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Paparella R, Ferraguti G, Fiore M, Menghi M, Micangeli G, Tarani F, Ligotino A, Messina MP, Ceccanti M, Minni A, Barbato C, Lucarelli M, Tarani L, Petrella C. Serum Lipocalin-2 Levels as a Biomarker in Pre- and Post-Pubertal Klinefelter Syndrome Patients: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2214. [PMID: 38396890 PMCID: PMC10889401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a male genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome, causing endocrine disorders mainly responsible for a high rate of infertility and metabolic disorders in adulthood. Scientific research is interested in identifying new biomarkers that can be predictive or prognostic of alterations strictly connected to KS. Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2, also known as NGAL) is a small protein initially identified within neutrophils as a protein related to innate immunity. Serum LCN-2 estimation seems to be a useful tool in predicting the metabolic complications caused by several pathological conditions. However, little is known about its potential role in infertility conditions. The present pilot study aims to investigate the presence of LCN-2 in the serum of a group of pre-pubertal and post-pubertal children affected by KS, compared to healthy controls. We demonstrated for the first time the presence of elevated levels of LCN-2 in the serum of KS patients, compared to controls. This increase was accompanied, in pre-pubertal KS patients, by the loss of correlation with LH and HDL, which instead was present in the healthy individuals. Moreover, in all KS individuals, a positive correlation between LCN-2 and inhibin B serum concentration was found. Despite the limited size of the sample analyzed, our preliminary data encourage further studies to confirm the findings and to extend the study to KS adult patients, to verify the predictive/prognostic value of LCN-2 as new biomarker for metabolic diseases and infertility associated with the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Paparella
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Michela Menghi
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Ginevra Micangeli
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Francesca Tarani
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Aurora Ligotino
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Marisa Patrizia Messina
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- SITAC, Società Italiana per il Trattamento Dell’alcolismo e le sue Complicanze, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Minni
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy;
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, San Camillo de Lellis Hospital, ASL Rieti-Sapienza University, 02100 Rieti, Italy
| | - Christian Barbato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Marco Lucarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.)
- Pasteur Institute Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Tarani
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.M.); (G.M.); (F.T.); (M.P.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Carla Petrella
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.)
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Schröder SK, Gasterich N, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Lipocalin 2 receptors: facts, fictions, and myths. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229885. [PMID: 37638032 PMCID: PMC10451079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human 25-kDa Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) was first identified and purified as a protein that in part is associated with gelatinase from neutrophils. This protein shows a high degree of sequence similarity with the deduced sequences of rat α2-microglobulin-related protein and the mouse protein 24p3. Based on its typical lipocalin fold, which consists of an eight-stranded, anti-parallel, symmetrical β-barrel fold structure it was initially thought that LCN2 is a circulating protein functioning as a transporter of small lipophilic molecules. However, studies in Lcn2 null mice have shown that LCN2 has bacteriostatic properties and plays a key role in innate immunity by sequestering bacterial iron siderophores. Numerous reports have further shown that LCN2 is involved in the control of cell differentiation, energy expenditure, cell death, chemotaxis, cell migration, and many other biological processes. In addition, important roles for LCN2 in health and disease have been identified in Lcn2 null mice and multiple molecular pathways required for regulation of Lcn2 expression have been identified. Nevertheless, although six putative receptors for LCN2 have been proposed, there is a fundamental lack in understanding of how these cell-surface receptors transmit and amplify LCN2 to the cell. In the present review we summarize the current knowledge on LCN2 receptors and discuss inconsistencies, misinterpretations and false assumptions in the understanding of these potential LCN2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalie Gasterich
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Li J, Xu P, Hong Y, Xie Y, Peng M, Sun R, Guo H, Zhang X, Zhu W, Wang J, Liu X. Lipocalin-2-mediated astrocyte pyroptosis promotes neuroinflammatory injury via NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:148. [PMID: 37353794 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is a vital pathophysiological process during ischemic stroke. Activated astrocytes play a major role in inflammation. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), secreted by activated astrocytes, promotes neuroinflammation. Pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death that has emerged as a new area of research in stroke. Nevertheless, the potential role of LCN2 in astrocyte pyroptosis remains unclear. METHODS An ischemic stroke model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo. In this study, in vitro, oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (O/R) were applied to cultured astrocytes. 24p3R (the LCN2 receptor) was inhibited by astrocyte-specific adeno-associated virus (AAV-GFAP-24p3Ri). MCC950 and Nigericin sodium salt (Nig) were used to inhibit or promote the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome pharmacologically, respectively. Histological and biochemical analyses were performed to assess astrocyte and neuron death. Additionally, the neurological deficits of mice were evaluated. RESULTS LCN2 expression was significantly induced in astrocytes 24 h after stroke onset in the mouse MCAO model. Lcn2 knockout (Lcn2-/-) mice exhibited reduced infarct volume and improved neurological and cognitive functions after MCAO. LCN2 and its receptor 24p3R were colocalized in astrocytes. Mechanistically, suppression of 24p3R by AAV-GFAP-24p3Ri alleviated pyroptosis-related pore formation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines via LCN2, which was then reversed by Nig-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Astrocyte pyroptosis was exacerbated in Lcn2-/- mice by intracerebroventricular administration of recombinant LCN2 (rLCN2), while this aggravation was restricted by blocking 24p3R or inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation with MCC950. CONCLUSION LCN2/24p3R mediates astrocyte pyroptosis via NLRP3 inflammasome activation following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanji Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Ye Hong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengna Peng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hongquan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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The extended farm effect: The milk protein β-lactoglobulin in stable dust protects against allergies. Allergol Select 2022; 6:111-117. [PMID: 35392214 PMCID: PMC8982089 DOI: 10.5414/alx02246e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The allergy- and asthma-protective farm effect is mediated by numerous factors. Especially dust from cattle stables and raw cow’s milk show beneficial properties, suggesting a bovine protein to be involved. As a major milk protein and member of the lipocalin family, β-lactoglobulin (BLG) binds small, hydrophobic ligands and thereby modulates the immune response. Empty BLG promotes allergy development, whereas BLG in association with ligands shows allergy-preventive as well as allergy-reducing effects in vivo and in vitro. Results: BLG has been identified as a major protein in stable dust (therein bound to zinc) as well as in the air around cattle stables. This association with zinc favors an allergy-protective immune profile. Conclusion: Its immune-modulating, allergy-protective characteristics together with its presence in raw cow’s milk as well as in stable dust and ambient air render BLG an essential contributor to the farm effect.
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Der Farmeffekt revisited: vom β-Lactoglobulin mit Zink im Kuhstallstaub zur Anwendung. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-021-4820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Roth-Walter F, Afify SM, Pacios LF, Blokhuis BR, Redegeld F, Regner A, Petje LM, Fiocchi A, Untersmayr E, Dvorak Z, Hufnagl K, Pali-Schöll I, Jensen-Jarolim E. Cow's milk protein β-lactoglobulin confers resilience against allergy by targeting complexed iron into immune cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:321-334.e4. [PMID: 32485264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) is a bovine lipocalin in milk with an innate defense function. The circumstances under which BLG is associated with tolerance of or allergy to milk are not understood. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to assess the capacity of ligand-free apoBLG versus loaded BLG (holoBLG) to protect mice against allergy by using an iron-quercetin complex as an exemplary ligand and to study the molecular mechanisms of this protection. METHODS Binding of iron-quercetin to BLG was modeled and confirmed by spectroscopy and docking calculations. Serum IgE binding to apoBLG and holoBLG in children allergic to milk and children tolerant of milk was assessed. Mice were intranasally treated with apoBLG versus holoBLG and analyzed immunologically after systemic challenge. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation was evaluated with reporter cells and Cyp1A1 expression. Treated human PBMCs and human mast cells were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and degranulation, respectively. RESULTS Modeling predicted masking of major IgE and T-cell epitopes of BLG by ligand binding. In line with this modeling, IgE binding in children allergic to milk was reduced toward holoBLG, which also impaired degranulation of mast cells. In mice, only treatments with holoBLG prevented allergic sensitization and anaphylaxis, while sustaining regulatory T cells. BLG facilitated quercetin-dependent AhR activation and, downstream of AhR, lung Cyp1A1 expression. HoloBLG shuttled iron into monocytic cells and impaired their antigen presentation. CONCLUSION The cargo of holoBLG is decisive in preventing allergy in vivo. BLG without cargo acted as an allergen in vivo and further primed human mast cells for degranulation in an antigen-independent fashion. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation why the same proteins can act either as tolerogens or as allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sheriene Moussa Afify
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory Medicine and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Biotechnology Department, ETSIAAB, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, CBGP (UPM-INIA), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart R Blokhuis
- Faculty of Science, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Faculty of Science, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Regner
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa-Marie Petje
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Hufnagl
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Pali-Schöll
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Ghosh S, Stepicheva N, Yazdankhah M, Shang P, Watson AM, Hose S, Liu H, Weiss J, Zigler JS, Valapala M, Watkins SC, Sinha D. The role of lipocalin-2 in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:835-851. [PMID: 31901947 PMCID: PMC7079812 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalins are a family of secreted adipokines which play important roles in various biological processes. Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) has been shown to be involved in acute and chronic inflammation. This particular protein is critical in the pathogenesis of several diseases including cancer, diabetes, obesity, and multiple sclerosis. Herein, we discuss the general molecular basis for the involvement of LCN-2 in acute infections and chronic disease progression and also ascertain the probable role of LCN-2 in ocular diseases, particularly in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We elaborate on the signaling cascades which trigger LCN-2 upregulation in AMD and suggest therapeutic strategies for targeting such pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - Nadezda Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Alan M Watson
- Center for Biologic Imaging and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Joseph Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - J Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Simon C Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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Bumiller-Bini V, Cipolla GA, Spadoni MB, Augusto DG, Petzl-Erler ML, Beltrame MH, Boldt ABW. Condemned or Not to Die? Gene Polymorphisms Associated With Cell Death in Pemphigus Foliaceus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2416. [PMID: 31681304 PMCID: PMC6813369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune blistering skin disease that occurs sporadically across the globe and is endemic in Brazil. Keratinocyte adhesion loss (acantholysis) is associated with high levels of anti-desmoglein 1 IgG autoantibodies, but the role of cell death is poorly understood in PF. Current evidence disqualifies apoptosis as the major cell death mechanism and no other process has yet been investigated. To approach the role of variation in genes responsible for cell death pathways in pemphigus susceptibility, we systematically investigated the frequencies of 1,167 polymorphisms from genes encoding products of all 12 well-established cell death cascades (intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic, NETotic, lysosome-dependent, autophagy-dependent, and immunogenic). By multivariate logistic regression, we compared allelic and genotypic frequencies of 227 PF patients and 194 controls obtained by microarray hybridization. We found 10 variants associated with PF (p < 0.005), belonging to six cell death pathways: apoptosis (TNF, TRAF2, CD36, and PAK2), immunogenic cell death (EIF2AK3, CD47, and SIRPA), necroptosis (TNF and TRAF2), necrosis (RAPGEF3), parthanatos (HK1), and pyroptosis (PRKN). Five polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility: TNF rs1800630*A (OR = 1.9, p = 0.0003), CD36 rs4112274*T (OR = 2.14, p = 0.0015), CD47 rs12695175*G (OR = 1.77, p = 0.0043), SIRPA rs6075340*A/A (OR = 2.75, p = 0.0009), and HK1 rs7072268*T (OR = 1.48, p = 0.0045). Other five variants were associated with protection: TRAF2 rs10781522*G (OR = 0.64, p = 0.0014), PAK2 rs9325377*A/A (OR = 0.48, p = 0.0023), EIF2AK3 rs10167879*T (OR = 0.48, p = 0.0007), RAPGEF3 rs10747521*A/A (OR = 0.42, p = 0.0040), and PRKN rs9355950*C (OR = 0.57, p = 0.0004). Through functional annotation, we found that all associated alleles, with the exception of PRKN rs9355950*C, were previously associated with differential gene expression levels in healthy individuals (mostly in skin and peripheral blood). Further functional validation of these genetic associations may contribute to the understanding of PF etiology and to the development of new drugs and therapeutic regimens for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Bumiller-Bini
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adelman Cipolla
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mariana Basso Spadoni
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Danillo Gardenal Augusto
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Sailuotong Capsule Prevents the Cerebral Ischaemia-Induced Neuroinflammation and Impairment of Recognition Memory through Inhibition of LCN2 Expression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8416105. [PMID: 31565154 PMCID: PMC6745154 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8416105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Astrogliosis can result in astrocytes with hypertrophic morphology after injury, indicated by extended processes and swollen cell bodies. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, has been reported to play a detrimental role in ischaemic brains and neurodegenerative diseases. Sailuotong (SLT) capsule is a standardized three-herb preparation composed of ginseng, ginkgo, and saffron for the treatment of vascular dementia. Although recent clinical trials have demonstrated the beneficial effect of SLT on vascular dementia, its potential cellular mechanism has not been fully explored. Methods Male adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to microsphere-embolized cerebral ischaemia. Immunostaining and Western blotting were performed to assess astrocytic reaction. Human astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) were used to elucidate the effects of SLT-induced inflammation and astrocytic reaction. Results A memory recovery effect was found to be associated with the cerebral ischaemia-induced expression of inflammatory proteins and the suppression of LCN2 expression in the brain. Additionally, SLT reduced the astrocytic reaction, LCN2 expression, and the phosphorylation of STAT3 and JAK2. For in vitro experiments, OGD-induced expression of inflammation and LCN2 was also decreased in human astrocyte by the SLT treatment. Moreover, LCN2 overexpression significantly enhanced the above effects. SLT downregulated these effects that were enhanced by LCN2 overexpression. Conclusions SLT mediates neuroinflammation, thereby protecting against ischaemic brain injury by inhibiting astrogliosis and suppressing neuroinflammation via the LCN2-JAK2/STAT3 pathway, providing a new idea for the treatment strategy of ischaemic stroke.
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Bhusal A, Rahman MH, Lee WH, Bae YC, Lee IK, Suk K. Paradoxical role of lipocalin-2 in metabolic disorders and neurological complications. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113626. [PMID: 31476294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as 24p3 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a 25-kDa secreted protein implicated in various metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Early studies suggest the protective function of LCN2 in which it acts as a bacteriostatic agent that competes with bacteria for iron-bound siderophores. However, both detrimental and beneficial roles of LCN2 have recently been documented in metabolic and neuroinflammatory diseases. Metabolic inflammation, as observed in diabetes and obesity, has been closely associated with the upregulation of LCN2 in blood plasma and several tissues in both humans and rodents, suggesting its pro-diabetic and pro-obesogenic role. On the contrary, other studies imply an anti-diabetic and anti-obesogenic role of LCN2 whereby a deficiency in the Lcn2 gene results in the impairment of insulin sensitivity and enhances the high-fat-diet-induced expansion of fat. A similar dual role of LCN2 has also been reported in various animal models for neurological disorders. In the midst of these mixed findings, there is no experimental evidence to explain why LCN2 shows such a contrasting role in the various studies. This debate needs to be resolved (or reconciled) and an integrated view on the topic is desirable. Herein, we attempt to address this issue by reviewing the recent findings on LCN2 in metabolic disorders and assess the potential cellular or molecular mechanisms underlying the dual role of LCN2. We further discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting LCN2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders and neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Rahimi S, Roushandeh AM, Ebrahimi A, Samadani AA, Kuwahara Y, Roudkenar MH. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Lcn2 effectively enhanced CDDP-induced apoptosis and reduced cell migration capacity of PC3 cells. Life Sci 2019; 231:116586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Tang W, Ma J, Gu R, Lei B, Ding X, Xu G. Light-Induced Lipocalin 2 Facilitates Cellular Apoptosis by Positively Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species/Bim Signaling in Retinal Degeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:6014-6025. [PMID: 30574656 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Research Center, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boya Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Song J, Kim OY. Perspectives in Lipocalin-2: Emerging Biomarker for Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis for Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Nutr Res 2018; 7:1-10. [PMID: 29423384 PMCID: PMC5796918 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2018.7.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily was reported to participate in various biological processes including cell migration, cell survival, inflammatory responses, and insulin sensitivity. LCN2 is expressed in the multiple tissues such as kidney, liver, uterus, and bone marrow. The receptors for LCN2 were additionally found in microglia, astrocytes, epithelial cells, and neurons, but the role of LCN2 in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been fully understood yet. Recently, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies reported the association between LCN2 and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we reviewed the significant evidences showing that LCN2 contributes to the onset and progression of AD. It may suggest that the manipulation of LCN2 in the CNS would be a crucial target for regulation of the pathogenesis and risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.,Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Oh Yoen Kim
- Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Brain Busan 21 Project, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
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Shen LJ, Zhou J, Guo M, Yang CS, Xu QC, Lv QW, Yang SB, Huang HB. Serum lipocalin-2 concentrations and mortality of severe traumatic brain injury. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 474:130-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kang Z, Qiao N, Tan Z, Tang Z, Li Y. Expression patterns and changes of the LCN2 gene in the testes of induced cryptorchidism and busulfan-treated mice. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2017; 63:364-369. [PMID: 28771045 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2017.1355416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) was known to play various roles in different type cells; however, little was known about the effect of LCN2 in male fertility. In this study, we aimed to explore the expression pattern of LCN2 with increasing age in mice, and to obtain insight into the role of LCN2 in mice testes by induced cryptorchidism and busulfan-treated infertility. In situ hybridization showed that LCN2 was localized primarily in Leydig cells, but was absent in Sertoli and germ cells. Its expression in testes exhibited an age-related increase from day 1 to 8 months, then reduced by the twelth month. The mRNA and protein levels of LCN2 in the testes of both infertile models increased as measured by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. LCN2 mRNA and protein levels were higher (p<0.05) in busulfan treated mice than that of cryptorchidism. These observations have shown that LCN2 is developmentally regulated and highly expressed in the Leydig cells of mouse testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Kang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Na Qiao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhigang Tan
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ying Li
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases , Guangzhou , China
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Ozkaya AB, Ak H, Aydin HH. High concentration calcitriol induces endoplasmic reticulum stress related gene profile in breast cancer cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:289-294. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is known for its anticancer properties including induction of apoptosis as well as the inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. Understanding the mechanisms of action for calcitriol will help with the development of novel treatment strategies. Since vitamin D exerts its cellular actions via binding to its receptor and by altering expressions of a set of genes, we aimed to evaluate the effect of calcitriol on transcriptomic profile of breast cancer cells. We previously demonstrated that calcitriol alters endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, therefore in this study we have focused on ER-stress-related genes to reveal calcitriols action on these genes in particular. We have treated breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 with previously determined IC50 concentrations of calcitriol and evaluated the transcriptomic alterations via microarray. During analysis, only genes altered by at least 2-fold with a P value < 0.05 were taken into consideration. Our findings revealed an ER-stress-associated transcriptomic profile induced by calcitriol. Induced genes include genes with a pro-survival function (NUPR1, DNAJB9, HMOX1, LCN2, and LAMP3) and with a pro-death function (CHOP (DDIT3), DDIT4, NDGR1, NOXA, and CLGN). These results suggest that calcitriol induces an ER-stress-like response inducing both pro-survival and pro-death transcripts in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Burak Ozkaya
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Handan Ak
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Hakan Aydin
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
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Zhao SC, Ma LS, Chu ZH, Xu H, Wu WQ, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:445-458. [PMID: 28260801 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When ischemic stroke occurs, oxygen and energy depletion triggers a cascade of events, including inflammatory responses, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis that result in a profound brain injury. The inflammatory response contributes to secondary neuronal damage, which exerts a substantial impact on both acute ischemic injury and the chronic recovery of the brain function. Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain that constantly monitor brain microenvironment under normal conditions. Once ischemia occurs, microglia are activated to produce both detrimental and neuroprotective mediators, and the balance of the two counteracting mediators determines the fate of injured neurons. The activation of microglia is defined as either classic (M1) or alternative (M2): M1 microglia secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-23, IL-1β, IL-12, etc) and exacerbate neuronal injury, whereas the M2 phenotype promotes anti-inflammatory responses that are reparative. It has important translational value to regulate M1/M2 microglial activation to minimize the detrimental effects and/or maximize the protective role. Here, we discuss various regulators of microglia/macrophage activation and the interaction between microglia and neurons in the context of ischemic stroke.
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Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin production negatively correlates with HK-2 cell impairment: Evaluation of NGAL as a marker of toxicity in HK-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 39:52-57. [PMID: 27888128 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an extracellular protein produced mostly in kidney. Recently, it has become a promising biomarker of renal damage in vivo. On the other hand, the validation of NGAL as a biomarker for nephrotoxicity estimation in vitro has not been characterized in detail yet. Since the HK-2 cells are frequently used human kidney cell line, we aimed to characterize the production of NGAL in these cells and to evaluate NGAL as a possible marker of cell impairment. We used heavy metals (mercury, cadmium), peroxide, drugs (acetaminophen, gentamicin) and cisplatin to mimic nephrotoxicity. HK-2 cells were incubated with selected compounds for 1-24h and cell viability was measured together with extracellular NGAL production. We proved that HK-2 cells possess a capacity to produce NGAL in amount of 2pg/ml/h. We found a change in cell viability after 24h incubation with all tested toxic compounds. The largest decrease of the viability was detected in mercury, acetaminophen, cisplatin and gentamicin. Unexpectedly, we found also a significant decrease in NGAL production in HK-2 cells treated with these toxins for 24h: to 11±5%, 54±5%, 57±6% and 76±9% respectively, compared with controls (=100%). Our results were followed with qPCR analysis when we found no significant increase in LCN2 gene expression after 24h incubation. We conclude that extracellular NGAL production negatively correlates with HK-2 cell impairment.
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Suk K. Lipocalin-2 as a therapeutic target for brain injury: An astrocentric perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:158-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Choy YJ, Hong SY, Pack SJ, Woo RS, Baik TK, Song DY. Changes of gene expression of Gal3, Hsp27, Lcn2, and Timp1 in rat substantia nigra following medial forebrain bundle transection using a candidate gene microarray. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 66-67:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Takahashi T, Asano Y, Noda S, Aozasa N, Akamata K, Taniguchi T, Ichimura Y, Toyama T, Sumida H, Kuwano Y, Tada Y, Sugaya M, Kadono T, Sato S. A possible contribution of lipocalin-2 to the development of dermal fibrosis, pulmonary vascular involvement and renal dysfunction in systemic sclerosis. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:681-9. [PMID: 25781362 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipocalin-2 is an adipocytokine implicated in apoptosis, innate immunity, angiogenesis, and the development of chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of lipocalin-2 in systemic sclerosis (SSc). MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum lipocalin-2 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 50 patients with SSc and 19 healthy subjects. Lipocalin-2 expression was evaluated in the skin of patients with SSc and bleomycin (BLM)-treated mice and in Fli1-deficient endothelial cells by reverse transcriptase-real time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting and/or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Although serum lipocalin-2 levels were comparable between patients with SSc and healthy controls, the prevalence of scleroderma renal crisis was significantly higher in patients with SSc with elevated serum lipocalin-2 levels than in those with normal levels. Furthermore, serum lipocalin-2 levels inversely correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with SSc with renal dysfunction. Among patients with SSc with normal renal function, serum lipocalin-2 levels positively correlated with skin score in patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc with disease duration of < 3 years and inversely correlated with estimated right ventricular systolic pressure in total patients with SSc. Importantly, in SSc lesional skin, lipocalin-2 expression was increased in dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In BLM-treated mice, lipocalin-2 was highly expressed in dermal fibroblasts, but not in endothelial cells. On the other hand, the deficiency of transcription factor Fli1, which is implicated in SSc vasculopathy, induced lipocalin-2 expression in cultivated endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Lipocalin-2 may be involved in renal dysfunction and dermal fibrosis of SSc. Dysregulated matrix metalloproteinase-9/lipocalin-2-dependent angiogenesis due to Fli1 deficiency may contribute to the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Y Asano
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - S Noda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - N Aozasa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - K Akamata
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Y Ichimura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - T Toyama
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - H Sumida
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Y Kuwano
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Y Tada
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - M Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - T Kadono
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - S Sato
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Chia WJ, Tan FCK, Ong WY, Dawe GS. Expression and localisation of brain-type organic cation transporter (BOCT/24p3R/LCN2R) in the normal rat hippocampus and after kainate-induced excitotoxicity. Neurochem Int 2015; 87:43-59. [PMID: 26004810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The iron siderophore binding protein lipocalin 2 (LCN2, also known as 24p3, NGAL and siderocalin) may be involved in iron homeostasis, but to date, little is known about expression of its putative receptor, brain-type organic cation transporter (BOCT, also known as BOCT1, 24p3R, NGALR and LCN2R), in the brain during neurodegeneration. The present study was carried out to elucidate the expression of LCN2 and BOCT in hippocampus after excitotoxicity induced by the glutamate analog, kainate (KA) and a possible role of LCN2 in neuronal injury. As reported previously, a rapid and sustained induction in expression of LCN2 was found in the hippocampus after intracerebroventicular injection of KA. BOCT was expressed in neurons of the saline-injected control hippocampus, and immunolabel for BOCT protein was preserved in pyramidal neurons of CA1 at 1 day post-KA injection, likely due to the delayed onset of neurodegeneration after KA injection. At 3 days and 2 weeks after KA injections, loss of immunolabel was observed due to degenerated neurons, although remaining neurons continued to express BOCT, and induction of BOCT was found in OX-42 positive microglia. This resulted in an overall decrease in BOCT mRNA and protein expression after KA treatment. Increased expression of the pro-apoptotic marker, Bim, was found in both neurons and microglia after KA injection, but TUNEL staining indicating apoptosis was found primarily in Bim-expressing neurons, but not microglia. Interaction between LCN2 and BOCT was found by DuoLink assay in cultured hippocampal neurons. Apo-LCN2 without iron caused no significant differences in neuronal Bim expression or cell survival, whereas holo-LCN2 consisting of LCN2:iron:enterochelin complex increased Bim mRNA expression and decreased neuronal survival. Together, results suggest that LCN2 and BOCT may have a role in neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jie Chia
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597; National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | - Francis Chee Kuan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), Centre for Life Sciences, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456; Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.
| | - Gavin S Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597; National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), Centre for Life Sciences, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.
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Diverse functional roles of lipocalin-2 in the central nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:135-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Marotta P, Amendola E, Scarfò M, De Luca P, Zoppoli P, Amoresano A, De Felice M, Di Lauro R. The paired box transcription factor Pax8 is essential for function and survival of adult thyroid cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 396:26-36. [PMID: 25127920 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax8 is already known to be essential at very early stages of mouse thyroid gland development, before the onset of thyroid hormone production. In this paper we show, using a conditional inactivation strategy, that the removal of the Pax8 protein late in gland development results in severe hypothyroidism, consequent to a reduced gland size and a deranged differentiation. These results demonstrate that Pax8 is also an essential player in controlling survival and differentiation of adult thyroid follicular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pina Marotta
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
| | - Elena Amendola
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
| | - Marzia Scarfò
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Luca
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
| | - Pietro Zoppoli
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario De Felice
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Roberto Di Lauro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Vazquez DE, Niño DF, De Maio A, Cauvi DM. Sustained expression of lipocalin-2 during polymicrobial sepsis. Innate Immun 2014; 21:477-89. [PMID: 25227123 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914548491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major healthcare problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. There is no dependable diagnosis, and treatment for this condition remains mainly supportive. The etiology of sepsis is related to an overwhelming inflammatory response. In this regard, the antimicrobial protein lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) has been associated with several inflammatory conditions, but its contribution to polymicrobial sepsis is unclear. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and Lcn2 mRNA levels and protein expression were measured in liver and lung tissues. We observed that Lcn2 expression was robustly induced in liver and lung of C57BL/6 J (B6) mice, and remained elevated during the stage of innate immune dysfunction observed in sepsis. This response was different in A/J mice, suggesting a contribution of the genetic background, probably due to differences in IL-10 expression between these two mouse strains. Indeed, IL-10 was found to regulate Lcn2 expression in both primary and J774A.1 macrophages. Thus, Lcn2 expression is highly regulated during CLP-induced sepsis, suggesting that this antimicrobial protein could have a role as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Vazquez
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diego F Niño
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antonio De Maio
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Center for Investigations of Health and Education Disparities, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David M Cauvi
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Lippi G, Meschi T, Nouvenne A, Mattiuzzi C, Borghi L. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in cancer. Adv Clin Chem 2014; 64:179-219. [PMID: 24938019 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800263-6.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), also known as lipocalin-2, is a 178-amino acid protein which exists in three molecular forms, including a 25-kDa monomer, a 45-kDa homodimer, and a 135-kDa heterodimer complexed with matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Polymorphonuclear neutrophils and tubular cells of the kidney are the most representative cellular sources. As such, NGAL is now considered the biochemical gold standard for early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Recent evidence suggests, however, that ectopic or enhanced expression of NGAL may occur in many other pathologic conditions including cancer. Several epidemiologic studies, as reviewed in this chapter, showed that a variety of malignant tumors consistently overexpressed NGAL with increased concentration in blood, urine, and other biologic fluids. In addition, NGAL was frequently associated with tumor size, stage, and invasiveness. These features thus make it a potential biomarker for malignancy. A number of experimental studies also demonstrated that the ability to bind MMP-9, to scavenge iron into cancer cells along with the effect on subcellular localization of transmembrane proteins such as cadherins and catenins, confers this protein the potential to enhance can cer aggressiveness and makes it an appealing target of future anticancer research.
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Roth-Walter F, Pacios LF, Gomez-Casado C, Hofstetter G, Roth GA, Singer J, Diaz-Perales A, Jensen-Jarolim E. The major cow milk allergen Bos d 5 manipulates T-helper cells depending on its load with siderophore-bound iron. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104803. [PMID: 25117976 PMCID: PMC4130594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of allergic sensitization to milk are still elusive. The major allergen Bos d 5 belongs to the lipocalin-family and thus is able to transport numerous ligands. In this study we investigated its ability to bind to iron-siderophore complexes and tested the immune-modulatory properties of Bos d 5 in either forms. Structural and in silico docking analysis of Bos d 5 revealed that Bos d 5 is able to bind to iron via catechol-based flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin, luteolin) that act as siderophores as confirmed by spectral-analysis and iron staining. Calculated dissociation constants of docking analyses were below 1 µM by virtual addition of iron. When incubated with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), only the apo-form of Bos d 5 led to an increase of CD4+positive cells and significantly elevated IL13 and IFNγ-levels. In contrast, holo-Bos d 5 decreased numbers of CD4 expressing cells and induced apoptosis. Taken together, our data give evidence that Bos d 5 is capable of binding iron via siderophores. Moreover, our data support for the first time the notion that the form of application (apo- or holo-form) is decisive for the subsequent immune response. The apo-form promotes Th2 cells and inflammation, whereas the holo-form appears to be immunosuppressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis F. Pacios
- Biotechnology Department, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Gomez-Casado
- Biotechnology Department, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerlinde Hofstetter
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg A. Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Singer
- Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Araceli Diaz-Perales
- Biotechnology Department, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Lipocalin-2 deficiency attenuates neuroinflammation and brain injury after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1306-14. [PMID: 24780901 PMCID: PMC4126090 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a secreted protein of the lipocalin family, but little is known about the expression or the role of LCN2 in the central nervous system. Here, we investigated the role of LCN2 in ischemic stroke using a rodent model of transient cerebral ischemia. Lipocalin-2 expression was highly induced in the ischemic brain and peaked at 24 hours after reperfusion. After transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, LCN2 was predominantly expressed in astrocytes and endothelial cells, whereas its receptor (24p3R) was mainly detected in neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. Brain infarct volumes, neurologic scores, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeabilities, glial activation, and inflammatory mediator expression were significantly lower in LCN2-deficient mice than in wild-type animals. Lipocalin-2 deficiency also attenuated glial neurotoxicity in astrocyte/neuron cocultures after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Our results indicate LCN2 has a critical role in brain injury after ischemia/reperfusion, and that LCN2 may contribute to neuronal cell death in the ischemic brain by promoting neurotoxic glial activation, neuroinflammation, and BBB disruption.
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Halabian R, Roudkenar MH, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Hosseini KM, Tehrani HA. Co-culture of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing lipocalin 2 with HK-2 and HEK293 cells protects the kidney cells against cisplatin-induced injury. Cell Biol Int 2014; 39:152-63. [PMID: 25049146 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is now being used for its cytoprotective effects, especially when the cells are equipped with cytoprotective factors to strengthen them against unfavorable microenvironments. Overexpression of Lcn2 in MSCs mimics in vivo kidney injury. Hence, unraveling how Lcn2-engineered MSCs affect kidney cells has been investigated. Cisplatin treated HK-2 or HEK293 kidney cells were co-cultivated with Lcn2 overexpressing MSCs in upper and lower chambers of transwell plates. Proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of growth factors and cytokines were assessed in the kidney cells. Co-cultivation with the MSCs-Lcn2 not only inhibited cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in the HK-2 and HEK293 cells, but increased proliferation rate, prevented cisplatin-induced apoptosis, and increased expression of growth factors and the amount of antioxidants in the kidney cells. Thus Lcn2-engineered MSCs can ameliorate and repair injured kidney cells in vitro, which strongly suggests there are beneficial effects of the MSCs-Lcn2 in cell therapy of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Halabian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Jin M, Jang E, Suk K. Lipocalin-2 Acts as a Neuroinflammatogen in Lipopolysaccharide-injected Mice. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:155-62. [PMID: 24963280 PMCID: PMC4065829 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a key mediator of various cellular processes. Recent studies have indicated that LCN2 also plays an important role in central nervous system (CNS) injuries and neurological diseases, such as spinal cord injury, stroke, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we investigated the role of LCN2 in a rodent model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. At 24 hours after intraperitoneal injection of LPS, LCN2 expression was strongly induced in the brain; LCN2 was mainly expressed in endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia. Next, we used LCN2-deficient mice to further investigate the role of LCN2 in neuroinflammation. LCN2 deficiency attenuated LPS-induced glial activation in the brain. In a mechanistic study employing glia/neuron co-cultures, LCN2 deficiency reduced glial neurotoxicity. Our results indicate that LCN2 plays a central role in the neuroinflammatory responses following LPS administration, and that LCN2 might contribute to the uncontrolled neurotoxic glial activation under excessive and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungwon Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Eunha Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
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Roth-Walter F, Gomez-Casado C, Pacios LF, Mothes-Luksch N, Roth GA, Singer J, Diaz-Perales A, Jensen-Jarolim E. Bet v 1 from birch pollen is a lipocalin-like protein acting as allergen only when devoid of iron by promoting Th2 lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17416-21. [PMID: 24798325 PMCID: PMC4067174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.567875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that allergens are at the borderline of self and non-self and, through as yet elusive circumstances, mount a Th2 response for allergic sensitization. The major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 is considered the prototype for the PR-10 protein family causing respiratory allergy. Here, we give structural evidence that Bet v 1 is a lipocalin-like protein with a striking structural resemblance to human lipocalin 2. Lipocalin 2 is highly expressed in the lung where it exerts immunoregulatory functions dependent on being loaded with siderophore-bound iron (holo-form) or not (apo-form). We demonstrate that similar to lipocalin 2, Bet v 1 is capable of binding iron via catechol-based siderophores. Thereby, calculated Kd values of 66 nm surpassed affinities to known ligands nearly by a power of 10. Moreover, we give functional evidence of the immunomodulatory capacity of Bet v 1 being dependent on its iron-loaded state. When incubated to human immune cells, only the apo-form of Bet v 1, but not the holo-form, was able to promote Th2 cells secreting IL13. These results provide for the first time a functional understanding on the allergenicity of Bet v 1 and a basis for future allergen immunotherapies counteracting Th2 immune responses on a molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- From the Comparative Medicine Unit, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, and University of Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina Gomez-Casado
- the Biotechnology Department, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis F Pacios
- the Biotechnology Department, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Georg A Roth
- the Department of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, and
| | - Josef Singer
- the Unit of Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Araceli Diaz-Perales
- the Biotechnology Department, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- From the Comparative Medicine Unit, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, and University of Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria, the Unit of Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Xu B, Jin DY, Lou WH, Wang DS. Lipocalin-2 is associated with a good prognosis and reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer. World J Surg 2014; 37:1892-900. [PMID: 23539193 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-013-2009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipocalin-2 is a multifaceted modulator in cancer progression. Its clinical significance is not clear in pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether lipocalin-2 is associated with good prognosis by reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in pancreatic cancer. METHODS Lipocalin-2, E-cadherin, or vimentin expression was detected in 60 pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens. Correlations between lipocalin-2 expression and EMT, the clinicopathologic characteristics, and prognosis were investigated. Whether pancreatic cancer cells' migration and invasion (some characteristics of EMT) were affected by lipocalin-2 was also explored. RESULTS High lipocalin-2 expression was significantly associated with a good prognosis in pancreatic cancer (p < 0.05). Overexpression of lipocalin-2 correlated with a lower extent of EMT (p < 0.05), increased E-cadherin expression (p < 0.05), decreased vimentin expression (p < 0.05), and reduced cancer cell migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS Lipocalin-2 may be considered an epithelial inducer, which may reverse EMT and predict a good prognosis in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Shinriki S, Jono H, Ueda M, Obayashi K, Nakamura T, Ota K, Ota T, Sueyoshi T, Guo J, Hayashi M, Hiraki A, Nakayama H, Yamashita S, Shinohara M, Ando Y. Stromal expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin correlates with poor differentiation and adverse prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2013; 64:356-64. [PMID: 24118080 DOI: 10.1111/his.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a member of the lipocalin superfamily. Although its overexpression in various cancers has been reported, little is known about its expression and clinical significance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to elucidate the clinical significance of NGAL in OSCC. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated NGAL expression immunohistochemically in tumour cells and stromal cells in 96 OSCC tissues. NGAL expression in tumour cells correlated significantly with histological tumour cell differentiation, as shown by its specific distribution in the horn pearl-forming keratinized tumour cells, but not with other major clinicopathological parameters. We found NGAL(+) cells in the stroma that were predominantly myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils. The number of such NGAL-expressing stromal cells was associated significantly with poor differentiation and reduced overall survival in OSCC. The prognostic value of stromal NGAL expression was significant in a univariate analysis, while only a trend was found in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show the clinical significance of stromal NGAL expression, which may be an indicator of poor prognosis and more aggressive histological grade in OSCC. Our data suggest that NGAL expression in tumour cells and expression in stroma are associated in different ways with OSCC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Shinriki
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Chien MH, Ying TH, Yang SF, Yu JK, Hsu CW, Hsieh SC, Hsieh YH. Lipocalin-2 induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through activation of mitochondria pathways. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 64:177-86. [PMID: 22707293 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted, iron-binding glycoprotein that is abnormally expressed in some malignant human cancers. However, the roles of LCN2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells are unknown. In this study, we suggested the LCN2 and LCN2R were weak detected in the HCC cell lines, LCN2 and LCN2R were found to be down-regulated in tumor tissues in 16 HCC patients. MTT, DAPI, TUNEL, and flow cytometry analyses revealed that LCN2 overexpression dramatically inhibited cell viability, induced apoptosis features of cell-cycle arrest in sub-G1 phase, in DNA fragmentation, and in condensation of chromatin in Huh-7 and SK-Hep-1 cells. Western blots were used to detect the activation of caspase, pro-apoptosis, and anti-apoptosis protein expression in overexpress-LCN2 HCC cells. LCN2-induced apoptosis was characterized by cleavage of caspase-9, -8, -3, and PARP protein, and a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Furthermore, LCN2 also enhanced the down-regulated Bcl-2 and up-regulated the expression of Bax. In addition, our experiments with caspase inhibitors LEHD-FMK and IETD-FMK prevent LCN2-induced apoptosis. We also demonstrated that treatment of overexpress-LCN2 HCC cells with the LCN2 neutralized antibody also significantly attenuated LCN2-induced cell apoptosis. These findings indicate that LCN2 overexpression can effectively induce apoptosis of HCC cells and may be used as a potent therapy against human HCC.
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Abstract
Glial reaction is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have suggested that reactive astrocytes gain neurotoxic properties, but exactly how reactive astrocytes contribute to neurotoxicity remains to be determined. Here, we identify lipocalin 2 (lcn2) as an inducible factor that is secreted by reactive astrocytes and that is selectively toxic to neurons. We show that lcn2 is induced in reactive astrocytes in transgenic rats with neuronal expression of mutant human TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) or RNA-binding protein fused in sarcoma (FUS). Therefore, lcn2 is induced in activated astrocytes in response to neurodegeneration, but its induction is independent of TDP-43 or FUS expression in astrocytes. We found that synthetic lcn2 is cytotoxic to primary neurons in a dose-dependent manner, but is innocuous to astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Lcn2 toxicity is increased in neurons that express a disease gene, such as mutant FUS or TDP-43. Conditioned medium from rat brain slice cultures with neuronal expression of mutant TDP-43 contains abundant lcn2 and is toxic to primary neurons as well as neurons in cultured brain slice from WT rats. Partial depletion of lcn2 by immunoprecipitation reduced conditioned medium-mediated neurotoxicity. Our data indicate that reactive astrocytes secrete lcn2, which is a potent neurotoxic mediator.
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Hopfe M, Deenen R, Degrandi D, Köhrer K, Henrich B. Host cell responses to persistent mycoplasmas--different stages in infection of HeLa cells with Mycoplasma hominis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54219. [PMID: 23326599 PMCID: PMC3543322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis is a facultative human pathogen primarily associated with bacterial vaginosis and pelvic inflammatory disease, but it is also able to spread to other sites, leading to arthritis or, in neonates, meningitis. With a minimal set of 537 annotated genes, M. hominis is the second smallest self-replicating mycoplasma and thus an ideal model organism for studying the effects of an infectious agent on its host more closely. M. hominis adherence, colonisation and invasion of HeLa cells were characterised in a time-course study using scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and microarray-based analysis of the HeLa cell transcriptome. At 4 h post infection, cytoadherence of M. hominis to the HeLa cell surface was accompanied by differential regulation of 723 host genes (>2 fold change in expression). Genes associated with immune responses and signal transduction pathways were mainly affected and components involved in cell-cycle regulation, growth and death were highly upregulated. At 48 h post infection, when mycoplasma invasion started, 1588 host genes were differentially expressed and expression of genes for lysosome-specific proteins associated with bacterial lysis was detected. In a chronically infected HeLa cell line (2 weeks), the proportion of intracellular mycoplasmas reached a maximum of 10% and M. hominis-filled protrusions of the host cell membrane were seen by confocal microscopy, suggesting exocytotic dissemination. Of the 1972 regulated host genes, components of the ECM-receptor interaction pathway and phagosome-related integrins were markedly increased. The immune response was quite different to that at the beginning of infection, with a prominent induction of IL1B gene expression, affecting pathways of MAPK signalling, and genes connected with cytokine-cytokine interactions and apoptosis. These data show for the first time the complex, time-dependent reaction of the host directed at mycoplasmal clearance and the counter measures of this pestering pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hopfe
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Jang E, Lee S, Kim J, Kim J, Seo J, Lee W, Mori K, Nakao K, Suk K. Secreted protein lipocalin‐2 promotes microglial M1 polarization. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-222257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Jang
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
| | - Shinrye Lee
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
| | - Jong‐Heon Kim
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
| | - Jae‐Hong Kim
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
| | - Jung‐Wan Seo
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
| | - Won‐Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of PharmacologyBrain Science and Engineering InstituteCell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI)Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDaeguKorea
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Suk K. Proteomic analysis of glioma chemoresistance. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 10:72-9. [PMID: 22942880 PMCID: PMC3286849 DOI: 10.2174/157015912799362733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most common and destructive form of primary brain tumor. Along with surgery and radiation, chemotherapy remains as the major treatment modality. The emergence of drug resistance, however, often leads to a therapeutic failure in the treatment of glioma, precluding long-term survival of the patients. A proteomic approach has recently been adapted for the mechanistic analysis of glioma drug resistance. The proteomic analysis of drug-resistant glioma led to the discovery of novel biomarkers that can be used for the prognosis of glioma as well as for monitoring the drug response or resistance of glioma. These proteomics-based biomarkers can also be a druggable target that one can exploit for successful glioma chemotherapy. In this review, recent reports on proteomic analysis of glioma from the perspective of chemoresistance are discussed with a focus on the proteome profiles of glioma cells that are resistant to the alkylating agent, 1, 3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), as a prime example. Among numerous proteins that were up- or down-regulated in drug-resistant glioma cells, lipocalin 2 (LCN2) and integrin β3 (ITGB3) were identified as key proteins that determine the survival and death of glioma cells. LCN2, ITGB3, and other proteins identified by proteomic analysis could be utilized to overcome glioma chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Correnti C, Richardson V, Sia AK, Bandaranayake AD, Ruiz M, Rahmanto YS, Kovačević Ž, Clifton MC, Holmes MA, Kaiser BK, Barasch J, Raymond KN, Richardson DR, Strong RK. Siderocalin/Lcn2/NGAL/24p3 does not drive apoptosis through gentisic acid mediated iron withdrawal in hematopoietic cell lines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43696. [PMID: 22928018 PMCID: PMC3424236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Siderocalin (also lipocalin 2, NGAL or 24p3) binds iron as complexes with specific siderophores, which are low molecular weight, ferric ion-specific chelators. In innate immunity, siderocalin slows the growth of infecting bacteria by sequestering bacterial ferric siderophores. Siderocalin also binds simple catechols, which can serve as siderophores in the damaged urinary tract. Siderocalin has also been proposed to alter cellular iron trafficking, for instance, driving apoptosis through iron efflux via BOCT. An endogenous siderophore composed of gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) substituents was proposed to mediate cellular efflux. However, binding studies reported herein contradict the proposal that gentisic acid forms high-affinity ternary complexes with siderocalin and iron, or that gentisic acid can serve as an endogenous siderophore at neutral pH. We also demonstrate that siderocalin does not induce cellular iron efflux or stimulate apoptosis, questioning the role siderocalin plays in modulating iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Correnti
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vera Richardson
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allyson K. Sia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ashok D. Bandaranayake
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mario Ruiz
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid, UVa-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Yohan Suryo Rahmanto
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Žaklina Kovačević
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew C. Clifton
- Emerald Biostructures, Bainbridge Island, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases (SSGCID), Washington, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Holmes
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brett K. Kaiser
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Barasch
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail: (DRR); (RKS)
| | - Roland K. Strong
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DRR); (RKS)
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Hsin IL, Hsiao YC, Wu MF, Jan MS, Tang SC, Lin YW, Hsu CP, Ko JL. Lipocalin 2, a new GADD153 target gene, as an apoptosis inducer of endoplasmic reticulum stress in lung cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 263:330-7. [PMID: 22800509 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is activated under severe cellular conditions. GADD153, a member of the C/EBP family, is an unfolded protein response (UPR) responsive transcription factor. Increased levels of lipocalin 2, an acute phase protein, have been found in several epithelial cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the function of lipocalin 2 in lung cancer cells under ER stress. Treatment with thapsigargin, an ER stress activator, led to increases in cytotoxicity, ER stress, apoptosis, and lipocalin 2 expression in A549 cells. GADD153 silencing decreased lipocalin 2 expression in A549 cells. On chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, ER stress increased GADD153 DNA binding to lipocalin 2 promoter. Furthermore, silencing of lipocalin 2 mitigated ER stress-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells. Our findings demonstrated that lipocalin 2 is a new GADD153 target gene that mediates ER stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lun Hsin
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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Correnti C, Strong RK. Mammalian siderophores, siderophore-binding lipocalins, and the labile iron pool. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13524-31. [PMID: 22389496 PMCID: PMC3340207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r111.311829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use tight-binding, ferric-specific chelators called siderophores to acquire iron from the environment and from the host during infection; animals use proteins such as transferrin and ferritin to transport and store iron. Recently, candidate compounds that could serve endogenously as mammalian siderophore equivalents have been identified and characterized through associations with siderocalin, the only mammalian siderophore-binding protein currently known. Siderocalin, an antibacterial protein, acts by sequestering iron away from infecting bacteria as siderophore complexes. Candidate endogenous siderophores include compounds that only effectively transport iron as ternary complexes with siderocalin, explaining pleiotropic activities in normal cellular processes and specific disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Correnti
- From the Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Roland K. Strong
- From the Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
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Xu B, Zheng WY, Jin DY, Wang DS, Liu XY, Qin XY. Treatment of pancreatic cancer using an oncolytic virus harboring the lipocalin-2 gene. Cancer 2012; 118:5217-26. [PMID: 22517373 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-year survival rate for patients with pancreatic cancer is <5%, and it is always resistant to the current chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, new, effective agents for the treatment of pancreatic cancer are urgently needed. The promising strategy of cancer-targeting gene virotherapy (CTGVT) has demonstrated great anticancer potential. The objective of the current study was to determine whether 1 CTGVT approach, oncolytic virus (OV)-harboring lipocalin-2, is capable of treating pancreatic cancer. METHODS Tissue microarrays were constructed to detect the expression of lipocalin-2 in 60 specimens of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The clinical significance of lipocalin-2 was investigated in an analysis of correlations between lipocalin-2 expression and matched clinical characteristics. A lipocalin-2-expressing OV, ZD55-lipocalin-2, was constructed by deleting the adenoviral protein E1B55kD. The antitumor efficacy and mechanisms of the OV were investigated in pancreatic cancer cells with v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Lipocalin-2 expression was correlated with a good prognosis in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. ZD55-lipocalin-2 dramatically inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo by inducing cytolysis and caspase-dependent apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Higher lipocalin-2 expression predicted a better prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. The results indicated that ZD55-lipocalin-2, which specifically expressed higher levels of lipocalin-2 in tumor cells, may serve as a potent anticancer drug for pancreatic cancer therapy, especially for patients who have pancreatic adenocarcinoma with KRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Evidence of an evolutionarily conserved LMBR1 domain-containing protein that associates with endocytic cups and plays a role in cell migration in dictyostelium discoideum. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 11:401-16. [PMID: 22307974 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05186-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ampA gene plays a role in Dictyostelium discoideum cell migration. Loss of ampA function results in reduced ability of growing cells to migrate to folic acid and causes small plaques on bacterial lawns, while overexpression of AmpA results in a rapid-migration phenotype and correspondingly larger plaques than seen with wild-type cells. To help understand how the ampA gene functions, second-site suppressors were created by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) mutagenesis. These mutants were selected for their ability to reduce the large plaque size of the AmpA overexpresser strain. The lmbd2B gene was identified as a suppressor of an AmpA-overexpressing strain. The lmbd2B gene product belongs to the evolutionarily conserved LMBR1 protein family, some of whose known members are endocytic receptors associated with human diseases, such as anemia. In order to understand lmbd2B function, mRFP fusion proteins were created and lmbd2B knockout cell lines were established. Our findings indicate that the LMBD2B protein is found associated with endocytic cups. It colocalizes with proteins that play key roles in endocytic events and is localized to ruffles on the dorsal surfaces of growing cells. Vegetative lmbd2B-null cells display defects in cell migration. These cells have difficulty sensing the chemoattractant folic acid, as indicated by a decrease in their chemotactic index. lmbd2B-null cells also appear to have difficulty establishing a front/back orientation to facilitate migration. A role for lmbd2B in development is also suggested. Our research gives insight into the function of a previously uncharacterized branch of the LMBR1 family of proteins. We provide evidence of an LMBR1 family plasma membrane protein that associates with endocytic cups and plays a role in chemotaxis.
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45
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Lee S, Kim JH, Kim JH, Seo JW, Han HS, Lee WH, Mori K, Nakao K, Barasch J, Suk K. Lipocalin-2 Is a chemokine inducer in the central nervous system: role of chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) in lipocalin-2-induced cell migration. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43855-43870. [PMID: 22030398 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.299248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted protein lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has been implicated in diverse cellular processes, including cell morphology and migration. Little is known, however, about the role of LCN2 in the CNS. Here, we show that LCN2 promotes cell migration through up-regulation of chemokines in brain. Studies using cultured glial cells, microvascular endothelial cells, and neuronal cells suggest that LCN2 may act as a chemokine inducer on the multiple cell types in the CNS. In particular, up-regulation of CXCL10 by JAK2/STAT3 and IKK/NF-κB pathways in astrocytes played a pivotal role in LCN2-induced cell migration. The cell migration-promoting activity of LCN2 in the CNS was verified in vivo using mouse models. The expression of LCN2 was notably increased in brain following LPS injection or focal injury. Mice lacking LCN2 showed the impaired migration of astrocytes to injury sites with a reduced CXCL10 expression in the neuroinflammation or injury models. Thus, the LCN2 proteins, secreted under inflammatory conditions, may amplify neuroinflammation by inducing CNS cells to secrete chemokines such as CXCL10, which recruit additional inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinrye Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Jung-Wan Seo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Hyung-Soo Han
- Department of Physiology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- Departments of School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jonathan Barasch
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Korea.
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Lipocalin-2 controls neuronal excitability and anxiety by regulating dendritic spine formation and maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:18436-41. [PMID: 21969573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107936108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress causes adaptive changes in the nervous system directed toward maintaining homoeostasis. These biochemical and structural mechanisms regulate animal behavior, and their malfunction may result in various forms of affective disorders. Here we found that the lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) gene, encoding a secreted protein of unknown neuronal function, was up-regulated in mouse hippocampus following psychological stress. Addition of lipocalin-2 to cultured hippocampal neurons reduced dendritic spine actin's mobility, caused retraction of mushroom spines, and inhibited spine maturation. These effects were further enhanced by inactivating iron-binding residues of Lcn-2, suggesting that they were facilitated by the iron-free form of Lcn-2. Concurrently, disruption of the Lcn2 gene in mice promoted stress-induced increase in spine density and caused an increase in the proportion of mushroom spines. The above changes correlated with higher excitability of CA1 principal neurons and with elevated stress-induced anxiety in Lcn-2(-/-) mice. Our study demonstrates that lipocalin-2 promotes stress-induced changes in spine morphology and function to regulate neuronal excitability and anxiety.
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CESUR SEMRA, YUCEL AYKAN, NOYAN VOLKAN, SAGSOZ NEVIN. Plasma lipocalin-2 levels in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 91:112-116. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Roudkenar MH, Halabian R, Bahmani P, Roushandeh AM, Kuwahara Y, Fukumoto M. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: A new antioxidant that exerts its cytoprotective effect independent on Heme Oxygenase-1. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:810-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.581279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Grove KL, Fried SK, Greenberg AS, Xiao XQ, Clegg DJ. A microarray analysis of sexual dimorphism of adipose tissues in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34:989-1000. [PMID: 20157318 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A sexual dimorphism exists in body fat distribution; females deposit relatively more fat in subcutaneous/inguinal depots whereas males deposit more fat in the intra-abdominal/gonadal depot. Our objective was to systematically document depot- and sex-related differences in the accumulation of adipose tissue and gene expression, comparing differentially expressed genes in diet-induced obese mice with mice maintained on a chow diet. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a microarray approach to determine whether there are sexual dimorphisms in gene expression in age-matched male, female or ovariectomized female (OVX) C57/BL6 mice maintained on a high-fat (HF) diet. We then compared expression of validated genes between the sexes on a chow diet. RESULTS After exposure to a high fat diet for 12 weeks, females gained less weight than males. The microarray analyses indicate in intra-abdominal/gonadal adipose tissue in females 1642 genes differ by at least twofold between the depots, whereas 706 genes differ in subcutaneous/inguinal adipose tissue when compared with males. Only 138 genes are commonly regulated in both sexes and adipose tissue depots. Inflammatory genes (cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions and acute-phase protein synthesis) are upregulated in males when compared with females, and there is a partial reversal after OVX, where OVX adipose tissue gene expression is more 'male-like'. This pattern is not observed in mice maintained on chow. Histology of male gonadal white adipose tissue (GWAT) shows more crown-like structures than females, indicative of inflammation and adipose tissue remodeling. In addition, genes related to insulin signaling and lipid synthesis are higher in females than males, regardless of dietary exposure. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that male and female adipose tissue differ between the sexes regardless of diet. Moreover, HF diet exposure elicits a much greater inflammatory response in males when compared with females. This data set underscores the importance of analyzing depot-, sex- and steroid-dependent regulation of adipose tissue distribution and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Grove
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
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