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Nuñez A, Zegarra-Valdivia J, Fernandez de Sevilla D, Pignatelli J, Torres Aleman I. The neurobiology of insulin-like growth factor I: From neuroprotection to modulation of brain states. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3220-3230. [PMID: 37353586 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
After decades of research in the neurobiology of IGF-I, its role as a prototypical neurotrophic factor is undisputed. However, many of its actions in the adult brain indicate that this growth factor is not only involved in brain development or in the response to injury. Following a three-layer assessment of its role in the central nervous system, we consider that at the cellular level, IGF-I is indeed a bona fide neurotrophic factor, modulating along ontogeny the generation and function of all the major types of brain cells, contributing to sculpt brain architecture and adaptive responses to damage. At the circuit level, IGF-I modulates neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity at multiple sites, whereas at the system level, IGF-I intervenes in energy allocation, proteostasis, circadian cycles, mood, and cognition. Local and peripheral sources of brain IGF-I input contribute to a spatially restricted, compartmentalized, and timed modulation of brain activity. To better define these variety of actions, we consider IGF-I a modulator of brain states. This definition aims to reconcile all aspects of IGF-I neurobiology, and may provide a new conceptual framework in the design of future research on the actions of this multitasking neuromodulator in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nuñez
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neurosciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Zegarra-Valdivia
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Perú
| | - D Fernandez de Sevilla
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neurosciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pignatelli
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
- Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Torres Aleman
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain.
- Ikerbasque Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain.
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2
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Pennuto M, Pandey UB, Polanco MJ. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in motor neuron and polyglutamine diseases: From molecular pathogenesis to therapeutic perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 57:100821. [PMID: 32006533 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic peptide insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) regulates human body homeostasis and cell growth. IGF-I activates two major signaling pathways, namely phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which contribute to brain development, metabolism and function as well as to neuronal maintenance and survival. In this review, we discuss the general and tissue-specific effects of the IGF-I pathways. In addition, we present a comprehensive overview examining the role of IGF-I in neurodegenerative diseases, such as spinal and muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and polyglutamine diseases. In each disease, we analyze the disturbances of the IGF-I pathway, the modification of the disease protein by IGF-I signaling, and the therapeutic strategies based on the use of IGF-I developed to date. Lastly, we highlight present and future considerations in the use of IGF-I for the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DBS), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), 35131 Padova, Italy; Myology Center (CIR-Myo), 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - María José Polanco
- Department of Pharmaceutic and Health Science, University San Pablo CEU, Campus Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Roux S, Lohof A, Ben-Ari Y, Poulain B, Bossu JL. Maturation of GABAergic Transmission in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Is Sex Dependent and Altered in the Valproate Model of Autism. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:232. [PMID: 30104962 PMCID: PMC6077203 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain development is accompanied by a shift in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) response from depolarizing-excitatory to hyperpolarizing-inhibitory, due to a reduction of intracellular chloride concentration. This sequence is delayed in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). We now report a similar alteration of this shift in the cerebellum, a structure implicated in ASD. Using single GABAA receptor channel recordings in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), we found two conductance levels (18 and 10 pS), the former being dominant in newborns and the latter in young-adults. This conductance shift and the depolarizing/excitatory to hyperpolarizing/inhibitory GABA shift occurred 4 days later in females than males. Our data support a sex-dependent developmental shift of GABA conductance and chloride gradient, leading to different developmental timing in males and females. Because these developmental sequences are altered in ASD, this study further stresses the importance of developmental timing in pathological neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Roux
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI)-CNRS, UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ann Lohof
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Yehezkel Ben-Ari
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology, Campus Scientifique de Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Poulain
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI)-CNRS, UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bossu
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI)-CNRS, UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France
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Larson TA. Sex Steroids, Adult Neurogenesis, and Inflammation in CNS Homeostasis, Degeneration, and Repair. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:205. [PMID: 29760681 PMCID: PMC5936772 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex steroidal hormones coordinate the development and maintenance of tissue architecture in many organs, including the central nervous systems (CNS). Within the CNS, sex steroids regulate the morphology, physiology, and behavior of a wide variety of neural cells including, but not limited to, neurons, glia, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Sex steroids spatially and temporally control distinct molecular networks, that, in turn modulate neural activity, synaptic plasticity, growth factor expression and function, nutrient exchange, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. Over the last several decades, it has become increasingly evident that sex steroids, often in conjunction with neuroinflammation, have profound impact on the occurrence and severity of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, I review the foundational discoveries that established the regulatory role of sex steroids in the CNS and highlight recent advances toward elucidating the complex interaction between sex steroids, neuroinflammation, and CNS regeneration through adult neurogenesis. The majority of recent work has focused on neuroinflammatory responses following acute physical damage, chronic degeneration, or pharmacological insult. Few studies directly assess the role of immune cells in regulating adult neurogenesis under healthy, homeostatic conditions. As such, I also introduce tractable, non-traditional models for examining the role of neuroimmune cells in natural neuronal turnover, seasonal plasticity of neural circuits, and extreme CNS regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A. Larson
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Dai Y, Zhao Y, Tomi M, Shin BC, Thamotharan S, Mazarati A, Sankar R, Wang EA, Cepeda C, Levine MS, Zhang J, Frew A, Alger JR, Clark PM, Sondhi M, Kositamongkol S, Leibovitch L, Devaskar SU. Sex-Specific Life Course Changes in the Neuro-Metabolic Phenotype of Glut3 Null Heterozygous Mice: Ketogenic Diet Ameliorates Electroencephalographic Seizures and Improves Sociability. Endocrinology 2017; 158:936-949. [PMID: 28324109 PMCID: PMC5460805 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that exposure of glut3+/- mice to a ketogenic diet ameliorates autism-like features, which include aberrant behavior and electrographic seizures. We first investigated the life course sex-specific changes in basal plasma-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-brain metabolic profile, brain glucose transport/uptake, glucose and monocarboxylate transporter proteins, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the presence or absence of systemic insulin administration. Glut3+/- male but not female mice (5 months of age) displayed reduced CSF glucose/lactate concentrations with no change in brain Glut1, Mct2, glucose uptake or ATP. Exogenous insulin-induced hypoglycemia increased brain glucose uptake in glut3+/- males alone. Higher plasma-CSF ketones (β-hydroxybutyrate) and lower brain Glut3 in females vs males proved protective in the former while enhancing vulnerability in the latter. As a consequence, increased synaptic proteins (neuroligin4 and SAPAP1) with spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic activity subsequently reduced hippocampal glucose content and increased brain amyloid β1-40 deposition in an age-dependent manner in glut3+/- males but not females (4 to 24 months of age). We then explored the protective effect of a ketogenic diet on ultrasonic vocalization, sociability, spatial learning and memory, and electroencephalogram seizures in male mice (7 days to 6 to 8 months of age) alone. A ketogenic diet partially restored sociability without affecting perturbed vocalization, spatial learning and memory, and reduced seizure events. We conclude that (1) sex-specific and age-dependent perturbations underlie the phenotype of glut3+/- mice, and (2) a ketogenic diet ameliorates seizures caused by increased cortical excitation and improves sociability, but fails to rescue vocalization and cognitive deficits in glut3+/- male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Yuanzi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Bo-Chul Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Shanthie Thamotharan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | | | - Raman Sankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology
- Department of Neurology
| | - Elizabeth A. Wang
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center and Brain Research Institute
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center and Brain Research Institute
| | - Michael S. Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center and Brain Research Institute
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Neurology
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center and Brain Research Institute
| | - Andrew Frew
- Department of Neurology
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center
| | - Jeffry R. Alger
- Department of Neurology
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center
| | - Peter M. Clark
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Monica Sondhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Sudatip Kositamongkol
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Leah Leibovitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Sherin U. Devaskar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
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Li H, Ding C, Ding ZL, Ling M, Wang T, Wang W, Huang B. 17β-Oestradiol promotes differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into dopamine neurons via cross-talk between insulin-like growth factors-1 and oestrogen receptor β. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1605-1618. [PMID: 28244646 PMCID: PMC5542902 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can self‐renew and differentiate into all cell lineages. E2 is known to exhibit positive effects on embryo development. Although the importance of E2 in many physiological processes has been reported, to date few researchers have investigated the effects of E2 on hESCs differentiation. We studied the effects of E2 on dopamine (DA) neuron induction of hESCs and its related signalling pathways using the three‐stage protocol. In our study, 0.1 μM E2 were applied to hESCs‐derived human embryoid bodies (hEBs) and effects of E2 on neural cells differentiation were investigated. Protein and mRNA level assay indicated that E2 up‐regulated the expression of insulin‐like growth factors (IGF)‐1, ectoderm, neural precursor cells (NPC) and DA neuron markers, respectively. The population of hESC‐derived NPCs and DA neurons was increased to 92% and 93% to that of DMSO group, respectively. Furthermore, yield of DA neuron‐secreted tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine was also increased. E2‐caused promotion was relieved in single inhibitor (ICI or JB1) group partly, and E2 effects were repressed more stronger in inhibitors combination (ICI plus JB1) group than in single inhibitor group at hEBs, hNPCs and hDA neurons stages. Owing to oestrogen receptors regulate multiple brain functions, when single or two inhibitors were used to treat neural differentiation stage, we found that oestrogen receptor (ER)β but not ERα is strongly repressed at the hNPCs and hDA neurons stage. These findings, for the first time, demonstrate the molecular cascade and related cell biology events involved in E2‐improved hNPC and hDA neuron differentiation through cross‐talk between IGF‐1 and ERβ in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenyue Ding
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingfa Ling
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Boxian Huang
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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7
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Hami J, Vafaei-Nezhad S, Sadeghi A, Ghaemi K, Taheri MMH, Fereidouni M, Ivar G, Hosseini M. Synaptogenesis in the Cerebellum of Offspring Born to Diabetic Mothers. J Pediatr Neurosci 2017; 12:215-221. [PMID: 29204194 PMCID: PMC5696656 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_144_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that maternal diabetes mellitus during the pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of neurodevelopmental and neurofunctional anomalies including motor dysfunctions, learning deficits, and behavioral problems in offspring. The cerebellum is a part of the brain that has long been recognized as a center of movement balance and motor coordination. Moreover, recent studies in humans and animals have also implicated the cerebellum in cognitive processing, sensory discrimination, attention, and learning and memory. Synaptogenesis is one of the most crucial events during the development of the central nervous system. Synaptophysin (SYP) is an integral membrane protein of synaptic vesicles and is considered to be a marker for synaptic density and synaptogenesis. Here, we review the manuscripts focusing on the negative impacts of maternal diabetes in pregnancy on the expression or localization of SYP in the developing cerebellar cortex. We believe that the alteration in synaptogenesis or synapse density may be part of the cascade of events through which diabetes in pregnant women affects the newborn's cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Vafaei-Nezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Akram Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Kazem Ghaemi
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Fereidouni
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ivar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mehran Hosseini
- Department of Public Health, Research Centre of Experimental Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Hami J, Vafaei-Nezhad S, Ivar G, Sadeghi A, Ghaemi K, Mostafavizadeh M, Hosseini M. Altered expression and localization of synaptophysin in developing cerebellar cortex of neonatal rats due to maternal diabetes mellitus. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1369-1380. [PMID: 27389246 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is sufficient evidence that diabetes during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of neurodevelopmental anomalies including learning deficits, behavioral problems and motor dysfunctions in the offspring. Synaptophysin (SYP) is an integral membrane protein of synaptic vesicles and is considered as a marker for synaptogenesis and synaptic density. This study aimed to examine the effects of maternal diabetes in pregnancy on the expression and localization of SYP in the developing rat cerebellum. Wistar female rats were maintained diabetic from a week before pregnancy through parturition and male offspring was euthanized at postnatal day (P) 0, 7, and 14. The results revealed a significant down-regulation in the mRNA expression of SYP in the offspring born to diabetic animals at both P7 and P14 (P < 0.05 each). One week after birth, there was a significant reduction in the localization of SYP expression in the external granular (EGL) and in the molecular (ML) layers of neonates born to diabetic animals (P < 0.05 each). We also found a marked decrease in the expression of SYP in all of the cerebellar cortical layers of STZ-D group pups at P14 (P < 0.05 each). Moreover, our results revealed no significant changes in either expression or localization of SYP in insulin-treated group pups when compared with the controls (P ≥ 0.05 each). The present study demonstrated that maternal diabetes has adverse effects on the synaptogenesis in the offspring's cerebellum. Furthermore, the rigid maternal blood glucose control in the most cases normalized these negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Ghaffari St, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Vafaei-Nezhad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Ghaffari St, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Ghasem Ivar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Ghaffari St, Birjand, Iran
| | - Akram Sadeghi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kazem Ghaemi
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Mehran Hosseini
- Department of Public Health, Deputy of Research and Technology, Research Centre of Experimental Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Is Differentially Distributed in Developing Cerebellar Cortex of Rats Born to Diabetic Mothers. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:221-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Hami J, Shojae F, Vafaee-Nezhad S, Lotfi N, Kheradmand H, Haghir H. Some of the experimental and clinical aspects of the effects of the maternal diabetes on developing hippocampus. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:412-422. [PMID: 25897352 PMCID: PMC4398898 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of multiple congenital anomalies in progeny. There are sufficient evidence suggesting that the children of diabetic women exhibit intellectual and behavioral abnormalities accompanied by modification of hippocampus structure and function. Although, the exact mechanism by which maternal diabetes affects the developing hippocampus remains to be defined. Multiple biological alterations, including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and iron deficiency occur in pregnancies with diabetes and affect the development of central nervous system (CNS) of the fetus. The conclusion from several studies is that disturbance in glucose and insulin homeostasis in mothers and infants are major teratogenic factor in the development of CNS. Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are two key regulators of CNS function and development. Insulin and IGF-1 receptors (IR and IGF1R, respectively) are distributed in a highly specific pattern with the high density in some brain regions such as hippocampus. Recent researches have clearly established that maternal diabetes disrupts the regulation of both IR and IGF1R in the hippocampus of rat newborn. Dissecting out the mechanisms responsible for maternal diabetes-related changes in the development of hippocampus is helping to prevent from impaired cognitive and memory functions in offspring.
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Sohrabji F. Estrogen-IGF-1 interactions in neuroprotection: ischemic stroke as a case study. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:1-14. [PMID: 24882635 PMCID: PMC4247812 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 17b-estradiol and the peptide hormone insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 independently exert neuroprotective actions in neurologic diseases such as stroke. Only a few studies have directly addressed the interaction between the two hormone systems, however, there is a large literature that indicates potentially greater interactions between the 17b-estradiol and IGF-1 systems. The present review focuses on key issues related to this interaction including IGF-1 and sex differences and common activation of second messenger systems. Using ischemic stroke as a case study, this review also focuses on independent and cooperative actions of estrogen and IGF-1 on neuroprotection, blood brain barrier integrity, angiogenesis, inflammation and post-stroke epilepsy. Finally, the review also focuses on the astrocyte, a key mediator of post stroke repair, as a local source of 17b-estradiol and IGF-1. This review thus highlights areas where significant new research is needed to clarify the interactions between these two neuroprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Sohrabji
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, TAMHSC College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, United States.
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