and NPM-ALK transformed BaF3 cells, and also reversed GC resistance induced by overexpression of NPM-ALK. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of ALK due to chromosomal translocations is seen in the majority of ALCL patients and endows them with a much better prognosis. The AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is highly activated in ALK + ALCL patients and targeting the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway might confer a great therapeutic potential in ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Section 3, 20 S, Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Rho O, Kiguchi K, Jiang G, DiGiovanni J. Impact of mTORC1 inhibition on keratinocyte proliferation during skin tumor promotion in wild-type and BK5.AktWT mice. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:871-82. [PMID: 24114993 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the impact of rapamycin on mTORC1 signaling during 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced keratinocyte proliferation and skin tumor promotion in both wild-type (FVB/N) and BK5.Akt(WT) mice. TPA activated mTORC1 signaling in a time-dependent manner in cultured primary mouse keratinocytes and a mouse keratinocyte cell line. Early activation (15-30 min) of mTORC1 signaling induced by TPA was mediated in part by PKC activation, whereas later activation (2-4 h) was mediated by activation of EGFR and Akt. BK5.Akt(WT) transgenic mice, where Akt1 is overexpressed in basal epidermis, are highly sensitive to TPA-induced epidermal proliferation and two-stage skin carcinogenesis. Targeting mTORC1 with rapamycin effectively inhibited TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia and hyperproliferation as well as tumor promotion in a dose-dependent manner in both wild-type and BK5.Akt(WT) mice. A significant expansion (∼threefold) of the label retaining cell (LRC) population per hair follicle was observed in BK5.Akt(WT) mice compared to FVB/N mice. There was also a significant increase in K15 expressing cells in the hair follicle of transgenic mice that coincided with expression of phospho-Akt, phospho-S6K, and phospho-PRAS40, suggesting an important role of mTORC1 signaling in bulge-region keratinocyte stem cell (KSC) homeostasis. After 2 weeks of TPA treatment, LRCs had moved upward into the interfollicular epidermis from the bulge region of both wild-type and BK5.Akt(WT) mice. TPA-mediated LRC proliferation and migration was significantly inhibited by rapamycin. Collectively, the current data indicate that signaling through mTORC1 contributes significantly to the process of skin tumor promotion through effects on proliferation of the target cells for tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okkyung Rho
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Austin, Texas
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Zhu W, Fu W, Hu L. NVP-BEZ235, dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, prominently enhances radiosensitivity of prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2013; 28:665-73. [PMID: 23768063 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway may account for development of radioadaptation and is not rare in prostate cancer. Neither PI3K nor mTOR blockade could completely inhibit the pathway owing to paradoxical feedback, so we anticipate dual PI3K/mTOR blockade by NVP-BEZ235 to radiosensitize prostate cancer cells. METHODS We investigated into the radiosensitizing effect of NVP-BEZ235 on PC-3 cells, which are devoid of androgen receptors. Clonogenic survival and MTT assays were performed, and to pursue underlying cellular changes flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis as well as western blot were carried out. RESULTS Exposure to NVP-BEZ235 and irradiation caused a greater degree of survival inhibition than ionizing radiation (IR) or BEZ235 alone. Dual PI3K/mTOR blockade along with IR induced a G2/M arrest and enhanced proapoptotic effect. NVP-BEZ235 radiosensitized PC-3 cells through counteracting constitutive as well as IR-triggered activation of Akt/mTOR signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 prominently improved the radiosensitivity of PC-3 cells. It sensitized tumor cells to irradiation via interruption of cell cycle progression and augmentation of cell apoptosis, which was due to its constraint on constitutive and IR-elicited PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhu
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan, China
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Incidence and risk of treatment-related mortality with mTOR inhibitors everolimus and temsirolimus in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65166. [PMID: 23785409 PMCID: PMC3681778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two novel mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors everolimus and temsirolimus are now approved by regulatory agencies and have been widely investigated among various types of solid tumors, but the risk of fatal adverse events (FAEs) with these drugs is not well defined. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases for relevant trials. Eligible studies included prospective phase II and III trials evaluating everolimus and temsirolimus in patients with all malignancies and data on FAEs were available. Statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the summary incidence, RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by using either random effects or fixed effect models according to the heterogeneity of the included studies. Results A total of 3322 patients with various advanced solid tumors from 12 trials were included. The overall incidence of mTOR inhibitors associated FAEs was 1.8% (95%CI: 1.3–2.5%), and the incidences of everolimus related FAEs were comparable to that of temsirolimus (1.7% versus 1.8%). Compared with the controls, the use of mTOR inhibitors was associated with an increased risk of FAEs, with a RR of 3.24 (95%CI: 1.21–8.67, p = 0.019). On subgroup analysis, a non-statistically significant increase in the risk of FAEs was found according to different mTOR inhibitors, tumor types or controlled therapy. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Conclusion With the present evidence, the use of mTOR inhibitors seems to increase the risk of FAEs in patients with advanced solid tumors. More high quality trials are still needed to investigate this association.
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mTOR and regulation of energy homeostasis in humans. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1167-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zeng S, Xiong MP. Trilayer micelles for combination delivery of rapamycin and siRNA targeting Y-box binding protein-1 (siYB-1). Biomaterials 2013; 34:6882-92. [PMID: 23768780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A three layer (trilayer) polymeric micelle system based on the self-association of the triblock polymer poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly{N-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl] aspartamide}-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PAsp(DET)-b-PCL) has been synthesized and investigated for combination delivery of rapamycin (RAP) and siRNA targeting Y-box binding protein-1 (siYB-1). The trilayer micelle is composed of (a) a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block constituting the outer layer to improve pharmacokinetics, (b) an intermediate compartment composed of the cationic poly{2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino] ethyl aspartamide} (PAsp(DET)) segment for interacting with siYB-1, and (c) an inner hydrophobic poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) compartment for encapsulation of RAP. A major advantage of this system is biocompatibility since PEG and PCL are both approved by the FDA, and PAsp(DET) is a non-toxic pH responsive cationic poly(amino acid)-based polymer. In this study, it has been shown that PCL can encapsulate RAP with high loading efficiencies, and PAsp(DET) can successfully interact with siRNA for efficient transfection/knockdown with negligible cytotoxicity. The enhanced therapeutic efficacy of RAP/siYB-1 micelles was demonstrated in cell cultures and in a PC3 xenograft nude mouse model of human prostate cancer. Herein, we demonstrate that trilayer micelles are a promising approach to improve the simultaneous delivery of combination siRNA/drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- San Zeng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
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Hicks F, Hou Y, Langston M, McCarron A, O’Brien E, Ito T, Ma C, Matthews C, O’Bryan C, Provencal D, Zhao Y, Huang J, Yang Q, Heyang L, Johnson M, Sitang Y, Yuqiang L. Development of a Practical Synthesis of a TORC1/2 Inhibitor: A Scalable Application of Memory of Chirality. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op300330f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Hicks
- Process Chemistry Research and
Development, Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Yongquan Hou
- Process Chemistry Research and
Development, Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Marianne Langston
- Process Chemistry Research and
Development, Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Ashley McCarron
- Process Chemistry Research and
Development, Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Erin O’Brien
- Process Chemistry Research and
Development, Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Tatsuya Ito
- Chemical Development Laboratories,
CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-Chome, Yodogawa-Ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Chunrong Ma
- Process Chemistry, Takeda California, 10410, United States Science Center
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chris Matthews
- Process Chemistry, Takeda California, 10410, United States Science Center
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Colin O’Bryan
- Process Chemistry, Takeda California, 10410, United States Science Center
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David Provencal
- Process Chemistry, Takeda California, 10410, United States Science Center
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- Process Chemistry, Takeda California, 10410, United States Science Center
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jie Huang
- Chemical Development Department, AMRI, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203,
United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Chemical Development Department, AMRI, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203,
United States
| | - Li Heyang
- Asymchem Life Science, Tianjin 71 seventh Avenue TEDA,
Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Asymchem Life Science, Tianjin 71 seventh Avenue TEDA,
Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Yan Sitang
- Asymchem Life Science, Tianjin 71 seventh Avenue TEDA,
Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yuqiang
- Asymchem Life Science, Tianjin 71 seventh Avenue TEDA,
Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
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Lee SB, Gong YD, Park YI, Dong MS. 2,3,6-Trisubstituted quinoxaline derivative, a small molecule inhibitor of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, suppresses cell proliferation and enhances radiosensitivity in A549/Wnt2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:746-52. [PMID: 23348226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GDK-100017, a 2,3,6-trisubstituted quinoxaline derivative, reduced β-catenin-T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF)-dependent transcriptional activity and inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC₅₀ value of about 10 μM in A549/Wnt2 cells. GDK-100017 down-regulated the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway target genes such as cyclin D1 and Dkk1 but not c-myc or survivin. GDK-100017 inhibited cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle in the G1 phase not only in A549/wnt2 cells but also in SW480 colon cancer cells. In addition to its wnt signaling inhibitory properties, GDK-100017 also enhanced the radiosensitivity of the A549 human NSCLC line. These results suggest that GDK-100017 possesses potential anti-cancer activity by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway, blocking the β-catenin-TCF/LEF interaction, and enhancing radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bum Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Faggiano A, Ramundo V, Dicitore A, Castiglioni S, Borghi MO, Severino R, Ferolla P, Crinò L, Abbruzzese A, Sperlongano P, Caraglia M, Ferone D, Hofland L, Colao A, Vitale G. Everolimus is an active agent in medullary thyroid cancer: a clinical and in vitro study. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1563-72. [PMID: 21883896 PMCID: PMC3823224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, which has been demonstrated to induce anti-tumour effects in different types of neuroendocrine tumours, has never been evaluated in patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of everolimus in combination with octreotide in MTC. Two patients with progressive metastatic MTC and high calcitonin levels were treated with everolimus 5–10 mg/day. Both patients were under treatment with octreotide LAR at the study entry. An in vitro study was also performed to assess everolimus effects on MTC cell lines (TT and MZ-CRC-1 cells). A tumour response was observed in both patients. Serum calcitonin decreased by 86% in patient 1 and by 42% in patient 2. In TT and MZ-CRC-1 cells, everolimus induced a significant dose-dependent inhibition in cell proliferation. This effect seems to be related to a cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase in both cell lines and to the induction of cellular senescence in TT cells. Everolimus in combination with octreotide may be active as anti-tumour therapy in patients with progressive metastatic MTC, suggesting to further evaluate this agent in MTC patients in a large prospective study.
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Chen YC, Lo CL, Lin YF, Hsiue GH. Rapamycin encapsulated in dual-responsive micelles for cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2012; 34:1115-27. [PMID: 23146436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin has been developed as a potential anticancer drug for treatment in rapamycin-sensitive cancer models, but its poor water solubility greatly hampers the application to cancer therapy. This study investigated the preparation, release profiles, uptake and in vitro/in vivo study of a dual-responsive micellar formulation of rapamycin. Rapamycin-loaded micelles (rapa-micelles) measured approximately ca. 150 nm with narrow size distribution and high stability in bovine serum albumin solution. It was shown that rapamycin could be loaded efficiently in mixed micelles up to a concentration of 1.8 mg/mL by a hot shock protocol. Rapamycin release kinetic studies demonstrated that this type of micellar system could be applied in physiological conditions under varied pH environments. Confocal and pH-topography imaging revealed a clear distribution of rapa-micelles, and visible intracellular pH changes which induced encapsulated rapamycin to be released and then induced autophagolysosome formation. In vivo tumor growth inhibition showed that rapa-micelles exhibited excellent antitumor activity and a high rate of apoptosis in HCT116 cancer cells. These results indicated that dual-responsive mixed micelles provided a suitable delivery system for the parenteral administration of drugs with poor water solubility, such as rapamycin, in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
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Pratheeshkumar P, Budhraja A, Son YO, Wang X, Zhang Z, Ding S, Wang L, Hitron A, Lee JC, Xu M, Chen G, Luo J, Shi X. Quercetin inhibits angiogenesis mediated human prostate tumor growth by targeting VEGFR- 2 regulated AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47516. [PMID: 23094058 PMCID: PMC3475699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a crucial step in the growth and metastasis of cancers, since it enables the growing tumor to receive oxygen and nutrients. Cancer prevention using natural products has become an integral part of cancer control. We studied the antiangiogenic activity of quercetin using ex vivo, in vivo and in vitro models. Rat aortic ring assay showed that quercetin at non-toxic concentrations significantly inhibited microvessel sprouting and exhibited a significant inhibition in the proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation of endothelial cells, which are key events in the process of angiogenesis. Most importantly, quercetin treatment inhibited ex vivo angiogenesis as revealed by chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) and matrigel plug assay. Western blot analysis showed that quercetin suppressed VEGF induced phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 and their downstream protein kinases AKT, mTOR, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase in HUVECs. Quercetin (20 mg/kg/d) significantly reduced the volume and the weight of solid tumors in prostate xenograft mouse model, indicating that quercetin inhibited tumorigenesis by targeting angiogenesis. Furthermore, quercetin reduced the cell viability and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, which were correlated with the downregulation of AKT, mTOR and P70S6K expressions. Collectively the findings in the present study suggest that quercetin inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis by targeting VEGF-R2 regulated AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway, and could be used as a potential drug candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poyil Pratheeshkumar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Amit Budhraja
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xin Wang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Songze Ding
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lei Wang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hitron
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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TNF-α promotes human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell migration by inducing matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) expression through activation of Akt/mTORC1 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are rare and the majority of patients present in the advanced stage. Over the past few decades, treatment for patients with metastatic well- or moderately differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors have not significantly impeded tumor progression nor improved survival. However, recent mapping of intracellular signaling pathways promoting tumor proliferation, growth, and angiogenesis has presented mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a potential target within the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway. With the development of the new-generation mTOR inhibitor everolimus, a series of clinical trials over the last 5 years have demonstrated significant benefit in delaying tumor progression. This review focuses on the mechanism of mTOR inhibition and traces the development of clinical evidence for the use of mTOR inhibitors in well- to moderately differentiated advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
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Fokas E, Yoshimura M, Prevo R, Higgins G, Hackl W, Maira SM, Bernhard EJ, McKenna WG, Muschel RJ. NVP-BEZ235 and NVP-BGT226, dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, enhance tumor and endothelial cell radiosensitivity. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7:48. [PMID: 22452803 PMCID: PMC3348043 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-7-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is activated in tumor cells and promotes tumor cell survival after radiation-induced DNA damage. Because the pathway may not be completely inhibited after blockade of PI3K itself, due to feedback through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), more effective inhibition might be expected by targeting both PI3K and mTOR inhibition. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the effect of two dual PI3K/mTOR (both mTORC1 and mTORC2) inhibitors, NVP-BEZ235 and NVP-BGT226, on SQ20B laryngeal and FaDu hypopharyngeal cancer cells characterised by EGFR overexpression, on T24 bladder tumor cell lines with H-Ras mutation and on endothelial cells. Analysis of target protein phosphorylation, clonogenic survival, number of residual γH2AX foci, cell cycle and apoptosis after radiation was performed in both tumor and endothelial cells. In vitro angiogenesis assays were conducted as well. RESULTS Both compounds effectively inhibited phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR and S6 target proteins and reduced clonogenic survival in irradiated tumor cells. Persistence of DNA damage, as evidenced by increased number of γH2AX foci, was detected after irradiation in the presence of PI3K/mTOR inhibition, together with enhanced G2 cell cycle delay. Treatment with one of the inhibitors, NVP-BEZ235, also resulted in decreased clonogenicity after irradiation of tumor cells under hypoxic conditions. In addition, NVP-BEZ235 blocked VEGF- and IR-induced Akt phosphorylation and increased radiation killing in human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human dermal microvascular dermal cells (HDMVC). NVP-BEZ235 inhibited VEGF-induced cell migration and capillary tube formation in vitro and enhanced the antivascular effect of irradiation. Treatment with NVP-BEZ235 moderately increased apoptosis in SQ20B and HUVEC cells but not in FaDu cells, and increased necrosis in both tumor and endothelial all cells tumor. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that PI3K/mTOR inhibitors can enhance radiation-induced killing in tumor and endothelial cells and may be of benefit when combined with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Fokas
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Agulnik M. New developments in mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors for the treatment of sarcoma. Cancer 2012; 118:1486-97. [PMID: 21837674 PMCID: PMC3412949 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although sarcomas account for a small portion of solid malignancies, currently, there are few treatment options for sarcomas, particularly for advanced disease. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine-threonine protein kinase in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine protein kinase Akt signaling pathway, has an important role in the regulation of protein synthesis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metabolism. Alterations of the mTOR signaling pathway are common in malignancies, including several types of sarcoma. Therefore, mTOR is a potentially important therapeutic target in these diseases. Rapamycin and its analogs (rapalogs) are effective anticancer agents in a broad range of preclinical models. Clinical trials with these agents alone and in combination with other anticancer agents, including chemotherapy and targeted therapies, have demonstrated potential clinical benefit in several types of sarcoma. The evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies supports further study of mTOR-targeting rapalogs in the treatment of various subtypes of sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Agulnik
- Division of Medical Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Wagner F, Henningsen B, Lederer C, Eichenmüller M, Gödeke J, Müller-Höcker J, von Schweinitz D, Kappler R. Rapamycin blocks hepatoblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo implicating new treatment options in high-risk patients. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:2442-50. [PMID: 22285179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway plays a central role in the formation of hepatoblastoma (HB), the most common liver cancer in childhood. Blocking this pathway with specific mTOR inhibitors such as the immunosuppressant rapamycin is being currently tested for a variety of cancers. Here, we report that rapamycin treatment induced a significant dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability and promoted apoptosis in HB cells in vitro. Moreover, rapamycin inhibited AKT/mTOR signalling by dephosphorylation of the downstream target p70S6 kinase (p70S6K). Most importantly, treating subcutaneous HUH6 xenograft tumour bearing mice orally with 5mg/kg/day rapamycin for three weeks resulted in a striking reduction of tumour growth, as evidenced by reduced volume and weight, and moderately lowered tumour-specific alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) serum levels. The anti-tumourigenic effect was primarily ascribed to a significantly reduced proliferation rate upon p70S6K dephosphorylation, as microvascular density of rapamycin-treated compared to vehicle-treated tumours stayed grossly unchanged. Of uttermost clinical importance, we found no evidence for a feedback-loop activation of AKT in vivo. In conclusion, we demonstrate that rapamycin effectively inhibits HB growth both in vitro and in vivo by blocking AKT/mTOR signalling at the level of p70S6K and that rapamycin should be considered to treat HB patients especially those to be indicated for liver transplantation to benefit from its anti-tumourigenic and immunosuppressive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Wagner
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-80337 Munich, Federal Republic of Germany
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Abstract
Gliobastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor, which is characterized by its infiltrative nature. Current standard therapy for GBMs consists of surgery followed by radiotherapy combined with the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that this chemo-irradiation approach results in a significant increase in survival compared to radiotherapy alone. Nevertheless, due to tumor recurrence, the median survival time is still limited to approximately 15 months. Recently, several studies have focused on aberrant signal transduction in GBM, resistance mechanisms of GBM to TMZ and to radiotherapy. Attention has been focused on molecular targets including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, protein kinase C (pKC) pathway, Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK), Wnt pathway and intrinsic or extrinsic apoptosis pathways. In addition, research has been directed to radiotherapy and radiosensitizing agents, and cancer gene therapy as well. This article will address several resistance mechanisms of GBM to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and the recent preclinical and clinical studies on targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Rekers
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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50
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Myers A, Orr S, Denbo J, Ng C, Zhou J, Spence Y, Wu J, Davidoff AM. Rapamycin-induced tumor vasculature remodeling in rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts increases the effectiveness of adjuvant ionizing radiation. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47:183-9. [PMID: 22244414 PMCID: PMC3259455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rapamycin inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a tumor-elaborated protein that stimulates neovascularization. This inhibition can cause transient "normalization" of the generally dysfunctional tumor vasculature, resulting in improved tumor perfusion and oxygenation. We hypothesized that this may potentiate the antitumor effects of adjuvant ionizing radiation. METHODS Mice bearing orthotopic Rh30 alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas were treated with rapamycin (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily ×5). Tumors were then evaluated for changes in intratumoral oxygenation, perfusion, vessel permeability, and microvessel density. Additional tumor-bearing mice were treated with 5 doses of rapamycin, irradiation (4 Gy), or 5 doses of rapamycin with irradiation administered on the first or sixth day of rapamycin treatment. RESULTS Although tumor vessel permeability changed only minimally, microvessel density decreased (3153 ± 932 vs 20,477 ± 3717.9 pixels per high-power field), whereas intratumoral oxygenation increased significantly (0.0385 ± 0.0141 vs 0.0043 ± 0.0023 mm Hg/mm(3)) after 5 doses of rapamycin. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound demonstrated a significantly increased rate of change of signal intensity after 5 days of rapamycin, suggesting improved intratumoral perfusion. Tumor volume 14 days after treatment was smallest in mice treated with the combination of rapamycin given before irradiation. CONCLUSION Combination therapy with rapamycin given before irradiation to normalize the tumor vasculature, thereby improving tumor oxygenation, increased the sensitivity of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts to adjuvant irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne Myers
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
,Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Shannon Orr
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
,Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Jason Denbo
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
,Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Catherine Ng
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Junfang Zhou
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yunyu Spence
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Andrew M. Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
,Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
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