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Baraya YS, Wee CL, Mustapha Z, Wong KK, Yaacob NS. Strobilanthes crispus elicits anti-tumor immunogenicity in in vitro and in vivo metastatic breast carcinoma. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271203. [PMID: 35972917 PMCID: PMC9380931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based anticancer agents have the potential to stimulate the immune system to act against cancer cells. A standardized bioactive subfraction of the Malaysian herb, Strobilanthes crispus (L.) Blume (S. crispus) termed F3, demonstrates strong anticancer effects in both in vitro and in vivo models. The anticancer effects might be attributable to its immunomodulatory properties as S. crispus has been traditionally used to enhance the immune system. The current study examined whether F3 could stimulate anti-tumorigenic immunogenicity against 4T1 cells in vitro and in 4T1 cell-induced mammary carcinoma mouse model. We observed that F3 induced significant increase in MHC class I and class II molecules. CD4+, CD8+ and IL-2+ (p<0.05 for all) cells infiltration was also significantly increased in the breast tumor microenvironment of F3-treated mice compared with the tumors of untreated mice. The number of CD68+ macrophages was significantly lower in F3-treated mice. We conclude that the antitumor and antimetastatic effects of S. crispus involve strong infiltration of T cells in breast cancer potentially through increased tumor antigen presentation via MHC proteins, as well as reduction of infiltrating tumor-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha’u Shu’aibu Baraya
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Chee Lee Wee
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarnain Mustapha
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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2
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Kähkönen TE, Halleen JM, Bernoulli J. Osteoimmuno-Oncology: Therapeutic Opportunities for Targeting Immune Cells in Bone Metastasis. Cells 2021; 10:1529. [PMID: 34204474 PMCID: PMC8233913 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies provide a potential treatment option for currently incurable bone metastases. Bone marrow is an important secondary lymphoid organ with a unique immune contexture. Even at non-disease state immune cells and bone cells interact with each other, bone cells supporting the development of immune cells and immune cells regulating bone turnover. In cancer, tumor cells interfere with this homeostatic process starting from formation of pre-metastatic niche and later supporting growth of bone metastases. In this review, we introduce a novel concept osteoimmuno-oncology (OIO), which refers to interactions between bone, immune and tumor cells in bone metastatic microenvironment. We also discuss therapeutic opportunities of targeting immune cells in bone metastases, and associated efficacy and safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenni Bernoulli
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
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3
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Proteoglycans in the Pathogenesis of Hormone-Dependent Cancers: Mediators and Effectors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092401. [PMID: 32847060 PMCID: PMC7563227 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone-dependent cancers exhibit high morbidity and mortality. In spite of advances in therapy, the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers remains an unmet health need. The tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibits unique characteristics that differ among various tumor types. It is composed of cancerous, non-cancerous, stromal, and immune cells that are surrounded and supported by components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, the interactions among cancer cells, stromal cells, and components of the ECM determine cancer progression and response to therapy. Proteoglycans (PGs), hybrid molecules consisting of a protein core to which sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains are bound, are significant components of the ECM that are implicated in all phases of tumorigenesis. These molecules, secreted by both the stroma and cancer cells, are crucial signaling mediators that modulate the vital cellular pathways implicated in gene expression, phenotypic versatility, and response to therapy in specific tumor types. A plethora of deregulated signaling pathways contributes to the growth, dissemination, and angiogenesis of hormone-dependent cancers. Specific inputs from the endocrine and immune systems are some of the characteristics of hormone-dependent cancer pathogenesis. Importantly, the mechanisms involved in various aspects of cancer progression are executed in the ECM niche of the TME, and the PG components crucially mediate these processes. Here, we comprehensively discuss the mechanisms through which PGs affect the multifaceted aspects of hormone-dependent cancer development and progression, including cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, immunobiology, autophagy, and response to therapy.
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Wang Y, Ren S, Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhu N, Cai D, Ye Z, Ruan J. Chemokines in bone-metastatic breast cancer: Therapeutic opportunities. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106815. [PMID: 32711376 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to non-response to chemotherapy, incomplete surgical resection, and resistance to checkpoint inhibitors, breast cancer with bone metastasis is notoriously difficult to cure. Therefore, the development of novel, efficient strategies to tackle bone metastasis of breast cancer is urgently needed. Chemokines, which induce directed migration of immune cells and act as guide molecules between diverse cells and tissues, are small proteins indispensable in immunity. These complex chemokine networks play pro-tumor roles or anti-tumor roles when produced by breast cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, chemokines have diverse roles when secreted by various immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer, which can be roughly divided into immunosuppressive effects and immunostimulatory effects. Recently, targeting chemokine networks has been shown to have potential for use in treatment of metastatic malignancies, including bone-metastatic breast cancer. In this review, we focus on the role of chemokines networks in the biology of breast cancer and metastasis to the bone. We also discuss the therapeutic opportunities and future prospects of targeting chemokine networks, in combination with other current standard therapies, for the treatment of bone-metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shihong Ren
- First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zenan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | | | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Human Immune System Increases Breast Cancer-Induced Osteoblastic Bone Growth in a Humanized Mouse Model without Affecting Normal Bone. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4260987. [PMID: 31211147 PMCID: PMC6532310 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4260987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases are prevalent in many common cancers such as breast, prostate, and lung cancers, and novel therapies for treating bone metastases are needed. Human immune system-engrafted models are used in immuno-oncology (IO) studies for subcutaneous cancer cell or patient-derived xenograft implantations that mimic primary tumor growth. Novel efficacy models for IO compounds on bone metastases need to be established. The study was performed using CIEA NOG (NOG) mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (huNOG) and age-matched immunodeficient NOG mice. Bone phenotyping was performed to evaluate baseline differences. BT-474 human breast cancer cells were inoculated into the tibia bone marrow, and cancer-induced bone changes were monitored by X-ray imaging. Bone content and volume were analyzed by dual X-ray absorptiometry and microcomputed tomography. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the expression of immune checkpoint markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Bone phenotyping showed no differences in bone architecture or volume of the healthy bones in huNOG and NOG mice, but the bone marrow fat was absent in huNOG mice. Fibrotic areas were observed in the bone marrow of some huNOG mice. BT-474 tumors induced osteoblastic bone growth. Bone lesions appeared earlier and were larger, and bone mineral density was higher in huNOG mice. huNOG mice had a high number of human CD3-, CD4-, and CD8-positive T cells and CD20-positive B cells in immune-related organs. A low number of TILs and PD-1-positive cells and low PD-L1 expression were observed in the BT-474 tumors at the endpoint. This study reports characterization of the first breast cancer bone growth model in huNOG mice. BT-474 tumors represent a “cold” tumor with a low number of TILs. This model can be used for evaluating the efficacy of combination treatments of IO therapies with immune-stimulatory compounds or therapeutic approaches on bone metastatic breast cancer.
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Takamori S, Takada K, Tagawa T, Toyokawa G, Hirai F, Yamashita N, Okamoto T, Oki E, Yoshizumi T, Oda Y, Maehara Y. Differences in PD-L1 expression on tumor and immune cells between lung metastases and corresponding primary tumors. Surg Oncol 2018; 27:637-641. [PMID: 30449485 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that the tumor microenvironment, including tumor-associated immune cells (ICs) and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, differs between primary and metastatic tumors. This study aimed to elucidate the differences in PD-L1 expression on tumor cells (TCs) and ICs between lung metastases and corresponding primary tumors. METHODS We analyzed paired lesions from 44 patients diagnosed with lung metastases between 2005 and 2017 at Kyushu University. The percentages of PD-L1-positive TCs and ICs in lung metastases and the primary tumor were classified into five categories (0: <1%; 1: 1%-4%; 2: 5%-9%; 3: 10%-49%; and 4: ≥50%). Lesions in which ≥1% of the TCs and ICs were PD-L1-positive were considered positive. RESULTS The primary cancers included rectal (n = 19), colon (n = 10), liver (n = 10), bile duct (n = 2), stomach (n = 1), gall bladder (n = 1) and breast (n = 1). Discrepancies in PD-L1 expression on TCs and ICs between lung metastases and primary lesions were observed in 5 (11.4%, κ = 0.23) and 9 (20.5%, κ = 0.11) of the 44 cases, respectively. PD-L1 expression on ICs was higher in lung metastases than paired primary tumors (p = 0.026), although the percentage of PD-L1-positive TCs was not significantly different between lung metastases and primary tumors (p = 0.767). CONCLUSIONS There were significant differences in PD-L1 expression on TCs and ICs between lung metastases and primary tumors. Clinicians should be aware of these differences in the tumor microenvironment when treating patients with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinkichi Takamori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takada
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan.
| | - Tetsuzo Tagawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Gouji Toyokawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hirai
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nami Yamashita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Okamoto
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Hu J, Hu J, Liu X, Hu C, Li M, Han W. Effect and safety of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell immunotherapy in patients with breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8310. [PMID: 29049237 PMCID: PMC5662403 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is considered a systemic disease with a primarily locoregional component. The accumulation of basic researches and clinical studies related to cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells has confirmed their safety and feasibility in treating BC. By searching the PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of DC/CIK plus chemotherapy regimen (Exp) compared with chemotherapy (Con) alone regimen for breast carcinoma. Studies were pooled, and the relative risk (RR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. METHODS Eleven relevant articles were included in this meta-analysis. We observed that complete response (CR) (RR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.09-2.19, Pheterogeneity = .994, I = 0%), partial response (PR) (RR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11-1.59, Pheterogeneity = .802, I = 0%) and overall response rate (ORR) (RR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.20-1.57, Pheterogeneity = .619, I = 0%) in BC patients treatment with DC/CIK plus chemotherapy regimen was improved than that with chemotherapy alone. There was no difference in the incidence of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hair loss, nausea/vomiting, hepatic complications, and neurologic complications in BC patient's treatment with DC/CIK plus chemotherapy regimen and with chemotherapy alone. RESULTS Compared to chemotherapy alone, DC/CIK plus chemotherapy treatment significantly increased CR, PR, and ORR; however, there was no difference between the safeties. CONCLUSION DC/CIK plus chemotherapy treatment may be a valuable new option for the treatment of breast carcinoma in women. The present study, therefore, provides valuable information to help physicians make treatment decisions for their patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Hu
- Department of Medicine, Xijing University, Xi’an, Shaanxi
| | - Junfeng Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiandong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Varn FS, Mullins DW, Arias‐Pulido H, Fiering S, Cheng C. Adaptive immunity programmes in breast cancer. Immunology 2017; 150:25-34. [PMID: 27564847 PMCID: PMC5341497 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the immune system in shaping cancer development and patient prognosis has recently become an area of intense focus in industry and academia. Harnessing the adaptive arm of the immune system for tumour eradication has shown great promise in a variety of tumour types. Differences between tissues, however, necessitate a greater understanding of the adaptive immunity programmes that are active within each tumour type. In breast cancer, adaptive immune programmes play diverse roles depending on the cellular infiltration found in each tumour. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T helper type 1 cells can induce tumour eradication, whereas regulatory T cells and T helper type 2 cells are known to be involved in tumour-promoting immunosuppressive responses. Complicating these matters, heterogeneous expression of hormone receptors and growth factors in different tumours leads to disparate, patient-specific adaptive immune responses. Despite this non-conformity in adaptive immune behaviours, encouraging basic and clinical results have been observed that suggest a role for immunotherapeutic approaches in breast cancer. Here, we review the literature pertaining to the adaptive immune response in breast cancer, summarize the primary findings relating to the breast tumour's biology, and discuss potential clinical immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S. Varn
- Department of Molecular and Systems BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverNHUSA
| | - David W. Mullins
- Department of Medical EducationGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverNHUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanonNHUSA
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonNHUSA
| | - Hugo Arias‐Pulido
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanonNHUSA
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Molecular and Systems BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverNHUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanonNHUSA
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonNHUSA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Systems BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverNHUSA
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonNHUSA
- Department of Biomedical Data ScienceGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanonNHUSA
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Domschke C, Schneeweiss A, Stefanovic S, Wallwiener M, Heil J, Rom J, Sohn C, Beckhove P, Schuetz F. Cellular Immune Responses and Immune Escape Mechanisms in Breast Cancer: Determinants of Immunotherapy. Breast Care (Basel) 2016; 11:102-7. [PMID: 27239171 DOI: 10.1159/000446061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More recently, immunotherapy has emerged as a novel potentially effective therapeutic option also for solid malignancies such as breast cancer (BC). Relevant approaches, however, are determined by the 2 main elements of cancer immunoediting - the elimination of nascent transformed cells by immunosurveillance on the one hand and tumor immune escape on the other hand. Correspondingly, we here review the role of the various cellular immune players within the host-protective system and dissect the mechanisms of immune evasion leading to tumor progression. If the immune balance of disseminated BC cell dormancy (equilibrium phase) is lost, distant metastatic relapse may occur. The relevant cellular antitumor responses and translational immunotherapeutic options will also be discussed in terms of clinical benefit and future directions in BC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Domschke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Stefanovic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wallwiener
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heil
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Rom
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Sohn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI) and University Medical Center of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schuetz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
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Bedognetti D, Maccalli C, Bader SBA, Marincola FM, Seliger B. Checkpoint Inhibitors and Their Application in Breast Cancer. Breast Care (Basel) 2016; 11:108-15. [PMID: 27239172 PMCID: PMC4881248 DOI: 10.1159/000445335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are crucial for the maintenance of self-tolerance and for the modulation of immune responses in order to minimize tissue damage. Tumor cells take advantage of these mechanisms to evade immune recognition. A significant proportion of tumors, including breast cancers, can express co-inhibitory molecules that are important formediating the escape from T cell-mediated immune surveillance. The interaction of inhibitory receptors with their ligands can be blocked by specific molecules. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) and, more recently, against the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), have been approved for the therapy of melanoma (anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 mAbs) and non-small cell lung cancer (anti-PD1 mAbs). Moreover, inhibition of PD1 signaling has shown extremely promising signs of activity in breast cancer. An increasing number of molecules directed against other immune checkpoints are currently under clinical development. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the implementation of checkpoint inhibition in breast cancer by reviewing in detail data on PD-L1 expression and its regulation. In addition, opportunities to boost anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer with checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapies alone and in combination with other treatment options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bedognetti
- Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Salha B.J. Al Bader
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR), and Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Office of the Chief Research Officer (CRO), Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
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11
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Walker ND, Patel J, Munoz JL, Hu M, Guiro K, Sinha G, Rameshwar P. The bone marrow niche in support of breast cancer dormancy. Cancer Lett 2015; 380:263-71. [PMID: 26546045 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success in detecting breast cancer (BC) early and, with aggressive therapeutic intervention, BC remains a clinical problem. The bone marrow (BM) is a favorable metastatic site for breast cancer cells (BCCs). In BM, the survival of BCCs is partly achieved by the supporting microenvironment, including the presence of immune suppressive cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The heterogeneity of BCCs brings up the question of how each subset interacts with the BM microenvironment. The cancer stem cells (CSCs) survive in the BM as cycling quiescence cells and, forming gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) with the hematopoietic supporting stromal cells and MSCs. This type of communication has been identified close to the endosteum. Additionally, dormancy can occur by soluble mediators such as cytokines and also by the exchange of exosomes. These latter mechanisms are reviewed in the context of metastasis of BC to the BM for transition as dormant cells. The article also discusses how immune cells such as macrophages and regulatory T-cells facilitate BC dormancy. The challenges of studying BC dormancy in 2-dimensional (2-D) system are also incorporated by proposing 3-D system by engineering methods to recapitulate the BM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nykia D Walker
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jimmy Patel
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jessian L Munoz
- Ob/Gyn and Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Madeleine Hu
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Khadidiatou Guiro
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Garima Sinha
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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12
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Fremd C, Stefanovic S, Beckhove P, Pritsch M, Lim H, Wallwiener M, Heil J, Golatta M, Rom J, Sohn C, Schneeweiss A, Schuetz F, Domschke C. Mucin 1-specific B cell immune responses and their impact on overall survival in breast cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1057387. [PMID: 26942066 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1057387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the diverse functions of B cells, responses to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) have been thought to be the main source of B cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Polymorphic epithelial mucin (MUC1) is considered one of the most specific TAA in patients with breast cancer. The present study aims to dissect the level and subclasses of naturally occurring anti-MUC1 antibodies in regard to tumor biologic parameters, clinical characteristics and overall survival. In 288 primary, non-metastatic breast cancer patients, pretreatment serum levels of anti-MUC1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and its subclasses G1-4 as well as immunoglobulin M (IgM) were analyzed via ELISA. With respect to overall survival (Kaplan-Meier analysis), tumor biologic parameters as hormone receptor status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2), Ki-67 expression and tumor grading have been correlated as well as clinical characteristics as nodal involvement, tumor stage and patients' age at the time of diagnosis. Median follow-up time was 148 mo (IQR: 73.1-158.5 mo). A significant increase in IgG antibody titers was correlated highly significantly with an improved overall survival of patients. In multivariate analysis, total IgG proved to be an independent prognostic marker for overall survival (p = 0.002). IgG subclass analysis did not reveal any correlation of IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 levels with overall survival, while increased immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) values, although statistically not significant, tended to correlate with prolonged patient survival. MUC1-specific IgM antibodies were shown not to be predictive of overall survival. Altogether, humoral immune responses appear to play a crucial part in the tumor immunity of breast cancer patients. The present data confirms the positive impact of tumor-specific IgG on prolonged overall survival in breast cancer patients. MUC1-antibody testing might be a useful tool to identify high-risk patients who may need adjuvant therapy and potentially might benefit from MUC1-directed immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fremd
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg University Hospital ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Stefanovic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg University Hospital ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Division of Translational Immunology; Tumor Immunology Program; German Cancer Research Center ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Pritsch
- Division of Translational Immunology; Tumor Immunology Program; German Cancer Research Center ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendry Lim
- Division of Translational Immunology; Tumor Immunology Program; German Cancer Research Center ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wallwiener
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg University Hospital ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heil
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg University Hospital ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Golatta
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg University Hospital ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Rom
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg University Hospital ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Sohn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg University Hospital ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg University Hospital ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Schuetz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg University Hospital ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Domschke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg University Hospital ; Heidelberg, Germany
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