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Nonaka K, Takubo K, Aida J, Watai Y, Komatsu A, Gomi F, Shichi Y, Yamazaki Y, Ishiwata T, Sasano H, Arai T. Accelerated telomere shortening in adrenal zona reticularis in patients with prolonged critical illness. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1244553. [PMID: 37745694 PMCID: PMC10512174 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1244553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The number of patients with prolonged critical illness (PCI) has been increasing in many countries, and the adrenal gland plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis during PCI. Chronic disease burden is reportedly associated with shorter telomere lengths in human tissues. Telomere shortening in human somatic cells is largely dependent on cell divisions, and critically short telomeres lead to cellular dysfunction and aging. However, the association between PCI and telomere lengths in human adrenal cells is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated this association to assess whether the burden of PCI could accelerate the aging process in adrenal cells. Methods Adrenocortical tissues from patients who died after PCI usually show a diffuse pattern of intracellular cholesterol ester depletion (i.e., lipid depletion). This study examined near-normal adrenal glands obtained from autopsied patients who died suddenly (control group) and lipid-depleted adrenal glands obtained from autopsied patients who died after PCI (PCI group). The control group included 7 men aged 80 to 94 years (mean age: 85.3 years) and 7 women aged 84 to 94 years (mean age: 87.7 years). The PCI group included 10 men aged 71 to 88 years (mean age: 78.8 years) and 8 women aged 77 to 95 years (mean age: 85.6 years). By using quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization, relative telomere lengths (RTLs) were determined in the parenchymal cells of the three adrenocortical zones (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis [ZR]) and in the chromaffin cells of the medulla. The number of adrenal parenchymal cells was determined by immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis. Results RTLs in ZR cells were significantly shorter in the PCI group than in the control group for both men and women (P = 0.0001 for men and P = 0.0012 for women). However, RTLs in the remaining three types of adrenal cells did not differ between the control and PCI groups for both men and women. The number of ZR cells was higher in the PCI group than in the control group for both men and women (P < 0.0001 for both men and women). The proportion of the number of ZR cells to the total number of adrenocortical parenchymal cells was also higher in the PCI group than in the control group (P < 0.0001 for both men and women). The Ki-67 proliferation index in ZR cells was higher in the PCI group than in the control group (P = 0.0039 for men and P = 0.0063 for women). Conclusions This study demonstrated ZR cell-specific telomere shortening in patients with adrenal lipid depletion who died after PCI. Our results suggest that the reactive proliferation of ZR cells accelerates the telomere shortening and aging process in ZR cells in these patients. The results of our study may contribute to the understanding of adrenal aging during PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nonaka
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Aida
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoriko Watai
- Department of Drug Discovery Support Business, Summit Pharmaceuticals International, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Komatsu
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fujiya Gomi
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuki Shichi
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Elkelany OO, Karaisz FG, Davies B, Krishna SG. An Overview of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors and an Update on Endoscopic Techniques for Their Management. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:7566-7580. [PMID: 37623030 PMCID: PMC10453483 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30080549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing importance of advanced endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNETs) necessitates a comprehensive understanding of various biochemical markers, genetic testing methods, radiological techniques, and treatment approaches that encompass multiple disciplines within and beyond gastrointestinal oncology. This review aims to highlight key aspects of these topics, with a specific focus on emerging EUS-guided procedures for the management of PanNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama O. Elkelany
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Fred G. Karaisz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin Davies
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Somashekar G. Krishna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Kang HS, Park HY, Lim H, Son IT, Kim MJ, Kim NY, Kim MJ, Nam ES, Cho SJ, Kwon MJ. Different miRNAs Related to FBXW7 Mutations or High Mitotic Indices Contribute to Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076329. [PMID: 37047300 PMCID: PMC10093831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that miRNA may be involved in the development of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). We explored the frequency of clinicopathologically relevant mutations and miRNA expression in rectal NETs to examine molecular profiles related to prognosis and behavior. Twenty-four eligible specimens with endoscopically excised rectal NETs were selected. Next-generation sequencing and an miRNA expression assay were used to evaluate the expression profile relevant to common genetic mutations in rectal NETs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis predicted that the possible target signaling pathways were correlated with dysregulated miRNAs. Nineteen rectal NETs harbored more than one mutation in the 24 cancer-related genes. Seven miRNAs (hsa-miR-769-5p, hsa-miR-221-3p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-181c-5p, hsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-324-5p, and hsa-miR-361-3p) were significantly down-regulated in tumors harboring the FBWX7 mutation. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis showed that up-regulation of these seven miRNAs may result in high mitotic indices, indicating the role of miRNAs in tumor progression. Among the down-regulated miRNAs, hsa-miR-769-5p was strongly correlated with extracellular matrix–receptor interaction and lysine degradation. Among the clinicopathological factors, up-regulated hsa-miR-3934-5p was linked to an increased mitotic count. No change in miRNA expression was associated with a tumor size >1 cm, lymphovascular invasion, or Ki-67 index. In summary, we identified different miRNA signatures involved in FBXW7 mutations or high mitotic indices in rectal NETs, which may play a critical role in tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Suk Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Young Park
- Department of Pathology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Tae Son
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Young Kim
- Hallym Institute of Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Department of Surgery, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sook Nam
- Department of Pathology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Cho
- Department of Pathology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Hua S, Xie Z, Zhang Y, Wu L, Shi F, Wang X, Xia S, Dong S, Jiang J. Identification and validation of an immune-related gene prognostic signature for clear cell renal carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869297. [PMID: 35936012 PMCID: PMC9352939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for nearly 80% of renal carcinoma cases, and immunotherapy plays an important role in ccRCC therapy. However, the responses to immunotherapy and overall survival for ccRCC patients are still hard to predict. Here, we constructed an immune-related predictive signature using 19 genes based on TCGA datasets. We also analyzed its relationships between disease prognosis, infiltrating immune cells, immune subtypes, mutation load, immune dysfunction, immune escape, etc. We found that our signature can distinguish immune characteristics and predict immunotherapeutic response for ccRCC patients with better prognostic prediction value than other immune scores. The expression levels of prognostic genes were determined by RT-qPCR assay. This signature may help to predict overall survival and guide the treatment for patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Hua
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Xie
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingjie Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengli Dong
- Nursing Department, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shengli Dong, ; Juntao Jiang,
| | - Juntao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shengli Dong, ; Juntao Jiang,
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Vasostatin-1 as a potential novel circulating biomarker in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: A pilot study. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 526:49-54. [PMID: 34973182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous studies have shown that circulating chromogranin A (CgA) increases in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HF). Aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential role of circulating vasostatin-1 (VS-1), a cardioregulatory fragment of CgA, as prognostic marker in patients with chronic HF. MATERIALS AND METHODS The plasma levels of CgA and VS-1 were determined in 80 patients with chronic systolic HF. Patients were followed-up to evaluate the occurrence of cardiovascular (CV) events. RESULTS CgA and VS-1 plasma levels were significantly higher in patients with CV events at follow-up. VS-1, but not CgA, was associated to NT-proBNP. No significant association of CgA and VS-1 with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was observed. CgA, NT-proBNP and age, but not VS-1, were independent predictors of CV events. CONCLUSION In patients with chronic systolic HF those who experienced CV events had higher levels of VS-1 and CgA. Given its established effect on cardiac cells, the association of VS-1 levels with NT-proBNP levels but not with LVEF, suggests that this fragment might provide complementary information to NT-proBNP and CgA in HF patients.
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Modelling Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Cancer: From Bench Side to Clinic. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113170. [PMID: 33126717 PMCID: PMC7693644 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) are a heterogeneous group of epithelial tumours with neuroendocrine differentiation. Although rare (incidence of <1 in 100,000), they are the second most common group of pancreatic neoplasms after pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). pNET incidence is however on the rise and patient outcomes, although variable, have been linked with 5-year survival rates as low as 40%. Improvement of diagnostic and treatment modalities strongly relies on disease models that reconstruct the disease ex vivo. A key constraint in pNET research, however, is the absence of human pNET models that accurately capture the original tumour phenotype. In attempts to more closely mimic the disease in its native environment, three-dimensional culture models as well as in vivo models, such as genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), have been developed. Despite adding significant contributions to our understanding of more complex biological processes associated with the development and progression of pNETs, factors such as ethical considerations and low rates of clinical translatability limit their use. Furthermore, a role for the site-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) in disease development and progression has become clear. Advances in tissue engineering have enabled the use of tissue constructs that are designed to establish disease ex vivo within a close to native ECM that can recapitulate tumour-associated tissue remodelling. Yet, such advanced models for studying pNETs remain underdeveloped. This review summarises the most clinically relevant disease models of pNETs currently used, as well as future directions for improved modelling of the disease.
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Patel S, Alam A, Pant R, Chattopadhyay S. Wnt Signaling and Its Significance Within the Tumor Microenvironment: Novel Therapeutic Insights. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2872. [PMID: 31921137 PMCID: PMC6927425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is one of the central mechanisms regulating tissue morphogenesis during embryogenesis and repair. The pivot of this signaling cascade is the Wnt ligand, which binds to receptors belonging to the Frizzled family or the ROR1/ROR2 and RYK family. This interaction governs the downstream signaling cascade (canonical/non-canonical), ultimately extending its effect on the cellular cytoskeleton, transcriptional control of proliferation and differentiation, and organelle dynamics. Anomalous Wnt signaling has been associated with several cancers, the most prominent ones being colorectal, breast, lung, oral, cervical, and hematopoietic malignancies. It extends its effect on tumorigenesis by modulating the tumor microenvironment via fine crosstalk between transformed cells and infiltrating immune cells, such as leukocytes. This review is an attempt to highlight the latest developments in the understanding of Wnt signaling in the context of tumors and their microenvironment. A dynamic process known as immunoediting governs the fate of tumor progression based on the correlation of various signaling pathways in the tumor microenvironment and immune cells. Cancer cells also undergo a series of mutations in the tumor suppressor gene, which favors tumorigenesis. Wnt signaling, and its crosstalk with various immune cells, has both negative as well as positive effects on tumor progression. On one hand, it helps in the maintenance and renewal of the leucocytes. On the other hand, it promotes immune tolerance, limiting the antitumor response. Wnt signaling also plays a role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby promoting the maintenance of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). Furthermore, we have summarized the ongoing strategies used to target aberrant Wnt signaling as a novel therapeutic intervention to combat various cancers and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Patel
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Richa Pant
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.,Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Mahata SK, Corti A. Chromogranin A and its fragments in cardiovascular, immunometabolic, and cancer regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:34-58. [PMID: 31588572 PMCID: PMC6899468 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA)-the index member of the chromogranin/secretogranin secretory protein family-is ubiquitously distributed in endocrine, neuroendocrine, and immune cells. Elevated levels of CgA-related polypeptides, consisting of full-length molecules and fragments, are detected in the blood of patients suffering from neuroendocrine tumors, heart failure, renal failure, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Full-length CgA and various CgA-derived peptides, including vasostatin-1, pancreastatin, catestatin, and serpinin, are expressed at different relative levels in normal and pathological conditions and exert diverse, and sometime opposite, biological functions. For example, CgA is overexpressed in genetic hypertension, whereas catestatin is diminished. In rodents, the administration of catestatin decreases hypertension, cardiac contractility, obesity, atherosclerosis, and inflammation, and it improves insulin sensitivity. By contrast, pancreastatin is elevated in diabetic patients, and the administration of this peptide to obese mice decreases insulin sensitivity and increases inflammation. CgA and the N-terminal fragment of vasostatin-1 can enhance the endothelial barrier function, exert antiangiogenic effects, and inhibit tumor growth in animal models, whereas CgA fragments lacking the CgA C-terminal region promote angiogenesis and tumor growth. Overall, the CgA system, consisting of full-length CgA and its fragments, is emerging as an important and complex player in cardiovascular, immunometabolic, and cancer regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Angelo Corti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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The Morphopathogenetic Aspects of Intraabdominal Adhesions in Children under One Year of Age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55090556. [PMID: 31480453 PMCID: PMC6780280 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The morphopathogenesis of adhesions is a complex process, characterized by the accumulation of an extracellular matrix, inflammation and hypoxia. The regulatory role between morphopathogenic factors in adhesions has not yet been defined. The aim was to investigate the appearance of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), chromogranin A (CgA), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-7 (IL-7), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), matrix metaloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metaloproteinase-2 tissue inhibitor (TIMP-2) in intraabdominal adhesions. Materials and Methods: The study material was obtained from 49 patients under one year of age with total or partial bowel obstruction. All factors were detected using immunohistochemistry methods and their relative distribution was evaluated by means of the semiquantitative counting method. Results: Intraabdominal adhesions are characterized by increased TGFβ, FGFR1 and decreased FGF-2, PGP 9.5, IL-1, IL-4, IL-8, TIMP-2 findings. The most significant changes observed were the remodulation of the extracellular matrix, promotion of neoangiogenesis and the maintenance of a prolonged inflammation. Conclusions: The increase in TGFβ, as well as the disbalance between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 proves an increased fibrosis in intraabdominal adhesions. Less detected FGF-2 and more prominent FGR1 findings points out a compensatory receptor stimulation in response to the lacking same factor. The decrease in PGP 9.5 indicate hypoxic injury and proves the stimulation of neoangiogenesis. An unpronounced IL-1 and marked IL-10 finding indicate the local tissue protection reaction, the decrease in IL-4 could be the direct cause of giant cells, but the decrease of IL-8 could confirm a delayed chemotaxis of inflammatory cells.
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Dallatomasina A, Gasparri AM, Colombo B, Sacchi A, Bianco M, Daniele T, Esposito A, Pastorino F, Ponzoni M, Marcucci F, Curnis F, Corti A. Spatiotemporal Regulation of Tumor Angiogenesis by Circulating Chromogranin A Cleavage and Neuropilin-1 Engagement. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1925-1937. [PMID: 30796053 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The unbalanced production of pro- and antiangiogenic factors in tumors can lead to aberrant vasculature morphology, angiogenesis, and disease progression. In this study, we report that disease progression in various murine models of solid tumors is associated with increased cleavage of full-length chromogranin A (CgA), a circulating vasoregulatory neurosecretory protein. Cleavage of CgA led to the exposure of the highly conserved PGPQLR site, which corresponds to residues 368-373 of human CgA1-373, a fragment that has proangiogenic activity. Antibodies against this site, unable to bind full-length CgA, inhibited angiogenesis and reduced tumor perfusion and growth. The PGPQLR sequence of the fragment, but not of the precursor, bound the VEGF-binding site of neuropilin-1; the C-terminal arginine (R373) of the sequence was crucial for binding. The proangiogenic activity of the CgA1-373 was blocked by anti-neuropilin-1 antibodies as well as by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, suggesting that these receptors, in addition to neuropilin-1, play a role in the proangiogenic activity of CgA1-373. The R373 residue was enzymatically removed in plasma, causing loss of neuropilin-1 binding and gain of antiangiogenic activity. These results suggest that cleavage of the R373R374 site of circulating human CgA in tumors and the subsequent removal of R373 in the blood represent an important "on/off" switch for the spatiotemporal regulation of tumor angiogenesis and may serve as a novel therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE: This work reveals that the interaction between fragmented chromogranin A and neuropilin-1 is required for tumor growth and represents a novel potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Maria Gasparri
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Colombo
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelina Sacchi
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mimma Bianco
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Daniele
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Esposito
- San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pastorino
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapy in Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mirco Ponzoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapy in Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Marcucci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Curnis
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy. .,Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Cuny T, de Herder W, Barlier A, Hofland LJ. Role of the tumor microenvironment in digestive neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R519-R544. [PMID: 30306777 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) represent a group of heterogeneous tumors whose incidence increased over the past few years. Around half of patients already present with metastatic disease at the initial diagnosis. Despite extensive efforts, cytotoxic and targeted therapies have provided only limited efficacy for patients with metastatic GEP-NETs, mainly due to the development of a certain state of resistance. One factor contributing to both the failure of systemic therapies and the emergence of an aggressive tumor phenotype may be the tumor microenvironment (TME), comprising dynamic and adaptative assortment of extracellular matrix components and non-neoplastic cells, which surround the tumor niche. Accumulating evidence shows that the TME can simultaneously support both tumor growth and metastasis and contribute to a certain state of resistance to treatment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the TME of GEP-NETs and discuss the current therapeutic agents that target GEP-NETs and those that could be of interest in the (near) future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cuny
- Division Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Marseille, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Hypophysaires HYPO, Marseille, France
| | - Wouter de Herder
- Division Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Barlier
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Marseille, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Hypophysaires HYPO, Marseille, France
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Muntjewerff EM, Dunkel G, Nicolasen MJT, Mahata SK, van den Bogaart G. Catestatin as a Target for Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2199. [PMID: 30337922 PMCID: PMC6180191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that inflammatory diseases and cancers are influenced by cleavage products of the pro-hormone chromogranin A (CgA), such as the 21-amino acids long catestatin (CST). The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of CST and its mechanism of action. We discuss evidence proving that CST and its precursor CgA are crucial for maintaining metabolic and immune homeostasis. CST could reduce inflammation in various mouse models for diabetes, colitis and atherosclerosis. In these mouse models, CST treatment resulted in less infiltration of immune cells in affected tissues, although in vitro monocyte migration was increased by CST. Both in vivo and in vitro, CST can shift macrophage differentiation from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Thus, the concept is emerging that CST plays a role in tissue homeostasis by regulating immune cell infiltration and macrophage differentiation. These findings warrant studying the effects of CST in humans and make it an interesting therapeutic target for treatment and/or diagnosis of various metabolic and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke M Muntjewerff
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gina Dunkel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mara J T Nicolasen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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13
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Zatelli MC, Guadagno E, Messina E, Lo Calzo F, Faggiano A, Colao A. Open issues on G3 neuroendocrine neoplasms: back to the future. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R375-R384. [PMID: 29669844 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent recognition that grade 3 (G3) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) can be divided into two different categories according to the histopathological differentiation, that is G3 neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and G3 neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) has generated a lot of interest concerning not only the diagnosis, but also the differential management of such new group of NENs. However, several issues need to be fully clarified in order to put G3 NETs and G3 NECs in the right place. The aim of this review is to focus on those issues that are still undetermined starting from the current knowledge, evaluating the available evidence and the possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elia Guadagno
- Department of Advanced Biomedical SciencesPathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Lo Calzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryFederico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryFederico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryFederico II University, Naples, Italy
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14
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Vasostatin-1: A novel circulating biomarker for ileal and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196858. [PMID: 29723285 PMCID: PMC5933774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chromogranin A (CgA) is a plasma biomarker widely used in the follow-up of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). However, its accuracy as a tumor biomarker is relatively low because plasma CgA can increase also in patients with other diseases or in subjects treated with proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), a class of widely-used drugs. Methods In the attempt to identify a more reliable biomarker for NENs, we investigated, by ELISA, the circulating levels of full-length CgA (CgA1-439) and of various CgA-derived fragments in 17 patients with ileal or pancreatic NENs, 10 healthy controls, and 21 healthy volunteers before and after treatment with PPIs. Results Patients with ileal or pancreatic NENs showed increased plasma levels of total-CgA and CgA1-76 fragment (vasostatin-1, VS-1) compared to controls [median (25th-75th-percentiles); total-CgA: 1.85 nM (1.01–4.28) vs 0.75 nM (0.52–0.89), p = 0.004; VS-1: 2.76 nM (1.09–7.10) vs 0.29 nM (0.26–0.32), p<0.001, respectively], but not of CgA1-439 or CgA1-373 fragment. VS-1 positively correlated with total-CgA (r = 0.65, p<0.001). The Receiver Operating Characteristic area under the curve was 0.9935 for VS-1 and 0.8824 for total-CgA (p = 0.067). Treatment of patients with somatostatin analogues decreased both total-CgA and VS-1. In contrast, administration of PPIs increased the plasma levels of total-CgA, but not of VS-1. Conclusion These findings suggest that plasma VS-1 is a novel biomarker for ileal and pancreatic NENs. Considering that VS-1 is a well-defined fragment not induced by proton-pump inhibitors, this polypeptide might represent a biomarker for NENs diagnosis and follow-up more accurate and easier to standardize than CgA.
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15
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Eissa N, Hussein H, Hendy GN, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Chromogranin-A and its derived peptides and their pharmacological effects during intestinal inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 152:315-326. [PMID: 29656116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the largest endocrine organ that produces a broad range of active peptides. Mucosal changes during inflammation alter the distribution and products of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) that play a role in immune activation and regulation of gut homeostasis by mediating communication between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) typically have altered expression of chromogranin (CHG)-A (CHGA), a major soluble protein secreted by EECs that functions as a pro-hormone. CHGA gives rise to several bioactive peptides that have direct or indirect effects on intestinal inflammation. In IBD, CHGA and its derived peptides are correlated with the disease activity. In this review we describe the potential immunomodulatory roles of CHGA and its derived peptides and their clinical relevance during the progression of intestinal inflammation. Targeting CHGA and its derived peptides could be of benefit for the diagnosis and clinical management of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Eissa
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hayam Hussein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Geoffrey N Hendy
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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16
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Curnis F, Dallatomasina A, Bianco M, Gasparri A, Sacchi A, Colombo B, Fiocchi M, Perani L, Venturini M, Tacchetti C, Sen S, Borges R, Dondossola E, Esposito A, Mahata SK, Corti A. Regulation of tumor growth by circulating full-length chromogranin A. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72716-72732. [PMID: 27683038 PMCID: PMC5341939 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA), a neuroendocrine secretory protein, and its fragments are present in variable amounts in the blood of normal subjects and cancer patients. We investigated whether circulating CgA has a regulatory function in tumor biology and progression. Systemic administration of full-length CgA, but not of fragments lacking the C-terminal region, could reduce tumor growth in murine models of fibrosarcoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and primary and metastatic melanoma, with U-shaped dose-response curves. Tumor growth inhibition was associated with reduction of microvessel density and blood flow in neoplastic tissues. Neutralization of endogenous CgA with antibodies against its C-terminal region (residues 410-439) promoted tumor growth. Structure-function studies showed that the C-terminal region of CgA contains a bioactive site and that cleavage of this region causes a marked loss of anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor potency. Mechanistic studies showed that full-length CgA could induce, with a U-shaped dose-response curve, the production of protease nexin-1 in endothelial cells, a serine protease inhibitor endowed of anti-angiogenic activity. Gene silencing or neutralization of protease nexin-1 with specific antibodies abolished both anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects of CgA. These results suggest that circulating full-length CgA is an important inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth, and that cleavage of its C-terminal region markedly reduces its activity. Pathophysiological changes in CgA blood levels and/or its fragmentation might regulate disease progression in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Curnis
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Dallatomasina
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mimma Bianco
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Gasparri
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelina Sacchi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Colombo
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Fiocchi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Perani
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturini
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Suvajit Sen
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Eleonora Dondossola
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Esposito
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angelo Corti
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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17
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Bianco M, Gasparri A, Generoso L, Assi E, Colombo B, Scarfò L, Bertilaccio MTS, Scielzo C, Ranghetti P, Dondossola E, Ponzoni M, Caligaris-Cappio F, Ghia P, Corti A. Inhibition of chronic lymphocytic leukemia progression by full-length chromogranin A and its N-terminal fragment in mouse models. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41725-41736. [PMID: 27203389 PMCID: PMC5173091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of leukemic B cells in peripheral blood, bone marrow (BM) and lymphoid tissues, and by their recirculation between these compartments. We observed that circulating chromogranin A (CgA) and its N-terminal fragment (called vasostatin-1, CgA1-76), two neuroendocrine secretory polypeptides that enhance the endothelial barrier function, are present in variable amounts in the blood of CLL patients. Studies in animal models showed that daily administration of full-length human CgA1-439 (0.3 μg, i.v., or 1.5 μg/mouse, i.p.) can reduce the BM/blood ratio of leukemic cells in Eμ-TCL1 mice, a transgenic model, and decrease BM, lung and kidney infiltration in Rag2−/−γc−/− mice engrafted with human MEC1 CLL cells, a xenograft model. This treatment also reduced the loss of body weight and improved animal motility. In vitro, CgA enhanced the endothelial barrier integrity and the trans-endothelial migration of MEC1 cells, with a bimodal dose-response curve. Vasostatin-1, but not a larger fragment consisting of N-terminal and central regions of CgA (CgA1-373), inhibited CLL progression in the xenograft model, suggesting that the C-terminal region is crucial for CgA activity and that the N-terminal domain contains a site that is activated by proteolytic cleavage. These findings suggest that circulating full-length CgA and its fragments may contribute to regulate leukemic cell trafficking and reduce tissue infiltration in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimma Bianco
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Anna Gasparri
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luca Generoso
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Emma Assi
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Barbara Colombo
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Lydia Scarfò
- B Cell Neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Clinical Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy.,San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Maria T S Bertilaccio
- Lymphoid Malignancies Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Cristina Scielzo
- Lymphoid Malignancies Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Pamela Ranghetti
- Lymphoid Malignancies Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Eleonora Dondossola
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Clinical Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Federico Caligaris-Cappio
- Clinical Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy.,San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan 20132, Italy.,Lymphoid Malignancies Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Paolo Ghia
- B Cell Neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Clinical Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy.,San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan 20132, Italy
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18
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Bandyopadhyay GK, Mahata SK. Chromogranin A Regulation of Obesity and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:20. [PMID: 28228748 PMCID: PMC5296320 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a prohormone and granulogenic factor in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues, as well as in neurons, and has a regulated secretory pathway. The intracellular functions of CgA include the initiation and regulation of dense-core granule biogenesis and sequestration of hormones in neuroendocrine cells. This protein is co-stored and co-released with secreted hormones. The extracellular functions of CgA include the generation of bioactive peptides, such as pancreastatin (PST), vasostatin, WE14, catestatin (CST), and serpinin. CgA knockout mice (Chga-KO) display: (i) hypertension with increased plasma catecholamines, (ii) obesity, (iii) improved hepatic insulin sensitivity, and (iv) muscle insulin resistance. These findings suggest that individual CgA-derived peptides may regulate different physiological functions. Indeed, additional studies have revealed that the pro-inflammatory PST influences insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, whereas CST alleviates adiposity and hypertension. This review will focus on the different metabolic roles of PST and CST peptides in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant models, and their potential use as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Metabolic Physiology and Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Sushil K. Mahata,
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19
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van Luijn MM, van Meurs M, Stoop MP, Verbraak E, Wierenga-Wolf AF, Melief MJ, Kreft KL, Verdijk RM, 't Hart BA, Luider TM, Laman JD, Hintzen RQ. Elevated Expression of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Disease Markers Chromogranin A and Clusterin in Astrocytes of Multiple Sclerosis White Matter Lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:86-98. [PMID: 26683597 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Using proteomics, we previously identified chromogranin A (CgA) and clusterin (CLU) as disease-related proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). CgA and CLU are involved in cell survival and are implicated in neurodegenerative disorders and may also have roles in MS pathophysiology. We investigated CgA and CLU expression in lesions and nonlesional regions in postmortem brains of MS patients and controls and in the brains of marmosets with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. By quantitative PCR, mRNA levels of CgA and CLU were elevated in white matter but not in grey matter of MS patients. In situ analyses showed greater expression of CgA and CLU in white matter lesions than in normal-appearing regions in MS patients and in the marmosets, primarily in or adjacent to perivascular spaces and inflammatory infiltrates. Both proteins were expressed by glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes. CgA was more localized in astrocytic processes and endfeet surrounding blood vessels and was abundant in the superficial glia limitans and ependyma, 2 CSF-brain borders. Increased expression of CgA and CLU in reactive astrocytes in MS white matter lesions supports a role for these molecules as neuro-inflammatory mediators and their potential as CSF markers of active pathological processes in MS patients.
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20
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Bianco M, Gasparri AM, Colombo B, Curnis F, Girlanda S, Ponzoni M, Bertilaccio MTS, Calcinotto A, Sacchi A, Ferrero E, Ferrarini M, Chesi M, Bergsagel PL, Bellone M, Tonon G, Ciceri F, Marcatti M, Caligaris-Cappio F, Corti A. Chromogranin A Is Preferentially Cleaved into Proangiogenic Peptides in the Bone Marrow of Multiple Myeloma Patients. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1781-91. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Angiogenesis has been postulated to be critical for the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma, a neoplastic disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). Cleavage of the N- and C-terminal regions of circulating chromogranin A (CgA, CHGA), classically an antiangiogenic protein, can activate latent antiangiogenic and proangiogenic sites, respectively. In this study, we investigated the distribution of CgA-derived polypeptides in multiple myeloma patients and the subsequent implications for disease progression. We show that the ratio of pro/antiangiogenic forms of CgA is altered in multiple myeloma patients compared with healthy subjects and that this ratio is higher in BM plasma compared with peripheral plasma, suggesting enhanced local cleavage of the CgA C-terminal region. Enhanced cleavage correlated with increased VEGF and FGF2 BM plasma levels and BM microvascular density. Using the Vk*MYC mouse model of multiple myeloma, we further demonstrate that exogenously administered CgA was cleaved in favor of the proangiogenic form and was associated with increased microvessel density. Mechanistic studies revealed that multiple myeloma and proliferating endothelial cells can promote CgA C-terminal cleavage by activating the plasminogen activator/plasmin system. Moreover, cleaved and full-length forms could also counter balance the pro/antiangiogenic activity of each other in in vitro angiogenesis assays. These findings suggest that the CgA-angiogenic switch is activated in the BM of multiple myeloma patients and prompt further investigation of this CgA imbalance as a prognostic or therapeutic target. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1781–91. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimma Bianco
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Gasparri
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Colombo
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Curnis
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Girlanda
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Calcinotto
- 2Division of Immunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelina Sacchi
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferrero
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Ferrarini
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Matteo Bellone
- 2Division of Immunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Magda Marcatti
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Caligaris-Cappio
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- 4Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- 1Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- 4Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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21
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Qi S, Huang M, Teng H, Lu Y, Jiang M, Wang L, Shi J, Ma Q, Gu G, Xin Y, Ma H. Autoantibodies to chromogranin A are potential diagnostic biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9979-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Altered chromogranin A circulating levels in Meniere's disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:643420. [PMID: 25983374 PMCID: PMC4423029 DOI: 10.1155/2015/643420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Meniere's disease (MD) is an inner ear disorder characterized by episodic vertigo, ear fullness, and hearing loss; usually vertigo attacks cluster in specific period. We studied in MD patients the circulating levels of chromogranin A (CgA) and vasostatin-1 (VS-1), secreted by the neuroendocrine system and involved in the regulation of the endothelial barrier function. METHODS Serum levels were assessed in 37 MD patients and 36 controls. The ratio between VS-1 and CgA was calculated. RESULTS CgA was increased in patients compared to controls (1.46 versus 0.67 nM, p = 0.01) while no difference was detected for VS-1 (0.41 versus 0.39, resp.). CgA levels in patients positively correlated with the frequency of vertigo spells in the previous four weeks (p = 0.008) and negatively with the time in days from the last vertigo attack (p = 0.018). Furthermore, the VS-1/CgA ratio negatively correlated with the frequency of vertigo spells (p = 0.029) and positively correlated with the time from the last attack (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION The results indicate that variations of CgA levels, but not of VS-1, occur in the blood of patients with active MD, depending on the frequency of vertigo spells and the time from the last crisis.
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Salem S, Jankowski V, Asare Y, Liehn E, Welker P, Raya-Bermudez A, Pineda-Martos C, Rodriguez M, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Bruck H, Marx N, Machado FB, Staudt M, Heinze G, Zidek W, Jankowski J. Identification of the Vasoconstriction-Inhibiting Factor (VIF), a Potent Endogenous Cofactor of Angiotensin II Acting on the Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor. Circulation 2015; 131:1426-34. [PMID: 25810338 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system and especially the angiotensin peptides play a central role in blood pressure regulation. Here, we hypothesize that an as-yet unknown peptide is involved in the action of angiotensin II modulating the vasoregulatory effects as a cofactor. METHODS AND RESULTS The peptide with vasodilatory properties was isolated from adrenal glands chromatographically. The effects of this peptide were evaluated in vitro and in vivo, and the receptor affinity was analyzed. The plasma concentration in humans was quantified in patients with chronic kidney disease, patients with heart failure, and healthy control subjects. The amino acid sequence of the peptide from bovine adrenal glands was HSSYEDELSEVL EKPNDQAE PKEVTEEVSSKDAAE, which is a degradation product of chromogranin A. The sequence of the peptide isolated from human plasma was HSGFEDELSEVLENQSSQAELKEAVEEPSSKDVME. Both peptides diminished significantly the vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II in vitro. Therefore, we named the peptide vasoconstriction-inhibiting factor (VIF). The vasoregulatory effects of VIF are mediated by the angiotensin II type 2 receptor. VIF impairs angiotensin II-induced phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway but not of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2. The vasodilatory effects were confirmed in vivo. The plasma concentration was significantly increased in renal patients and patients with heart failure. CONCLUSIONS VIF is a vasoregulatory peptide that modulates the vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin II by acting on the angiotensin II type 2 receptor. It is likely that the increase in VIF may serve as a counterregulatory effect to defend against hypertension. The identification of this target may help us to understand the pathophysiology of renal and heart failure and may form a basis for the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salem
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Vera Jankowski
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Yaw Asare
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Elisa Liehn
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Pia Welker
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Ana Raya-Bermudez
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Carmen Pineda-Martos
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Mariano Rodriguez
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Juan Rafael Muñoz-Castañeda
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Heike Bruck
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Fernanda B Machado
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Mareike Staudt
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Georg Heinze
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Walter Zidek
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.).
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Gnoni A, Silvestris N, Licchetta A, Santini D, Scartozzi M, Ria R, Pisconti S, Petrelli F, Vacca A, Lorusso V. Metronomic chemotherapy from rationale to clinical studies: a dream or reality? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 95:46-61. [PMID: 25656744 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metronomic chemotherapy (MC) refers to the close administration of a chemotherapeutic drug for a long time with no extended drug-free breaks. It was developed to overcome drug resistance, partly by shifting the therapeutic target from tumor cells to the tumor vasculature, with less toxicity. Because of this peculiar way of administration, MC can be viewed as a form of long-term 'maintenance' treatment, and can be integrated with standard and conventional chemotherapy in a "chemo-switching" strategy. Additional mechanisms are involved in its antitumor activity, such as activation of immunity, induction of tumor dormancy, chemotherapy-driven dependency of cancer cells, and the '4D effect'. In this paper we report the most important studies that have analyzed these processes. In fact, a number of preclinical and clinical studies in solid tumors as well as in multiple myeloma, have been reported regarding several chemotherapy drugs which have been proposed with a metronomic schedule: vinorelbine, cyclophosphamide, capecitabine, methotrexate, bevacizumab, etoposide, gemcitabine, sorafenib, everolimus and temozolomide. The results of these studies have been sometimes conflicting, highlighting the need to develop reliable tools for patient selection and stratification. However, a more precise evaluation of MC strategies with the ongoing randomized phase II/III clinical is fundamental, because of the strict correlation of this approach with translational research and target therapy. Moreover, because of the low toxicity of MC, these studies will also help to better evaluate the clinical benefit of this treatment, with a special focus on elderly and low performance status patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gnoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Moscati, Taranto, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Santini
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Campus Biomedico, Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Department of Medical Oncoloy, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Ria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Fausto Petrelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital of Treviglio, Treviglio, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Lorusso
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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Helle KB, Corti A. Chromogranin A: a paradoxical player in angiogenesis and vascular biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:339-48. [PMID: 25297920 PMCID: PMC11113878 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Half a century after the discovery of chromogranin A as a secreted product of the catecholamine storage granules in the bovine adrenal medulla, the physiological role for the circulating pool of this protein has been recently coined, namely as an important player in vascular homeostasis. While the circulating chromogranin A since 1984 has proved to be a significant and useful marker of a wide range of pathophysiological and pathological conditions involving the diffuse neuroendocrine system, this protein has now been assigned a physiological "raison d'etre" as a regulator in vascular homeostasis. Moreover, chromogranin A processing in response to tissue damage and blood coagulation provides the first indication of a difference in time frame of the regulation of angiogenesis evoked by the intact chromogranin A and its two major peptide products, vasostatin-1 and catestatin. The impact of these discoveries on vascular homeostasis, angiogenesis, cancer, tissue repair and cardio-regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B. Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Haukelandsvei 1, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Angelo Corti
- Division of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
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Goetze JP, Hilsted LM, Rehfeld JF, Alehagen U. Plasma chromogranin A is a marker of death in elderly patients presenting with symptoms of heart failure. Endocr Connect 2014; 3:47-56. [PMID: 24532383 PMCID: PMC3959729 DOI: 10.1530/ec-14-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular risk assessment remains difficult in elderly patients. We examined whether chromogranin A (CgA) measurement in plasma may be valuable in assessing risk of death in elderly patients with symptoms of heart failure in a primary care setting. A total of 470 patients (mean age 73 years) were followed for 10 years. For CgA plasma measurement, we used a two-step method including a screening test and a confirmative test with plasma pre-treatment with trypsin. Cox multivariable proportional regression and receiver-operating curve (ROC) analyses were used to assess mortality risk. Assessment of cardiovascular mortality during the first 3 years of observation showed that CgA measurement contained useful information with a hazard ratio (HR) of 5.4 (95% CI 1.7-16.4) (CgA confirm). In a multivariate setting, the corresponding HR was 5.9 (95% CI 1.8-19.1). WHEN ADDING N-TERMINAL PROBNP (NT-PROBNP) TO THE MODEL, CGA CONFIRM STILL POSSESSED PROGNOSTIC INFORMATION (HR: 6.1; 95% CI 1.8-20.7). The result for predicting all-cause mortality displayed the same pattern. ROC analyses in comparison to NT-proBNP to identify patients on top of clinical variables at risk of cardiovascular death within 5 years of follow-up showed significant additive value of CgA confirm measurements compared with NT-proBNP and clinical variables. CgA measurement in the plasma of elderly patients with symptoms of heart failure can identify those at increased risk of short- and long-term mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Urban Alehagen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Cardiology UHL, County Council of ÖstergötlandLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
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Hilfenhaus G, Göhrig A, Pape UF, Neumann T, Jann H, Zdunek D, Hess G, Stassen JM, Wiedenmann B, Detjen K, Pavel M, Fischer C. Placental growth factor supports neuroendocrine tumor growth and predicts disease prognosis in patients. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:305-19. [PMID: 23463017 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PlGF), a VEGF-homolog implicated in tumor angiogenesis and adaptation to antiangiogenic therapy, is emerging as candidate target in malignancies. Here, we addressed the expression, function, and prognostic value of PlGF in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). PlGF was determined in NET patients' sera collected retrospectively (n=88) and prospectively (n=87) using Roche-Elecsys and correlated with clinicopathological data. Tumoral PlGF was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, effects of PlGF on proliferation and migration in vitro were assessed using different NET cell lines and effects on tumor growth in vivo in orthotopic xenografts. Circulating and tumoral PlGF was elevated in patients with pancreatic NETs (pNETs) compared with control sera and respective healthy tissue. De novo PlGF expression occurred primarily in the tumor stroma, suggesting paracrine stimulatory circuits. Indeed, PlGF enhanced NET proliferation and migration in vitro and, conversely, neutralizing antibodies to PlGF reduced tumor growth in vivo. Elevated circulating PlGF levels in NET patients correlated with advanced tumor grading and were associated with reduced tumor-related survival in pNETs. Subsequent determinations confirmed and extended our observation of elevated PlGF levels in a prospective cohort of grade 1 and grade 2 pNETs (n=30) and intestinal NETs (n=57). In low-grade pNETs, normal circulating PlGF levels were associated with better survival. In intestinal NETs, circulating PlGF above median emerged as an independent prognostic factor for shorter time-to-progression in multivariate analyses. These data assign to PlGF a novel function in the pathobiology of NETs and propose PlGF as a prognostic parameter and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hilfenhaus
- Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, is regulated by a complex interplay of anti and proangiogenic factors. We found that physiologic levels of circulating chromogranin A (CgA), a protein secreted by the neuroendocrine system, can inhibit angiogenesis in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Structure-activity studies showed that a functional anti-angiogenic site is located in the C-terminal region, whereas a latent anti-angiogenic site, activated by cleavage of Q76-K77 bond, is present in the N-terminal domain. Cleavage of CgA by thrombin abrogated its anti-angiogenic activity and generated fragments (lacking the C-terminal region) endowed of potent proangiogenic activity. Hematologic studies showed that biologically relevant levels of forms of full-length CgA and CgA1-76 (anti-angiogenic) and lower levels of fragments lacking the C-terminal region (proangiogenic) are present in circulation in healthy subjects. Blood coagulation caused, in a thrombin-dependent manner, almost complete conversion of CgA into fragments lacking the C-terminal region. These results suggest that the CgA-related circulating polypeptides form a balance of anti and proangiogenic factors tightly regulated by proteolysis. Thrombin-induced alteration of this balance could provide a novel mechanism for triggering angiogenesis in pathophysiologic conditions characterized by prothrombin activation.
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Curnis F, Gasparri AM, Longhi R, Colombo B, D’Alessio S, Pastorino F, Ponzoni M, Corti A. Chromogranin A binds to αvβ6-integrin and promotes wound healing in mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2791-803. [PMID: 22415324 PMCID: PMC11114517 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA), a secretory protein expressed by many neuroendocrine cells, neurons, cardiomyocytes, and keratinocytes, is the precursor of various peptides that regulate the carbohydrate/lipid metabolism and the cardiovascular system. We have found that CgA, locally administered to injured mice, can accelerate keratinocyte proliferation and wound healing. This biological activity was abolished by the Asp(45)Glu mutation. CgA and its N-terminal fragments, but not the corresponding Asp(45)Glu mutants, could selectively recognize the αvβ6-integrin on keratinocytes (a cell-adhesion receptor that is up-regulated during wound healing) and regulate keratinocyte adhesion, proliferation, and migration. No binding was observed to other integrins such as αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ8, α5β1, α1β1, α3β1, α6β4, α6β7 and α9β1. Structure-activity studies showed that the entire CgA(39-63) region is crucial for αvβ6 recognition (K(i) = 7 nM). This region contains an RGD site (residues CgA(43-45)) followed by an amphipathic α-helix (residues CgA(47-63)), both crucial for binding affinity and selectivity. These results suggest that the interaction of the RGD/α-helix motif of CgA with αvβ6 regulates keratinocyte physiology in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Curnis
- Division of Molecular Oncology and IIT Network Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Gasparri
- Division of Molecular Oncology and IIT Network Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Longhi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Colombo
- Division of Molecular Oncology and IIT Network Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia D’Alessio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pastorino
- Laboratory of Oncology, Experimental Therapy Unit, G. Gaslini Children’s Hospital, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mirco Ponzoni
- Laboratory of Oncology, Experimental Therapy Unit, G. Gaslini Children’s Hospital, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- Division of Molecular Oncology and IIT Network Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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EUS-FNA for a Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor in a Four-Year-Old Daughter of a Woman Exposed to Radiation at Chernobyl. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2012; 2012:462139. [PMID: 22762002 PMCID: PMC3384900 DOI: 10.1155/2012/462139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neoplasms in children are rare. Herein is reported the case of a four-year-old girl whose mother was exposed to radiation at Chernobyl that presented with obstructive jaundice and a mass suspected on CT and diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine needle aspiration (FNA). This child is probably the youngest case of application of linear EUS with biopsy to be described. The diagnosis, management, and followup of children with this rare tumor are discussed.
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The N-terminal fragment of chromogranin A, vasostatin-1 protects mice from acute or chronic colitis upon oral administration. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1227-37. [PMID: 22278339 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasostatin-1 (VS-1), the N-terminal fragment of chromogranin A (CgA), decreases the permeability of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. AIMS Here, we investigated whether a similar effect could be observed also on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro and whether VS-1 could have favorable effects on animal models of acute or chronic colitis, which are characterized by increased permeability of the intestinal epithelium. METHODS In vitro, VS-1 was tested on IEC monolayers showing increased permeability, on mechanically injured IEC monolayers, and on the production of the chemokine IL-8/KC by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated IECs. In vivo, VS-1 was tested in animal models of dextran sodium salt (DSS)-induced acute or chronic colitis. RESULTS In vitro, VS-1 inhibited increased permeability of IECs induced by interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, VS-1 promoted healing of mechanically injured IEC monolayers, most likely through stimulation of cell migration, rather than cell proliferation. Eventually, VS-1 inhibited LPS-induced production of IL-8. In vivo, VS-1 exerted protective effects in animal models of acute or chronic colitis upon oral, but not systemic administration. CONCLUSIONS VS-1 is therapeutically active in animal models of acute or chronic, DSS-induced colitis. The mechanisms underlying this effect are likely to be multiple, and may include inhibition of enhanced intestinal permeability, repair of injured intestinal mucosae, and inhibition of the production of IL-8/KC and possibly other inflammatory cytokines.
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Genes involved in systemic and arterial bed dependent atherosclerosis--Tampere Vascular study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33787. [PMID: 22509262 PMCID: PMC3324479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with hundreds of genes influencing its progression. In addition, the phenotype of the disease varies significantly depending on the arterial bed. Methodology/Principal Findings We characterized the genes generally involved in human advanced atherosclerotic (AHA type V–VI) plaques in carotid and femoral arteries as well as aortas from 24 subjects of Tampere Vascular study and compared the results to non-atherosclerotic internal thoracic arteries (n=6) using genome-wide expression array and QRT-PCR. In addition we determined genes that were typical for each arterial plaque studied. To gain a comprehensive insight into the pathologic processes in the plaques we also analyzed pathways and gene sets dysregulated in this disease using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). According to the selection criteria used (>3.0 fold change and p-value <0.05), 235 genes were up-regulated and 68 genes down-regulated in the carotid plaques, 242 genes up-regulated and 116 down-regulated in the femoral plaques and 256 genes up-regulated and 49 genes down-regulated in the aortic plaques. Nine genes were found to be specifically induced predominantly in aortic plaques, e.g., lactoferrin, and three genes in femoral plaques, e.g., chondroadherin, whereas no gene was found to be specific for carotid plaques. In pathway analysis, a total of 28 pathways or gene sets were found to be significantly dysregulated in atherosclerotic plaques (false discovery rate [FDR] <0.25). Conclusions This study describes comprehensively the gene expression changes that generally prevail in human atherosclerotic plaques. In addition, site specific genes induced only in femoral or aortic plaques were found, reflecting that atherosclerotic process has unique features in different vascular beds.
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Specificity and sensitivity of ⁹⁹mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-Tyr³-octreotide (⁹⁹mTc-TOC) for imaging neuroendocrine tumors. Nucl Med Commun 2012; 33:69-79. [PMID: 21970835 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e32834cecfe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are cancers originating from neuroendocrine organs such as the pancreas, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands and tumors arising from the diffuse neuroendocrine cells that are widely distributed throughout the body. NETs express somatostatin (SS) and contain a high density of SS receptors; therefore, they can be specifically targeted with SS-based radiopharmaceuticals. The aim of this research was to determine the validity in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and the agreement beyond chance with the biopsy (gold standard) of the ⁹⁹mTc-EDDA-HYNIC-Tyr³octreotide (⁹⁹mTc-TOC) to image and localize NETs and their metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Freeze-dried kits containing 0.0125 mg HYNIC-octreotide and co-ligands were easily labeled and quality controlled within the hospital radiopharmacy. Fifty-six consecutive Mexican patients with a previous presumptive diagnosis of NETs underwent several clinical and laboratory studies and were referred to the Nuclear Medicine Department for a routine scan with ⁹⁹mTc-TOC. The patients were injected with 500-600 MBq ⁹⁹mTc-TOC, and whole-body images were obtained 2 h later with a SPECT or a SPECT/CT camera. Two nuclear medicine physicians observed the images and classified them as 17 negative and 39 positive. After correlating the image of each patient with our 'gold standard' (biopsy, clinical history, morphological images, and tumor marker assays), the ⁹⁹mTc-TOC images were classified by the same two physicians as 12 true negatives, five false negatives, 38 true positives and one false positive. RESULTS The validity of ⁹⁹mTc-TOC in terms of relative frequencies with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were as follows: 92.3% (64-100%) specificity; 88.4% (78-97%) sensitivity; and the agreement beyond chance was 73% (60-84%). The positive predictive value was 97.4% (87-100%); the negative predicted value was 70.6% (48-93%); the accuracy was 89.3% (89-97%); and the prevalence was 76.8% (64-87%). CONCLUSION Because of these high values, we strongly recommend scintigraphy with the Mexican-produced ⁹⁹mTc-TOC for the localization of NETs and their metastases, and we conclude that it is a good tool for detecting neuroendocrine disease in a Mexican population.
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Loh YP, Cheng Y, Mahata SK, Corti A, Tota B. Chromogranin A and derived peptides in health and disease. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:347-56. [PMID: 22388654 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a member of the granins, a family of acidic proteins found in abundance in (neuro)endocrine cells (e.g., in chromaffin cells) and in some tumors. Like other granins, CgA has a granulogenic role in secretory granule biogenesis and is stored in these organelles. CgA is partially processed differentially in various cell types to yield biologically active peptides, such as vasostatin, pancreastatin, catestatin, and serpinins. In this review, we describe the roles of CgA and several of its derived peptides. CgA, which is elevated in the blood of cancer patients, inhibits angiogenesis and exerts protective effects on the endothelial barrier function in tumors, thus affecting response to chemotherapy. Recent studies indicate that the serpinins promote cell survival and myocardial contractility and relaxation. Other peptides such as pancreastatin were found to have significant effects on inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose up-take, induction of glycogenolysis in hepatocytes, and inhibition of lipogenesis. In contrast, catestatin has opposite effects to that of pancreastatin in glucose metabolism and lipogenesis. Catestatin appears to also play a significant role in cardiac function, blood pressure regulation, and mutations in the catestatin domain of the CgA gene are associated with hypertension in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Thermo-sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid channel-1 regulates intracellular calcium and triggers chromogranin A secretion in pancreatic neuroendocrine BON-1 tumor cells. Cell Signal 2012; 24:233-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dondossola E, Crippa L, Colombo B, Ferrero E, Corti A. Chromogranin A regulates tumor self-seeding and dissemination. Cancer Res 2011; 72:449-59. [PMID: 22139379 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression involves the seeding of malignant cells in circulation and the colonization of distant organs. However, circulating neoplastic cells can also reinfiltrate the tumor of origin. This process, called "tumor-self seeding," can select more aggressive cells that may contribute to cancer progression. Here, using mouse mammary adenocarcinoma models, we observed that both tumor self-seeding and organ colonization were inhibited by chromogranin A (CgA), a protein present in variable amounts in the blood of cancer patients. Mechanism studies showed that CgA inhibited the shedding of cancer cells in circulation from primary tumors, as well as the reinfiltration of tumors and the colonization of lungs by circulating tumor cells. CgA reduced gap formation induced by tumor cell-derived factors in endothelial cells, decreased vascular leakage in tumors, and inhibited the transendothelial migration of cancer cells. Together, our findings point to a role for circulating CgA in the regulation of tumor cell trafficking from tumor-to-blood and from blood-to-tumor/normal tissues. Inhibition of the multidirectional trafficking of cancer cells in normal and neoplastic tissues may represent a novel strategy to reduce cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Dondossola
- Division of Molecular Oncology and IIT Network Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Bartolomucci A, Possenti R, Mahata SK, Fischer-Colbrie R, Loh YP, Salton SRJ. The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:755-97. [PMID: 21862681 PMCID: PMC3591675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranins (chromogranin A and chromogranin B), secretogranins (secretogranin II and secretogranin III), and additional related proteins (7B2, NESP55, proSAAS, and VGF) that together comprise the granin family subserve essential roles in the regulated secretory pathway that is responsible for controlled delivery of peptides, hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Here we review the structure and function of granins and granin-derived peptides and expansive new genetic evidence, including recent single-nucleotide polymorphism mapping, genomic sequence comparisons, and analysis of transgenic and knockout mice, which together support an important and evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in large dense-core vesicle biogenesis and regulated secretion. Recent data further indicate that their processed peptides function prominently in metabolic and glucose homeostasis, emotional behavior, pain pathways, and blood pressure modulation, suggesting future utility of granins and granin-derived peptides as novel disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Veschini L, Crippa L, Dondossola E, Doglioni C, Corti A, Ferrero E. The vasostatin-1 fragment of chromogranin A preserves a quiescent phenotype in hypoxia-driven endothelial cells and regulates tumor neovascularization. FASEB J 2011; 25:3906-14. [PMID: 21825034 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-182410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The angiogenic switch is a fundamental process for many diseases and for tumor growth. The main proangiogenic stimulus is hypoxia, through activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α pathway in endothelial cells (ECs). We have previously shown that the vasostatin-1 (VS-1) fragment of chromogranin A inhibits TNF-α-induced vessel permeability and VEGF-induced EC proliferation, together with migration and matrix invasion, which are all critical steps in angiogenesis. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of VS-1 on tumor angiogenesis. We found mouse mammary adenocarcinomas (TS/A), genetically engineered to secrete VS-1 (TS/A 1B8), to be characterized by reduced vascular density and more regular vessels, compared with nontransfected tumors [TS/A wild type (WT)]. Supernatants from TS/A WT cells, but not those from TS/A 1B8, generated tip cells and promoted the permeability of primary human umbilical vein ECs, via VE-cadherin redistribution and cytoskeletal disorganization. These effects were abrogated by mAb 5A8, a VS-1-blocking antibody. Furthermore, VS-1 inhibited hypoxia-driven EC morphological changes, VE-cadherin redistribution, intercellular gap formation, tube morphogenesis, and HIF-1α nuclear translocation in vitro. Our findings highlight a previously undescribed function of VS-1 as a regulator of tumor vascularization.
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Dondossola E, Gasparri AM, Colombo B, Sacchi A, Curnis F, Corti A. Chromogranin A restricts drug penetration and limits the ability of NGR-TNF to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5881-90. [PMID: 21799030 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NGR-TNF is a derivative of TNF-α that targets tumor blood vessels and enhances penetration of chemotherapeutic drugs. Because of this property, NGR-TNF is being tested in combination with chemotherapy in various phase II and III clinical trials. Here we report that chromogranin A (CgA), a protein present in variable amounts in the blood of normal subjects and cancer patients, inhibits the synergism of NGR-TNF with doxorubicin and melphalan in mouse models of lymphoma and melanoma. Pathophysiologically relevant levels of circulating CgA blocked NGR-TNF-induced drug penetration by enhancing endothelial barrier function and reducing drug extravasation in tumors. Mechanistic investigations done in endothelial cell monolayers in vitro showed that CgA inhibited phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, disassembly of VE-cadherin-dependent adherence junctions, paracellular macromolecule transport, and NGR-TNF-induced drug permeability. In this system, the N-terminal fragment of CgA known as vasostatin-1 also inhibited drug penetration and NGR-TNF synergism. Together, our results suggest that increased levels of circulating CgA and its fragments, as it may occur in certain cancer patients with nonneuroendocrine tumors, may reduce drug delivery to tumor cells particularly as induced by NGR-TNF. Measuring CgA and its fragments may assist the selection of patients that can respond better to NGR-TNF/chemotherapy combinations in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Dondossola
- Division of Molecular Oncology and IIT Network Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Helle KB. Regulatory peptides from chromogranin A and secretogranin II. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:1145-6. [PMID: 21088887 PMCID: PMC3008932 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This commentary is focusing on novel aspects on the secreted CgA- and SgII-derived peptides, vasostatin-I (bovine and human CgA1–76, VS-I), WE-14 (CgA316–329), catestatin (bovine CgA344–366, human CgA352–372, Cts) and the SgII-derived secretoneurin (SgII180–204) as significant regulators of inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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