Instant and Lasting Down-Regulation of NR1 Expression in the Hippocampus is Associated Temporally with Antidepressant Activity After Acute Yueju

Rapid Antidepressant-Like Potential of Chaihu Shugan San Depends on Suppressing Glutamate Neurotransmission and Activating Synaptic Proteins in Hippocampus of Female Mice

OBJECTIVE

To explore the rapid antidepressant potential and the underlying mechanism of Chaihu Shugan San (CSS) in female mice.

METHODS

Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS was used to determine the content of main components in CSS to determine its stability. Female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including control (saline), vehicle (saline), CSS (4 g/kg) and ketamine (30 mg/kg) groups. Mice were subjected to irregular stress stimulation for 4 weeks to establish the chronic mild stress (CMS) model, then received a single administration of drugs. Two hours later, the behavioral tests were performed, including open field test, tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST), novelty suppression feeding test (NSF), and sucrose preference test (SPT). Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) subtypes [N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NR1), NR2A, NR2B], synaptic proteins [synapsin1 and post synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95)], and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, the rapid antidepressant effect of CSS was tested by pharmacological technologies and optogenetic interventions that activated glutamate receptors, NMDA.

RESULTS

Compared with the vehicle group, a single administration of CSS (4 g/kg) reversed all behavioral defects in TST, FST, SPT and NSF caused by CMS (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CSS also significantly decreased the expressions of NMDA subtypes (NR1, NR2A, NR2B) at 2 h in hippocampus of mice (all P<0.01). In addition, similar to ketamine, CSS increased levels of synaptic proteins and BDNF (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, the rapid antidepressant effects of CSS were blocked by transient activation of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus (all P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

Rapid antidepressant effects of CSS by improving behavioral deficits in female CMS mice depended on rapid suppression of NMDA receptors and activation of synaptic proteins.

Yueju volatile oil plays an integral role in the antidepressant effect by up-regulating ERK/AKT-mediated GLT-1 expression to clear glutamate

Phytochemical investigation of the volatile oil of Yueju (YJVO) and its constituent herbs induced the detection of 52 compounds in YJVO, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes as well as a small amount of aromatic and aliphatic compounds. 5 of these compounds were found only in the YJVO instead of the volatile oil of its constituent herbs. The anti-depressant effect of YJVO was proved by behavioral tests in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. An acute oral toxicity evaluation determined the LD50 of YJVO was 5.780 mL/kg. Doppler ultrasound and laser speckle imaging have detected that the YJVO could improve depression-related cerebral blood flow. In addition, related neurotransmitters and proteins were analyzed through targeted metabolomics and immunofluorescence. The potential antidepressant mechanisms of YJVO related to significantly decreasing Glu in CUMS mice by up-regulating the ERK/AKT-mediated expression of GLT-1.

Screening for Neuroprotective and Rapid Antidepressant-like Effects of 20 Essential Oils

Depression is a serious psychiatric disorder with high prevalence, and the delayed onset of antidepressant effects remains a limitation in the treatment of depression. This study aimed to screen essential oils that have the potential for rapid-acting antidepressant development. PC12 and BV2 cells were used to identify essential oils with neuroprotective effects at doses of 0.1 and 1 µg/mL. The resulting candidates were treated intranasally (25 mg/kg) to ICR mice, followed by a tail suspension test (TST) and an elevated plus maze (EPM) after 30 min. In each effective essential oil, five main compounds were computationally analyzed, targeting glutamate receptor subunits. As a result, 19 essential oils significantly abolished corticosterone (CORT)-induced cell death and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and 13 reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). From in vivo experiments, six essential oils decreased the immobility time of mice in the TST, in which Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. and Myristica fragrans Houtt. also increased time and entries into the open arms of the EPM. Four compounds including atractylon, α-curcumene, α-farnesene, and selina-4(14),7(11)-dien-8-one had an affinity toward GluN1, GluN2B, and Glu2A receptor subunits surpassed that of the reference compound ketamine. Overall, Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC and Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat essential oils are worthy of further research for fast-acting antidepressants through interactions with glutamate receptors, and their main compounds (atractylon, α-curcumene, α-farnesene, and selina-4(14),7(11)-dien-8-one) are predicted to underlie the fast-acting effect.

Antidepressant-like effect of acute dose of Naringin involves suppression of NR1 and activation of protein kinase A/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in hippocampus

Naringin (Nr) has been identified to have antidepressant-like effects through repeated treatment. However, the underlying mechanism of the rapid antidepressant-like effects of Nr was still unclear. The present study used behavioral tests, classic depressive model and pharmacological methods to reveal the rapid antidepressant-like potential of Nr. We found that a single dose of Nr (20 mg/kg) produced antidepressant-like action after 2 h in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST). Moreover, ketamine-like effects were also demonstrated by using the chronic mild stress model (CMS) and learned helplessness (LH), and the results showed that Nr reversed all behavioral defects, TST, FST, source preference test (SPT) in CMS, and LH testing, TST, FST in LH model, at 2 h after a single administration. In addition, Nr (20 mg/kg) could improve the abnormal expressions of NMDA receptor NR1 and PKA/CREB/BDNF pathway in hippocampus 2 h after a single administration in CMS mice. Further investigation revealed that activation of NMDA receptors by NMDA (750 mg/kg) could block the antidepressant effects of acute administration of Nr (20 mg/kg). However, the inhibition of NMDA receptors by MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg) promoted the subdose of Nr (10 mg/kg) to have antidepressant effect, which was similar to the effective dose Nr (20 mg/kg). Taken together, acute dose of Nr produces rapid antidepressant-like action, and the underlying mechanism could be through inhibiting NMDA receptors in the hippocampus.

The association study of chemical compositions and their pharmacological effects of Cyperi Rhizoma (Xiangfu), a potential traditional Chinese medicine for treating depression

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cyperi Rhizoma (CR) derives from the rhizome or tuber of Cyperus rotundus L. of Cyperaceae. It is an herbal medicine which has been widely used in different healthcare systems like in China, India, Iran, and Japan. In Chinese medicine, CR could promote the flow of Qi in the Liver and Sanjiao channels, regulate menstruation and alleviate pain. Clinically, CR is used for depression, flatulence, hypochondriac pain, and dysmenorrhea. Thus, it has a long history and significant curative effect for the treatment of various Qi stagnation symptoms.

AIM OF THIS REVIEW

This review focuses on explaining the major antidepressant mechanisms of CR, and assessing the shortcomings of existing work. Besides, clinical applications, pharmacological effects and their corresponding chemical compositions and quality control of CR have been researched.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The search terms "Cyperus rotundus L." was used to obtain the literatures from electronic databases such as Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The information provided in this review to illustrate material basis of CR were only limited to papers which reported on the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects simultaneously.

RESULT

The study showed that CR has significant application in Qi stagnation, like depressed liver, stomach, and bowel disorders, etc. in different countries or districts. Aqueous extract, EtOH extract, essential oil, total oligomeric flavonoids and five other extracts were effective constituents displaying pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antihemolytic, and anti-inflammatory effect. 41 kinds of specific components like α-cyperone, nootkatone exhibited corresponding pharmacological activities mentioned above. Different concentrations of ethanol extract, essential oil, decoction of CR and monomer composition like α-cyperone, rotunduside G had anti-depressant effects.

CONCLUSIONS

In the present study, we have provided scientific information and research developments on traditional uses, phytochemical compositions and corresponding pharmacological activities, and quality control status on CR. The antidepression effect and its corresponding chemical compositions were generalized separately. The pharmacological activities studies should be more focused on the reflection of traditional clinical values. CR could be a significant potential herbal medicine to develop antidepressant drugs with lower side effects.

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analyses of Mechanisms Underlying Effects of the Cyperi Rhizoma-Chuanxiong Rhizoma Herb Pair on Depression

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of the Cyperi Rhizoma-Chuanxiong Rhizoma herb pair (CCHP) against depression using a network pharmacology approach.

METHODS

A network pharmacology approach, including screening of active compounds, target prediction, construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, and molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA), were used to explore the mechanisms of CCHP against depression.

RESULTS

Twenty-six active compounds and 315 and 207 targets of CCHP and depression, respectively, were identified. The PPI network suggested that AKT1, IL-6, TP53, DRD2, MAPK1, NR3C1, TNF, etc., were core targets. GO enrichment analyses showed that positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, plasma membrane, and protein binding were of great significance. Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, dopaminergic synapse, and mTOR signaling pathway were important pathways. Molecular docking results revealed good binding affinities for the core compounds and core targets. MD simulations and MMPBSA validated that quercetin can stably bind to 6hhi.

CONCLUSIONS

The effects of CCHP against depression involve multiple components, targets, and pathways, and these findings will promote further research on and clinical application of CCHP.

Early Enhancement of Neuroplasticity Index, the Ratio of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Level to HAMD-24 Score, in Predicting the Long-Term Antidepressant Efficacy

Background: Current mainstream treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) has a disadvantage in delayed onset of efficacy, making detection of early signatures predicative of the long-term treatment efficacy urgent.

Methods: MDD patients were scored with HAMD-24 and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were measured at different times in two independent trials: a single-arm observation of Yueju pill, a clinically approved traditional multiherbal medicine, and a two-arm random placebo-controlled trial for Yueju vs escitalopram. The ratio of the BDNF level to HAMD-24 score, or neuroplasticity index (NI), and its derived parameters were used for correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Results: On both the early (4th) and final (28th) days, Yueju and escitalopram significantly reduced HAMD-24 scores, compared to baselines, but only Yueju increased BDNF at both times. For either Yueju or escitalopram treatment, NI, but not BDNF, at baseline was correlated to NIs at the early or final treatment day. NI at early time was significantly correlated to early NI enhancement from the baseline for both Yueju and escitalopram, and to final NI enhancement from the baseline for Yueju in both trials. ROC analysis supported the predictability of Yueju’s final treatment efficacy from early NI enhancement.

Limitations: The small sample size and 28 days of treatment time may lead to the impossibility of ROC analysis of escitalopram.

Conclusion: Early NI enhancement is useful for prediction of long-term efficacy of Yueju and presumably some other antidepressants.

Clinical Trial Registration: [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [ChiCTR1900021114].

Metaplastic Effects of Ketamine and MK-801 on Glutamate Receptors Expression in Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus

Ketamine and MK-801 by blocking NMDA receptors may induce reinforcing effects as well as schizophrenia-like symptoms. Recent results showed that ketamine can also effectively reverse depressive signs in patients' refractory to standard therapies. This evidence clearly points to the need of characterization of effects of these NMDARs antagonists on relevant brain areas for mood disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular changes occurring at glutamatergic synapses 24 h after ketamine or MK-801 treatment in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (Hipp). In particular, we analyzed the levels of the glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors subunits, and related scaffolding proteins. In the homogenate, we found a general decrease of protein levels, whereas their changes in the post-synaptic density were more complex. In fact, ketamine in the mPFC decreased the level of GLT-1 and increased the level of GluN2B, GluA1, GluA2, and scaffolding proteins, likely indicating a pattern of enhanced excitability. On the other hand, MK-801 only induced sparse changes with apparently no correlation to functional modification. Differently from mPFC, in Hipp, both substances reduced or caused no changes of glutamate receptors and scaffolding proteins expression. Ketamine decreased NMDA receptors while increased AMPA receptors subunit ratios, an effect indicative of permissive metaplastic modulation; conversely, MK-801 only decreased the latter, possibly representing a blockade of further synaptic plasticity. Taken together, these findings indicate a fine tuning of glutamatergic synapses by ketamine compared to MK-801 both in the mPFC and Hipp.

Traditional Chinese Medicine in Depression Treatment: From Molecules to Systems

Depression is a multigenetic or multifactorial syndrome. The central neuron system (CNS)-orientated, single target, and conventional antidepressants are insufficient and far from ideal. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has historically been used to treat depression up till today, particularly in Asia. Its holistic, multidrug, multitarget nature fits well with the therapeutic idea of systems medicine in depression treatment. Over the past two decades, although efforts have been made to understand TCM herbal antidepressants at the molecular level, many fundamental questions regarding their mechanisms of action remain to be addressed at the systems level in order to better understand the complicated herbal formulations in depression treatment. In this Mini Review, we review and discuss the mechanisms of action of herbal antidepressants and their acting targets in the pathological systems in the brain, such as monoamine neurotransmissions, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, neurotropic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) cascade, and glutamate transmission. Some herbal molecules, constituents, and formulas are highlighted as examples to discuss their mechanisms of action and future directions for comprehensive researches at the systems level. Furthermore, we discuss pharmacological approaches to integrate the mechanism of action from the molecular level into the systems level for understanding of systems pharmacology of TCM formulations. Integration of the studies at the molecular level into the systems level not only represents a trend in TCM study but also promotes our understanding of the system-wide mechanism of action of herbal antidepressant formulations.

Yueju-Ganmaidazao Decoction confers rapid antidepressant-like effects and the involvement of suppression of NMDA/NO/cGMP signaling

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Yueju-Ganmaidazao Decoction (YG) is a multiherbal medicine prescribed for treatment of mood disorder, consisting of two classical traditional Chinese herbal medicine Yueju and Ganmaidazao. Yueju and Ganmaidazao both are used for depression treatment. The combined decoction of Yueju and Ganmaidazao is prescribed to achieve optimal clinical outcomes by dealing with different symptoms of depression. Recent studies indicated ethanol extract of Yueju was capable to confer rapid antidepressant-like response. The antidepressant activity of YG decoction with fast-onset feature remains to be investigated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Rapid and safe antidepressant treatment is urgently needed. This study aimed to assess the rapid antidepressant-like activity of YG and the underlying mechanism, focusing on NMDA/NO/cGMP signaling.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The optimal doses for immediate and persistent antidepressant-like response were first screened using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) post a single administration of YG. The rapid action was further confirmed by using the chronic mild stress (CMS) and learned helplessness (LH) paradigms. The expressions of NMDA receptor subunits were evaluated post stress and YG. The contributions of NMDA, NO, and cGMP signaling to the antidepressant effect of YG were investigated systematically using pharmacological interventions.

RESULTS

The optimal dose for immediate and persistent antidepressant potential, evidenced with reduced immobility times in TST or FST from 30 min to 7 days, was determined. The rapid antidepressant-like effect was confirmed in CMS and LH paradigms, including instant normalization of sucrose preference behavior. The expression of NMDA subunit NR1 in the hippocampus was reduced from 30 min to 5 days post YG. In animals subjected to CMS and LH, hippocampal NR1 expression increased, reversed by YG. YG's antidepressant-like effect was blunted by pretreatment with the agonists along the signalings including NMDA (75 mg/kg), L-arginine (750 mg/kg) and sildenafil (5 mg/kg) in TST or FST. Conversely, administration of subeffective dose of individual antagonists, including MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg), 7-nitroindazole (30 mg/kg), methylene blue (10 mg/kg), in combination with a subeffective dose of YG, elicited antidepressant effects.

CONCLUSION

YG conferred rapid antidepressant-like effects, and the antidepressant response was essentially dependent on suppression of NMDA/NO/cGMP signaling.

NMDA receptors and L-arginine/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway contribute to the antidepressant-like effect of Yueju pill in mice

The present study aims to evaluate the involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) system in antidepressant-like effects of Yueju pill (YJ), a Chinese herbal medicine. The immobility time in tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) was used to assess the antidepressant effects. Prior administration of L-arginine (750 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]), a NO synthase substrate that enhances NO signaling or sildenafil (5 mg/kg, i.p.), a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor that enhances cGMP, blunted the antidepressant-like activity of YJ (2.7 g/kg, i.g.). Co-treatment of ineffective dose of YJ (1.35 g/kg, i.g.) with one of the reagents that suppress the NO/cGMP signaling, including methylene blue (10 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of NO synthase; 7-NI (7-nitroinidazole, 30 mg/kg, i.p.), an nNOS specific inhibitor; L-NAME (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a non-specific inhibitor of NO synthase; and MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.), an NMDA receptor antagonist, reduced the immobility time in TST and FST, compared with those in vehicle or single drug treatment groups. Neither above drugs alone or co-administrated with YJ affected locomotor activity or anxiety behavior in open field test. Thus, our results suggest that the antidepressant-like action of YJ may depend on the inhibition of NMDA/NO/cGMP pathway.

Neural Plasticity Associated with Hippocampal PKA-CREB and NMDA Signaling Is Involved in the Antidepressant Effect of Repeated Low Dose of Yueju Pill on Chronic Mouse Model of Learned Helplessness

Yueju pill is a traditional Chinese medicine formulated to treat syndromes of mood disorders. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of repeated low dose of Yueju in the animal model mimicking clinical long-term depression condition and the role of neural plasticity associated with PKA- (protein kinase A-) CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) signaling. We showed that a single low dose of Yueju demonstrated antidepressant effects in tests of tail suspension, forced swim, and novelty-suppressed feeding. A chronic learned helplessness (LH) protocol resulted in a long-term depressive-like condition. Repeated administration of Yueju following chronic LH remarkably alleviated all of depressive-like symptoms measured, whereas conventional antidepressant fluoxetine only showed a minor improvement. In the hippocampus, Yueju and fluoxetine both normalized brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and PKA level. Only Yueju, not fluoxetine, rescued the deficits in CREB signaling. The chronic LH upregulated the expression of NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B, which were all attenuated by Yueju. Furthermore, intracerebraventricular administration of NMDA blunted the antidepressant effect of Yueju. These findings supported the antidepressant efficacy of repeated routine low dose of Yueju in a long-term depression model and the critical role of CREB and NMDA signaling.

Rapid antidepressant effects of Yueju: A new look at the function and mechanism of an old herbal medicine

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Yueju is a traditional herbal medicine which consists of five herbs and formulated to treat depression-related syndromes 800 years ago. Yueju is still widely prescribed to treat conditions which include digestive dysfunction and depression. Recently, Yueju has been shown to promote a fast-onset antidepressant effect clinically and in preclinical studies. Because conventional antidepressants have a delayed onset in treating depression, the novelty of Yueju's rapid antidepressant effect and its underlying mechanism are of great significance both clinically and scientifically.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To review the use of Yueju for treatment of mood-related syndromes, and particularly its use in depression. To evaluate recent evidence of Yueju rapid antidepressant actions, based on new findings at behavioral and molecular levels. To suggest direction for future studies to address further scientific issues.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Reports regarding to the history and current use of Yueju are summarized. Recent progress on rapid antidepressant effects of Yueju, the crucial constituent, Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis (GJ) and other herbs, are reviewed.

RESULTS

The medical need for rapid antidepressant actions, as well as breakthrough findings using ketamine and its limitations are introduced. Studies with Yueju using a number of acute, subacute and chronic behavioral paradigms are compared with ketamine. Findings from clinical reports also support the rapid action of Yueju. Studies examine the contribution of the constituent herb GJ, in rapid antidepressant effects. Importantly, research into the mechanism of Yueju or GJ's antidepressant response indicate the importance of up-regulation in the neural circuit responsible for antidepressant activity, and highlight common and specific molecular signaling by Yueju that may explain why this herb formula has unique antidepressant activity.

CONCLUSION

Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that Yueju confers rapid antidepressant effects. The common mechanisms shared both for ketamine and Yueju, as well as the novel mechanism specific to Yueju are examined. Yueju and GJ may have great clinic applicability and further more detailed studies are warranted.

Instant and Persistent Antidepressant Response of Gardenia Yellow Pigment Is Associated with Acute Protein Synthesis and Delayed Upregulation of BDNF Expression in the Hippocampus

Gardenia yellow pigment (GYP) is a collection of compounds with shared structure of crocin, which confers antidepressant activity. GYP is remarkably enriched in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, implicated in rapid antidepressant effects that are exerted through enhanced neuroplasticity. This study aims to investigate the rapid antidepressant-like activity of GYP and its underlying mechanism. After the optimal dose was determined, antidepressant responses in tail suspension test or forced swim test were monitored at 30 min, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days post a single GYP administration. Rapid antidepressant potential was tested using learned helplessness paradigm. The expression of proteins involved in hippocampal neuroplasticity was determined. The effect of blockade of protein synthesis on GYP's antidepressant response was examined. Antidepressant response was detected at 30 min, and lasted for at least 3 days post a single administration of GYP. A single administration of GYP also reversed the deficits in learned helplessness test. Thirty minutes post GYP administration, ERK signaling was activated, and its downstream effector phosphorylated eukaryotic elongation factor 2 was inhibited, contributing to increased protein translation. Expression of synaptic proteins GluR1 and synapsin 1 was upregulated. Blockade of protein synthesis with anisomycin blunted the immediate antidepressant response of GYP. CREB signaling and BDNF expression were upregulated at 24 h, but not at 30 min. In conclusion, GYP-induced immediate antidepressant response was dependent on synthesis of proteins, including synaptic proteins. This was followed by enhanced expression of CREB and BDNF, which likely mediated the persistent antidepressant responses.

Two standardized fractions of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis with rapid antidepressant effects are differentially associated with BDNF up-regulation in the hippocampus

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJ) is one of the five constituents of Yueju pill, a Traditional Chinese Medicine for treatment of syndromes associated with mood disorders. Recently, preclinical and clinical studies suggest that Yueju pill confers rapid antidepressant effects. GJ is identified as the constituent primary for Yueju pill's rapid antidepressant effects. GJ's antidepressant action is temporally associated with up-regulated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. The present study aimed to identify chemical fractions responsible for the rapid antidepressant efficacy of GJ and its association with BDNF signaling.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Four fractions of GJ were extracted using standardized procedure. The four fractions were screened for rapid antidepressant potential, using the behavioral paradigm of forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) assessed at 24h post a single administration. A single dose of the putatively effective fractions was further tested in mice exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS), followed with a comprehensive behavioral testing including TST, FST, sucrose preference test (SPT), and novelty suppressed-feeding (NSF). To test the association of BDNF signaling with rapid antidepressant effects of effective factions, the expressions of BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus were assessed at different times post a single administration of effective fractions.

RESULTS

Both petroleum ether (GJ-PE) and n-butyl alcohol fraction (GJ-BO) fractions of GJ displayed rapid antidepressant potential in the FST. In the TST, the antidepressant effects of GJ-PE lasted for a longer time than GJ-BO. Acute administration of either GJ-PE or GJ-BO significantly reversed the behavioral deficits in the tests of TST, FST, SPT and NSF in chronically stressed mice, confirming both fractions conferred rapid antidepressant efficacy. Interestingly, GJ-PE, but not GJ-BO, increased the expression of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus post a single administration.

CONCLUSION

Two standardized fractions GJ-PE and GJ-BO exhibited comparable rapid antidepressant-like effects on the CMS mice. However, only the effects of GJ-PE was associated with BDNF signaling.

Nine traditional Chinese herbal formulas for the treatment of depression: an ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology review

Depression is a major mental disorder, and is currently recognized as the second-leading cause of disability worldwide. However, the therapeutic effect of antidepressants remains unsatisfactory. For centuries, Chinese herbal formulas (CHFs) have been widely used in the treatment of depression, achieving better therapeutic effects than placebo and having fewer side effects than conventional antidepressants. Here, we review the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology studies of nine common CHFs: "banxia houpo" decoction, "chaihu shugansan", "ganmaidazao" decoction, "kaixinsan", "shuganjieyu" capsules, "sinisan", "wuling" capsules, "xiaoyaosan", and "yueju". Eight clinical trials and seven meta-analyses have supported the theory that CHFs are effective treatments for depression, decreasing Hamilton Depression Scale scores and showing few adverse effects. Evidence from 75 preclinical studies has also elucidated the multitarget and multipathway mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effect of the nine CHFs. Decoctions, capsules, and pills all showed antidepressant effects, ranked in descending order of efficacy. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, these CHFs have flexible compatibility and mainly act by soothing the liver and relieving depression. This review highlights the effective treatment choices and candidate compounds for patients, practitioners, and researchers in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. In summary, the current evidence supports the efficacy of CHFs in the treatment of depression, but additional large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials and sophisticated pharmacology studies should be performed.