1
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Yang M, He J, Xia S, Wang Y, Xiong J, Liao C, Li N, Qu S, Shen C. Investigation of the mixed origins of the MGC-803 cell line reveals that it is a hybrid cell line derived from HeLa. Hum Cell 2024; 37:560-566. [PMID: 38079103 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-01011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Human cancer cell lines have an essential role in cancer research, but only authentic cell lines should be used as biological models. Authentication testing using short tandem repeat (STR) loci has shown that MGC-803 cells, which were reported to come from gastric adenocarcinoma, are similar to HeLa. In this study, we confirmed that the MGC-803 cell line contains genetic material from HeLa, including genetic sequence from human papilloma virus 18 (HPV18). Additional alleles were present on STR analysis that remained stable after extensive passaging and generation of mono-clones. This behavior is consistent with a hybrid cell line arising from cell-cell fusion. Further genetic analysis revealed that MGC-803 originated from donors with different genetic ancestries, one African (HeLa) and the other Asian. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that MGC-803 closely resembles HeLa and another nasopharyngeal-HeLa hybrid cell line CNE-2. Based on these findings, we conclude that MGC-803 is a hybrid cell line derived from HeLa and other cells, the latter derived from a different patient with Asian genetic ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Yang
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing He
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sixuan Xia
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Liao
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Li
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sanfu Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Lang OW, Srivastava D, Pugh BF, Lai WKM. GenoPipe: identifying the genotype of origin within (epi)genomic datasets. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:12054-12068. [PMID: 37933851 PMCID: PMC10711449 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Confidence in experimental results is critical for discovery. As the scale of data generation in genomics has grown exponentially, experimental error has likely kept pace despite the best efforts of many laboratories. Technical mistakes can and do occur at nearly every stage of a genomics assay (i.e. cell line contamination, reagent swapping, tube mislabelling, etc.) and are often difficult to identify post-execution. However, the DNA sequenced in genomic experiments contains certain markers (e.g. indels) encoded within and can often be ascertained forensically from experimental datasets. We developed the Genotype validation Pipeline (GenoPipe), a suite of heuristic tools that operate together directly on raw and aligned sequencing data from individual high-throughput sequencing experiments to characterize the underlying genome of the source material. We demonstrate how GenoPipe validates and rescues erroneously annotated experiments by identifying unique markers inherent to an organism's genome (i.e. epitope insertions, gene deletions and SNPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia W Lang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Divyanshi Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - B Franklin Pugh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - William K M Lai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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3
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Hurst J, Attrodt G, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Mau-Holzmann UA, Spitzer MS, Schnichels S. A Case Study from the Past: "The RGC-5 vs. the 661W Cell Line: Similarities, Differences and Contradictions-Are They Really the Same?". Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13801. [PMID: 37762103 PMCID: PMC10531351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pursuit of identifying the underlying pathways of ocular diseases, the use of cell lines such as (retinal ganglion cell-5) RGC-5 and 661W became a valuable tool, including pathologies like retinal degeneration and glaucoma. In 2001, the establishment of the RGC-5 cell line marked a significant breakthrough in glaucoma research. Over time, however, concerns arose about the true nature of RGC-5 cells, with conflicting findings in the literature regarding their identity as retinal ganglion cells or photoreceptor-like cells. This study aimed to address the controversy surrounding the RGC-5 cell line's origin and properties by comparing it with the 661W cell line, a known cone photoreceptor model. Both cell lines were differentiated according to two prior published redifferentiation protocols under the same conditions using 500 nM of trichostatin A (TSA) and investigated for their morphological and neuronal marker properties. The results demonstrated that both cell lines are murine, and they exhibited distinct morphological and neuronal marker properties. Notably, the RGC-5 cells showed higher expression of the neuronal marker β-III tubulin and increased Thy-1-mRNA compared with the 661W cells, providing evidence of their different properties. The findings emphasize the importance of verifying the authenticity of cell lines used in ocular research and highlight the risks of contamination and altered cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Hurst
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
| | - Gesine Attrodt
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
| | - Karl-Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ulrike Angelika Mau-Holzmann
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Center for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Stephan Spitzer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
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4
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Lang O, Srivastava D, Pugh BF, Lai WK. GenoPipe: identifying the genotype of origin within (epi)genomic datasets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532660. [PMID: 36993164 PMCID: PMC10055126 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Confidence in experimental results is critical for discovery. As the scale of data generation in genomics has grown exponentially, experimental error has likely kept pace despite the best efforts of many laboratories. Technical mistakes can and do occur at nearly every stage of a genomics assay (i.e., cell line contamination, reagent swapping, tube mislabelling, etc.) and are often difficult to identify post-execution. However, the DNA sequenced in genomic experiments contains certain markers (e.g., indels) encoded within and can often be ascertained forensically from experimental datasets. We developed the Genotype validation Pipeline (GenoPipe), a suite of heuristic tools that operate together directly on raw and aligned sequencing data from individual high-throughput sequencing experiments to characterize the underlying genome of the source material. We demonstrate how GenoPipe validates and rescues erroneously annotated experiments by identifying unique markers inherent to an organism’s genome (i.e., epitope insertions, gene deletions, and SNPs).
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5
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Piwowarczyk L, Stawny M, Piwowarczyk K, Mlynarczyk DT, Muszalska-Kolos I, Wierzbicka M, Goslinski T, Jelinska A. Role of curcumin in selected head and neck lesions. Limitations on the use of the Hep-2 cell line: A critical review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113560. [PMID: 36030583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic diseases of the upper respiratory airways, as well as head and neck cancers, are a frequent cause of death and significantly affect the quality of life of both patients and survivors. As the frequency increases, new and improved treatment techniques are sought. Promising properties in this respect are expressed by a natural compound - curcumin. Along with its derivatives, it was found useful in the treatment of a series of cancers. Curcumin was found to be effective in clinical trials and in vitro, in vivo anticancer experiments. Nanoformulations (e.g., poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid)-based nanoparticles, nanoemulsions), and modifications of curcumin, as well as its combinations with other substances (e.g., catechins, cisplatin) or treatments (e.g., radiotherapy or local use in inhalation), were found to enhance the antitumor effect. This review aims to summarize the recent findings for the treatment of head and neck diseases, especially squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), including drawing attention to the constant use of the misidentified Hep-2 cell line and proposing databases purposed at eliminating this problem. Moreover, this manuscript focuses on pointing out the molecular mechanisms of therapy that have been reached and emphasizing the shortcomings that still need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwika Piwowarczyk
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Maciej Stawny
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Piwowarczyk
- Chair and Department of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Dariusz T Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Izabela Muszalska-Kolos
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Wierzbicka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Anna Jelinska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
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6
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Souren NY, Fusenig NE, Heck S, Dirks WG, Capes-Davis A, Bianchini F, Plass C. Cell line authentication: a necessity for reproducible biomedical research. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111307. [PMID: 35758134 PMCID: PMC9289526 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immortalized or continuous cell lines are invaluable tools in basic and preclinical research. However, the widespread use of misidentified cell lines is a serious threat to scientific reproducibility. Based on the experiences of mandatory cell line authentication at the International Journal of Cancer (IJC), we provide an overview of the issues pertinent to misidentified cell lines and discuss available solutions. We also summarize the lessons learned, revealing that at least 5% of the human cell lines used in manuscripts considered for peer review are misidentified. About 4% of the considered manuscripts are rejected for severe cell line problems, and most are subsequently published in other journals. In order to diminish such malpractice and its consequences for the scientific record, we postulate that strict multi-layered quality control is essential. Besides journals and publishers, we encourage scientists, research institutions, and funders to take action on the matter and revise their respective policies. Hence, we provide concrete recommendations on introducing regular authentication schemes and staff training, and discuss future steps for enhancing good cell culture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefanie Heck
- International Journal of Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm G Dirks
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Amanda Capes-Davis
- CellBank Australia, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Christoph Plass
- International Journal of Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Cheng M, Liu L, Zhang P, Xiong S, Dou H. Cell Coding Arrays Based on Fluorescent Glycan Nanoparticles for Cell Line Identification and Cell Contamination Evaluation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:44054-44064. [PMID: 34499479 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell lines are applied on a large scale in the field of biomedicine, but they are susceptible to issues such as misidentification and cross-contamination. This situation is becoming worse over time due to the rapid growth of the biomedical field, and thus there is an urgent need for a more effective strategy to address the problem. As described herein, a cell coding method is established based on two types of uniform and stable glycan nanoparticles that are synthesized using the graft-copolymerization-induced self-assembly (GISA) method, which further exhibit distinct fluorescent properties due to elaborate modification with fluorescent labeling molecules. The different affinity between each nanoparticle and various cell lines results in clearly distinguishable differences in their endocytosis degrees, thus resulting in distinct characteristic fluorescence intensities. Through flow cytometry measurements, the specific signals of each cell sample can be recorded and turned into a map divided into different regions by statistical processing. Using this sensing array strategy, we have successfully identified six human cell lines, including one normal type and five tumor types. Moreover, cell contamination evaluation of different cell lines with HeLa cells as the contaminant in a semiquantitative analysis has also been successfully achieved. Notably, the whole process of nanoparticle fabrication and fluorescent testing is facile and the results are highly reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lingshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shuhan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hongjing Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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8
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Gu M, Yang M, He J, Xia S, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zheng C, Shen C. A silver lining in cell line authentication: Short tandem repeat analysis of 1373 cases in China from 2010 to 2019. Int J Cancer 2021; 150:502-508. [PMID: 34469590 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Continuous cell lines are practical models that are widely used in the study of disease mechanisms and particularly cancers. However, the issue of cell line cross-contamination has existed since the 1960s, despite repeated advocation for cell line authentication by many experts. Furthermore, cell line abuse has been underestimated and underreported. The China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) received 1373 cell samples for authentication from 2010 to 2019, and has found that the quality of cell lines has improved during this time, offering a positive outlook for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijia Gu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meimei Yang
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing He
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sixuan Xia
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Congyi Zheng
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Shen
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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9
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Manjunath HS, James N, Mathew R, Al Hashmi M, Silcock L, Biunno I, De Blasio P, Manickam C, Tomei S. Human sample authentication in biomedical research: comparison of two platforms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13982. [PMID: 34234171 PMCID: PMC8263568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples used in biomedical research are often collected over years, in some cases from subjects that may have died and thus cannot be retrieved in any way. The value of these samples is priceless. Sample misidentification or mix-up are unfortunately common problems in biomedical research and can eventually result in the publication of incorrect data. Here we have compared the Fluidigm SNPtrace and the Agena iPLEX Sample ID panels for the authentication of human genomic DNA samples. We have tested 14 pure samples and simulated their cross-contamination at different percentages (2%, 5%, 10%, 25% and 50%). For both panels, we report call rate, allele intensity/probability score, performance in distinguishing pure samples and contaminated samples at different percentages, and sex typing. We show that both panels are reliable and efficient methods for sample authentication and we highlight their advantages and disadvantages. We believe that the data provided here is useful for sample authentication especially in biorepositories and core facility settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca Mathew
- Omics Core, Integrated Genomic Services, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, PO 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muna Al Hashmi
- Omics Core, Integrated Genomic Services, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, PO 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ida Biunno
- Integrated Systems Engineering, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chidambaram Manickam
- Omics Core, Integrated Genomic Services, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, PO 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Tomei
- Omics Core, Integrated Genomic Services, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, PO 26999, Doha, Qatar.
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10
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Bohm MS, Dame MK, Boyd J, Su K, Wu A, Attili D, Chu V, Colacino JA, Spence JR. Low-Level Mouse DNA in Conditioned Medium Generates False Positive Cross-Species Contamination Results in Human Organoid Cultures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587107. [PMID: 33240885 PMCID: PMC7677229 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell line authentication is critical for preventing the use of mixed or misidentified cell lines in research. Current efforts include short tandem repeat (STR) analysis and PCR-based assays to detect mixed species cultures. Using PCR analysis with mouse-specific primers, we identified contaminating mouse DNA in growth factor conditioned medium (CM) derived from the L-WRN cell line (L-WRN CM), as well as in human organoid cultures maintained in the L-WRN CM. DNA isolated from L-WRN CM matched the L-WRN cell signature by STR analysis. Organoid lines that were positive for murine DNA by PCR were further analyzed via bulk RNA-sequencing and transcripts were aligned to the human and mouse genomes. RNA analysis failed to detect mouse-specific gene expression above background levels, suggesting no viable murine cells were present in the organoid cultures. We interpret our data to show conclusive evidence that mouse cell-derived CM can be a source of contaminating murine DNA detected in human organoid cultures, even though live, transcriptionally-active murine cells are not present. Together, our findings suggest that multiple methods may be required to authenticate human organoid or cell lines and urges cautious interpretation of DNA-based PCR cell line authentication results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Bohm
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael K Dame
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joseph Boyd
- Millipore-Sigma Corporation, Temecula, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Su
- Millipore-Sigma Corporation, Temecula, CA, United States
| | - Angeline Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Durga Attili
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Vi Chu
- Millipore-Sigma Corporation, Temecula, CA, United States
| | - Justin A Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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11
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Loiseau V, Cordaux R, Giraud I, Beby-Defaux A, Lévêque N, Gilbert C. Characterization of a new case of XMLV (Bxv1) contamination in the human cell line Hep2 (clone 2B). Sci Rep 2020; 10:16046. [PMID: 32994520 PMCID: PMC7524804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of misidentified cell lines contaminated by other cell lines and/or microorganisms has generated much confusion in the scientific literature. Detailed characterization of such contaminations is therefore crucial to avoid misinterpretation and ensure robustness and reproducibility of research. Here we use DNA-seq data produced in our lab to first confirm that the Hep2 (clone 2B) cell line (Sigma-Aldrich catalog number: 85011412-1VL) is indistinguishable from the HeLa cell line by mapping integrations of the human papillomavirus 18 (HPV18) at their expected loci on chromosome 8. We then show that the cell line is also contaminated by a xenotropic murine leukemia virus (XMLV) that is nearly identical to the mouse Bxv1 provirus and we characterize one Bxv1 provirus, located in the second intron of the pseudouridylate synthase 1 (PUS1) gene. Using an RNA-seq dataset, we confirm the high expression of the E6 and E7 HPV18 oncogenes, show that the entire Bxv1 genome is moderately expressed, and retrieve a Bxv1 splicing event favouring expression of the env gene. Hep2 (clone 2B) is the fourth human cell line so far known to be contaminated by the Bxv1 XMLV. This contamination has to be taken into account when using the cell line in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Loiseau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Richard Cordaux
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7267 Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, 5 Rue Albert Turpain, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Giraud
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7267 Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, 5 Rue Albert Turpain, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Agnès Beby-Defaux
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Unité de Microbiologie Moléculaire et Séquençage, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,EA4331-LITEC, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Clément Gilbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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12
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Schnichels S, Paquet-Durand F, Löscher M, Tsai T, Hurst J, Joachim SC, Klettner A. Retina in a dish: Cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100880. [PMID: 32721458 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently available therapeutic options are often unsatisfactory. Research designed to remedy this situation heavily relies on experimental animals. However, animal models often do not faithfully reproduce human disease and, currently, there is strong pressure from society to reduce animal research. Overall, this creates a need for improved disease models to understand pathologies and develop treatment options that, at the same time, require fewer or no experimental animals. Here, we review recent advances in the field of in vitro and ex vivo models for AMD, glaucoma, and DR. We highlight the difficulties associated with studies on complex diseases, in which both the initial trigger and the ensuing pathomechanisms are unclear, and then delineate which model systems are optimal for disease modelling. To this end, we present a variety of model systems, ranging from primary cell cultures, over organotypic cultures and whole eye cultures, to animal models. Specific advantages and disadvantages of such models are discussed, with a special focus on their relevance to putative in vivo disease mechanisms. In many cases, a replacement of in vivo research will mean that several different in vitro models are used in conjunction, for instance to analyze and validate causative molecular pathways. Finally, we argue that the analytical decomposition into appropriate cell and tissue model systems will allow making significant progress in our understanding of complex retinal diseases and may furthermore advance the treatment testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schnichels
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Löscher
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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13
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Wang R, Wang D, Kang D, Guo X, Guo C, Dongye M, Zhu Y, Chen C, Zhang X, Long E, Wu X, Liu Z, Lin D, Wang J, Huang K, Lin H. An artificial intelligent platform for live cell identification and the detection of cross-contamination. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:697. [PMID: 32617317 PMCID: PMC7327366 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 30% of cell lines have been cellular cross-contaminated and misidentification, which can result in invalidated experimental results and unusable therapeutic products. Cell morphology under the microscope was observed routinely, and further DNA sequencing analysis was performed periodically to verify cell line identity, but the sequencing analysis was costly, time-consuming, and labor intensive. The purpose of this study was to construct a novel artificial intelligence (AI) technology for "cell face" recognition, in which can predict DNA-level identification labels only using cell images. METHODS Seven commonly used cell lines were cultured and co-cultured in pairs (totally 8 categories) to simulated the situation of pure and cross-contaminated cells. The microscopy images were obtained and labeled of cell types by the result of short tandem repeat profiling. About 2 million patch images were used for model training and testing. AlexNet was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of convolutional neural network (CNN) in cell classification. To further improve the feasibility of detecting cross-contamination, the bilinear network for fine-grained identification was constructed. The specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the model were tested separately by external validation. Finally, the cell semantic segmentation was conducted by DilatedNet. RESULTS The cell texture and density were the influencing factors that can be better recognized by the bilinear convolutional neural network (BCNN) comparing to AlexNet. The BCNN achieved 99.5% accuracy in identifying seven pure cell lines and 86.3% accuracy for detecting cross-contamination (mixing two of the seven cell lines). DilatedNet was applied to the semantic segment for analyzing in single-cell level and achieved an accuracy of 98.2%. CONCLUSIONS The deep CNN model proposed in this study has the ability to recognize small differences in cell morphology, and achieved high classification accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dekai Kang
- Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Ministry of Education School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xusen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Ministry of Education School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meimei Dongye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xiayin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erping Long
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duoru Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Ministry of Education School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Almeida JL, Dakic A, Kindig K, Kone M, Letham DLD, Langdon S, Peat R, Holding-Pillai J, Hall EM, Ladd M, Shaffer MD, Berg H, Li J, Wigger G, Lund S, Steffen CR, Fransway BB, Geraghty B, Natoli M, Bauer B, Gollin SM, Lewis DW, Reid Y. Interlaboratory study to validate a STR profiling method for intraspecies identification of mouse cell lines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218412. [PMID: 31220119 PMCID: PMC6586308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Consortium for Mouse Cell Line Authentication was formed to validate Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers for intraspecies identification of mouse cell lines. The STR profiling method is a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay comprised of primers targeting 19 mouse STR markers and two human STR markers (for interspecies contamination screening). The goals of the Consortium were to perform an interlaboratory study to–(1) validate the mouse STR markers to uniquely identify mouse cell lines (intraspecies identification), (2) to provide a public database of mouse cell lines with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-validated mouse STR profiles, and (3) to publish the results of the interlaboratory study. The interlaboratory study was an international effort that consisted of 12 participating laboratories representing institutions from academia, industry, biological resource centers, and government. The study was based on 50 of the most commonly used mouse cell lines obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Of the 50 mouse cell lines, 18 had unique STR profiles that were 100% concordant (match) among all Consortium laboratory members, and the remaining 32 cell lines had discordance that was resolved readily and led to improvement of the assay. The discordance was due to low signal and interpretation issues involving artifacts and genotyping errors. Although the total number of discordant STR profiles was relatively high in this study, the percent of labs agreeing on allele calls among the discordant samples was above 92%. The STR profiles, including electropherogram images, for NIST-validated mouse cell lines will be published on the NCBI BioSample Database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/). Overall, the interlaboratory study showed that the multiplex PCR method using 18 of the 19 mouse STR markers is capable of discriminating at the intraspecies level between mouse cell lines. Further studies are ongoing to refine the assay including (1) development of an allelic ladder for improving the accuracy of allele calling and (2) integration of stutter filters to identify true stutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Almeida
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Aleksandra Dakic
- ATCC, Standards Resource Center, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karin Kindig
- ATCC, Standards Resource Center, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Maikan Kone
- ATCC, Standards Resource Center, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Scott Langdon
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruth Peat
- The Francis Crick Institute, Cell Services, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Erin M. Hall
- Genetica Cell Line Testing –a LabCorp brand, Burlington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark Ladd
- Genetica Cell Line Testing –a LabCorp brand, Burlington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Megan D. Shaffer
- Genetica Cell Line Testing –a LabCorp brand, Burlington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Heath Berg
- IDEXX BioAnalytics, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jinliang Li
- Laragen Inc., Culver City, California, United States of America
| | | | - Steve Lund
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Statistical Engineering Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carolyn R. Steffen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biomolecular Measurement Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara B. Fransway
- University of Arizona, Genetics Core Lab, University of Arizona Genetics Core, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Bob Geraghty
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Natoli
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Bauer
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Susanne M. Gollin
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dale W. Lewis
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yvonne Reid
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
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15
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Korch C, Varella-Garcia M. Tackling the Human Cell Line and Tissue Misidentification Problem Is Needed for Reproducible Biomedical Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yamp.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Rižner TL, Adamski J. It is high time to discontinue use of misidentified and contaminated cells: Guidelines for description and authentication of cell lines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 182:1-3. [PMID: 29291987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Centre, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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17
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Fusenig NE, Capes-Davis A, Bianchini F, Sundell S, Lichter P. The need for a worldwide consensus for cell line authentication: Experience implementing a mandatory requirement at the International Journal of Cancer. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001438. [PMID: 28414712 PMCID: PMC5393552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell lines are used in life science research worldwide as biological surrogates. All cell lines are subject to major limitations when used as research tools, including (i) cross-contamination with other cells cultured in the same laboratory environment and (ii) evolution in vitro that renders a given cell line inappropriate as a surrogate for a specific biological hypothesis. There is ample evidence that cross-contamination or phenotypic drift of cells in culture can generate irreproducible or misleading data. A small number of scientific journals—the International Journal of Cancer being at the forefront—and funding agencies have recently moved forward to ask for obligatory cell line authentication data. The history of implementing such rules by the International Journal of Cancer exemplifies the difficulties encountered when installing mandatory quality measures in life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Capes-Davis
- CellBank Australia, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Franca Bianchini
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), International Journal of Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sherryl Sundell
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), International Journal of Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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18
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Are your results valid? Cellular authentication a need from the past, an emergency on the present. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:430-434. [PMID: 28127703 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The cultures of immortalized cells have been established in the 50s and become popular as a biological model for in vitro assays. The success and popularization brought side effects. Still, in the 60 years emerge the first cases of misidentification/contamination of cell line. Because of that, the scientific community has been oriented to authenticate their lines before performing assays. The use of cells with incorrect identification or contamination has been identified as responsible for an increasing number of unmatched results and a waste of resources. For this reason, we implemented the Cell Line Authentication Service at Brazilian Metrology Institute (Inmetro), open to Brazilian scientific community and society in general. From 2012 to 2014 were conducted 111 cell line authentication test, of which 13.8% had some problem. Here are the description and discussion of these data and simple guidelines to minimize the risk of contamination and misidentification, and invite the scientific community to maintain an alert system to avoid spending unnecessary resources and produce unreliable data.
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19
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Investigation of Cross-Contamination and Misidentification of 278 Widely Used Tumor Cell Lines. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170384. [PMID: 28107433 PMCID: PMC5249119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biological research involving human cell lines has been rapidly developing in China. However, some of the cell lines are not authenticated before use. Therefore, misidentified and/or cross-contaminated cell lines are unfortunately commonplace. In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of cross-contamination and misidentification for a panel of 278 cell lines from 28 institutes in China by using short tandem repeat profiling method. By comparing the DNA profiles with the cell bank databases of ATCC and DSMZ, a total of 46.0% (128/278) cases with cross-contamination/misidentification were uncovered coming from 22 institutes. Notably, 73.2% (52 out of 71) of the cell lines established by the Chinese researchers were misidentified and accounted for 40.6% of total misidentification (52/128). Further, 67.3% (35/52) of the misidentified cell lines established in laboratories of China were HeLa cells or a possible hybrid of HeLa with another kind of cell line. Furthermore, the bile duct cancer cell line HCCC-9810 and degenerative lung cancer Calu-6 exhibited 88.9% match in the ATCC database (9-loci), indicating that they were from the same origin. However, when we used 21-loci to compare these two cell lines with the same algorithm, the percent match was only 48.2%, indicating that these two cell lines were different. The SNP profiles of HCCC-9810 and Calu-6 also revealed that they were different cell lines. 150 cell lines with unique profiles demonstrated a wide range of in vitro phenotypes. This panel of 150 genomically validated cancer cell lines represents a valuable resource for the cancer research community and will advance our understanding of the disease by providing a standard reference for cell lines that can be used for biological as well as preclinical studies.
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20
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Multivariate Calibration Approach for Quantitative Determination of Cell-Line Cross Contamination by Intact Cell Mass Spectrometry and Artificial Neural Networks. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147414. [PMID: 26821236 PMCID: PMC4731057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-contamination of eukaryotic cell lines used in biomedical research represents a highly relevant problem. Analysis of repetitive DNA sequences, such as Short Tandem Repeats (STR), or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), is a widely accepted, simple, and commercially available technique to authenticate cell lines. However, it provides only qualitative information that depends on the extent of reference databases for interpretation. In this work, we developed and validated a rapid and routinely applicable method for evaluation of cell culture cross-contamination levels based on mass spectrometric fingerprints of intact mammalian cells coupled with artificial neural networks (ANNs). We used human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) contaminated by either mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) or mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as a model. We determined the contamination level using a mass spectra database of known calibration mixtures that served as training input for an ANN. The ANN was then capable of correct quantification of the level of contamination of hESCs by mESCs or MEFs. We demonstrate that MS analysis, when linked to proper mathematical instruments, is a tangible tool for unraveling and quantifying heterogeneity in cell cultures. The analysis is applicable in routine scenarios for cell authentication and/or cell phenotyping in general.
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21
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Yu M, Selvaraj SK, Liang-Chu MMY, Aghajani S, Busse M, Yuan J, Lee G, Peale F, Klijn C, Bourgon R, Kaminker JS, Neve RM. A resource for cell line authentication, annotation and quality control. Nature 2015; 520:307-11. [PMID: 25877200 DOI: 10.1038/nature14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell line misidentification, contamination and poor annotation affect scientific reproducibility. Here we outline simple measures to detect or avoid cross-contamination, present a framework for cell line annotation linked to short tandem repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism profiles, and provide a catalogue of synonymous cell lines. This resource will enable our community to eradicate the use of misidentified lines and generate credible cell-based data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamie Yu
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Suresh K Selvaraj
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - May M Y Liang-Chu
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Sahar Aghajani
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Matthew Busse
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jean Yuan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Genee Lee
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Franklin Peale
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Christiaan Klijn
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Richard Bourgon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Joshua S Kaminker
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Richard M Neve
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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22
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Shannon M, Capes-Davis A, Eggington E, Georghiou R, Huschtscha LI, Moy E, Power M, Reddel RR, Arthur JW. Is cell culture a risky business? Risk analysis based on scientist survey data. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:664-70. [PMID: 26365214 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture is a technique that requires vigilance from the researcher. Common cell culture problems, including contamination with microorganisms or cells from other cultures, can place the reliability and reproducibility of cell culture work at risk. Here we use survey data, contributed by research scientists based in Australia and New Zealand, to assess common cell culture risks and how these risks are managed in practice. Respondents show that sharing of cell lines between laboratories continues to be widespread. Arrangements for mycoplasma and authentication testing are increasingly in place, although scientists are often uncertain how to perform authentication testing. Additional risks are identified for preparation of frozen stocks, storage and shipping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Shannon
- CellBank Australia, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda Capes-Davis
- CellBank Australia, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Elaine Eggington
- IP Pragmatics Pty Ltd, Level 4, 112 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronnie Georghiou
- IP Pragmatics Pty Ltd, Level 4, 112 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lily I Huschtscha
- Cancer Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Elsa Moy
- CellBank Australia, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Melinda Power
- Operations Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger R Reddel
- CellBank Australia, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Arthur
- CellBank Australia, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Bioinformatics Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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23
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Ye F, Chen C, Qin J, Liu J, Zheng C. Genetic profiling reveals an alarming rate of cross-contamination among human cell lines used in China. FASEB J 2015; 29:4268-72. [PMID: 26116706 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-266718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell lines are widely used as in vitro model systems in biologic and medical research. However, much of the research has been invalidated by the unwitting use of false cell lines. A significant proportion of the research involving human cell lines was initiated in China. Paradoxically, the cell lines used in China have never been authenticated. Here, we present a comprehensive survey of cross-contamination in 380 samples from 113 independent sources in China using short tandem repeat profiling methods. High levels of cross-contamination were uncovered (95 of 380, 25%). Notable false cell lines (e.g., KB and WISH) are still actively used under their false identity and tissue attributions. Most strikingly, 85.51% of lines established in China were misidentified (59 of 69) and accounted for over half of the misidentifications (59 of 95, 62.11%). Further, 93.22% of the contaminants in cell lines established in laboratories of China were HeLa cells or a possible hybrid of HeLa with an unknown cell line. Results from these misidentified lines have been published in thousands of potentially erroneous articles and may have distorted the findings visible to the scientific community. False lines have been used in drug screening, potentially leading to unusable or even harmful therapeutic strategies. We also noted the causes of contamination and provided suggestions for remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ye
- *China Center for Type Culture Collection and State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and Beijing Microread Genetics Company, Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Chuguang Chen
- *China Center for Type Culture Collection and State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and Beijing Microread Genetics Company, Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Qin
- *China Center for Type Culture Collection and State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and Beijing Microread Genetics Company, Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- *China Center for Type Culture Collection and State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and Beijing Microread Genetics Company, Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Congyi Zheng
- *China Center for Type Culture Collection and State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and Beijing Microread Genetics Company, Limited, Beijing, China
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24
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Liang-Chu MMY, Yu M, Haverty PM, Koeman J, Ziegle J, Lee M, Bourgon R, Neve RM. Human biosample authentication using the high-throughput, cost-effective SNPtrace(TM) system. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116218. [PMID: 25714623 PMCID: PMC4340925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lines are the foundation for much of the fundamental research into the mechanisms underlying normal biologic processes and disease mechanisms. It is estimated that 15%-35% of human cell lines are misidentified or contaminated, resulting in a huge waste of resources and publication of false or misleading data. Here we evaluate a panel of 96 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays utilizing Fluidigm microfluidics technology for authentication and sex determination of human cell lines. The SNPtrace Panel was tested on 907 human cell lines. Pairwise comparison of these data show the SNPtrace Panel discriminated among identical, related and unrelated pairs of samples with a high degree of confidence, equivalent to short tandem repeat (STR) profiling. We also compared annotated sex calls with those determined by the SNPtrace Panel, STR and Illumina SNP arrays, revealing a high number of male samples are identified as female due to loss of the Y chromosome. Finally we assessed the sensitivity of the SNPtrace Panel to detect intra-human cross-contamination, resulting in detection of as little as 2% contaminating cell population. In conclusion, this study has generated a database of SNP fingerprints for 907 cell lines used in biomedical research and provides a reliable, fast, and economic alternative to STR profiling which can be applied to any human cell line or tissue sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- May M. Y. Liang-Chu
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Mamie Yu
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Haverty
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Julie Koeman
- Van Andel Research Institute, Cytogenetics, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, United States of America
| | - Janet Ziegle
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Court, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Marie Lee
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Court, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Richard Bourgon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Neve
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
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25
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HeLa nucleic acid contamination in the cancer genome atlas leads to the misidentification of human papillomavirus 18. J Virol 2015; 89:4051-7. [PMID: 25631090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03365-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We searched The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database for viruses by comparing non-human reads present in transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) and whole-exome sequencing (WXS) data to viral sequence databases. Human papillomavirus 18 (HPV18) is an etiologic agent of cervical cancer, and as expected, we found robust expression of HPV18 genes in cervical cancer samples. In agreement with previous studies, we also found HPV18 transcripts in non-cervical cancer samples, including those from the colon, rectum, and normal kidney. However, in each of these cases, HPV18 gene expression was low, and single-nucleotide variants and positions of genomic alignments matched the integrated portion of HPV18 present in HeLa cells. Chimeric reads that match a known virus-cell junction of HPV18 integrated in HeLa cells were also present in some samples. We hypothesize that HPV18 sequences in these non-cervical samples are due to nucleic acid contamination from HeLa cells. This finding highlights the problems that contamination presents in computational virus detection pipelines. IMPORTANCE Viruses associated with cancer can be detected by searching tumor sequence databases. Several studies involving searches of the TCGA database have reported the presence of HPV18, a known cause of cervical cancer, in a small number of additional cancers, including those of the rectum, kidney, and colon. We have determined that the sequences related to HPV18 in non-cervical samples are due to nucleic acid contamination from HeLa cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the misidentification of viruses in next-generation sequencing data of tumors due to contamination with a cancer cell line. These results raise awareness of the difficulty of accurately identifying viruses in human sequence databases.
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Jiang T, Wang H. Identification of cross-contamination in SH-SY5Y cell line. Hum Cell 2014; 27:176-8. [PMID: 25182563 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-014-0096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Rd. #1037, East Bld. #11, Room #211, WuHan, China,
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Casadevall A, Steen RG, Fang FC. Sources of error in the retracted scientific literature. FASEB J 2014; 28:3847-55. [PMID: 24928194 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-256735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retraction of flawed articles is an important mechanism for correction of the scientific literature. We recently reported that the majority of retractions are associated with scientific misconduct. In the current study, we focused on the subset of retractions for which no misconduct was identified, in order to identify the major causes of error. Analysis of the retraction notices for 423 articles indexed in PubMed revealed that the most common causes of error-related retraction are laboratory errors, analytical errors, and irreproducible results. The most common laboratory errors are contamination and problems relating to molecular biology procedures (e.g., sequencing, cloning). Retractions due to contamination were more common in the past, whereas analytical errors are now increasing in frequency. A number of publications that have not been retracted despite being shown to contain significant errors suggest that barriers to retraction may impede correction of the literature. In particular, few cases of retraction due to cell line contamination were found despite recognition that this problem has affected numerous publications. An understanding of the errors leading to retraction can guide practices to improve laboratory research and the integrity of the scientific literature. Perhaps most important, our analysis has identified major problems in the mechanisms used to rectify the scientific literature and suggests a need for action by the scientific community to adopt protocols that ensure the integrity of the publication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, USA;
| | - R Grant Steen
- MediCC! Medical Communications Consultants, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; and
| | - Ferric C Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Shah K, McCormack CE, Bradbury NA. Do you know the sex of your cells? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C3-18. [PMID: 24196532 PMCID: PMC3919971 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00281.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Do you know the sex of your cells? Not a question that is frequently heard around the lab bench, yet thanks to recent research is probably one that should be asked. It is self-evident that cervical epithelial cells would be derived from female tissue and prostate cells from a male subject (exemplified by HeLa and LnCaP, respectively), yet beyond these obvious examples, it would be true to say that the sex of cell lines derived from non-reproductive tissue, such as lung, intestine, kidney, for example, is given minimal if any thought. After all, what possible impact could the presence of a Y chromosome have on the biochemistry and cell biology of tissues such as the exocrine pancreatic acini? Intriguingly, recent evidence has suggested that far from being irrelevant, genes expressed on the sex chromosomes can have a marked impact on the biology of such diverse tissues as neurons and renal cells. It is also policy of AJP-Cell Physiology that the source of all cells utilized (species, sex, etc.) should be clearly indicated when submitting an article for publication, an instruction that is rarely followed (http://www.the-aps.org/mm/Publications/Info-For-Authors/Composition). In this review we discuss recent data arguing that the sex of cells being used in experiments can impact the cell's biology, and we provide a table outlining the sex of cell lines that have appeared in AJP-Cell Physiology over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpit Shah
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois
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Weiskirchen R, Weimer J, Meurer SK, Kron A, Seipel B, Vater I, Arnold N, Siebert R, Xu L, Friedman SL, Bergmann C. Genetic characteristics of the human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75692. [PMID: 24116068 PMCID: PMC3792989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human hepatic cell line LX-2 has been described as tool to study mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis and the testing of antifibrotic compounds. It was originally generated by immortalisation with the Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 (SV40) transforming (T) antigen and subsequent propagation in low serum conditions. Although this immortalized line is used in an increasing number of studies, detailed genetic characterisation has been lacking. We here have performed genetic characterisation of the LX-2 cell line and established a single-locus short tandem repeat (STR) profile for the cell line and characterized the LX-2 karyotype by several cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic techniques. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) revealed a complex karyotype with a set of aberrations consistently present in the metaphases analyses which might serve as cytogenetic markers. In addition, various subclonal and single cell aberrations were detected. Our study provides criteria for genetic authentication of LX-2 and offers insights into the genotype changes which might underlie part of its phenotypic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jörg Weimer
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steffen K. Meurer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Kron
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Seipel
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Inga Vater
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein & Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein & Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lieming Xu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Wu ML, Liao LC, Chen CY, Lee SY, Yuan GF, Hwang SM. A 2-yr service report of cell line authentication. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:743-5. [PMID: 23943492 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Wu
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 331 Shih-pin road, Hsinchu, 30062, Taiwan
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Somaschini A, Amboldi N, Nuzzo A, Scacheri E, Ukmar G, Ballinari D, Malyszko J, Raddrizzani L, Landonio A, Gasparri F, Galvani A, Isacchi A, Bosotti R. Cell line identity finding by fingerprinting, an optimized resource for short tandem repeat profile authentication. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:254-9. [PMID: 23356232 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of biological data on wide panels of tumor cell lines is recognized as a valid contribution to the cancer research community. However, research laboratories can benefit from this knowledge only after the identity of each individual cell line used in the experiments is verified and matched to external sources. Among the methods employed to assess cell line identity, DNA fingerprinting by profiling Short Tandem Repeat (STR) at variable loci has become the method of choice. However, the analysis of cancer cell lines is sometimes complicated by their intrinsic genetic instability, resulting in multiple allele calls per locus. In addition, comparison of data across different sources must deal with the heterogeneity of published profiles both in terms of number and type of loci used. The aim of this work is to provide the scientific community a homogeneous reference dataset for 300 widely used tumor cell lines, profiled in parallel on 16 loci. This large dataset is interfaced with an in-house developed software tool for Cell Line Identity Finding by Fingerprinting (CLIFF), featuring an original identity score calculation, which facilitates the comparison of STR profiles from different sources and enables accurate calls when multiple loci are present. CLIFF additionally allows import and query of proprietary STR profile datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Somaschini
- Business Unit Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Nerviano (MI), Italy
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Benediktsdóttir BE, Arason AJ, Halldórsson S, Gudjónsson T, Másson M, Baldursson Ó. Drug Delivery Characteristics of the Progenitor Bronchial Epithelial Cell Line VA10. Pharm Res 2012; 30:781-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Steube KG, Koelz AL, Uphoff CC, Drexler HG, Kluess J, Steinberg P. The necessity of identity assessment of animal intestinal cell lines: A case report. Cytotechnology 2012; 64:373-8. [PMID: 22193509 PMCID: PMC3397115 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight intestinal cell lines, established from different animal species were submitted to DSMZ (German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures) in order to analyze their species of origin and their microbial contamination. Species identity was determined by PCR targeting mitochondrial genes and hence confirmed by sequencing the amplified PCR products. For three cell lines (CIEB, CLAB, PSI-1) we confirmed the species identity, whereas the species of origin of the three other cell lines (B6, B10XI and IPEC) was not the expected one: B6 and B10XI cells, which were supposed to be of chicken origin were identified as porcine cells. IPEC, allegedly a sub clone of the well-known porcine intestinal cell line IPEC-J2, was of bovine instead of porcine origin. However, two further IPEC-clones, namely IPEC-1 and IPEC-J2, provided by another source were shown to be derived from the correct species (i.e. pig). Furthermore, six out of these eight cell lines turned out to be highly contaminated with mycoplasma. Alerted by this high incidence of infected and false specified cell lines, we feel obliged to inform all those working with animal intestinal cell lines and we strongly recommend verifying the species identity before using them. Also, the presence of mycoplasma should be tested when taking the cells in culture for the first time, and this mycoplasma control should be repeated at regular time intervals (e.g. every 4 weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus G Steube
- Leibniz-Institut, DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany,
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Eltonsy N, Gabisi V, Li X, Russe KB, Mills GB, Stemke-Hale K. Detection algorithm for the validation of human cell lines. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E1024-30. [PMID: 22419365 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines are an important tool in understanding all aspects of cancer growth, development, metastasis and tumor cell death. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of cell lines and diversity of the cancers they represent; however, misidentification and cross-contamination of cell lines can lead to erroneous conclusions. One method that has gained favor for authenticating cell lines is the use of short tandem repeats (STR) to generate a unique DNA profile. The challenge in validating cell lines is the requirement to compare the large number of existing STR profiles against cell lines of interest, particularly when considering that the profiles of many cell lines have drifted over time and original samples are not available. We report here methods that analyze the variations and the proportional changes extracted from tetra-nucleotide repeat regions in the STR analysis. This technique allows a paired match between a target cell line and a reference database of cell lines to find cell lines that match within a user designated percentage cut-off quality matrix. Our method accounts for DNA instability and can suggest whether the target cell lines are misidentified or unstable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Névine Eltonsy
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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A critical evaluation of in vitro cell culture models for high-throughput drug screening and toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:82-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Misidentification of OLGA-PH-J/92, believed to be the only crustacean cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 47:665-74. [PMID: 21938590 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Continuous cell lines from aquatic invertebrate species are few and the development of crustacean cell lines remains an elusive goal. Although a crayfish cell line derived from neural ganglia of Orconectes limosus was reported in 2000, this cell line OLGA-PH-J/92 failed to be authenticated as such. In this report, we describe our attempts to identify the taxonomic identity of the cell line through immunological and molecular techniques. Immunohistochemical screening for the expression of a suite of invertebrate neuropeptides gave negative results, precluding an invertebrate neural origin. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxydase I, and 18S ribosomal RNA genes that had been widely used to confirm species identity, could not confirm the OLGA-PH-J/92 cells as originating from crayfish. Subsequent attempts to identify the cells provided moderate homology (82%) to Gephyramoeba sp. (AF293897) following PCR amplification of an 18S rDNA fragment after a BLAST search. A literature search provided morphological evidence of the similarity of OLGA-PH-J/92 to the Gephyramoeba distributed by the American Type Culture Collection as ATCC 50654, which also had been misidentified and was renamed Acramoeba dendroida (Smirnov et al., Eur J Protistol 44:35-44, 2008). The morphology of the OLGA-PH-J/92 cells which remains identical to the original report (Neumann et al., In Vivo 14:691-698, 2000) and matched corresponding micrographs that were available from the ATCC before the cell line was dropped from their catalog (ATCC CRL 1494) is very similar to A. dendroida and could thus belong to the Acramoebidae. These results unequivocally indicate that the OLGA-PH-J/92 cell line is not derived from the crayfish O. limosus, and the search for an immortal crustacean cell line continues.
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Species identification and authentification of human and rodent cell cultures using polymerase chain reaction analysis of vomeronasal receptor genes. Cytotechnology 2011; 63:553-8. [PMID: 21938467 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture and the use of cell lines are routinely used in basic scientific research. It is therefore imperative for researchers to ensure the origin of the cell lines used and that they are routinely re-analysed for contamination and misidentification. Inter-species contamination is relatively frequent, and the most commonly used cell lines are of human, mouse and rat derivation. We have developed simple species specific primer assays based on genomic sequence differences in vomeronasal receptor gene family members to discriminate between human, mouse and rat DNA using standard agarose gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, these PCR assays are able to identify the species composition within an inter-species mixed population. This approach therefore provides a valuable tool to enable a rapid, simple and relatively inexpensive determination of the authentication and contamination of cell cultures.
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Hartung T, Sabbioni E. Alternative in vitro assays in nanomaterial toxicology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:545-73. [PMID: 21766468 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are acclaimed for their novel properties, for which broad new uses are being discovered with increasing frequency. It is obvious that, as the properties change, unwanted properties (toxicity) are to be expected as well. Current toxicology, however, is already overwhelmed with the challenge of addressing new chemicals, not to mention the enormous number of old chemicals never properly assessed. Limitations of traditional approaches range from animal welfare issues, which were a strong driving force for alternative approaches (the 3Rs concept) over the last two decades, to aspects of throughput and accuracy of the predicted toxicities. The latter has prompted discussion about a revolutionary change in chemical safety assessment, now known as Toxicology for the 21st Century (Tox-21c). The multitude of possible formulations of nanomaterials to be assessed for novel toxic properties makes these alternative approaches especially attractive, given the well recognized limitations of traditional animal-based approaches--limitations that might be even more pronounced for nanomaterials, which have notably altered biokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for Evidence-based Toxicology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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40
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O'Donoghue LE, Rivest JP, Duval DL. Polymerase chain reaction-based species verification and microsatellite analysis for canine cell line validation. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:780-5. [PMID: 21908323 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711408064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell line cross-contamination as well as genetic drift during passaging have been acknowledged as widespread problems since the 1960s. Improper cell line identification can invalidate results and, if not discovered, pollute the scientific community's body of knowledge with regard to cancer cell lines, their gene expression, and their drug susceptibilities. Despite the obvious need, validation of cell line identity is not yet widely required, and the problem persists. A highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach and short tandem repeat (STR) profiling were used to examine the prevalence of inter- and intraspecies cell line contamination in a veterinary research setting. First, 60 cell lines from 6 laboratories were tested with multiplex species-specific PCR capable of identifying 6 commonly used species. Of these, 3 were determined to be misidentified by species. Second, to identify intraspecies contamination among canine cancer cell lines, 29 canine lines from 3 different laboratories were analyzed with STR fingerprinting. Using this methodology, 3 canine cell lines were determined to be misidentified or cross-contaminated by other canine cell lines. Finally, genetic drift was observed within 1 cell line obtained from different laboratories. These findings emphasize the importance of cell line validation as a critical component of "good cell culture practice." A database of the STR profiles obtained in the current study has been established for future comparison and validation of canine cell lines by investigators at Colorado State University and other institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza E O'Donoghue
- Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Zanni KL, Chan GK. Laser capture microdissection: understanding the techniques and implications for molecular biology in nursing research through analysis of breast cancer tumor samples. Biol Res Nurs 2011; 13:297-305. [PMID: 21444330 DOI: 10.1177/1099800411402054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this paper is to review the techniques and implications of laser capture microdissection (LCM) to isolate tissue and DNA of interest using breast biopsy tissue as an example. BACKGROUND Tissues are a heterogeneous mix of different cell types, and molecular alterations are often specific to a single cell type. An accurate correlation of molecular and morphologic pathologies requires the ability to procure pure populations of morphologically similar cells for molecular analysis. LCM is a technique for isolating highly pure cell populations of morphologically similar cells from a heterogeneous tissue section. METHOD Nine invasive, paraffin-embedded breast biopsy specimens were obtained and analyzed. Depending on the size of the lesion, 500-1,000 shots using the 7.5- or 15-µm infrared laser beam were utilized to obtain an average of 2,000 cells. DNA was isolated from normal tissue and carcinomas and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. The HER2/neu gene was amplified by standard PCR. A second round of PCR using nested primers to re-amplify the HER2/neu fragment was performed. RESULTS Amplification of the HER2/neu gene with DNA isolated from pure cell populations by LCM was performed. The results indicated that 22% of the cases studied were positive for HER2/neu amplifications, which corresponds to the literature regarding HER2/neu amplification/overexpression. HER2/neu amplification could be detected as early as the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) stage. CONCLUSION LCM is an accurate and reliable method to acquire nucleic acid and protein profiles from a specific cell population in heterogeneous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Zanni
- Binghamton University, Decker School of Nursing, Binghamton, NY, Summer Genetics Institute, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Irelan JT, Wu MJ, Morgan J, Ke N, Xi B, Wang X, Xu X, Abassi YA. Rapid and quantitative assessment of cell quality, identity, and functionality for cell-based assays using real-time cellular analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:313-22. [PMID: 21310850 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110397359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strict quality control of cells is required for the standardization and interpretation of results in all areas of cell-based research, especially in drug discovery. Real-time cellular analysis using electrical impedance as a readout offers a rapid and highly reproducible method for quality control as it provides a quantitative measure of overall cell morphology and growth. In a case study, the authors demonstrate that samples of a single cell line obtained from several different labs show clear differences in their impedance profiles when compared with the corresponding standard cell line. A number of kinetic parameters were derived from the impedance profiles and used to quantify the differences among these cell lines. Our findings indicate that this methodology can detect cell line differences including mix-ups or contaminations, genetic alterations, and potential epigenetic changes occurring during passaging, all of which can occur in the time scale of a screening campaign. Finally, we provide evidence that these impedance profile differences can be predictive of different outcomes in cell-based functional assays for the effects of small molecules on otherwise seemingly identical cell lines.
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Abstract
Many steps of the metastatic cascade can be reproduced in simple in vitro assays such as tumour cell interactions with matrix proteins, proteolysis, chemotaxis, haptotaxis, and invasion into matrices or explanted tissues. Nevertheless, there are no fully adequate substitutes for the complexity of the in vivo process. Here, we describe two "experimental" metastasis assays to yield lung or liver colonies (mimicking established micrometastatic disease), and two spontaneous metastasis assays for breast and prostate carcinomas. Examples include either murine tumour cell lines in syngeneic immunocompetent mice or human tumour xenografts in immunodeprived mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Box
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Abstract
Studies of the same cell lines by different laboratories are common in the literature and often show different results with the same methodology. Use of best cell culture practices is essential to ensure consistent and reproducible results. Assay outcomes are easily influenced by many factors including changes in functionality, morphology, doubling time of cells, passage numbers, microbial contamination, and misidentification of cells. Simple observation, monitoring, and documentation of cell morphology and behavior, including growth rates, provide early warning and should be standard practice. Changes may indicate microbial contamination, genotypic drift due to high passage number, or cross-contamination with another cell line. Rapid molecular methods allow the identification of microbial and cross-contamination. Increasingly, authentication of cell lines is a prerequisite for scientific publication to avoid erroneous results entering the literature.
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45
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Ke W, Yu P, Wang J, Wang R, Guo C, Zhou L, Li C, Li K. MCF-7/ADR cells (re-designated NCI/ADR-RES) are not derived from MCF-7 breast cancer cells: a loss for breast cancer multidrug-resistant research. Med Oncol 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S135-41. [PMID: 21116879 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MCF-7/ADR cells have been widely used as a multidrug-resistant breast cancer cell model in cancer research. The origin of MCF-7/ADR has been a matter of debate since MCF-7/ADR cells were re-designated NCI/ADR-RES in 1998. Many recent studies still describe MCF-7/ADR cells as originating from the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Thus, the real origin of MCF-7/ADR cells remains more unclear. In this study, a new adriamycin (ADR)-resistant cell line MCF-7/ADR' was reproduced using the same procedure employed during the initial establishment of MCF-7/ADR. Since the MCF-7/ADR' cell line was definitely derived from parental MCF-7 cells, we were able to directly compare these cell lines together with MCF-7/ADR using immunocytochemical, morphological, and consecutive DNA fingerprinting analyses to determine the true origin of MCF-7/ADR. Both ADR-resistant cell lines displayed some similar phenotypic characteristics, such as high levels of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression, increased vacuolation, abundant filamentous material, and irregular pseudopodia. With increasing concentrations of ADR, the DNA fingerprints of MCF-7/ADR' cells were always identical to the parental MCF-7 cells. However, the DNA fingerprints of MCF-7/ADR cells did not relate to MCF-7 or MCF-7/ADR'. MCF-7/ADR and the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 are not of the same origin. Long-time culture in the presence of ADR does not cause significant changes in DNA fingerprint patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Ke
- Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, No 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, China
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Gazdar AF, Girard L, Lockwood WW, Lam WL, Minna JD. Lung cancer cell lines as tools for biomedical discovery and research. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102:1310-21. [PMID: 20679594 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer cell lines have made a substantial contribution to lung cancer translational research and biomedical discovery. A systematic approach to initiating and characterizing cell lines from small cell and non-small cell lung carcinomas has led to the current collection of more than 200 lung cancer cell lines, a number that exceeds those for other common epithelial cancers combined. The ready availability and widespread dissemination of the lines to investigators worldwide have resulted in more than 9000 citations, including multiple examples of important biomedical discoveries. The high (but not perfect) genomic similarities between lung cancer cell lines and the lung tumor type from which they were derived provide evidence of the relevance of their use. However, major problems including misidentification or cell line contamination remain. Ongoing studies and new approaches are expected to reveal the full potential of the lung cancer cell line panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi F Gazdar
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.
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47
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Barallon R, Bauer SR, Butler J, Capes-Davis A, Dirks WG, Elmore E, Furtado M, Kline MC, Kohara A, Los GV, MacLeod RAF, Masters JRW, Nardone M, Nardone RM, Nims RW, Price PJ, Reid YA, Shewale J, Sykes G, Steuer AF, Storts DR, Thomson J, Taraporewala Z, Alston-Roberts C, Kerrigan L. Recommendation of short tandem repeat profiling for authenticating human cell lines, stem cells, and tissues. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 46:727-32. [PMID: 20614197 PMCID: PMC2965362 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell misidentification and cross-contamination have plagued biomedical research for as long as cells have been employed as research tools. Examples of misidentified cell lines continue to surface to this day. Efforts to eradicate the problem by raising awareness of the issue and by asking scientists voluntarily to take appropriate actions have not been successful. Unambiguous cell authentication is an essential step in the scientific process and should be an inherent consideration during peer review of papers submitted for publication or during review of grants submitted for funding. In order to facilitate proper identity testing, accurate, reliable, inexpensive, and standardized methods for authentication of cells and cell lines must be made available. To this end, an international team of scientists is, at this time, preparing a consensus standard on the authentication of human cells using short tandem repeat (STR) profiling. This standard, which will be submitted for review and approval as an American National Standard by the American National Standards Institute, will provide investigators guidance on the use of STR profiling for authenticating human cell lines. Such guidance will include methodological detail on the preparation of the DNA sample, the appropriate numbers and types of loci to be evaluated, and the interpretation and quality control of the results. Associated with the standard itself will be the establishment and maintenance of a public STR profile database under the auspices of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The consensus standard is anticipated to be adopted by granting agencies and scientific journals as appropriate methodology for authenticating human cell lines, stem cells, and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Barallon
- LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK
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48
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Workman P, Aboagye EO, Balkwill F, Balmain A, Bruder G, Chaplin DJ, Double JA, Everitt J, Farningham DAH, Glennie MJ, Kelland LR, Robinson V, Stratford IJ, Tozer GM, Watson S, Wedge SR, Eccles SA. Guidelines for the welfare and use of animals in cancer research. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1555-77. [PMID: 20502460 PMCID: PMC2883160 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1057] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal experiments remain essential to understand the fundamental mechanisms underpinning malignancy and to discover improved methods to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer. Excellent standards of animal care are fully consistent with the conduct of high quality cancer research. Here we provide updated guidelines on the welfare and use of animals in cancer research. All experiments should incorporate the 3Rs: replacement, reduction and refinement. Focusing on animal welfare, we present recommendations on all aspects of cancer research, including: study design, statistics and pilot studies; choice of tumour models (e.g., genetically engineered, orthotopic and metastatic); therapy (including drugs and radiation); imaging (covering techniques, anaesthesia and restraint); humane endpoints (including tumour burden and site); and publication of best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Workman
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK.
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Capes-Davis A, Theodosopoulos G, Atkin I, Drexler HG, Kohara A, MacLeod RAF, Masters JR, Nakamura Y, Reid YA, Reddel RR, Freshney RI. Check your cultures! A list of cross-contaminated or misidentified cell lines. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1-8. [PMID: 20143388 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Continuous cell lines consist of cultured cells derived from a specific donor and tissue of origin that have acquired the ability to proliferate indefinitely. These cell lines are well-recognized models for the study of health and disease, particularly for cancer. However, there are cautions to be aware of when using continuous cell lines, including the possibility of contamination, in which a foreign cell line or microorganism is introduced without the handler's knowledge. Cross-contamination, in which the contaminant is another cell line, was first recognized in the 1950s but, disturbingly, remains a serious issue today. Many cell lines become cross-contaminated early, so that subsequent experimental work has been performed only on the contaminant, masquerading under a different name. What can be done in response-how can a researcher know if their own cell lines are cross-contaminated? Two practical responses are suggested here. First, it is important to check the literature, looking for previous work on cross-contamination. Some reports may be difficult to find and to make these more accessible, we have compiled a list of known cross-contaminated cell lines. The list currently contains 360 cell lines, drawn from 68 references. Most contaminants arise within the same species, with HeLa still the most frequently encountered (29%, 106/360) among human cell lines, but interspecies contaminants account for a small but substantial minority of cases (9%, 33/360). Second, even if there are no previous publications on cross-contamination for that cell line, it is essential to check the sample itself by performing authentication testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Capes-Davis
- CellBank Australia - Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
Cell lines are used extensively in research and drug development as models of normal and cancer tissues. However, a substantial proportion of cell lines is mislabelled or replaced by cells derived from a different individual, tissue or species. The scientific community has failed to tackle this problem and consequently thousands of misleading and potentially erroneous papers have been published using cell lines that are incorrectly identified. Recent efforts to develop a standard for the authentication of human cell lines using short tandem repeat profiling is an important step to eradicate this problem.
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