1
|
Hassan A, Mohsen R, Rezk A, Bangay G, Rijo P, Soliman MFM, G. A. Hablas M, Swidan KAK, Mohammed TS, Zoair MA, Mohamed AAK, Abdalrhman TI, Abdel-aleem Desoky AM, Mohamed DD, Mohamed DD, Abd El Maksoud AI, Mohamed AF. Enhancement of Vitamin C's Protective Effect against Thimerosal-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Cerebral Cortex of Wistar Albino Rats: An In Vivo and Computational Study. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8973-8984. [PMID: 38434836 PMCID: PMC10905602 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin C was examined to ameliorate the neurotoxicity of thimerosal (THIM) in an animal model (Wistar albino rats). In our work, oxidative and antioxidative biomarkers such as SOD, LPO, and GSH were investigated at various doses of THIM with or without concurrent vitamin C administration. Furthermore, the adverse effects of THIM on hepatic tissue and cerebral cortex morphology were examined in the absence or presence of associated vitamin C administration. Also, we studied the effect of vitamin C on the metallothionein isoforms (MT-1, MT-2, and MT-3) in silico and in vivo using the RT-PCR assay. The results showed that the antioxidant biomarker was reduced as the THIM dose was raised and vice versa. THIM-associated vitamin C reduced the adverse effects of the THIM dose. The computation studies demonstrated that vitamin C has a lower ΔG of -4.9 kcal/mol compared to -4.1 kcal/mol for THIM to bind to the MT-2 protein, which demonstrated that vitamin C has a greater ability to bind with MT-2 than THIM. This is due to multiple hydrogen bonds that exist between vitamin C and MT-2 residues Lys31, Gln23, Cys24, and Cys29, and the sodium ion represents key stabilizing interactions. Hydrogen bonds involve electrostatic interactions between hydrogen atom donors (e.g., hydroxyl groups) and acceptors (e.g., carbonyl oxygens). The distances between heavy atoms are typically 2.5-3.5 Å. H-bonds provide directed, high-affinity interactions to anchor the ligand to the binding site. The five H-bonds formed by vitamin C allow it to form a stable complex with MT, while THIM can form two H-bonds with Gln23 and Cys24. This provides less stabilization in the binding pocket, contributing to the lower affinity compared to vitamin C. The histopathological morphologies in hepatic tissue displayed an expansion in the portal tract and the hepatocytes surrounding the portal tract, including apoptosis, binucleation, and karyomegaly. The histopathological morphologies in the brain tissue revealed a significant decrease in the number of Purkinje cells due to THIM toxicity. Interestingly, THIM toxicity was associated with hemorrhage and astrogliosis. Both intracellular and vasogenic edema appeared as the concentrations of THIM rose. Finally, vitamin C ameliorated the adverse effect on the cerebral cortex in Wistar albino rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Hassan
- Department
of Bioinformatics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research
Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Reham Mohsen
- College
of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Science and Arts (MSA), University Giza, Giza 11456, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Rezk
- College
of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Science and Arts (MSA), University Giza, Giza 11456, Egypt
| | - Gabrielle Bangay
- CBIOS—Research
Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal
- Facultad
de Farmacia, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas (Área
de Farmacología; Nuevos agentes antitumorales, Acción
tóxica sobre células leucémicas), Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km. 33, Alcalá de Henares 600 28805, Madrid, Espana
| | - Patrícia Rijo
- CBIOS—Research
Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1749-024, Portugal
| | - Mona F. M. Soliman
- Department
of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G. A. Hablas
- Department
of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez University, Suez 43221, Egypt
| | | | - Tahseen S. Mohammed
- Department
of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A. Zoair
- Department
of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar
University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Abir A. Khalil Mohamed
- Department
of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Girls Branch, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Tamer I. Abdalrhman
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | | | - Dalia D. Mohamed
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Research Institute (GEBRI), University of
Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Doaa D. Mohamed
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Research Institute (GEBRI), University of
Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I. Abd El Maksoud
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Research Institute (GEBRI), University of
Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Aly F. Mohamed
- Holding
Company for Vaccine and Sera Production (VACSERA), Giza 22311, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krizkova S, Ryvolova M, Masarik M, Zitka O, Adam V, Hubalek J, Eckschlager T, Kizek R. Modern bioanalysis of proteins by electrophoretic techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1129:381-396. [PMID: 24648089 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-977-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1957, protein rich in cysteine able to bind cadmium was isolated from horse kidney and named as metallothionein according to its structural properties. Further, this protein and metallothionein-like proteins have been found in tissues of other animal species, yeasts, fungi and plants. MT is as a potential cancer marker in the focus of interest, and its properties, functions, and behavior under various conditions are intensively studied. Our protocol describes separation of two major mammalian isoforms of MT (MT-1 and MT-2) using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with UV detector. This protocol enables separation of MT isoforms and studying of their basic behavior as well as their quantification with detection limit in units of ng per μL. Sodium borate buffer (20 mM, pH 9.5) was optimized as a background electrolyte, and the separation was carried out in fused silica capillary with internal diameter of 75 μm and electric field intensity of 350 V/cm. Optimal detection wavelength was 254 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu M, Yang L, Wang Q. Chemical interactions of mercury species and some transition and noble metals towards metallothionein (Zn7MT-2) evaluated using SEC/ICP-MS, RP-HPLC/ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS. Metallomics 2013; 5:855-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
4
|
Falnoga I, Zelenik Pevec A, Šlejkovec Z, Žnidarič MT, Zajc I, Mlakar SJ, Marc J. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) influences the gene expression of metallothioneins in human glioblastoma cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 149:331-9. [PMID: 22555517 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3); ATO, TRISENOX®) is used to treat patients with refractory or relapsed acute promyelocytic leukaemia while its application for treatment of solid cancers like glioblastoma is still under evaluation. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of arsenic trioxide with metallothionein (MT) isoforms as a possible (protective response) resistance of glioblastoma cells to arsenic-induced cytotoxicity. Special attention was focused on MT3, the isoform expressed mainly in the brain. MT3 has low metal inducibility, fast metal binding/releasing properties and outstanding neuronal inhibitory activity. The human astrocytoma (glioblastoma) cell line U87 MG was treated with 0.6, 2 and 6-7 μM arsenic (equivalent to 0.3, 1 and 3-3.5 μM As(2)O(3)) for 12, 24 or 48 h and gene expression for different MT isoforms, namely MT2A, MT1A, MT1F, MT1X, MT1E and MT3, was measured by real time qPCR using SYBR Green I and Taqman® gene expression assays. TfR, 18S rRNA, GAPDH and AB were tested as reference genes, and the last two evaluated to be appropriate in conditions of low (GAPDH) and high (AB) arsenic exposure. The gene expression of MT3 gene was additionally tested and confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis with PvuII. In the given conditions the mRNAs of six MT isoforms were identified in human glioblastoma cell line U87 MG. Depending on arsenic exposure conditions, an increase or decrease of MT gene expression was observed for each isoform, with the highest increase for isoforms MT1X, MT1F and MT2A mRNA (up to 13-fold) and more persistent decreases for MT1A, MT1E and MT3 mRNA. Despite the common assumption of the noninducibility of MT3, the evident MT3 mRNA increase was observed during high As exposure (up to 4-fold). In conclusion, our results clearly demonstrate the influence of As on MT isoform gene expression. The MT1X, MT1F and MT2A increase could represent brain tumour acquired resistance to As cytotoxicity while the MT3 increase is more enigmatic, with its possible involvement in arsenic-related induction of type II cell death.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yeter D, Deth R. ITPKC susceptibility in Kawasaki syndrome as a sensitizing factor for autoimmunity and coronary arterial wall relaxation induced by thimerosal's effects on calcium signaling via IP3. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11:903-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
6
|
Ryvolova M, Adam V, Kizek R. Analysis of metallothionein by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1226:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
7
|
Gold implants and increased expression of metallothionein-I/II as a novel hypothesized therapeutic approach for autism. Toxicology 2011; 283:63-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Gallagher CM, Meliker JR. Total blood mercury, plasma homocysteine, methylmalonic acid and folate in US children aged 3-5 years, NHANES 1999-2004. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:1399-1405. [PMID: 21295329 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mercury is a known neurotoxicant; however, the relationship between childhood exposures and neurodevelopmental outcomes is uncertain, and may be modified by nutrition-related susceptibilities. In vitro studies found that mercury inhibited methionine synthase, an enzyme that interacts with vitamin B-12 and folate to regenerate the amino acid methionine from homocysteine, and inhibition of methionine synthase diverted homocysteine to cysteine and glutathione synthesis. The relationships between mercury, homocysteine, B-12, and folate have not been examined in children. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate associations between Hg and homocysteine in male and female children differentiated by higher and lower methylmalonic acid (MMA, an indicator of vitamin B-12 deficiency) and folate status. DESIGN Cross-sectional data on total blood mercury (Hg), plasma homocysteine, MMA, and serum folate were obtained from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for children aged 3-5 years (n=1005). We used multiple linear regression to evaluate relationships between homocysteine and Hg quartiles, stratified by sex, MMA ≥ and folate < sample medians, adjusted for demographic, anthropometric, and environmental factors. RESULTS In boys with higher MMA and lower folate (n=135), but not in other children, we observed inverse associations between homocysteine and Hg. Children with Hg >3.49 μmol/L showed 1.14 μmol/L lower homocysteine (p<0.001) relative to the lowest quartile (≤ 0.70 μmol/L) {p-value for trend<0.001}. Compared to other subsamples, this subsample had significantly higher homocysteine levels. CONCLUSION Hg was inversely correlated with plasma homocysteine in young boys, but not girls, with higher MMA and lower folate. Additional studies are merited to evaluate Hg and amino acid metabolism in susceptible children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Gallagher
- Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center Level 3, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8338, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dórea JG. Integrating Experimental (In Vitro and In Vivo) Neurotoxicity Studies of Low-dose Thimerosal Relevant to Vaccines. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:927-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
10
|
Peculiarities of the Molecular Structure and Functions of Metallothioneins in the Central Nervous System. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-010-9113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
11
|
Hewitson L, Houser LA, Stott C, Sackett G, Tomko JL, Atwood D, Blue L, White ER. Delayed acquisition of neonatal reflexes in newborn primates receiving a thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine: influence of gestational age and birth weight. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:1298-1313. [PMID: 20711932 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.484709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether acquisition of neonatal reflexes in newborn rhesus macaques was influenced by receipt of a single neonatal dose of hepatitis B vaccine containing the preservative thimerosal (Th). Hepatitis B vaccine containing a weight-adjusted Th dose was administered to male macaques within 24 h of birth (n = 13). Unexposed animals received saline placebo (n = 4) or no injection (n = 3). Infants were tested daily for acquisition of nine survival, motor, and sensorimotor reflexes. In exposed animals there was a significant delay in the acquisition of root, snout, and suck reflexes, compared with unexposed animals. No neonatal responses were significantly delayed in unexposed animals. Gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) were not significantly correlated. Cox regression models were used to evaluate main effects and interactions of exposure with BW and GA as independent predictors and time-invariant covariates. Significant main effects remained for exposure on root and suck when controlling for GA and BW, such that exposed animals were relatively delayed in time-to-criterion. Interaction models indicated there were various interactions between exposure, GA, and BW and that inclusion of the relevant interaction terms significantly improved model fit. This, in turn, indicated that lower BW and/or lower GA exacerbated the adverse effects following vaccine exposure. This primate model provides a possible means of assessing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes from neonatal Th-containing hepatitis B vaccine exposure, particularly in infants of lower GA or BW. The mechanisms underlying these effects and the requirements for Th requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hewitson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dufault R, Schnoll R, Lukiw WJ, LeBlanc B, Cornett C, Patrick L, Wallinga D, Gilbert SG, Crider R. Mercury exposure, nutritional deficiencies and metabolic disruptions may affect learning in children. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2009; 5:44. [PMID: 19860886 PMCID: PMC2773803 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among dietary factors, learning and behavior are influenced not only by nutrients, but also by exposure to toxic food contaminants such as mercury that can disrupt metabolic processes and alter neuronal plasticity. Neurons lacking in plasticity are a factor in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and mental retardation. Essential nutrients help maintain normal neuronal plasticity. Nutritional deficiencies, including deficiencies in the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, the amino acid methionine, and the trace minerals zinc and selenium, have been shown to influence neuronal function and produce defects in neuronal plasticity, as well as impact behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutritional deficiencies and mercury exposure have been shown to alter neuronal function and increase oxidative stress among children with autism. These dietary factors may be directly related to the development of behavior disorders and learning disabilities. Mercury, either individually or in concert with other factors, may be harmful if ingested in above average amounts or by sensitive individuals. High fructose corn syrup has been shown to contain trace amounts of mercury as a result of some manufacturing processes, and its consumption can also lead to zinc loss. Consumption of certain artificial food color additives has also been shown to lead to zinc deficiency. Dietary zinc is essential for maintaining the metabolic processes required for mercury elimination. Since high fructose corn syrup and artificial food color additives are common ingredients in many foodstuffs, their consumption should be considered in those individuals with nutritional deficits such as zinc deficiency or who are allergic or sensitive to the effects of mercury or unable to effectively metabolize and eliminate it from the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roseanne Schnoll
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Departments of Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Charles Cornett
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, USA
| | - Lyn Patrick
- Contributing Editor, Alternative Medicine Review, Durango, CO, USA
| | - David Wallinga
- Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Steven G Gilbert
- Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders, 8232 14th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Minami T, Miyata E, Sakamoto Y, Kohama A, Yamazaki H, Ichida S. Expression of metallothionein mRNAs on mouse cerebellum microglia cells by thimerosal and its metabolites. Toxicology 2009; 261:25-32. [PMID: 19386279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Effects of thimerosal and its metabolites, ethyl mercury and thiosalicylate, on the expression of metallothionein (MT) mRNAs in mouse cerebellum microglia cell line, C8-B4 cells, were studied. The level of MT-1 mRNA significantly decreased at early hours and recovered time-dependently 24h after thimerosal was added to the C8-B4 cells. However, MT-2 and MT-3 mRNA expressions did not change from the control group. In contrast, the expression of MT-1 mRNA increased in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line 6h after incubation with thimerosal. In addition, the level of MT-1 mRNA decreased in C8-B4 cells 6h after the addition of thiosalicylate, but ethyl mercury induced MT-1 mRNA expression. When cell viability was compared with thimerosal, thiosalicylate, and ethyl mercury, the viability of C8-B4 cells decreased dose-dependently 24h after either thimerosal or ethyl mercury was added; however, the viability increased dose-dependently until 15 microM thiosalicylate was added. From the present results, it is concluded that the expression of MT-1 mRNA may be mediated by different factors than the expression of MT-2 mRNA in C8-B4 cells. The reduction of MT-1 mRNA level by thiosalicylate may affect the proliferation of C8-B4 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Minami
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science & Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|