1
|
Echeverría F, Gonzalez-Sanabria N, Alvarado-Sanchez R, Fernández M, Castillo K, Latorre R. Large conductance voltage-and calcium-activated K + (BK) channel in health and disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1373507. [PMID: 38584598 PMCID: PMC10995336 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1373507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Large Conductance Voltage- and Calcium-activated K+ (BK) channels are transmembrane pore-forming proteins that regulate cell excitability and are also expressed in non-excitable cells. They play a role in regulating vascular tone, neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter release, and muscle contraction. Dysfunction of the BK channel can lead to arterial hypertension, hearing disorders, epilepsy, and ataxia. Here, we provide an overview of BK channel functioning and the implications of its abnormal functioning in various diseases. Understanding the function of BK channels is crucial for comprehending the mechanisms involved in regulating vital physiological processes, both in normal and pathological conditions, controlled by BK. This understanding may lead to the development of therapeutic interventions to address BK channelopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Echeverría
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Naileth Gonzalez-Sanabria
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rosangelina Alvarado-Sanchez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Miguel Fernández
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Karen Castillo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Ramon Latorre
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ancatén-González C, Segura I, Alvarado-Sánchez R, Chávez AE, Latorre R. Ca 2+- and Voltage-Activated K + (BK) Channels in the Nervous System: One Gene, a Myriad of Physiological Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3407. [PMID: 36834817 PMCID: PMC9967218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BK channels are large conductance potassium channels characterized by four pore-forming α subunits, often co-assembled with auxiliary β and γ subunits to regulate Ca2+ sensitivity, voltage dependence and gating properties. BK channels are abundantly expressed throughout the brain and in different compartments within a single neuron, including axons, synaptic terminals, dendritic arbors, and spines. Their activation produces a massive efflux of K+ ions that hyperpolarizes the cellular membrane. Together with their ability to detect changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, BK channels control neuronal excitability and synaptic communication through diverse mechanisms. Moreover, increasing evidence indicates that dysfunction of BK channel-mediated effects on neuronal excitability and synaptic function has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, mental retardation, and autism, as well as in motor and cognitive behavior. Here, we discuss current evidence highlighting the physiological importance of this ubiquitous channel in regulating brain function and its role in the pathophysiology of different neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ancatén-González
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Ignacio Segura
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Rosangelina Alvarado-Sánchez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Biofísica y Biología Computacional, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Andrés E. Chávez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Ramon Latorre
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Plasticity of neuronal excitability and synaptic balance in the anterior nucleus of paraventricular thalamus after nerve injury. Brain Res Bull 2022; 188:1-10. [PMID: 35850188 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anterior nucleus of the paraventricular thalamus (aPVT) integrates various synaptic inputs and conveys information to the downstream brain regions for arousal and pain regulation. Recent studies have indicated that the PVT plays a crucial role in the regulation of chronic pain, but the plasticity mechanism of neuronal excitability and synaptic inputs for aPVT neurons in neuropathic pain remains unclear. Here, we report that spinal nerve ligation (SNL) significantly increased the neuronal excitability and reset the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) synaptic inputs ratio of aPVT neurons in mice. SNL significantly increased the membrane input resistance, firing frequency, and the half-width of action potential. Additionally, SNL enlarged the area of afterdepolarization and prolonged the rebound low-threshold spike following a hyperpolarized current injection. Further results indicate that an inwardly rectifying current density was decreased in SNL animals. SNL also decreased the amplitude, but not the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), nor the amplitude or frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) of aPVT neurons. Moreover, SNL disrupted the E/I synaptic ratio, caused a decrease in weighted tau and half-width of averaged sIPSCs, but did not change these physiological properties of averaged sEPSCs. Finally, pharmacological activation of the GABAA receptor at aPVT could effective relieve SNL-induced mechanical allodynia in mice. These results reveal the plasticity of intrinsic neuronal excitability and E/I synaptic balance in the aPVT neurons after nerve injury and it may play an important role in the development of pain sensitization.
Collapse
|
4
|
Feetham CH, O'Brien F, Barrett-Jolley R. Ion Channels in the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus (PVN); Emerging Diversity and Functional Roles. Front Physiol 2018; 9:760. [PMID: 30034342 PMCID: PMC6043726 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is critical for the regulation of homeostatic function. Although also important for endocrine regulation, it has been referred to as the "autonomic master controller." The emerging consensus is that the PVN is a multifunctional nucleus, with autonomic roles including (but not limited to) coordination of cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, metabolic, circadian and stress responses. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying these multifunctional roles remain poorly understood. Neurones from the PVN project to and can alter the function of sympathetic control regions in the medulla and spinal cord. Dysfunction of sympathetic pre-autonomic neurones (typically hyperactivity) is linked to several diseases including hypertension and heart failure and targeting this region with specific pharmacological or biological agents is a promising area of medical research. However, to facilitate future medical exploitation of the PVN, more detailed models of its neuronal control are required; populated by a greater compliment of constituent ion channels. Whilst the cytoarchitecture, projections and neurotransmitters present in the PVN are reasonably well documented, there have been fewer studies on the expression and interplay of ion channels. In this review we bring together an up to date analysis of PVN ion channel studies and discuss how these channels may interact to control, in particular, the activity of the sympathetic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Feetham
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona O'Brien
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Voltage-Sensitive Potassium Channels of the BK Type and Their Coding Genes Are Alcohol Targets in Neurons. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 248:281-309. [PMID: 29204711 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among all members of the voltage-gated, TM6 ion channel superfamily, the proteins that constitute calcium- and voltage-gated potassium channels of large conductance (BK) and their coding genes are unique for their involvement in ethanol-induced disruption of normal physiology and behavior. Moreover, in vitro studies document that BK activity is modified by ethanol with an EC50~23 mM, which is near blood alcohol levels considered legal intoxication in most states of the USA (0.08 g/dL = 17.4 mM). Following a succinct introduction to our current understanding of BK structure and function in central neurons, with a focus on neural circuits that contribute to the neurobiology of alcohol use disorders (AUD), we review the modifications in organ physiology by alcohol exposure via BK and the different molecular elements that determine the ethanol response of BK in alcohol-naïve systems, including the role of an ethanol-recognizing site in the BK-forming slo1 protein, modulation of accessory BK subunits, and their coding genes. The participation of these and additional elements in determining the response of a system or an organism to protracted ethanol exposure is consequently analyzed, with insights obtained from invertebrate and vertebrate models. Particular emphasis is put on the role of BK and coding genes in different forms of tolerance to alcohol exposure. We finally discuss genetic results on BK obtained in invertebrate organisms and rodents in light of possible extrapolation to human AUD.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Large conductance Ca(2+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK) channels are widely distributed in the postnatal central nervous system (CNS). BK channels play a pleiotropic role in regulating the activity of brain and spinal cord neural circuits by providing a negative feedback mechanism for local increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations. In neurons, they regulate the timing and duration of K(+) influx such that they can either increase or decrease firing depending on the cellular context, and they can suppress neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals. In addition, BK channels located in astrocytes and arterial myocytes modulate cerebral blood flow. Not surprisingly, both loss and gain of BK channel function have been associated with CNS disorders such as epilepsy, ataxia, mental retardation, and chronic pain. On the other hand, the neuroprotective role played by BK channels in a number of pathological situations could potentially be leveraged to correct neurological dysfunction.
Collapse
|
7
|
Duncan PJ, Shipston MJ. BK Channels and the Control of the Pituitary. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 128:343-68. [PMID: 27238268 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary gland provides the important link between the nervous system and the endocrine system and regulates a diverse range of physiological functions. The pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk and is comprised primarily of two lobes. The anterior lobe consists of five hormone-secreting cell types which are electrically excitable and display single-spike action potentials as well as complex bursting patterns. Bursting is of particular interest as it raises intracellular calcium to a greater extent than spiking and is believed to underlie secretagogue-induced hormone secretion. BK channels have been identified as a key regulator of bursting in anterior pituitary cells. Experimental data and mathematical modeling have demonstrated that BK activation during the upstroke of an action potential results in a prolonged depolarization and an increase in intracellular calcium. In contrast, the posterior lobe is primarily composed of axonal projections of magnocellular neurosecretory cells which extend from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. In these neuroendocrine cells, BK channel activation results in a decrease in excitability and hormone secretion. The opposite effect of BK channels in the anterior and posterior pituitary highlights the diverse role of BK channels in regulating the activity of excitable cells. Further studies of pituitary cell excitability and the specific role of BK channels would lead to a greater understanding of how pituitary cell excitability is regulated by both hypothalamic secretagogues and negative feedback loops, and could ultimately lead to novel treatments to pituitary-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Duncan
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - M J Shipston
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Feetham CH, Nunn N, Lewis R, Dart C, Barrett-Jolley R. TRPV4 and K(Ca) ion channels functionally couple as osmosensors in the paraventricular nucleus. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1753-68. [PMID: 25421636 PMCID: PMC4376454 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) and calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa ) mediate osmosensing in many tissues. Both TRPV4 and KCa channels are found in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, an area critical for sympathetic control of cardiovascular and renal function. Here, we have investigated whether TRPV4 channels functionally couple to KCa channels to mediate osmosensing in PVN parvocellular neurones and have characterized, pharmacologically, the subtype of KCa channel involved. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated osmosensing roles for TRPV4 and KCa channels in parvocellular PVN neurones using cell-attached and whole-cell electrophysiology in mouse brain slices and rat isolated PVN neurons. Intracellular Ca(2+) was recorded using Fura-2AM. The system was modelled in the NEURON simulation environment. KEY RESULTS Hypotonic saline reduced action current frequency in hypothalamic slices; a response mimicked by TRPV4 channel agonists 4αPDD (1 μM) and GSK1016790A (100 nM), and blocked by inhibitors of either TRPV4 channels (RN1734 (5 μM) and HC067047 (300 nM) or the low-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channel (UCL-1684 30 nM); iberiotoxin and TRAM-34 had no effect. Our model was compatible with coupling between TRPV4 and KCa channels, predicting the presence of positive and negative feedback loops. These predictions were verified using isolated PVN neurons. Both hypotonic challenge and 4αPDD increased intracellular Ca(2+) and UCL-1684 reduced the action of hypotonic challenge. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS There was functional coupling between TRPV4 and SK channels in parvocellular neurones. This mechanism contributes to osmosensing in the PVN and may provide a novel pharmacological target for the cardiovascular or renal systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Feetham
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - N Nunn
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - R Lewis
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - C Dart
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - R Barrett-Jolley
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li XT, Qiu XY. 17β-Estradiol Upregulated Expression of α and β Subunits of Larger-Conductance Calcium-Activated K(+) Channels (BK) via Estrogen Receptor β. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:799-807. [PMID: 25676031 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels, which were known as BK channels, were widely distributed in brain tissues and played a crucial role in neuroprotection. Previous studies found that estrogen, a steroid hormone, was able to interact with distinct K(+) channels such as Kv (voltage-gated K(+) channels) in various tissues. However, current knowledge about possible effects of estrogen on BK channels is rather poor. In the present study here, the investigation for the interaction of estrogen with BK channels was performed in mouse N2A cells and human SK-N-SH cells. At first, the different expression patterns of α and β subunits of BK channels in these cells were explored by conducting RT-PCR. After exposure to varying dose of 17β-estradiol (E2) for 24 h, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of these BK channel subunits in both N2A and SK-N-SH cells were significantly increased in a concentration-dependent way. A prolonged incubation for 48 h also potentiated the effects of E2 on β1 and β4 subunits in N2A cells as well as α and β3 subunits in SK-N-SH cells. The small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against the ERα (siERα) or ERβ (siERβ) was induced into N2A and SK-N-SH cells by transfection and resulted in a decrease in the level of corresponding ER transcript. Furthermore, treatment with siERβ but not siERα attenuated the action of E2 on BK channel subunits, suggesting that estradiol exerted its action by binding to ERβ. Our data indicated that 17β-estradiol was able to regulate the expression of BK channel subunits via ERβ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Tao Li
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 182 Minyuan Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xiao-Yue Qiu
- South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
González J, Gálvez A, Morales L, Barreto GE, Capani F, Sierra O, Torres Y. Integrative Approach for Computationally Inferring Interactions between the Alpha and Beta Subunits of the Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel (BK): A Docking Study. Bioinform Biol Insights 2013; 7:73-82. [PMID: 23492851 PMCID: PMC3588595 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s10077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional models of the alpha- and beta-1 subunits of the calcium-activated potassium channel (BK) were predicted by threading modeling. A recursive approach comprising of sequence alignment and model building based on three templates was used to build these models, with the refinement of non-conserved regions carried out using threading techniques. The complex formed by the subunits was studied by means of docking techniques, using 3D models of the two subunits, and an approach based on rigid-body structures. Structural effects of the complex were analyzed with respect to hydrogen-bond interactions and binding-energy calculations. Potential interaction sites of the complex were determined by referencing a study of the difference accessible surface area (DASA) of the protein subunits in the complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janneth González
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Javeriana University, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Angela Gálvez
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Javeriana University, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Ludis Morales
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Javeriana University, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Javeriana University, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Francisco Capani
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Javeriana University, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Omar Sierra
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Javeriana University, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Yolima Torres
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Javeriana University, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prolactin regulates tuberoinfundibular dopamine neuron discharge pattern: novel feedback control mechanisms in the lactotrophic axis. J Neurosci 2012; 32:8074-83. [PMID: 22674282 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0129-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Balance in the body's hormonal axes depends on feedback onto neuroendocrine hypothalamic neurons. This phenomenon involves transcriptional and biosynthetic effects, yet less is known about the potential rapid modulation of electrical properties. Here, we investigated this issue in the lactotrophic axis, in which the pituitary hormone prolactin is tonically inhibited by tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons located in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Whole-cell recordings were performed on slices of the rat hypothalamus. In the presence of prolactin, spontaneously oscillating TIDA cells depolarized, switched from phasic to tonic discharge, and exhibited broadened action potentials. The underlying prolactin-induced current is composed of separate low- and high-voltage components that include the activation of a transient receptor potential-like current and the inhibition of a Ca(2+)-dependent BK-type K(+) current, respectively, as revealed by ion substitution experiments and pharmacological manipulation. The two components of the prolactin-induced current appear to be mediated through distinct signaling pathways as the high-voltage component is abolished by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase blocker wortmannin, whereas the low-voltage component is not. This first description of the central electrophysiological actions of prolactin suggests a novel feedback mechanism. By simultaneously enhancing the discharge and spike duration of TIDA cells, increased serum prolactin can promote dopamine release to limit its own secretion with implications for the control of lactation, sexual libido, fertility, and body weight.
Collapse
|
12
|
Current World Literature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2011; 20:561-7. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834a3de5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Seidel KN, Derst C, Salzmann M, HöLtje M, Priller J, Markgraf R, Heinemann SH, Heilmann H, Skatchkov SN, Eaton MJ, Veh RW, Prüss H. Expression of the voltage- and Ca2+-dependent BK potassium channel subunits BKβ1 and BKβ4 in rodent astrocytes. Glia 2011; 59:893-902. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|