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Lin Y, Xie Z, Li Z, Yuan C, Zhang C, Li Y, Xie K, Wang K. The microbiota-gut-brain axis: A crucial immunomodulatory pathway for Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis' resilience against LPS treatment in neonatal rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131255. [PMID: 38556221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
An imbalanced gut microflora may contribute to immune disorders in neonates due to an immature gut barrier. Bacterial toxins, particularly, can trigger the immune system, potentially resulting in uncontrolled gut and systemic inflammation. Previous research has revealed that Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) could protect against early-life pathogen infections by enhancing the gut barrier. However, the effects of B. lactis on a compromised immune system remain uncertain. Hence, this study concentrated on the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of B. lactis in neonatal rats intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial toxin and inflammatory mediator. First, B. lactis significantly alleviated the adverse effects induced by LPS on the growth, development, and body temperature of neonatal rats. Second, B. lactis significantly reduced the immune responses and damage induced by LPS, affecting both systemic and local immune responses in the peripheral blood, gut, and brain. Notably, B. lactis exhibited extra potent neuroprotective and neurorepair effects. Our research found that pre-treatment with B. lactis shaped the diverse gut microecology by altering both microbial populations and metabolic biomolecules, closely linked to immunomodulation. Overall, this study elucidated the multifaceted roles of B. lactis in neonatal hosts against pathogenic infection and immune disorder, revealing the existence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugui Lin
- Microbiology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, 528400 Zhongshan, China; Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, 530021 Nanning, China.
| | - Zhong Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, 530021 Nanning, China
| | - Zhouyi Li
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, 530021 Nanning, China
| | - Chunlei Yuan
- Microbiology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, 528400 Zhongshan, China
| | - Chilun Zhang
- Microbiology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, 528400 Zhongshan, China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Microbiology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, 528400 Zhongshan, China
| | - Kunke Xie
- Immunology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, 528400 Zhongshan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Immunology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, 528400 Zhongshan, China
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2
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Bodemeier Loayza Careaga M, Wu TJ. Chronically stressed male and female mice show a similar peripheral and central pro-inflammatory profile after an immune challenge. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297776. [PMID: 38381770 PMCID: PMC10880960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Although acute stressors are known for stimulating the production of glucocorticoids and pro-inflammatory cytokines in rodents, the effects of chronic stressors on cytokine levels and the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, especially in response to a subsequent challenge, are less clear. In this study, male and female mice were exposed to 6 weeks of chronic variable stress (CVS) and the peripheral and central levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as the HPA axis reactivity, were measured after an acute injection of LPS. The findings indicate that the pro-inflammatory profile in the plasma, regardless of stress exposure, was similar between male and female animals, whereas there was a region-, sex-, and stress-dependent pattern in the brain. Exposure to chronic stressors blunted the HPA reactivity to the LPS challenge, indicating a modulatory effect on the stress axis responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Bodemeier Loayza Careaga
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - T. John Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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3
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Li Y, Liu H, Zhao D, Zhang D. Spleen contributes to chronic restraint stress-induced lung injury through splenic CD11b + cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111258. [PMID: 37992443 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress can induce lung injury. The spleen, as the largest peripheral immune organ, plays a crucial role in various lung diseases. Our previous study found that the spleen underwent significant changes during chronic restraint stress (CRS). However, the exact role of the spleen in CRS-induced lung injury remains unclear. In this study, we found that CRS could increase lung index. CRS could lead to alterations of the lungs such as destruction of alveolar wall, thickening of alveolar septa, dilation of pulmonary capillaries, and increased inflammatory cell infiltration. CRS increases the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), decreases the level of surfactant protein A (SP-A), and elevates the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in the lungs. Additionally, CRS could increase the proportions and numbers of CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G- monocytes in the lung, while cannot alter proportions and numbers of CD3-NK1.1+ NK cells, CD3+CD4+ T cells, CD3+CD8+ T cells, and CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils. Moreover, the levels of inflammatory markers in lung tissues were positively correlated with the proportion of CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G- monocytes. Interestingly, splenectomy inhibited CRS-induced lung injury and attenuated the alteration in the proportion of CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G- monocytes in the lungs induced by CRS. Moreover, splenic CD11b+ cells, rather than splenic CD11b- cells, transfused into splenectomized mice, and subsequently exposed to CRS, can cause lung injury. These results suggest that CRS could induce lung injury and CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G- monocytes aggregation in the lung. The spleen could contribute to CRS-induced lung injury. Furthermore, splenic CD11b+ cells might play an important role in CRS-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hailing Liu
- Department of Clinical Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danwen Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danjie Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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4
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Wegener AJ, Hyer MM, Targett I, Kloster A, Shaw GA, Rodriguez AMM, Dyer SK, Neigh GN. Behavior, synaptic mitochondria, and microglia are differentially impacted by chronic adolescent stress and repeated endotoxin exposure in male and female rats. Stress 2024; 27:2299971. [PMID: 38179979 PMCID: PMC11064104 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2023.2299971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity and chronic inflammation have both been associated with cognitive impairment and neural compromise. In this study, we investigated the interactions between a history of chronic adolescent stress (CAS) and repeated endotoxin exposure on behavior, synaptic mitochondria, and microglia in adult male and female Wistar rats. Adult rats from chronic stress and control conditions were exposed to either repeated endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) or saline injections every 3 days for 9 weeks. In both sexes, repeated LPS, regardless of stress history, impaired working memory in the Y maze. Regarding spatial memory, LPS impaired function for females; whereas, CAS altered function in males. Although males had an increase in anxiety-like behavior shortly after CAS, there were no long-term effects on anxiety-like behavior or social interaction observed in males or females. Stress did not alter synaptic mitochondrial function in either sex. Repeated LPS altered synaptic mitochondrial function such that ATP production was increased in females only. There were no observed increases in IBA-1 positive cells within the hippocampus for either sex. However, LPS and CAS altered microglia morphology in females. Impact of repeated LPS was evident at the terminal endpoint with increased spleen weight in both sexes and decreased adrenal weight in males only. Circulating cytokines were not impacted by repeated LPS at the terminal endpoint, but evidence of CAS effects on cytokines in females were evident. These data suggest a long-term impact of chronic stress and an impact of repeated endotoxin challenge in adulthood; however, not all physiological and behavioral metrics examined were impacted by the paradigm employed in this study and the two environmental challenges rarely interacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wegener
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M M Hyer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - I Targett
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A Kloster
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - G A Shaw
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A M M Rodriguez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S K Dyer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - G N Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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5
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Gui H, Chen X, Li L, Zhu L, Jing Q, Nie Y, Zhang X. Psychological distress influences lung cancer: Advances and perspectives on the immune system and immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110251. [PMID: 37348230 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer has the highest incidence rate and mortality worldwide. Moreover, multiple factors may cause heterogeneity in the efficacy of immunotherapy for lung cancer, and preclinical studies have gradually uncovered the promotive effects of psychological distress (PD) on tumor hallmarks. Therefore, treatment targeted at PD may be a vital factor in adjusting and improving immunotherapy for lung cancer. Here, by focusing on the central nervous system, as well as stress-related crucial neurotransmitters and hormones, we highlight the effects of PD on the lung immune system, the lung tumor microenvironment (TME) and immunotherapy, which brings a practicable means and psychosocial perspective to lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gui
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, People`s Hospital of Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Xingyi 562400, China; School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xulong Chen
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Linzhao Li
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lan Zhu
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qianyu Jing
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Yingjie Nie
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China.
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6
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Menahem C, Foist M, Mansour Y, Shtaif B, Bar-Maisels M, Phillip M, Gat-Yablonski G. A Whey-Based Diet Can Ameliorate the Effects of LPS-Induced Growth Attenuation in Young Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:1823. [PMID: 37111042 PMCID: PMC10146220 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in childhood is associated with impaired growth. In the current study, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of inflammation in young rats was used to study the efficacy of whey-based as compared to soy-based diets to ameliorate growth attenuation. Young rats were injected with LPS and fed normal chow or diets containing whey or soy as the sole protein source during treatment, or during the recovery period in a separate set of experiments. The body and spleen weight, food consumption, humerus length, and EGP height and structure were evaluated. Inflammatory markers in the spleen and markers of differentiation in the EGP were assessed using qPCR. The LPS led to a significant increase in the spleen weight and a decrease in the EGP height. Whey, but not soy, protected the animals from both effects. In the recovery model, whey led to increased EGP height at both 3 and 16 d post treatment. The most affected region in the EGP was the hypertrophic zone (HZ), which was significantly shortened by the LPS treatment but enlarged by whey. In conclusion, LPS affected the spleen weight and EGP height and had a specific effect on the HZ. Nutrition with whey protein appeared to protect the rats from the LPS-induced growth attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Menahem
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Michal Foist
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yasmin Mansour
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
| | - Biana Shtaif
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
| | - Meytal Bar-Maisels
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
| | - Moshe Phillip
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
| | - Galia Gat-Yablonski
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
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7
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Chen J, Hu N, Mao Y, Hu A, Jiang W, Huang A, Wang Y, Meng P, Hu M, Yang X, Cao Y, Yang F, Cao H. Traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (XJZ, JSS) ameliorate spleen inflammatory response and antioxidant capacity by synergistically regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways in piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:993018. [PMID: 36187836 PMCID: PMC9525143 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.993018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning transition generally impairs the immune system, inducing immune disturbance, which may be associated with post-weaning diarrhea and high mortality in piglets. The spleen is a pivotal lymphatic organ that plays a key role in the establishment of the immune system. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions, XiaoJianZhong (XJZ) and Jiansananli-sepsis (JSS), are widely used prescriptions for treating spleen damage and diarrhea. Here, we hypothesized that XJZ and JSS maintain the spleen physiological function by ameliorating antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response in weaned piglets. In this study, 18 weaned piglets were assigned to the Control, XJZ and JSS groups. By hematoxylin and eosin staining, hematological analysis, flow cytometric analysis, qRT-PCR and western blot, the effects of both TCM prescriptions on the spleen antioxidant defense system and inflammatory pathway were explored. Results showed that both TCM treatment significantly ameliorated the weaning-induced morphological damage in piglets, as evidenced by clearer and more perfect spleen histology, as well as higher relative area of white pulp. Meanwhile, both XJZ and JSS exerted better blood parameters, as supported by the changes of monocyte level and lymphocyte subpopulations CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Furthermore, the levels of inflammatory markers, IL1β, IL6, IL8, and TNF-α in the spleen were markedly decreased after supplemented with both TCM prescriptions. Importantly, the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and its downstream effector genes (IL6, IL8, and TNF-α) in both XJZ and JSS treatment groups further confirmed alleviation of inflammatory responses in the spleen. In addition, both XJZ and JSS enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the spleen by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-activated antioxidant defense system. Notably, the results of PCA and network correlation analysis indicated that XJZ and JSS treatment altered the expression profiles of inflammatory and antioxidant-related factors in the spleen of weaned-piglets, which may involve the synergy of NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways. In summary, our study showed that TCM prescriptions, XJZ and JSS could ameliorate inflammatory response and antioxidant capacity in the spleen by synergistically regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nianqing Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yaqing Mao
- MOA Center for Veterinary Drug Evaluation, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Aiming Hu
- Jian Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau, Jian, China
| | - Wenjuan Jiang
- Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Products Technology Application Extension Office, Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Aimin Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Jiangxi Vocational College of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Puyan Meng
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingwen Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- Jiangxi Zhongchengren Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Yuandong Cao
- Jiangxi Jiabo Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Jiujiang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Huabin Cao
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8
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Adzika GK, Hou H, Adekunle AO, Rizvi R, Adzraku SY, Li K, Deng QM, Mprah R, Ndzie Noah ML, Adu-Amankwaah J, Machuki JO, Shang W, Ma T, Koda S, Ma X, Sun H. Amlexanox and Forskolin Prevents Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Subduing Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy and Maladaptive Inflammatory Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:719351. [PMID: 34631707 PMCID: PMC8497899 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.719351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic catecholamine stress (CCS) induces the occurrence of cardiomyopathy-pathological cardiac hypertrophy (PCH), which is characterized by left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). Recently, mounting evidence has implicated myocardial inflammation in the exacerbation of pathological cardiac remodeling. However, there are currently no well-defined treatment interventions or regimes targeted at both the attenuation of maladaptive myocardial hypertrophy and inflammation during CCS to prevent PCH. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) and adenylyl cyclases (ACs)-cAMP mediates both cardiac and inflammatory responses. Also, GRK5 and ACs are implicated in stress-induced LVSD. Herein, we aimed at preventing PCH during CCS via modulating adaptive cardiac and inflammatory responses by inhibiting GRK5 and/or stimulating ACs. Isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy (ICM) was modeled using 0.5 mg/100 g/day isoproterenol injections for 40 days. Alterations in cardiac and inflammatory responses were assessed from the myocardia. Similarities in the immunogenicity of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and lipopolysaccharide under CCS were assessed, and Amlexanox (35 μM/ml) and/or Forskolin (10 μM/ml) were then employed in vitro to modulate adaptive inflammatory responses by inhibiting GRK5 or activating ACs-cAMP, respectively. Subsequently, Amlexanox (2.5 mg/100 g/day) and/or Forskolin (0.5 mg/100 g/day) were then translated into in vivo during CCS to modulate adaptive cardiac and inflammatory responses. The effects of Amlexanox and Forskolin on regulating myocardial systolic functions and inflammatory responses during CCS were ascertained afterward. PCH mice had excessive myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and aggravated LVSD, which were accompanied by massive CD68+ inflammatory cell infiltrations. In vitro, Forskolin-AC/cAMP was effective than Amlexanox-GRK5 at downregulating proinflammatory responses during stress; nonetheless, Amlexanox and Forskolin combination demonstrated the most efficacy in modulating adaptive inflammatory responses. Individually, the translated Amlexanox and Forskolin treatment interventions were ineffective at subduing the pathological remodeling and sustaining cardiac function during CCS. However, their combination was potent at preventing LVSD during CCS by attenuating maladaptive myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammatory responses. The treatment intervention attained its potency mainly via Forskolin-ACs/cAMP-mediated modulation of cardiac and inflammatory responses, coupled with Amlexanox inhibition of GRK5 mediated maladaptive cascades. Taken together, our findings highlight the Amlexanox and Forskolin combination as a potential therapeutic intervention for preventing the occurrence of pathological cardiac hypertrophy during chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongjian Hou
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | | | | | - Seyram Yao Adzraku
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kexue Li
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qi-Ming Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Cardiology, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Richard Mprah
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Wenkang Shang
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tongtong Ma
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Stephane Koda
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xianluo Ma
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, People's Hospital of Jiawang District, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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9
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Srancikova A, Mihalj D, Bacova Z, Bakos J. The effects of testosterone on gene expression of cell-adhesion molecules and scaffolding proteins: The role of sex in early development. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14153. [PMID: 34138481 DOI: 10.1111/and.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-specific differences in brain plasticity appear to be organised by testosterone, which is particularly important during the early stages of development. The main purpose of the present study was to examine the sex differences in mRNA and protein levels of selected cell-adhesion molecules and scaffolding proteins on postnatal days 5 (P5) and 9 (P9) in the rat hippocampus, as well as evaluate the effects of testosterone treatment (100 nM, 48 hr) on synaptic proteins in SH-SY5Y (neuron-like) and U-87MG (astrocyte-like) cells. The gene expression levels of Neuroligin 3 and 'SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein' 1 and 3 (SHANK1 and SHANK3) were significantly lower in males compared to females at P5. At P9, a similar significant trend towards a decrease in mRNA expression and protein levels of SHANK3 was found in males. Testosterone treatment induced a significant decrease of Neuroligin 1-3 mRNA expression in both SH-SY5Y and U-87MG cells. SHANK1 and SHANK3 mRNA levels significantly decreased in U-87MG cells response to testosterone presence. The presented results demonstrate that the association of selected postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecules and scaffolding proteins is sex-related. Testosterone appears to be particularly involved in the developmental mechanisms related to neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Srancikova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Mihalj
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Bacova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Bakos
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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10
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Protective Role of a New Polysaccharide Extracted from Lonicera japonica Thunb in Mice with Ulcerative Colitis Induced by Dextran Sulphate Sodium. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8878633. [PMID: 33490281 PMCID: PMC7801063 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8878633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lonicera japonica Thunb is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating intestinal inflammation. The extraction method of Lonicera japonica Thunb polysaccharide (LJP) has been developed previously by our research group. In this study, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) was used to perform a qualitative analysis of LJP and a precolumn derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ((Palo Alto, CA, USA) method was used to explore the monosaccharide composition of LJP. Then, we studied the effect of LJP on the intestinal flora and immune functions of dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced colitis ulcerative mouse models. The results showed that LJP was consisted of 6 types of monosaccharides and had the characteristic absorption of typical polysaccharides. LJP can increase significantly the weight, organ index, serum cytokines (interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon-γ), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration, and natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) activities in DSS-treated mice. The results of intestinal flora showed that a high dose (150 mg kg−1) of LJP had the best effects on improving the intestinal probiotics (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli) and antagonizing the pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus). In addition, the measurement results of the spleen lymphocyte apoptosis confirmed from another perspective that LJP had protective effects of immune cells for DSS-treated mice.
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El Habhab A, Altamimy R, Abbas M, Kassem M, Amoura L, Qureshi AW, El Itawi H, Kreutter G, Khemais‐Benkhiat S, Zobairi F, Schini‐Kerth VB, Kessler L, Toti F. Significance of neutrophil microparticles in ischaemia-reperfusion: Pro-inflammatory effectors of endothelial senescence and vascular dysfunction. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7266-7281. [PMID: 32520423 PMCID: PMC7339165 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial senescence is an emerging cause of vascular dysfunction. Because microparticles are effectors of endothelial inflammation and vascular injury after ischaemia-reperfusion, we examined leucocyte-derived microparticles of spleen origin as possible contributors. Microparticles were generated from primary rat splenocytes by either lipopolysaccharide or phorbol-myristate-acetate/calcium ionophore, under conditions mimicking innate and adaptive immune responses. Incubation of primary porcine coronary endothelial cells with either type of microparticles, but not with those from unstimulated splenocytes, leads to a similar threefold raise in senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity within 48 hours, indicating accelerated senescence, to endothelial oxidative stress, and a fivefold and threefold increase in p21 and p16 senescence markers after 24 hours. After 12-hour incubation, the endothelial-dependent relaxation of coronary artery rings was reduced by 50%, at distinct optimal microparticle concentration. In vitro, microparticles were pro-thrombotic by up-regulating the local angiotensin system, by prompting tissue factor activity and a secondary generation of pro-coagulant endothelial microparticles. They initiated an early pro-inflammatory response by inducing phosphorylation of NF-κB, MAP kinases and Akt after 1 hour, and up-regulated VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 at 24 hours. Accordingly, VCAM-1 and COX-2 were also up-regulated in the coronary artery endothelium and eNOS down-regulated. Lipopolysaccharide specifically favoured the shedding of neutrophil- and monocyte-derived microparticles. A 80% immuno-depletion of neutrophil microparticles reduced endothelial senescence by 55%, indicating a key role. Altogether, data suggest that microparticles from activated splenocytes prompt early pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant and pro-senescent responses in endothelial cells through redox-sensitive pathways. The control of neutrophil shedding could preserve the endothelium at site of ischaemia-reperfusion-driven inflammation and delay its dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali El Habhab
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research)UMR 1260Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM)University of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
| | - Raed Altamimy
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research)UMR 1260Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM)University of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
| | - Malak Abbas
- UMR CNRS 7213Laboratory of Biophotonics and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
| | - Mohamad Kassem
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research)UMR 1260Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM)University of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
| | - Lamia Amoura
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research)UMR 1260Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM)University of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
| | - Abdul Wahid Qureshi
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research)UMR 1260Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM)University of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
| | - Hanine El Itawi
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research)UMR 1260Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM)University of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
| | - Guillaume Kreutter
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research)UMR 1260Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM)University of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
| | - Sonia Khemais‐Benkhiat
- UMR CNRS 7213Laboratory of Biophotonics and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
| | - Fatiha Zobairi
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research)UMR 1260Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM)University of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
- Faculty of MedicineFederation of Translational Medicine (FMTS)StrasbourgFrance
| | - Valérie B. Schini‐Kerth
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research)UMR 1260Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM)University of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
| | - Laurence Kessler
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research)UMR 1260Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM)University of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition EndocrinologyUniversity Hospital of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Faculty of MedicineFederation of Translational Medicine (FMTS)StrasbourgFrance
| | - Florence Toti
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research)UMR 1260Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM)University of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of StrasbourgIllkirch-GraffenstadenFrance
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Rokytová I, Mravec B, Lauková M, Vargovič P. Effect of rapamycin on repeated immobilization stress-induced immune alterations in the rat spleen. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577309. [PMID: 32645638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress modulates immune system functions via neuroendocrine pathways. Rapamycin inhibits activity of immune cells through the mTOR signaling pathway. We investigated the effect of rapamycin (15 mg/kg, 3-times/week) on neuroimmune-endocrine system in the spleen of rats exposed to 42 cycles of 2-h immobilization. Rapamycin enhanced the activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis induced by stress exposure, prevented stress-induced expression of natural killer cell markers while reversed stress-evoked decline of Th2 immune response markers. Overall, our findings suggest that rapamycin may act on immune functions not only directly by inhibiting of mTOR in immune cells but also indirectly via modulation of neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Rokytová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcela Lauková
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Science, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Peter Vargovič
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Spleen contributes to restraint stress induced hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Effect of early restrictive fluid resuscitation on inflammatory and immune factors in patients with severe pelvic fracture. Chin J Traumatol 2019; 22:311-315. [PMID: 31685356 PMCID: PMC6923289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effect of early restrictive fluid resuscitation (EFR) on inflammatory and immune factors in patients with severe pelvic fracture (SPF). METHODS A total of 174 SPF patients in the Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from July 2015 to June 2018 were involved in this study and divided into EFR group (n = 87) and control group (n = 87) using the random number table method. Conventional fluid resuscitation (CFR) was performed in control group, and EFR was performed in EFR group. The incidences of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) during rescue, successful rescue rate, blood transfusion volume, fluid input, and resuscitation time were compared between the two groups. The parameters including prothrombin time (PT), hematocrit (HCT), platelet (PLT) and blood lactate (BL) at the 4th hour after fluid resuscitation were recorded. The levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, CRP) and immune factors (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+) were compared between the two groups before treatment and 7 days after treatment. The revised acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation system and the sequential organ failure assessment scores were adopted for evaluation before treatment and 7 days after treatment. RESULTS The incidences of ARDS and MODS during rescue in EFR group were significantly lower than those in control group (p=0.015 and 0.010 respectively), and the successful rescue rate in EFR group was significantly higher than that in control group (p = 0.011). The blood transfusion volume, fluid input, resuscitation time in EFR group were significantly lower than those in control group (p = 0.016, 0.002 and 0.001 respectively). At the 4th hour after fluid resuscitation, PT and BL in EFR group were significantly lower than those in control group (p = 0.021 and 0.003 respectively), while HCT and PLT in EFR group were significantly higher than those in control group (p = 0.016 and 0.021 respectively). On day 7 after treatment, TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and CD8+ in EFR group were significantly lower than those in control group (p = 0.003, 0.004, 0.007 and 0.003 respectively), while CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ in EFR group were significantly higher than those in control group (p = 0.004, 0.000, 0.007 respectively). On day 7 after treatment, the revised acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) system and the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores in EFR group were significantly lower than those in control group. CONCLUSION EFR can effectively eliminate inflammatory factors, improve immune function, maintain the stability of blood components, reduce the incidences of ARDS and MODS, and elevate the successful rescue rate in patients with SPF.
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Stressors affect urocortin 1 and urocortin 2 gene expression in rat spleen: The role of glucocorticoids. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 336:577030. [PMID: 31473519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying stress-related modulation of immune function via urocortin 1 and urocortin 2 have been only vaguely described. Therefore, we investigated the effect of LPS injection or immobilization stress on gene expression of urocortin 1 and urocortin 2 in the rat spleen, along with the potential involvement of glucocorticoids. Our data showed: a) different regulation of urocortin 1 and urocortin 2 gene expression in the rat spleen under different stressful conditions (LPS vs. immobilization stress) and b) diverse effects of stress-induced adrenal glucocorticoids on this process. Our findings indicate a specific, rather than general regulation of splenic immune function by urocortins during stressful conditions.
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Miller ES, Apple CG, Kannan KB, Funk ZM, Plazas JM, Efron PA, Mohr AM. Chronic stress induces persistent low-grade inflammation. Am J Surg 2019; 218:677-683. [PMID: 31378316 PMCID: PMC6768696 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study sought to determine if the systemic cytokine profile of rodents subjected to chronic restraint stress leads to persistent low-grade inflammation. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to restraint stress for a total of seven or fourteen days. Urine norepinephrine (NE), plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed with ELISA. Liver expression of IL-6 and TNF-α were assessed with real time PCR. RESULTS Chronic stress at 7 and 14 days sequentially increased plasma acute phase reactants (NE, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP), liver IL-6 expression, hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization, and decreased erythroid progenitor colony growth. Weight gain was reduced by chronic stress compared to each models' naïve counterpart. CONCLUSIONS Combining this model with trauma and sepsis models will allow evaluation of the contribution of persistent inflammation in disease progression and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Miller
- University of Florida Health, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Camille G Apple
- University of Florida Health, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Kolenkode B Kannan
- University of Florida Health, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Zackary M Funk
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Jessica M Plazas
- University of Florida, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Philip A Efron
- University of Florida Health, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Alicia M Mohr
- University of Florida Health, Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Rao K, Aziz S, Roome T, Razzak A, Sikandar B, Jamali KS, Imran M, Jabri T, Shah MR. Gum acacia stabilized silver nanoparticles based nano-cargo for enhanced anti-arthritic potentials of hesperidin in adjuvant induced arthritic rats. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:597-607. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1431653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rao
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sabahat Aziz
- Molecular Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Dow Diagnostic Reference and Research Laboratory, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Talat Roome
- Molecular Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Dow Diagnostic Reference and Research Laboratory, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anam Razzak
- Molecular Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Dow Diagnostic Reference and Research Laboratory, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Sikandar
- Histopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Dow Diagnostic Reference and Research Laboratory, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khawar Saeed Jamali
- Department of Surgery, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Jabri
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Significance of the Stress Research: “In Memoriam, Richard Kvetnansky”. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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