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Burda R, Křemen R, Némethová M, Burda J. Clinical usage of ischemic tolerance-where are its limits? Asian J Surg 2024:S1015-9584(24)01058-3. [PMID: 38824026 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.05.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic tolerance is a robust internal defense mechanism of all living organisms. The effectiveness of this mechanism has been repeatedly demonstrated in experiments, but a comprehensive review of the clinical applicability of this phenomenon in practice has not yet been published. The results in clinical practice sound ambiguous and unconvincing in comparison with the results of experimental studies. Also, in many localities, the effect of ischemic tolerance was not clinically proven. For the reasons mentioned, the authors analyze the possible causes of the mentioned discrepancies and provide a comprehensive insight into the possible relevant clinical use of this phenomenon in practice for different groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Burda
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Rastislavova 43, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Trauma Surgery, Louis Pasteur University Hospital, Rastislavova 43, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Róbert Křemen
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Rastislavova 43, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Trauma Surgery, Louis Pasteur University Hospital, Rastislavova 43, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Némethová
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Burda
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
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Zarrinkalam E, Arabi SM, Komaki A, Ranjbar K. The preconditioning effect of different exercise training modes on middle cerebral artery occlusion induced-behavioral deficit in senescent rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17992. [PMID: 37483773 PMCID: PMC10362108 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain abilities decrease after brain stroke in elderly. The neuroprotective effect of exercise training has been proved in clinical trials and animal experiment. Nevertheless, it is not still clear what kind of exercise has greater protective effect. The present study aimed at investigating pre-conditioning effect of endurance, resistance, and concurrent training on learning ability, anxiety, and spatial memory in aged rats following stroke strength with middle cerebral artery occlusion. Method We used 50 male Wistar rats (age = 24 months) that were assigned randomly in five groups; 1: sham group, 2: Control group 3: Endurance training 4: Resistance training, and 5: concurrent training. The exercise training groups received training for four weeks. Following training, middle cerebral artery occlusion was applied to induce cerebral ischemia. Using the elevated plus maze, shuttle box test, and Morris water maze, neurocognitive functions were tested in the sample rats. Results It was found that resistance training did not affect spatial memory in the acquisition phase, while concurrent training and endurance training enhanced spatial memory in the acquisition phase. On the contrary, spatial memory was improved by resistance training in the retention phase, while concurrent and endurance exercises did not affect spatial memory in the retention phase. Passive avoidance learning ability at acquisition phase was more in resistance group compared to the endurance and concurrent training in shuttle box test, but in retention phase was similar between training groups. Unlike endurance and concurrent training, resistance training reduced anxiety in senescent rats. Conclusion All three exercise types alleviated aversive learning and memory impairment induced by stroke in senescent rats. Notably, the resistance training showed a greater protective effect compared to the other two training methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Zarrinkalam
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Manizheh Arabi
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Kamal Ranjbar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Burda R, Burda J, Morochovič R. Ischemic Tolerance—A Way to Reduce the Extent of Ischemia–Reperfusion Damage. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060884. [PMID: 36980225 PMCID: PMC10047660 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual tissues have significantly different resistance to ischemia–reperfusion damage. There is still no adequate treatment for the consequences of ischemia–reperfusion damage. By utilizing ischemic tolerance, it is possible to achieve a significant reduction in the extent of the cell damage due to ischemia–reperfusion injury. Since ischemia–reperfusion damage usually occurs unexpectedly, the use of preconditioning is extremely limited. In contrast, postconditioning has wider possibilities for use in practice. In both cases, the activation of ischemic tolerance can also be achieved by the application of sublethal stress on a remote organ. Despite very encouraging and successful results in animal experiments, the clinical results have been disappointing so far. To avoid the factors that prevent the activation of ischemic tolerance, the solution has been to use blood plasma containing tolerance effectors. This plasma is taken from healthy donors in which, after exposure to two sublethal stresses within 48 h, effectors of ischemic tolerance occur in the plasma. Application of this activated plasma to recipient animals after the end of lethal ischemia prevents cell death and significantly reduces the consequences of ischemia–reperfusion damage. Until there is a clear chemical identification of the end products of ischemic tolerance, the simplest way of enhancing ischemic tolerance will be the preparation of activated plasma from young healthy donors with the possibility of its immediate use in recipients during the initial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Burda
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Rastislavova 43, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Louis Pasteur University Hospital, Rastislavova 43, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
| | - Jozef Burda
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Radoslav Morochovič
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Rastislavova 43, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Louis Pasteur University Hospital, Rastislavova 43, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
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Fan GB, Li Y, Xu GS, Zhao AY, Jin HJ, Sun SQ, Qi SH. Propofol Inhibits Ferroptotic Cell Death Through the Nrf2/Gpx4 Signaling Pathway in the Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:956-966. [PMID: 36402927 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of iron and lipid peroxides, which are involved in ischemia, reperfusion-induced organ injury, and stroke. Propofol, an anesthetic agent, has neuroprotective effects due to its potent antioxidant, anti-ischemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the relationship between propofol and ferroptosis is still unclear. In the current study, we elucidated the role of ferroptosis in the neuroprotective effect of propofol in mouse brains subjected to cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI). Ferroptosis was confirmed by Western blotting assays, transmission electron microscopy, and glutathione assays. Propofol regulated Nrf2/Gpx4 signaling, enhanced antioxidant potential, inhibited the accumulation of lipid peroxides in CIRI-affected neurons, and significantly reversed CIRI-induced ferroptosis. Additionally, Gpx4 inhibitor RSL3 and Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 attenuated the effects of propofol on antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis in CIRI-affected neurons. Our data support a protective role of propofol against ferroptosis as a cause of cell death in mice with CIRI. Propofol protected against CIRI-induced ferroptosis partly by regulating the Nrf2/Gpx4 signaling pathway. These findings may contribute to the development of future therapies targeting ferroptosis induced by CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Bo Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Gao-Shuo Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - A-Yang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Si-Qi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Si-Hua Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
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Burda J, Burda R. Ischemic tolerance - blessing or curse. Physiol Res 2021; 70:661-670. [PMID: 34505532 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of knowledge about ischemic tolerance to clinic requires the solid understanding of mechanism of creation of this phenomenon. This review summarizes research that has been carried out in many laboratories over a long period of time, but the main focus will be on own experimental research. The main emphasis is devoted to the possibility of preparing full tolerance in the donor's body and its transfer to the patient in the form of activated blood plasma. Such plasma could be administered as soon as the patient is transported to the hospital and would take effect immediately after administration to the patient's bloodstream. One chapter is also devoted to anticonditioning, i.e. the possibility of preventing the activation of tolerance. Anticonditioning could be used to treat oncologic patients. We expect that this method could increase effectiveness of cancer treatment. Cross-tolerance with a wide range of diverse stressors gives us the courage to assume that activated plasma can significantly help with a wide range of pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burda
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic. Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Trauma Surgery, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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Danková M, Domoráková I, Fagová Z, Stebnický M, Mechírová E. Induction of ischemic tolerance by remote perconditioning or postconditioning as neuroprotective strategy for spinal cord motor neurons. Life Sci 2021; 283:119789. [PMID: 34256043 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study is focused on the investigation of the mechanisms leading to ischemic tolerance acquisition in the spinal cord neurons via application of non-invasive method of remote conditioning. MATERIAL AND METHODS We have verified the possibility of neuroprotection of spinal cord in rabbit by using remote perconditioning (PerC) applied during last 12 min of spinal cord ischemia (SC-ischemia) or postconditioning (PostC) applied after 1st (early) or 3rd (late) h of reperfusion. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by occlusion of the aorta below the left renal artery for 20 min. Reperfusion period was 24 or 72 h. Remote conditioning was induced by compression of left forelimb with a tourniquet in 3 cycles of 2 min of ischemia, each followed by 2 min of reperfusion. Damaged neurons were detected by Fluoro Jade B method and the modified Tarlov score was used for functional assessment. KEY FINDINGS The remote conditioning significantly attenuated degeneration of motor neurons in all remote conditioned groups versus both SC-ischemia groups. We detected significant changes in number of Hsp70 positive motor neurons. At 72time point, in the group with remote late PostC we observed significant increase (p < 0.001) of Hsp70 positive motor neurons versus SC- ischemia group and sham control. There was a trend towards improvement of hindlimbs movement. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed the effectiveness of remote conditioning as a neuroprotective strategy, evidenced by induction of ischemic tolerance leading to decrease of motor neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Danková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Sasinkova 4, 811 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Iveta Domoráková
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Fagová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Milan Stebnický
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic; Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Surgery and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Rastislavova 43, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Eva Mechírová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
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Li CY, Ma W, Liu KP, Yang JW, Wang XB, Wu Z, Zhang T, Wang JW, Liu W, Liu J, Liang Y, Zhang XK, Li JJ, Guo JH, Li LY. Different ischemic duration and frequency of ischemic postconditioning affect neuroprotection in focal ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 346:108921. [PMID: 32888963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have confirmed that "in situ ischemia postconditioning" (ISPostC) and "remote ischemic postconditioning" (RIPostC) can reduce cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, but there is no comparison was made on the consistency of neuroprotection in ISPostC and RIPostC to different ischemic duration and number of cycles. NEW METHOD We used a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model to compare the neuroprotection of ISPostC and RIPostC. We conducted ISPostC and RIPostC via brief and repeated MCA and Femoral artery occlusion followed by different ischemic duration and number of cycles. Infarct volume, brain edema, Neurological deficit scores and Apoptosis were evaluated. RESULTS First, the ISPostC with three cycles of 10-s occlusion/30-s release of both carotid arteries and the RIPostC with three cycles of 10-min occlusion/10-min release of the left and right femoral arteries can obviously reduce cerebral infarction size, brain edema, apoptosis, and improve behavioral deficits than other approaches. Second, three cycles of ischemia/reperfusion may be the best for RIPostC. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) In this paper, we compared different ischemic duration and frequency of ISPostC and RIPostC models to determine the best method. This conclusion helps to unify the experimental methods. CONCLUSIONS Different ischemic duration and frequency of ischemic postconditioning affect neuroprotection. three cycles of 10-s occlusion/30-s release of both carotid arteries and three cycles of 10-min occlusion/10-min release of both femoral arteries could be the first choice to study mechanisms of ischemic postconditioning and be conducive to the unification of research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Wei Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Kuang-Pin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Jin-Wei Yang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Xian-Bin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Zhen Wu
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yu Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xing-Kui Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Jun-Jun Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Jian-Hui Guo
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Li-Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Khan H, Kashyap A, Kaur A, Singh TG. Pharmacological postconditioning: a molecular aspect in ischemic injury. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1513-1527. [PMID: 33460133 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is defined as the damage to the tissue which is caused when blood supply returns to tissue after ischaemia. To protect the ischaemic tissue from irreversible injury, various protective agents have been studied but the benefits have not been clinically applicable due to monotargeting, low potency, late delivery or poor tolerability. KEY FINDINGS Strategies involving preconditioning or postconditioning can address the issues related to the failure of protective therapies. In principle, postconditioning (PoCo) is clinically more applicable in the conditions in which there is unannounced ischaemic event. Moreover, PoCo is an attractive beneficial strategy as it can be induced rapidly at the onset of reperfusion via series of brief I/R cycles following a major ischaemic event or it can be induced in a delayed manner. Various pharmacological postconditioning (pPoCo) mechanisms have been investigated systematically. Using different animal models, most of the studies on pPoCo have been carried out preclinically. SUMMARY However, there is a need for the optimization of the clinical protocols to quicken pPoCo clinical translation for future studies. This review summarizes the involvement of various receptors and signalling pathways in the protective mechanisms of pPoCo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ankita Kashyap
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Wang C, Bi X, Wang M, Zhao X, Lin Y. Dual-Channel Online Optical Detection Platform Integrated with a Visible Light Absorption Approach for Continuous and Simultaneous in Vivo Monitoring of Ascorbic Acid and Copper(II) Ions in a Living Rat Brain. Anal Chem 2019; 91:16010-16016. [PMID: 31738535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinyu Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Manchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
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Burda R, Morochovič R, Némethová M, Burda J. Remote ischemic postconditioning as well as blood plasma from double-conditioned donor ameliorate reperfusion syndrome in skeletal muscle. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2019; 54:59-65. [PMID: 31702408 DOI: 10.1080/2000656x.2019.1688163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the possibility of preparation and effectiveness of the use of blood plasma containing an effector of ischemic tolerance activated by applying two sublethal stresses to a donor. As sublethal stresses, two periods of 20-minute hindlimb ischemia were used with a two-day interval between them. Active plasma was isolated six hours after the second hindlimb ischemia. The effectiveness of active plasma as well as remote postconditioning was tested after three hours of tourniquet-induced ischemia on the gastrocnemius muscle. The wet/dry ratio of gastrocnemius muscle (degree of tissue oedema), nitroblue tetrazolium reduction (tissue necrosis), and CatWalk test (hind limb functionality) were evaluated 24 h after the end of ischemia. Three hours of ischemia increased muscle oedema and necrosis in comparison to control by 26.72% (p < 0.001) and 41.58% (p < 0.001) respectively. Remote ischemic postconditioning as well as injection of conditioned blood plasma significantly prevented these changes, even when they were applied one or three hours after the end of ischemia. Equally effective double-conditioned plasma appears to have better prospects in life-threatening situations such as stroke and myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Burda
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Radoslav Morochovič
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Košice, Slovakia.,University of P.J. Šafarik, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Némethová
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Center Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Burda
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Center Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
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Danková M, Domoráková I, Fagová Z, Stebnický M, Kunová A, Mechírová E. Bradykinin and noradrenaline preconditioning influences level of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD and catalase in the white matter of spinal cord in rabbits after ischemia/reperfusion. Eur J Histochem 2019; 63. [PMID: 31631645 PMCID: PMC6802454 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2019.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of present work is to assess the effects of bradykinin (Br) or noradrenaline (Nor) preconditioning to the levels of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and catalase in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model in the rabbit spinal cord white matter as well as effect on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin immunoreaction in glial cells. Rabbits were preconditioned by intraperitoneal single dose of Br or Nor 48 h prior to 20 min of ischemia followed by 24 or 48 h of reperfusion. White matter of L3-L6 spinal cord segments was used for comparison of antioxidant enzyme levels in sham control, ischemic groups and four preconditioned groups. The total SOD level in the Br or Nor preconditioned groups after 48 h of reperfusion was increased vs Br or Nor preconditioned groups after 24 h of reperfusion. The comparison among the ischemic group vs Br preconditioned (P<0.05), and Nor preconditioned (P<0.001) groups after 48 h of reperfusion, showed statistically significant decrease of Mn-SOD activity. Tissue catalase level activity was significantly decreased in the Br preconditioned group after 48 h of reperfusion (P<0.05) and Nor preconditioned groups after 24 h of reperfusion (P<0.001) and also after 48 h of reperfusion (P<0.001), in comparison to ischemic group after 48 h of reperfusion. Significantly decreased tissue catalase activity (P<0.05) in both Nor preconditioned groups after 24 or 48 h of reperfusion was measured vs Br preconditioned group after 48 h of reperfusion. According to our results, in the white matter, activation of stress proteins in glial cells, as well as antioxidant enzymes levels, were influenced by pharmacological preconditioning followed by 20 min of ischemia and 24 or 48 h of reperfusion. These changes contribute to ischemic tolerance acquisition and tissue protection from oxidative stress during reperfusion period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Danková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice.
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Li H, Luo XB, Xu Y, Hou XY. A Brief Ischemic Postconditioning Protects Against Amyloid-β Peptide Neurotoxicity by Downregulating MLK3-MKK3/6-P38MAPK Signal in Rat Hippocampus. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:671-684. [PMID: 31424393 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligomeric amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is associated with dysfunctional neuronal networks and neuronal loss in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ischemic postconditioning protects against post-ischemic excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory process that have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Evaluating the roles of ischemic postconditioning in oligomeric Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and underlying signal events may provide potential strategy for medical therapy in AD. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to explore whether and how a brief ischemic postconditioning protects against Aβ neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. METHODS Oligomeric Aβ25-35 (20 nmol/rat) or Aβ1-42 (5 nmol/rat) was infused by intracerebroventricular injection in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Ischemic postconditioning, a brief episode of global brain ischemia (3 min), was conducted at 1, 3, or 7 days after Aβ treatment, respectively. RESULTS A brief ischemic postconditioning reduced neuronal loss and inhibited the activation of MLK3, MKK3/6, and P38MAPKs in rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields after Aβ oligomer infusion. An N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist amantadine, but not non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX, reversed the MLK3-MKK3/6-P38MAPK signal events and beneficial effect of ischemic postconditioning on neuronal survival. Such reversion was also realized by NVP-AAM077, a GluN2A-subunit-selective NMDA receptor antagonist. Moreover, posttreatment with low doses of NMDA (5 nmol-40 nmol/rat) suppressed the Aβ-induced P38MAPK signaling and imitated the neuroprotection of ischemic postconditioning against Aβ neurotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Ischemic postconditioning provides neuroprotection against Aβ neurotoxicity by moderate upregulation of NMDA receptor signaling, especially GluN2A-containing NMDA receptor pathway, and thereafter downregulation of MLK3-MKK3/6-P38MAPK signal events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Lanigan SM, O'Connor JJ. Prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors: can multiple mechanisms be an opportunity for ischemic stroke? Neuropharmacology 2018; 148:117-130. [PMID: 30578795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke and cerebrovascular disease are now the fifth most common cause of death behind other diseases such as heart, cancer and respiratory disease and accounts for approximately 40-50 fatalities per 100,000 people each year in the United States. Currently the only therapy for acute stroke, is intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator which was approved in 1996 by the FDA. Surprisingly no new treatments have come on the market since, although endovascular mechanical thrombectomy is showing promising results in trials. Recently focus has shifted towards a preventative therapy rather than trying to reverse or limit the amount of damage occurring following stroke onset. During one of the components of ischemia, hypoxia, a number of physiological changes occur within neurons which include the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors. The activity of these proteins is regulated by O2, Fe2+, 2-OG and ascorbate-dependant hydroxylases which contain prolyl-4-hydroxylase domains (PHDs). PHD inhibitors are capable of pharmacologically activating the body's own endogenous adaptive response to low levels of oxygen and have therefore become an attractive therapeutic target for treating ischemia. They have been widely used in the periphery and have been shown to have a preconditioning and protective effect against a later and more severe ischemic insult. Currently there are a number of these agents in phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials for the treatment of anemia. In this review we assess the neuroprotective effects of PHD inhibitors, including dimethyloxalylglycine and deferoxamine and suggest that not all of their effects in the CNS are HIF-dependent. Unravelling new roles and a better understanding of the function of PHD inhibitors in the CNS may be of great benefit especially when investigating their use in the treatment of stroke and other ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead M Lanigan
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John J O'Connor
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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14
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Doeppner TR, Zechmeister B, Kaltwasser B, Jin F, Zheng X, Majid A, Venkataramani V, Bähr M, Hermann DM. Very Delayed Remote Ischemic Post-conditioning Induces Sustained Neurological Recovery by Mechanisms Involving Enhanced Angioneurogenesis and Peripheral Immunosuppression Reversal. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:383. [PMID: 30420796 PMCID: PMC6216109 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic conditioning is defined as a transient and subcritical period of ischemia integrated in an experimental paradigm that involves a stimulus of injurious ischemia, activating endogenous tissue repair mechanisms that lead to cellular protection under pathological conditions like stroke. Whereas ischemic pre-conditioning is irrelevant for stroke treatment, ischemic post-conditioning, and especially non-invasive remote ischemic post-conditioning (rPostC) is an innovative and potential strategy for stroke treatment. Although rPostC has been shown to induce neuroprotection in stroke models before, resulting in some clinical trials on the way, fundamental questions with regard to its therapeutic time frame and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Hence, we herein used a model of non-invasive rPostC of hind limbs after cerebral ischemia in male C57BL6 mice, studying the optimal timing for the application of rPostC and its underlying mechanisms for up to 3 months. Mice undergoing rPostC underwent three different paradigms, starting with the first cycle of rPostC 12 h, 24 h, or 5 days after stroke induction, which is a very delayed time point of rPostC that has not been studied elsewhere. rPostC as applied within 24 h post-stroke induces reduction of infarct volume on day three. On the contrary, very delayed rPostC does not yield reduction of infarct volume on day seven when first applied on day five, albeit long-term brain injury is significantly reduced. Likewise, very delayed rPostC yields sustained neurological recovery, whereas early rPostC (i.e., <24 h) results in transient neuroprotection only. The latter is mediated via heat shock protein 70 that is a well-known signaling protein involved in the pathophysiological cellular cascade of cerebral ischemia, leading to decreased proteasomal activity and decreased post-stroke inflammation. Very delayed rPostC on day five, however, induces a pleiotropic effect, among which a stimulation of angioneurogenesis, a modulation of the ischemic extracellular milieu, and a reversal of the stroke-induced immunosuppression occur. As such, very delayed rPostC appears to be an attractive tool for future adjuvant stroke treatment that deserves further preclinical attention before large clinical trials are in order, which so far have predominantly focused on early rPostC only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bozena Zechmeister
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- Department of Neurology, University Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Fengyan Jin
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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15
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Ischemic postconditioning confers cerebroprotection by stabilizing VDACs after brain ischemia. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1033. [PMID: 30305621 PMCID: PMC6180002 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning provides robust neuroprotection, therefore, determining the molecular events may provide promising targets for stroke treatment. Here, we showed that the expression of functional mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel proteins (VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3) reduced in rat vulnerable hippocampal CA1 subfield after global ischemia. Ischemic postconditioning restored VDACs to physiological levels. Stabilized VDACs contributed to the benefits of postconditioning. VDAC1 was required for maintaining neuronal Ca2+ buffering capacity. We found that microRNA-7 (miR-7) was responsible for postischemic decline of VDAC1 and VDAC3. Notably, miR-7 was more highly expressed in the peripheral blood of patients with acute ischemic stroke compared to healthy controls. Inhibition of miR-7 attenuated neuronal loss and ATP decline after global ischemia, but also diminished the infarct volume with improved neurological functions after focal ischemia. Thus, ischemic postconditioning protects against mitochondrial damage by stabilizing VDACs. MiR-7 may be a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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16
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Yunoki M, Kanda T, Suzuki K, Uneda A, Hirashita K, Yoshino K. Ischemic Tolerance of the Brain and Spinal Cord: A Review. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2017; 57:590-600. [PMID: 28954945 PMCID: PMC5709712 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2017-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic tolerance is an endogenous neuroprotective phenomenon induced by sublethal ischemia. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), the first discovered form of ischemic tolerance, is widely seen in many species and in various organs including the brain and the spinal cord. Ischemic tolerance of the spinal cord is less familiar among neurosurgeons, although it has been reported from the viewpoint of preventing ischemic spinal cord injury during aortic surgery. It is important for neurosurgeons to have opportunities to see patients with spinal cord ischemia, and to understand ischemic tolerance of the spinal cord as well as the brain. IPC has a strong neuroprotective effect in animal models of ischemia; however, clinical application of IPC for ischemic brain and spinal diseases is difficult because they cannot be predicted. In addition, one drawback of preconditioning stimuli is that they are also capable of producing injury with only minor changes to their intensity or duration. Numerous methods to induce ischemic tolerance have been discovered that vary in their timing and the site at which short-term ischemia occurs. These methods include ischemic postconditioning (IPoC), remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), remote ischemic perconditioning (RIPerC) and remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPoC), which has had a great impact on clinical approaches to treatment of ischemic brain and spinal cord injury. Especially RIPerC and RIPoC to induce spinal cord tolerance are considered clinically useful, however the evidence supporting these methods is currently insufficient; further experimental or clinical research in this area is thus necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenta Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kagawa Rosai Hospital
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17
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Postconditioning-induced neuroprotection, mechanisms and applications in cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:43-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Kaur I, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Evidence for the role of histaminergic pathways in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:456-470. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Indresh Kaur
- Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
| | - Amteshwar S. Jaggi
- Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
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19
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Overview of Experimental and Clinical Findings regarding the Neuroprotective Effects of Cerebral Ischemic Postconditioning. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6891645. [PMID: 28473987 PMCID: PMC5394355 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6891645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on attenuating the structural and functional deficits observed following ischemia-reperfusion has become increasingly focused on the therapeutic potential of ischemic postconditioning. In recent years, various methods and animal models of ischemic postconditioning have been utilized. The results of these numerous studies have indicated that the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning may involve reductions in the generation of free radicals and inhibition of calcium overload, as well as the release of endogenous active substances, alterations in membrane channel function, and activation of protein kinases. Here we review the novel discovery, mechanism, key factors, and clinical application of ischemic postconditioning and discuss its implications for future research and problem of clinical practice.
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20
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Jiang M, Sun L, Feng DX, Yu ZQ, Gao R, Sun YZ, Chen G. Neuroprotection provided by isoflurane pre-conditioning and post-conditioning. Med Gas Res 2017; 7:48-55. [PMID: 28480032 PMCID: PMC5402347 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.202910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane, a volatile and inhalational anesthetic, has been extensively used in perioperative period for several decades. A large amount of experimental studies have indicated that isoflurane exhibits neuroprotective properties when it is administrated before or after (pre-conditioning and post-conditioning) neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., hypoxic ischemia, stroke and trauma). Multiple mechanisms are involved in isoflurane induced neuroprotection, including activation of glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, antagonism of ionic channels and alteration of the function and activity of other cellular proteins. Although neuroprotection provided by isoflurane is observed in many animal studies, convincing evidence is lacking in human trials. Therefore, there is still a long way to go before translating its neuroprotective properties into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Zheng-Quan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan-Zhao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaian Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical University and Huaian Second People's Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Huaian Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical University and Huaian Second People's Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
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21
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Effect of Hyperhomocysteinemia on Redox Balance and Redox Defence Enzymes in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and/or After Ischemic Preconditioning in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1417-1431. [PMID: 28210876 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased level of homocysteine (hHcy) in plasma is an accompanying phenomenon of many diseases, including a brain stroke. This study determines whether hyperhomocysteinemia (which is a risk factor of brain ischemia) itself or in combination with ischemic preconditioning affects the ischemia-induced neurodegenerative changes, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipoperoxidation, protein oxidation, and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the rat brain cortex. The hHcy was induced by subcutaneous administration of homocysteine (0.45 μmol/g body weight) twice a day in 8 h intervals for 14 days. Rats were preconditioned by 5 min ischemia. Two days later, 15 min of global forebrain ischemia was induced by four vessel's occlusion. The study demonstrates that in the cerebral cortex, hHcy alone induces progressive neuronal cell death and morphological changes. Neuronal damage was associated with the pro-oxidative effect of hHcy, which leads to increased ROS formation, peroxidation of lipids and oxidative alterations of cortical proteins. Ischemic reperfusion injury activates degeneration processes and de-regulates redox balance which is aggravated under hHcy conditions and leads to the augmented lipoperoxidation and protein oxidation. If combined with hHcy, ischemic preconditioning could preserve the neuronal tissue from lethal ischemic effect and initiates suppression of lipoperoxidation, protein oxidation, and alterations of redox enzymes with the most significant effect observed after prolonged reperfusion. Increased prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in the Western population and crucial role of elevated Hcy level in the pathogenesis of neuronal disorders makes this amino acid as an interesting target for future research. Understanding the multiple etiological mechanisms and recognition of the co-morbid risk factors that lead to the ischemic/reperfusion injury and ischemic tolerance is therefore important for developing therapeutic strategies in human brain stroke associated with the elevated level of Hcy.
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22
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23
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Neuroprotective effect of hypobaric hypoxic postconditioning is accompanied by dna protection and lipid peroxidation changes in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2016; 639:49-52. [PMID: 28025115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to explore the effect of severe hypobaric hypoxia (180Torr, 3h) and severe hypoxia followed by hypoxic postconditioning (360Torr, 2h, 3 episodes) on DNA fragmentation and dynamics of lipid peroxidation products in rat hippocampus. The severe hypoxia induced intense DNA fragmentation in the hippocampus. A persistent decrease of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the hippocampus was also detected in response to severe hypoxia while the levels of Schiff bases did not significantly change. The postconditioning prevented severe hypoxia-induced DNA fragmentation, returned the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances to the baseline and decreased the levels of Schiff bases. These findings indicate that the neuroprotective effect of hypoxic postconditioning on hippocampal neurons detected as suppression of hypoxia-induced DNA fragmentation is accompanied by the changes in lipid peroxidation processes.
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24
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Nemethova M, Talian I, Danielisova V, Tkacikova S, Bonova P, Bober P, Matiasova M, Sabo J, Burda J. Delayed bradykinin postconditioning modulates intrinsic neuroprotective enzyme expression in the rat CA1 region after cerebral ischemia: a proteomic study. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1391-1403. [PMID: 27393013 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyramidal cells in the CA1 brain region exhibit an ischemic tolerance after delayed postconditioning; therefore, this approach seems to be a promising neuroprotective procedure in cerebral postischemic injury improvement. However, little is known about the effect of postconditioning on protein expression patterns in the brain, especially in the affected hippocampal neurons after global cerebral ischemia. This study is focused on the examination of the ischemia-vulnerable CA1 neuronal layer and on the acquisition of protection from delayed neuronal death after ischemia. Ischemic-reperfusion injury was induced in Wistar rats and bradykinin was applied 2 days after the ischemic insult in an attempt to overcome delayed cell death. Analysis of complex peptide CA1 samples was performed by automated two dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) fractionation coupled to tandem matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry instrumentation. We devoted our attention to differences in protein expression mapping in ischemic injured CA1 neurons in comparison with equally affected neurons, but with bradykinin application. Proteomic analysis identified several proteins occurring only after postconditioning and control, which could have a potentially neuroprotective influence on ischemic injured neurons. Among them, the prominent position occupies a regulator of glutamate level aspartate transaminase AATC, a scavenger of glutamate in brain neuroprotection after ischemia-reperfusion. We identified this enzyme in controls and after postconditioning, but AATC presence was not detected in the ischemic injured CA1 region. This finding was confirmed by two-dimensional differential electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS identification. Results suggest that bradykinin as delayed postconditioning may be associated with modulation of protein expression after ischemic injury and thus this procedure can be involved in neuroprotective metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Talian
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | - Sona Tkacikova
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Petra Bonova
- Institute of Neurobiology, SAS, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Bober
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | - Jan Sabo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Burda
- Institute of Neurobiology, SAS, Kosice, Slovakia
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25
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Doeppner TR, Doehring M, Kaltwasser B, Majid A, Lin F, Bähr M, Kilic E, Hermann DM. Ischemic Post-Conditioning Induces Post-Stroke Neuroprotection via Hsp70-Mediated Proteasome Inhibition and Facilitates Neural Progenitor Cell Transplantation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6061-6073. [PMID: 27699598 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In view of the failure of pharmacological therapies, alternative strategies promoting post-stroke brain repair are needed. Post-conditioning is a potentially promising therapeutic strategy, which induces acute neuroprotection against ischemic injury. To elucidate longer lasting actions of ischemic post-conditioning, mice were exposed to a 60-min stroke and post-conditioning by an additional 10-min stroke that was induced 10 min after reperfusion onset. Animals were sacrificed 24 h or 28 days post-stroke. Post-conditioning reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits 24 h post-stroke, enhancing blood-brain barrier integrity, reducing brain leukocyte infiltration, and reducing oxidative stress. On the molecular level, post-conditioning yielded increased Hsp70 expression, whereas nuclear factor (NF)-κB and proteasome activities were decreased. Reduced infarct volume and proteasome inhibition were reversed by Hsp70 knockdown, suggesting a critical role of the Hsp70 proteasome pathway in ischemic post-conditioning. The survival-promoting effects of ischemic post-conditioning, however, were not sustainable as neuroprotection and neurological recovery were lost 28 days post-stroke. Although angioneurogenesis was not increased by post-conditioning, the favorable extracellular milieu facilitated intracerebral transplantation of neural progenitor cells 6 h post-stroke, resulting in persisted neuroprotection and neurological recovery. Thus, post-conditioning might support brain repair processes, but in view of its transient, neuroprotection is unlikely useful as stroke therapy in its current form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany. .,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Maria Doehring
- Oberhavel Kliniken, Department of Internal Medicine, Oranienburg, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fengyan Lin
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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Xenon-delayed postconditioning attenuates spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation AKT and ERK signaling pathways in rats. J Neurol Sci 2016; 368:277-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Lalkovičová M, Bonová P, Burda J, Danielisová V. Effect of Bradykinin Postconditioning on Ischemic and Toxic Brain Damage. Neurochem Res 2015. [PMID: 26216051 PMCID: PMC4536273 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain damage caused by ischemia or toxic agents leads in selectively vulnerable regions to apoptosis-like delayed neuronal death and can result in irreversible damage. Selectively vulnerable neurons of the CA1 area of hippocampus are particularly sensitive to ischemic damage. We investigated the effects of bradykinin (BR) postconditioning on cerebral ischemic and toxic injury. Transient forebrain ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion for 10 min and toxic injury was induced by trimethyltin (TMT, 8 µg/kg i.p.). BR as a postconditioner at a dose of 150 µg/kg was applied intraperitoneally 48 h after ischemia or TMT intoxication. Experimental animals were divided into groups according to the length of survival (short—3 and 7 days, and long—28 days survival) and according to the applied ischemic or toxic injury. Glutamate concentration was lowered in both CA1 and dentate gyrus areas of hippocampus after the application of BR postconditioning in both ischemic and toxic brain damage. The number of degenerated neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region was significantly lower in BR-treated ischemic and toxic groups compared to vehicle group. The behavioral test used in our experiments confirms also the memory improvement in conditioned animals. The rats’ ability to form spatial maps and learn was preserved, which is visible from our Barnes maze results. By using the methods of delayed postconditioning is possible to stimulate the endogenous protective mechanisms of the organism and induce the neuroprotective effect. In this study we demonstrated that BR postconditioning, if applied before the onset of irreversible neurodegenerative changes, induced neuroprotection against ischemic or toxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Lalkovičová
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 04001, Kosice, Slovak Republic,
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28
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Kaur H, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Pharmacologic investigations on the role of Sirt-1 in neuroprotective mechanism of postconditioning in mice. J Surg Res 2015; 197:191-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Opening the window: Ischemic postconditioning reduces the hyperemic response of delayed tissue plasminogen activator and extends its therapeutic time window in an embolic stroke model. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:55-62. [PMID: 26123846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that ischemic postconditioning (PC) changes the reperfusion pattern in permanent or transient models of stroke and confers neuroprotection. However, the effects of PC and subsequent use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for the treatment of embolic stroke have not yet been investigated. Rats were subjected to stroke by injection of a preformed clot into the middle cerebral artery and randomly assigned to vehicle (saline 0.1 ml/100 g), tPA (3 mg/kg), PC only or PC+tPA (3 mg/kg). tPA was injected at 6 h after embolic stroke and PC was conducted at 6.5 h after ischemia by using five cycles of a 10 s occlusion and 30 s of reopening of the bilateral common carotid arteries. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was monitored for 60 min from the time of tPA injection. Infarct size, blood brain barrier disruption, edema, neurological deficits, reactive oxygen species and apoptosis were measured 2 days later. PC decreased infarct volume, but PC+tPA was more neuroprotective than PC alone. While tPA alone dramatically increased CBF, conducting PC caused a gradual increase in CBF. A combination of PC+tPA reduced BBB leakage, brain edema, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species levels. Furthermore, a combination of PC+tPA improved neurological functions at 48 h after the induced stroke. In conclusion, PC hampered malignant hyperemia after reperfusion with tPA and extended its therapeutic window up to 6 h. Compared to PC alone, combination of thrombolysis and PC showed a better neuroprotection.
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Ulbrich F, Schallner N, Coburn M, Loop T, Lagrèze WA, Biermann J, Goebel U. Argon inhalation attenuates retinal apoptosis after ischemia/reperfusion injury in a time- and dose-dependent manner in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115984. [PMID: 25535961 PMCID: PMC4275290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal ischemia and reperfusion injuries (IRI) permanently affect neuronal tissue and function by apoptosis and inflammation due to the limited regenerative potential of neurons. Recently, evidence emerged that the noble gas Argon exerts protective properties, while lacking any detrimental or adverse effects. We hypothesized that Argon inhalation after IRI would exert antiapoptotic effects in the retina, thereby protecting retinal ganglion cells (RGC) of the rat's eye. Methods IRI was performed on the left eyes of rats (n = 8) with or without inhaled Argon postconditioning (25, 50 and 75 Vol%) for 1 hour immediately or delayed after ischemia (i.e. 1.5 and 3 hours). Retinal tissue was harvested after 24 hours to analyze mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3, NF-κB. Densities of fluorogold-prelabeled RGCs were analyzed 7 days after injury in whole-mounts. Histological tissue samples were prepared for immunohistochemistry and blood was analyzed regarding systemic effects of Argon or IRI. Statistics were performed using One-Way ANOVA. Results IRI induced RGC loss was reduced by Argon 75 Vol% inhalation and was dose-dependently attenuated by lower concentrations, or by delayed Argon inhalation (1504±300 vs. 2761±257; p<0.001). Moreover, Argon inhibited Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA expression significantly (Bax: 1.64±0.30 vs. 0.78±0.29 and Bcl-2: 2.07±0.29 vs. 0.99±0.22; both p<0.01), as well as caspase-3 cleavage (1.91±0.46 vs. 1.05±0.36; p<0.001). Expression of NF-κB was attenuated significantly. Immunohistochemistry revealed an affection of Müller cells and astrocytes. In addition, IRI induced leukocytosis was reduced significantly after Argon inhalation at 75 Vol%. Conclusion Immediate and delayed Argon postconditioning protects IRI induced apoptotic loss of RGC in a time- and dose-dependent manner, possibly mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB. Further studies need to evaluate Argon's possible role as a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ulbrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Schallner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Coburn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Torsten Loop
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Biermann
- Eye Center, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Leandra C, Tasca CI, Boeck CR. The Role of NMDA Receptors in the Development of Brain Resistance through Pre- and Postconditioning. Aging Dis 2014; 5:430-41. [PMID: 25489494 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tolerance or resistance can be achieved by interventions before and after injury through potential toxic agents used in low stimulus or dose. For brain diseases, the neuroprotection paradigm desires an attenuation of the resulting motor, cognitive, emotional, or memory deficits following the insult. Preconditioning is a well-established experimental and clinical translational strategy with great beneficial effects, but limited applications. NMDA receptors have been reported as protagonists in the adjacent cellular mechanisms contributing to the development of brain tolerance. Postconditioning has recently emerged as a new neuroprotective strategy, which has shown interesting results when applied immediately, i.e. several hours to days, after a stroke event. Investigations using chemical postconditioning are still incipient, but nevertheless represent an interesting and promising clinical strategy. In the present review pre- and postconditioning are discussed as neuroprotective paradigms and the focus of our attention lies on the participation of NMDA receptors proteins in the processes related to neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Inês Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carina Rodrigues Boeck
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-graduação Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense-UNESC, Criciúma, 88806-000, SC, Brazil
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Zhang X, Zhang Q, Tu J, Zhu Y, Yang F, Liu B, Brann D, Wang R. Prosurvival NMDA 2A receptor signaling mediates postconditioning neuroprotection in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2014; 25:286-96. [PMID: 25271147 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning (Post C), which involves administration of a brief ischemia after the initial ischemic event, has been demonstrated to be strongly neuroprotective against global cerebral ischemia (GCI) and to improve cognitive outcome. To enhance understanding of the underlying mechanisms, the current study examined the role of NMDA receptors in mediating the beneficial effects of Post C (3 min ischemia) administered 2 days after GCI in adult male rats. The results revealed that Post C was strongly neuroprotective against GCI, and that this effect was blocked by administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Further work revealed that the NR2A-type NMDA receptors mediate the Post C beneficial effects as administration of a NR2A-preferring antagonist (NVP-A) blocked Post C neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement, while administration of a NR2B-preferring antagonist (Ro25) was without effect. Post C significantly up-regulated NR2A levels and phosphorylation of NR2A in the hippocampal CA1 region after Post C. Post C also increased Ca(2+) influx and activation/phosphorylation of CamKIIα at Thr(286), effects that were NR2A mediated as they were blocked by NVP-A. Phosphorylation of ERK and CREB was also increased by Post C, as were two downstream CREB-dependent prosurvival factors, brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and Bcl2, effects that were blocked by the NR2A antagonist, NVP-A. Taken as a whole, the current study provides evidence that NR2A-activation and downstream prosurvival signaling is a critical mediator of Post C-induced neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement following GCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute of Medical Research Center, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China
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Biological networks in ischemic tolerance - rethinking the approach to clinical conditioning. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 4:114-29. [PMID: 24223074 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive response (conditioning) to environmental stressors evokes evolutionarily conserved programs in uni- and multicellular organisms that result in increased fitness and resistance to stressor induced injury. Although the concept of conditioning has been around for a while, its translation into clinical therapies targeting neurovascular diseases has only recently begun. The slow pace of clinical adoption might be partially explained by our poor understanding of underpinning mechanisms and of the complex responses of the organism to the stressor. At the 2(nd) Translational Preconditioning Meeting participants engaged in an intense discussion addressing whether the time has come to more aggressively implement clinical conditioning protocols in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases or whether it would be better to wait until preclinical data would help to minimize clinical empiricism. This review addresses the complex involvement of biological networks in establishing ischemic tolerance at the organism level using two clinically promising conditioning modalities, namely remote ischemic preconditioning, and per- or post-conditioning, as examples.
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Burda R, Danielisova V, Gottlieb M, Nemethova M, Bonova P, Matiasova M, Morochovic R, Burda J. Delayed remote ischemic postconditioning protects against transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion as well as kainate-induced injury in rats. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1062-7. [PMID: 24935779 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To test the appropriateness of using delayed remote ischemic postconditioning against damage caused to the hippocampus by ischemia or apoptosis inducing intoxication, we chose 10-min normothermic ischemia induced by four-vessel occlusion or kainate injection (8 mg/kg i.p.) in rats. Ischemia alone caused the number of degenerated CA1 neurons after 7 days lasting reperfusion to be significantly (p<0.001) increased by 72.77%. Delayed remote ischemic postconditioning lasting 20 min was able to prevent massive increase in the neurodegeneration. The group with 10 min of ischemia and postconditioning after 2 days of reperfusion had only 15.87% increase in the number of apoptotic neurons. Seven days after kainic acid injection the number of surviving neurons was 42.8% (p<0.001), but the portion of surviving pyramidal cells in the postconditioning group is more than 98%. Our data show that remote postconditioning, performed with 20 min of tourniquet ischemia applied to the hind limb, is a simple method able to effectively stop the onset of neurodegeneration and prevent occurrence of massive muscle cell necrosis, even when used 2 days after the end of the adverse event. Surviving neurons retained a substantial part of their learning and memory ability.
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Danielisova V, Gottlieb M, Bonova P, Nemethova M, Burda J. Bradykinin postconditioning ameliorates focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neurochem Int 2014; 72:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Stetler RA, Leak RK, Gan Y, Li P, Zhang F, Hu X, Jing Z, Chen J, Zigmond MJ, Gao Y. Preconditioning provides neuroprotection in models of CNS disease: paradigms and clinical significance. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 114:58-83. [PMID: 24389580 PMCID: PMC3937258 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning is a phenomenon in which brief episodes of a sublethal insult induce robust protection against subsequent lethal injuries. Preconditioning has been observed in multiple organisms and can occur in the brain as well as other tissues. Extensive animal studies suggest that the brain can be preconditioned to resist acute injuries, such as ischemic stroke, neonatal hypoxia/ischemia, surgical brain injury, trauma, and agents that are used in models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Effective preconditioning stimuli are numerous and diverse, ranging from transient ischemia, hypoxia, hyperbaric oxygen, hypothermia and hyperthermia, to exposure to neurotoxins and pharmacological agents. The phenomenon of "cross-tolerance," in which a sublethal stress protects against a different type of injury, suggests that different preconditioning stimuli may confer protection against a wide range of injuries. Research conducted over the past few decades indicates that brain preconditioning is complex, involving multiple effectors such as metabolic inhibition, activation of extra- and intracellular defense mechanisms, a shift in the neuronal excitatory/inhibitory balance, and reduction in inflammatory sequelae. An improved understanding of brain preconditioning should help us identify innovative therapeutic strategies that prevent or at least reduce neuronal damage in susceptible patients. In this review, we focus on the experimental evidence of preconditioning in the brain and systematically survey the models used to develop paradigms for neuroprotection, and then discuss the clinical potential of brain preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anne Stetler
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Peiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zheng Jing
- Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael J Zigmond
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Dai Y, Li W, Zhong M, Chen J, Liu Y, Cheng Q, Li T. Preconditioning and post-treatment with cobalt chloride in rat model of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Brain Dev 2014; 36:228-40. [PMID: 23694759 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced perinatal encephalopathy is a major cause of acute mortality and chronic neurologic morbidities such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and epilepsy. As the essential transcription factor for the activation of hypoxia-inducible genes, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) plays an important role in the pathophysiological response to the stress of HI brain damage. Whether HIF-1α activation promotes neuroprotection in HI tissues is controversial. METHODS The left common carotid artery of rats aged 7days was ligated under anesthesia. The pups were then exposed to hypoxia in a normobaric chamber filled with 8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen for 2.5h. In the sham control group, the left common carotid artery was exposed but was not ligated or exposed to hypoxia. To assess the time window for effective treatment, the HIF-1α inducer cobalt chloride (CoCl2) was injected subcutaneously 1day before surgery, immediately or 1day after surgery. The brain tissues were harvested from the pups of each groups at 1, 2 and 7days after insult for HIF-1α protein ant its target genes expression and for investigating the injury. Morris water maze tests were performed at postnatal 7weeks. RESULTS HIF-1α protein levels and its target genes vascular endothelial growth factor, heme oxygenase-1, and insulin-like growth factor 1 were markedly increased after intraperitoneal injection of CoCl2 (60mg/kg). The target gene inducible nitric oxide synthase exhibited a biphasic time course. HI caused apoptosis and reduced capillary density, which were ameliorated by CoCl2. Both preconditioning with CoCl2 24h before HI and administration of CoCl2 24h after HI improved long-term reference memory compared with that in vehicle-injected littermate controls. Administration of CoCl2 immediately after HI did not improve spatial working memory. CONCLUSIONS CoCl2 activates HIF-1α and protects against brain damage in vivo. The time of administration could be used to manipulate the activity of HIF-1α pathways and promote recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dai
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - Wendi Li
- Children's Nutritional Research Center, Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood of Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Children's Nutritional Research Center, Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood of Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - Youxue Liu
- Children's Nutritional Research Center, Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood of Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China; Children's Nutritional Research Center, Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood of Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China.
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Bradykinin preconditioning affects the number of degenerated neurons and the level of antioxidant enzymes in spinal cord ischemia in rabbits. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:252-7. [PMID: 23981244 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin preconditioning has been used for acquisition of tolerance after spinal cord ischemia. Rabbits were preconditioned intraperitoneally with bradykinin 48 h prior to 20 min of abdominal aorta ligation followed by 24 and 48 h of reperfusion. The activities of SOD and catalase were measured and Fluoro Jade B (FJB)-positive degenerated neurons were evaluated. The outcomes of Tarlov scoring system used to assess neurological functions showed significant improvement in bradykinin groups compared to the ischemic group. The number of FJB-positive degenerated neurons was decreased in ventral horns of both bradykinin groups. Significantly decreased activities of total SOD and mitochondrial Mn-SOD were also detected in both bradykinin groups versus ischemic group while CuZn-SOD and catalase activities were significantly decreased only in the bradykinin group after 24h of reperfusion versus ischemic group. These findings suggest that one of the possibilities of the neuroprotective effect of delayed bradykinin preconditioning against spinal cord ischemic injury could be realized by mitochondrial protection and decreased synthesis of Mn-SOD as well as by promotion of neuronal survival.
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Esposito E, Mandeville ET, Lo EH. Lower doses of isoflurane treatment has no beneficial effects in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:129. [PMID: 24138708 PMCID: PMC3924354 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracerebral hemorrhage is a subtype of stroke that has a poor prognosis without an adequate therapy. Recently, the use of anesthetics such as isoflurane has been shown to be protective after cerebral ischemia. However, the potential therapeutic effect of isoflurane after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has not been fully explored. Results In this study, male Sprague–Dawley rats (SD) were subjected to ICH and randomized into controls and 1.2% or 1.5% isoflurane posttreatment groups. Brain water content, neurological outcomes and matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP2-MMP9) plasma levels were quantified at 24 hours. Isoflurane treatment did not reduce brain edema compared with controls in any of the applied isoflurane concentrations. Moreover, consistent with this lack of effect on brain edema, isoflurane posttreatment did not affect neurological outcomes in any of the tests used. Plasma MMP levels did not change. Conclusion Our data suggested that there is no neuroprotection after isoflurane posttreatment in a rat model of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elga Esposito
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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Bonova P, Burda J, Danielisova V, Nemethova M, Gottlieb M. Delayed post-conditioning reduces post-ischemic glutamate level and improves protein synthesis in brain. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:854-60. [PMID: 23454191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the clinic delayed post-conditioning would represent an attractive strategy for the survival of vulnerable neurons after an ischemic event. In this paper we studied the impact of ischemia and delayed post-conditioning on blood and brain tissue concentrations of glutamate and protein synthesis. We designed two groups of animals for analysis of brain tissues and blood after global ischemia and post-conditioning, and one for analysis of blood glutamate after transient focal ischemia. Our results showed elevated blood glutamate in two models of transient brain ischemia and decreases in blood glutamate to control in the first 20min of post-conditioning recirculation followed by a consecutive drop of about 20.5% on the first day. Similarly, we recorded reduced protein synthesis in hippocampus and cortex 2 and 3days after ischemia. However, increased glutamate was registered only in the hippocampus. Post-conditioning improves protein synthesis in CA1 and dentate gyrus and, surprisingly, leads to 50% reduction in glutamate in whole hippocampus and cortex. In conclusion, ischemia leads to meaningful elevation of blood and tissue glutamate. Post-conditioning activates mechanisms resulting in rapid elimination of glutamate from brain tissue and/or in the circulatory system that could otherwise impede brain-to-blood glutamate efflux mechanisms. Moreover, post-conditioning induces protein synthesis renewing in ischemia affected tissues that could also contribute to elimination of excitotoxicity. In addition, the potential of glutamate for monitoring the progress of ischemia and efficacy of therapy was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bonova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic.
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Kong Y, Rogers MR, Qin X. Effective neuroprotection by ischemic postconditioning is associated with a decreased expression of RGMa and inflammation mediators in ischemic rats. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:815-25. [PMID: 23389659 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-0984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Whether ischemic postconditioning (IPC) can significantly alleviate ischemic injury hinges on the appropriate measure. In this study, the expression RGMa and IL-1β, IL-6 are investigated to estimate the therapeutic benefits of various postconditioning strategies after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. The study consists of the sham-operated group and five treatment groups: ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), two proximate ischemic postconditioning (IPC-S and IPC-M), remote postconditioning (RIPC) and delayed postconditioning (DIPC) groups. We find that rats in IPC and RIPC groups exhibit significantly less neural deficit and lower infarct volume than that in I/R and DIPC groups after ischemia/reperfusion. Moreover, in ischemic cortex and hippocampus, the mRNA level of RGMa is much lower in IPC and RIPC groups. Immunohistochemical analysis indicates that the expression of RGMa, IL-1β and IL-6 are reduced in IPC and RIPC groups (especially in IPC-S group). Furthermore, neurofilament staining reveals that the rats in IPC and RIPC groups have less axonal injury than that in I/R and DIPC groups. Our studies suggest that the optimal strategy to attenuate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is achieved by early, short-term, and multiple cycles of proximal IPC. The cerebral protective effect of IPC may be associated with the decreased expression of RGMa and inflammation mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Kong
- Department of Neurology and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Isoflurane postconditioning reduces ischemia-induced nuclear factor-κB activation and interleukin 1β production to provide neuroprotection in rats and mice. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:216-24. [PMID: 23313315 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of isoflurane, a volatile anesthetic, after brain ischemia can reduce ischemic brain injury in rodents (isoflurane postconditioning). This study is designed to determine whether isoflurane postconditioning improves long-term neurological outcome after focal brain ischemia and whether this protection is mediated by attenuating neuroinflammation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 90-min middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO). Isoflurane postconditioning was performed by exposing rats to 2% isoflurane for 60min immediately after the MCAO. Isoflurane postconditioning reduced brain infarct volumes, apoptotic cells in the ischemic penumbral brain tissues and neurological deficits of rats at 4weeks after the MCAO. Isoflurane postconditioning reduced brain ischemia/reperfusion-induced nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB (NF-κB) activation as well as interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 production in the ischemic penumbral brain tissues at 24h after the MCAO. IL-1β deficient mice had smaller brain infarct volumes and better neurological functions than wild-type mice at 24h after a 90-min focal brain ischemia. Isoflurane posttreatment failed to induce neuroprotection in the IL-1β deficient mice. Our results suggest that isoflurane postconditioning improved long-term neurological outcome after transient focal brain ischemia. This protection may be mediated by inhibiting NF-κB activation and the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β.
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Pignataro G, Cuomo O, Vinciguerra A, Sirabella R, Esposito E, Boscia F, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L. NCX as a Key Player in the Neuroprotection Exerted by Ischemic Preconditioning and Postconditioning. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 961:223-40. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4756-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bonova P, Burda J, Danielisova V, Nemethova M, Gottlieb M. Development of a pattern in biochemical parameters in the core and penumbra during infarct evolution after transient MCAO in rats. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Clinical application of preconditioning and postconditioning to achieve neuroprotection. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 4:19-24. [PMID: 24323188 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic conditioning is a form of endogenous protection induced by transient, subcritical ischemia in a tissue. Organs with high sensitivity to ischemia, such as the heart, the brain, and spinal cord, represent the most critical and potentially promising targets for potential therapeutic applications of ischemic conditioning. Numerous preclinical investigations have systematically studied the molecular pathways and potential benefits of both pre- and postconditioning with promising results. The purpose of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on cerebral pre- and postconditioning, with an emphasis in the clinical application of these forms of neuroprotection. A systematic MEDLINE search for the terms preconditioning and postconditioning was performed. Publications related to the nervous system and to human applications were selected and analyzed. Pre- and postconditioning appear to provide similar levels of neuroprotection. The preconditioning window of benefit can be subdivided into early and late effects, depending on whether the effect appears immediately after the sublethal stress or with a delay of days. In general, early effects have been associated posttranslational modification of critical proteins (membrane receptors, mitochondrial respiratory chain) while late effects are the result of gene up- or downregulation. Transient ischemic attacks appear to represent a form of clinically relevant preconditioning by inducing ischemic tolerance in the brain and reducing the severity of subsequent strokes. Remote forms of ischemic pre- and postconditioning have been more commonly used in clinical studies, as the remote application reduces the risk of injuring the target tissue for which protection is pursued. Limb transient ischemia is the preferred method of induction of remote conditioning with evidence supporting its safety. Clinical studies in a variety of populations at risk of central nervous damage including carotid disease, cervical myelopathy, and subarachnoid hemorrhage have shown improvement in surrogate markers of injury. Promising preclinical and early clinical studies noting improvement in surrogate markers of central nervous injury after the use of remote pre- and postconditioning treatments demand follow-up systematic investigations to address effectiveness. Challenges in the application of these techniques to pressing clinical cerebrovascular disease ought to be overcome through careful, well-designed, translational investigations.
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Effect of Sevoflurane postconditioning on gene expression in brain tissue of the middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10505-13. [PMID: 23065200 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning has been described in both heart and brain. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Sevoflurane postconditioning (SP) on brain biochemical parameters, Bcl-2, Bax, c-Fos and Caspase-3 protein levels and Bcl-2, Bax, TNF-α and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Results showed that SP markedly decreased cerebral oxidative injury and improved immunity activity. In addition, SP significantly enhanced cerebral Bcl-2, c-Fos and decreased Bax, Caspase-3 proteins positive expression. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that SP markedly enhanced Bcl-2, and decreased Bax, TNF-α and Caspase-3 mRNA expression. Our results confirm that SP can play the protective action against cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced brain injury by regulating cerebral antioxidant enzymes activities, Bcl-2, Bax, c-Fos and Caspase-3 protein positive expression levels and Bcl-2, Bax, TNF-α and Caspase-3 mRNA expression.
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Zhao H, Ren C, Chen X, Shen J. From rapid to delayed and remote postconditioning: the evolving concept of ischemic postconditioning in brain ischemia. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:173-87. [PMID: 22204317 DOI: 10.2174/138945012799201621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning is a concept originally defined to contrast with that of ischemic preconditioning. While both preconditioning and postconditioning confer a neuroprotective effect on brain ischemia, preconditioning is a sublethal insult performed in advance of brain ischemia, and postconditioning, which conventionally refers to a series of brief occlusions and reperfusions of the blood vessels, is conducted after ischemia/reperfusion. In this article, we first briefly review the history of preconditioning, including the experimentation that initially uncovered its neuroprotective effects and later revealed its underlying mechanisms-of-action. We then discuss how preconditioning research evolved into that of postconditioning--a concept that now represents a broad range of stimuli or triggers, including delayed postconditioning, pharmacological postconditioning, remote postconditioning--and its underlying protective mechanisms involving the Akt, MAPK, PKC and K(ATP) channel cell-signaling pathways. Because the concept of postconditioning is so closely associated with that of preconditioning, and both share some common protective mechanisms, we also discuss whether a combination of preconditioning and postconditioning offers greater protection than preconditioning or postconditioning alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA.
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DCX-expressing neurons decrease in the retrosplenial cortex after global brain ischemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 22879023 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4989-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated cognitive function disorders including space learning disorders after global brain ischemia (GBI). Previous research on space perception and learning has indicated that the retrosplenial cortex (RS) is strongly involved. We performed immunostaining with doublecortin (DCX) for neurons with plasticity potential in the RS and investigated the neuronal numbers to assess the changes of plasticity in the RS following GBI. We employed male Sprague-Dawley rats and carried out bilateral carotid arterial occlusion for 10 min as a GBI model (control, n = 5; GBI model, n = 5). We counted the right and left hemispheres separately on two serial sections, for a total of four regions per animal to examine the differences in expression related to GBI. Additionally, we performed Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining to investigate the cause of any DCX-expressing neuron decrease. The total number of DCX-expressing neurons was 1,652 and 912 in the controls and GBI model, respectively. The mean number of DCX-expressing neurons per unit area was significantly lower in the GBI model than in the controls. FJB positive neurons were not found in the RS, while many were present in the -hippocampus CA1 after GBI. The decrease of DCX-expressing neurons in the RS indicated a plasticity decrease following GBI. The lack of FJB positive neurons in the RS after GBI suggested that the decrease of DCX-expressing neurons in the RS was not due to neuronal cell death in contrast to the hippocampus CA1, while the FJB positive neurons in the hippocampus indicated a delayed neuronal cell death as observed in many previous studies.
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Cho TH, Aguettaz P, Campuzano O, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Riou A, Berthezène Y, Nighoghossian N, Ovize M, Wiart M, Chauveau F. Pre- and post-treatment with cyclosporine A in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischaemia with multimodal MRI screening. Int J Stroke 2012; 8:669-74. [PMID: 22882746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irreversible damage may occur at reperfusion after sustained cerebral ischaemia. AIMS We investigated the value of cyclosporine A for reducing the infarct size in a model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. METHODS Twenty-seven Sprague-Dawley rats sustained a middle cerebral artery occlusion of one-hour. Acute multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used during occlusion to confirm the success of surgery and measure baseline lesion size. Animals were randomly treated by: (i) intracarotid cyclosporine A (10 mg/kg) 20 mins before middle cerebral artery occlusion (pretreatment group); (ii) intracarotid cyclosporine A (10 mg/kg) immediately after reperfusion (post-treatment group); and (iii) intracarotid saline immediately after reperfusion. RESULTS Histopathological measurements on day 1 showed a significant reduction of infarct size in the pretreatment group compared to the post-treatment (percentage values of ipsilateral hemispheres: 16 ± 5% vs. 29 ± 11%, P = 0·004) and saline groups (16 ± 5% vs. 42 ± 12%, P = 0·015). No significant difference was observed between the post-treatment and saline groups (P = 0·065). Behavioural examinations on day 1 showed no significant difference between groups. Immunohistochemistry showed a statistically significant reduction of microglial cell count in the pretreatment group compared to either saline or cyclosporine A post-treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that intracarotid cyclosporine A is effective in reducing infarct size when given prior to ischaemia, but not when administered at reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hee Cho
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220, INSERM U1044, INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
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Zhan L, Li D, Liang D, Wu B, Zhu P, Wang Y, Sun W, Xu E. Activation of Akt/FoxO and inactivation of MEK/ERK pathways contribute to induction of neuroprotection against transient global cerebral ischemia by delayed hypoxic postconditioning in adult rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:873-82. [PMID: 22749925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning, a series of mechanical interruptions of blood flow immediately after reperfusion, has been described in brain studies. However, hypoxic postconditioning (HPC) has never been reported in transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) adult rat model. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of neuroprotection by delayed HPC against tGCI in adult rats and investigate underlying mechanisms involving the Akt/Forkhead transcription factor, class O (FoxO) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Postconditioning with 60-120 min hypoxia significantly reduced cell death in hippocampal CA1 subregion after 10 min of tGCI. Postconditioning was effective only when applied 1-2 days after tGCI. Nevertheless, the combination of hypoxic preconditioning and postconditioning provided no additive protection. Additionally, postconditioning increased phosphorylation of Akt and FoxOs after tGCI. Inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt and FoxOs with LY294002 suppressed the postconditioning-induced neuroprotection. In addition, postconditioning blocked the increase of MEK and ERK phosphorylation after tGCI. Inhibiting phosphorylation of MEK and ERK with U0126 attenuated neuronal damage after tGCI. These results suggest that delayed HPC exerts neuroprotection against tGCI-induced injury in adult rats. The activation of Akt/FoxO and inactivation of MEK/ERK pathways by postconditioning contributed to the induction of neuroprotection against tGCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Zhan
- Institute of Neurosciences and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, 250 Changgang Dong RD, Guangzhou 510260, China
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