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Li S, Yang P, Wu Z, Huang W, Zhu X, Zhong L. The Effects and Mechanisms of AM1241 in Alleviating Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Brain Res Bull 2024; 215:111025. [PMID: 38964663 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has shown that cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) involves a series of physiological and pathological mechanisms, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. The cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist AM1241 has been found to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects. However, it is unclear whether AM1241 has a protective effect against brain ischemia-reperfusion injury, and its underlying mechanisms are not yet known. METHODS In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-apoptotic effects of AM1241 and its mechanisms in BV2 cells stimulated with H2O2 and in a C57BL/6 mouse model of CIRI in vitro and in vivo, respectively. RESULTS In vitro, AM1241 significantly inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the increase in Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2/TLR4) complex induced by H2O2. Under H2O2 stimulation, MD2 overexpression resulted in increased levels of MD2/TLR4 complex, TNF-α, IL-6, NOX2, BAX, and Cleaved-Caspase3 (C-Caspase3), as well as the activation of the MAPK pathway and NF-κB, which were reversed by AM1241. In addition, molecular docking experiments showed that AM1241 directly interacted with MD2. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) experiments further confirmed the binding of AM1241 to MD2. In vivo, AM1241 significantly attenuated neurofunctional impairment, brain edema, increased infarct volume, oxidative stress levels, and neuronal apoptosis in CIRI mice overexpressing MD2. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates for the first time that AM1241 alleviates mouse CIRI by inhibiting the MD2/TLR4 complex, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhenghan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenqiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lianmei Zhong
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Xin W, Pan Y, Wei W, Gerner ST, Huber S, Juenemann M, Butz M, Bähr M, Huttner HB, Doeppner TR. TGF-β1 Decreases Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Lipid Droplet Accumulation in an In Vitro Stroke Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17329. [PMID: 38139158 PMCID: PMC10743979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia triggers reactive microglial inflammation and lipid droplet (LD) accumulation under stroke conditions, although the mutual interactions between these two processes are insufficiently understood. Hence, the involvement of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in inflammation and LD accumulation in cultured microglia exposed to hypoxia were analyzed herein. Primary microglia were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. For analyzing the role of TGF-β1 patterns under such conditions, a TGF-β1 siRNA and an exogenous recombinant TGF-β1 protein were employed. Further studies applied Triacsin C, an inhibitor of LD formation, in order to directly assess the impact of LD formation on the modulation of inflammation. To assess mutual microglia-to-neuron interactions, a co-culture model of these cells was established. Upon OGD exposure, microglial TGF-β1 levels were significantly increased, whereas LPS stimulation yielded decreased levels. Elevating TGF-β1 expression proved highly effective in suppressing inflammation and reducing LD accumulation in microglia exposed to LPS. Conversely, inhibition of TGF-β1 led to the promotion of microglial cell inflammation and an increase in LD accumulation in microglia exposed to OGD. Employing the LD formation inhibitor Triacsin C, in turn, polarized microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Such modulation of both microglial TGF-β1 and LD levels significantly affected the resistance of co-cultured neurons. This study provides novel insights by demonstrating that TGF-β1 plays a protective role against microglia-mediated neuroinflammation through the suppression of LD accumulation. These findings offer a fresh perspective on stroke treatment, suggesting the potential of targeting this pathway for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (W.X.); (Y.P.); (W.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Yongli Pan
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (W.X.); (Y.P.); (W.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (W.X.); (Y.P.); (W.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Stefan T. Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.T.G.); (M.J.); (M.B.); (H.B.H.)
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, 35032 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Huber
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.T.G.); (M.J.); (M.B.); (H.B.H.)
| | - Martin Juenemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.T.G.); (M.J.); (M.B.); (H.B.H.)
| | - Marius Butz
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.T.G.); (M.J.); (M.B.); (H.B.H.)
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (W.X.); (Y.P.); (W.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Hagen B. Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.T.G.); (M.J.); (M.B.); (H.B.H.)
| | - Thorsten R. Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (W.X.); (Y.P.); (W.W.); (M.B.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.T.G.); (M.J.); (M.B.); (H.B.H.)
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, 35032 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, 9238 Varna, Bulgaria
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Medipol University, 100098 Istanbul, Turkey
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Ren Z, Xiao G, Chen Y, Wang L, Xiang X, Yang Y, Wen S, Xie Z, Luo W, Li G, Zheng W, Qian X, Hai R, Yang L, Zhu Y, Cai M, Ye Y, Shi G, Chen Y. SBC (Sanhuang Xiexin Tang combined with Baihu Tang plus Cangzhu) alleviates NAFLD by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and ameliorating inflammation in obese patients and mice. Chin J Nat Med 2023; 21:830-841. [PMID: 38035938 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(23)60469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by dysregulated lipid metabolism in hepatocytes, the quest for safe and effective therapeutics targeting lipid metabolism has gained paramount importance. Sanhuang Xiexin Tang (SXT) and Baihu Tang (BHT) have emerged as prominent candidates for treating metabolic disorders. SXT combined with BHT plus Cangzhu (SBC) has been used clinically for Weihuochisheng obese patients. This retrospective analysis focused on assessing the anti-obesity effects of SBC in Weihuochisheng obese patients. We observed significant reductions in body weight and hepatic lipid content among obese patients following SBC treatment. To gain further insights, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of SBC in HFD-fed mice. The results demonstrated that SBC treatment mitigated body weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation in HFD-fed mice. Pharmacological network analysis suggested that SBC may affect lipid metabolism, mitochondria, inflammation, and apoptosis-a hypothesis supported by the hepatic transcriptomic analysis in HFD-fed mice treated with SBC. Notably, SBC treatment was associated with enhanced hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis and the inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/NF-κB pathways. In conclusion, SBC treatment alleviates NAFLD in both obese patients and mouse models by improving lipid metabolism, potentially through enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis. These effects, in turn, ameliorate inflammation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Ren
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Gemin Xiao
- Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Linli Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Xiaoxin Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Siying Wen
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Wenhui Luo
- Guangdong e-fong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
| | - Guowei Li
- Guangdong e-fong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Rihan Hai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Liansheng Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yanhua Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Mengyin Cai
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yinong Ye
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Guojun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
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Huang ZP, Liu SF, Zhuang JL, Li LY, Li MM, Huang YL, Chen YH, Chen XR, Lin S, Ye LC, Chen CN. Role of microglial metabolic reprogramming in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115619. [PMID: 37211170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by damage to nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Key pathogenic mechanisms underlying PD include alpha-synuclein misfolding and aggregation, impaired protein clearance, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. However, to date, no study has confirmed the specific pathogenesis of PD. Similarly, current PD treatment methods still have shortcomings. Although some emerging therapies have proved effective for PD, the specific mechanism still needs further clarification. Metabolic reprogramming, a term first proposed by Warburg, is applied to the metabolic energy characteristics of tumor cells. Microglia have similar metabolic characteristics. Pro-inflammatory M1 type and anti-inflammatory M2 type are the two types of activated microglia, which exhibit different metabolic patterns in glucose, lipid, amino acid, and iron metabolism. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved in microglial metabolic reprogramming by activating various signaling mechanisms. Functional changes in microglia resulting from metabolic reprogramming can cause changes in the brain microenvironment, thus playing an important role in neuroinflammation or tissue repair. The involvement of microglial metabolic reprogramming in PD pathogenesis has been confirmed. Neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neuronal death can effectively be reduced by inhibiting certain metabolic pathways in M1 microglia or reverting M1 cells to the M2 phenotype. This review summarizes the relationship between microglial metabolic reprogramming and PD and provides strategies for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ping Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Shu-Fen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Jian-Long Zhuang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, China
| | - Lin-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Mi-Mi Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Ya-Li Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Yan-Hong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shishi General Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Center of Neurological and Metabolic Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China; Group of Neuroendocrinology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Li-Chao Ye
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China.
| | - Chun-Nuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China.
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Guan X, Wu P, Cao B, Liu X, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Guan Z, Wang Y. PGC-1α-siRNA suppresses inflammation in substantia nigra of PD mice by inhibiting microglia. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:269-277. [PMID: 33784949 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1910257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose: Parkinson's disease is a common degenerative disease of the central nervous system with complex pathogenesis. More and more studies have found that inflammatory response promotes the occurrence and development of the disease, in which the activation of microglia plays an important role. PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α) is the main factor in mitochondrial biogenetic, and is closely related to the inflammatory response. Our immunofluorescence test results showed that PGC-1α and microglia (Iba1) have double-labeled phenomenon. The expression of microglia in the MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) group increased, and PGC-1α/Iba1 double label increased. To test whether lowering the expression of PGC-1α can reduce the activation of microglia and protect the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, we constructed PGC-1α interference lentivirus.Methods: Immunofluorescence, western blot, and ELISA were used to detect microglial phenotype.Results: The results showed that PGC-1α interfering with lentivirus can transfect microglial cells in substantia nigra, and the PGC-1α protein level decreased in substantia nigra accordingly; TH protein expression had no statistical difference compared with MPTP group; PGC-1α interfering lentivirus reduced microglia number and activation, and at the same time the expression of iNOS and Arg1 significantly reduced compared with MPTP group. The IL-6 expression in blood detected using ELISA was significantly reduced compared with MPTP group.Conclusion: PGC-1α downregulation inhibited microglia activity, and both M1 and M2 microglial activities are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Pengyue Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Bing Cao
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Wenpei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Zhenlong Guan
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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CB2R activation ameliorates late adolescent chronic alcohol exposure-induced anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal by preventing morphological changes and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in prefrontal cortex microglia in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:60-79. [PMID: 36754245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol exposure (CAE) during late adolescence increases the risk of anxiety development. Alcohol-induced prefrontal cortex (PFC) microglial activation, characterized by morphological changes and increased associations with neurons, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of anxiety. Alcohol exposure increases NLRP3 inflammasome expression, increasing cytokine secretion by activated microglia. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), an essential receptor of the endocannabinoid system, regulates microglial activation and neuroinflammatory reactions. We aimed to investigate the role of CB2R activation in ameliorating late adolescent CAE-induced anxiety-like behaviors and microglial activation in C57BL/6J mice. METHODS Six-week-old C57BL/6J mice were acclimated for 7 days and then were administered alcohol by gavage (4 g/kg, 25 % w/v) for 28 days. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with the specific CB2R agonist AM1241 1 h before alcohol treatment. Anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal were assessed by open field test and elevated plus maze test 24 h after the last alcohol administration. Microglial activation, microglia-neuron interactions, and CB2R and NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecule expression in the PFC were measured using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical, qPCR, and Western blotting assays. Microglial morphology was evaluated by Sholl analysis and the cell body-to-total cell size index. Additionally, N9 microglia were activated by LPS in vitro, and the effects of AM1241 on NLRP3 and N9 microglial activation were investigated. RESULTS After CAE, mice exhibited severe anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal. CAE induced obvious microglia-neuron associations, and increased expression of microglial activation markers, CB2R, and NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecules in the PFC. Microglia also showed marked filament retraction and reduction and cell body enlargement after CAE. AM1241 treatment ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors in CAE model mice, and it prevented microglial morphological changes, reduced microglial activation marker expression, and suppressed the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion induced by CAE. AM1241 suppressed the LPS-induced increase in NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecules, IL-1β release, and M1 phenotype markers (iNOS and CD86) in N9 cell, which was reversed by CB2R antagonist treatment. CONCLUSIONS CAE caused anxiety-like behaviors in late adolescent mice at least partly by inducing microglial activation and increasing microglia-neuron associations in the PFC. CB2R activation ameliorated these effects by preventing morphological changes and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in PFC microglia.
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7
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Hao L, Yang Y, Xu X, Guo X, Zhan Q. Modulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells on microglia in ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1073958. [PMID: 36742051 PMCID: PMC9889551 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1073958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke accounts for 70-80% of all stroke cases. Immunity plays an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Microglia are the first line of defense in the central nervous system. Microglial functions are largely dependent on their pro-inflammatory (M1-like) or anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotype. Modulating neuroinflammation via targeting microglia polarization toward anti-inflammatory phenotype might be a novel treatment for ischemic stroke. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have been demonstrated to modulate microglia activation and phenotype polarization. In this review, we summarize the physiological characteristics and functions of microglia in the healthy brain, the activation and polarization of microglia in stroke brain, the effects of MSC/MSC-EVs on the activation of MSC in vitro and in vivo, and possible underlying mechanisms, providing evidence for a possible novel therapeutics for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongtao Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuming Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Xiuming Guo ✉
| | - Qunling Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China,Qunling Zhan ✉
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8
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Jiang Y, Liu Y, Jia X, Xin W, Wang H. The emerging role of adopting protamine for reducing the risk of bleeding complications during the percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis. J Card Surg 2022; 37:5341-5350. [PMID: 36352811 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.17139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safety and the benefits of reducing the risk of bleeding complications via protamine administration during the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains unclear. This study aimed to systematically assessed the efficacy and safety of using protamine in PCI. METHOD Potential academic studies were identified from PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science. The time range we retrieved from was that from the inception of electronic databases to March 31, 2022. Gray studies were identified from the references of included literature reports. Stata version 12.0 statistical software (StataCorp LP) was used to analyze the pooled data. RESULTS A total of seven studies were involved in our study. The overall participants of the protamine group were 4983, whereas it was 1953 in the nonprotamine group. This meta-analysis indicated that protamine was preferable for PCI as its lower value of major bleeding (odds ratio [OR] = 0.489, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.362-0.661, p < .001) and minor bleeding (OR = 0.281, 95% CI: 0.123-0.643, p = .003). Additionally, the protamine did not tend to be related a higher incidence of mortality (p = .143), myocardial infarction (p = .990), and stent thrombosis (p = .698). CONCLUSIONS Based on available evidence, use of protamine may reduce the risk of bleeding complications without increasing the risk of mortality, myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis. Given the relevant possible biases in our study, adequately powered and better-designed studies with long-term follow-up are required to reach a firmer conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
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9
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Young AP, Denovan-Wright EM. Synthetic cannabinoids reduce the inflammatory activity of microglia and subsequently improve neuronal survival in vitro. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 105:29-43. [PMID: 35764268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells of the brain that survey the microenvironment, provide trophic support to neurons, and clear debris to maintain homeostasis and healthy brain function. Microglia are also drivers of neuroinflammation in several neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia produce endocannabinoids and express both cannabinoid receptor subtypes suggesting that this system is a target to suppress neuroinflammation. We tested whether cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) or type 2 (CB2) receptors could be targeted selectively or in combination to dampen the pro-inflammatory behavior of microglia, and whether this would have functional relevance to decrease secondary neuronal damage. We determined that components of the endocannabinoid system were altered when microglia are treated with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma and shift to a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory microglia released cytotoxic factors that induced cell death in cultured STHdhQ7/Q7 neurons. Treatment with synthetic cannabinoids that were selective for CB1 receptors (ACEA) or CB2 receptors (HU-308) dampened the release of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased levels of mRNA for several pro-inflammatory markers. A nonselective agonist (CP 55,940) exhibited similar influence over NO release but to a lesser extent relative to ACEA or HU-308. All three classes of synthetic cannabinoids ultimately reduced the secondary damage to the cultured neurons. The mechanism for the observed neuroprotective effects appeared to be related to cannabinoid-mediated suppression of MAPK signaling in microglia. Taken together, the data indicate that activation of CB1 or CB2 receptors interfered with the pro-inflammatory activity of microglia in a manner that also reduced secondary damage to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Young
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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10
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Li F, Kang X, Xin W, Li X. The Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicle Derived From Neurons/Neurogliocytes in Central Nervous System Diseases: Novel Insights Into Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:890698. [PMID: 35559228 PMCID: PMC9086165 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.890698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons and neurogliocytes (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia) are essential for maintaining homeostasis of the microenvironment in the central nervous system (CNS). These cells have been shown to support cell-cell communication via multiple mechanisms, most recently by the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Since EVs carry a variety of cargoes of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins and mediate intercellular communication, they have been the hotspot of diagnosis and treatment. The mechanisms underlying CNS disorders include angiogenesis, autophagy, apoptosis, cell death, and inflammation, and cell-EVs have been revealed to be involved in these pathological processes. Ischemic stroke is one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. It results in serious neurological and physical dysfunction and even leads to heavy economic and social burdens. Although a large number of researchers have reported that EVs derived from these cells play a vital role in regulating multiple pathological mechanisms in ischemic stroke, the specific interactional relationships and mechanisms between specific cell-EVs and stroke treatment have not been clearly described. This review aims to summarize the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of specific cell-EVs on ischemia. Additionally, this study emphasizes that these EVs are involved in stroke treatment by inhibiting and activating various signaling pathways such as ncRNAs, TGF-β1, and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heji Hospital Affiliated Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaokui Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
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11
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Zhu H, Wang G, Bai Y, Tao Y, Wang L, Yang L, Wu H, Huang F, Shi H, Wu X. Natural bear bile powder suppresses neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice via regulating TGR5/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:115063. [PMID: 35149130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to the Tang Dynasty classics Dietetic Material Medica and the Ming Dynasty classics Compendium of Materia Medica records, bear bile powder (BBP) has been used to treat a variety of diseases, such as febrile seizures, the pathogenesis of which is associated to neuroinflammation. However, the mechanism of BBP on alleviating neuroinflammation remains unclear. AIMS OF THE STUDY Microglia can be activated by peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects and mechanism of BBP in inhibiting LPS-induced microglia inflammation in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-microglia inflammatory effects and mechanism of BBP were assessed in LPS-treated BV2 microglial cells and in LPS-treated mice. The mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory factor and the protein expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), takeda G-protein coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBɑ), protein kinase B (AKT) in BV2 cells, mouse hippocampus and cortex were detected. The NF-κB transcription activity and NF-κB nuclear translocation were observed. RESULTS Our findings showed that BBP reduces branched process retraction and NO in LPS-treated BV2 cells, inhibits the protein expression of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 in the hippocampus of LPS-treated mice. Moreover, we observed that BBP decreases tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β mRNA levels, deceases iNOS and COX-2 protein levels, increases TGR5 protein levels, suppresses the phosphorylation of AKT, NF-κB and IκBɑ protein in microglia both in vitro and in vivo. Further, we found that triamterene, the inhibitor of TGR5, abolishes the effects of BBP in LPS- treated BV2 cells. CONCLUSION BBP inhibits LPS-induced microglia activation, and the mechanism of its action is partly through TGR5/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gaorui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuyan Bai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanlin Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lupeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hailian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Morcuende A, García-Gutiérrez MS, Tambaro S, Nieto E, Manzanares J, Femenia T. Immunomodulatory Role of CB2 Receptors in Emotional and Cognitive Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:866052. [PMID: 35492718 PMCID: PMC9051035 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.866052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional behavior, memory, and learning have been associated with alterations in the immune system in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, several studies pointed out the involvement of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2r) in the immune system and the regulation of inflammation. This receptor is widely distributed in different tissues and organs with higher expression in spleen and immune system cells. However, CB2r has also been detected in several brain areas and different brain cell types, such as neurons and glia. These findings suggest that CB2r may closely relate the immune system and the brain circuits regulating inflammation, mood, and cognitive functions. Therefore, we review the studies that may help elucidate the molecular bases of CB2r in regulating inflammation in different brain cells and its role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Morcuende
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain
| | - María Salud García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain.,Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud, Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Simone Tambaro
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain.,Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud, Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Teresa Femenia
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain.,Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud, Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Covering the Role of PGC-1α in the Nervous System. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010111. [PMID: 35011673 PMCID: PMC8750669 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a well-known transcriptional coactivator involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α is implicated in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative disorders; therefore, a deep understanding of its functioning in the nervous system may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. The central nervous system (CNS)-specific isoforms of PGC-1α have been recently identified, and many functions of PGC-1α are assigned to the particular cell types of the central nervous system. In the mice CNS, deficiency of PGC-1α disturbed viability and functioning of interneurons and dopaminergic neurons, followed by alterations in inhibitory signaling and behavioral dysfunction. Furthermore, in the ALS rodent model, PGC-1α protects upper motoneurons from neurodegeneration. PGC-1α is engaged in the generation of neuromuscular junctions by lower motoneurons, protection of photoreceptors, and reduction in oxidative stress in sensory neurons. Furthermore, in the glial cells, PGC-1α is essential for the maturation and proliferation of astrocytes, myelination by oligodendrocytes, and mitophagy and autophagy of microglia. PGC-1α is also necessary for synaptogenesis in the developing brain and the generation and maintenance of synapses in postnatal life. This review provides an outlook of recent studies on the role of PGC-1α in various cells in the central nervous system.
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14
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Rapaka D, Bitra VR, Challa SR, Adiukwu PC. Potentiation of microglial endocannabinoid signaling alleviates neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropeptides 2021; 90:102196. [PMID: 34508923 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) isaprogressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by chronic inflammation due to the presence of neurotoxic Aβ and tau proteins. Increased microglial activation and inflated immune response are the other factors to be considered in AD pathology. Microglial cells own biochemical machinery that synthesizes and release endocannabinoids. The exploitation of therapeutic actions of endocannabinoid system has newly emerged in the field of Alzheimer's disease. The activation of cannabinoid receptors/ cannabinoid system modulates inflammatory responses. This review assesses the association between the microglial endocannabinoid system and neuroinflammation in AD. The data supporting the anti-inflammatory role of pharmacological agents modulating cannabinoid system are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Rapaka
- A.U. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, India.
| | | | - Siva Reddy Challa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61614, USA
| | - Paul C Adiukwu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, P/Bag-0022, Gaborone, Botswana
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15
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Pan Y, Jiao Q, Wei W, Zheng T, Yang X, Xin W. Emerging Role of LncRNAs in Ischemic Stroke-Novel Insights into the Regulation of Inflammation. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4467-4483. [PMID: 34522116 PMCID: PMC8434908 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s327291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a crucial kind of pervasive gene, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abundant and key players in brain function as well as numerous neurological disorders, especially ischemic stroke. The mechanisms underlying ischemic stroke include angiogenesis, autophagy, apoptosis, cell death, and neuroinflammation. Inflammation plays a vital role in the pathological process of ischemic stroke, and systemic inflammation affects the patient’s prognosis. Although a great deal of research has illustrated that various lncRNAs are closely relevant to regulate neuroinflammation and microglial activation in ischemic stroke, the specific interactional relationships and mechanisms between lncRNAs and neuroinflammation have not been described clearly. This review aimed to summarize the therapeutic effects and action mechanisms of lncRNAs on ischemia by regulating inflammation and microglial activation. In addition, we emphasize that lncRNAs have the potential to modulate inflammation by inhibiting and activating various signaling pathways, such as microRNAs, NF‐κB and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Pan
- Department of Neurology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzheng Jiao
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Gucheng County Hospital, Gucheng, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyang Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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16
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Xin WQ, Wei W, Pan YL, Cui BL, Yang XY, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Modulating poststroke inflammatory mechanisms: Novel aspects of mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular vesicles and microglia. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1030-1048. [PMID: 34567423 PMCID: PMC8422926 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i8.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathological process of ischemic stroke, and systemic inflammation affects patient prognosis. As resident immune cells in the brain, microglia are significantly involved in immune defense and tissue repair under various pathological conditions, including cerebral ischemia. Although the differentiation of M1 and M2 microglia is certainly oversimplified, changing the activation state of microglia appears to be an intriguing therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia. Recent evidence indicates that both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) regulate inflammation and modify tissue repair under preclinical stroke conditions. However, the precise mechanisms of these signaling pathways, especially in the context of the mutual interaction between MSCs or MSC-derived EVs and resident microglia, have not been sufficiently unveiled. Hence, this review summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge on MSC- and MSC-EV-mediated regulation of microglial activity under ischemic stroke conditions with respect to various signaling pathways, including cytokines, neurotrophic factors, transcription factors, and microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Yong-Li Pan
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Bao-Long Cui
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
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17
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Iannotti FA, Vitale RM. The Endocannabinoid System and PPARs: Focus on Their Signalling Crosstalk, Action and Transcriptional Regulation. Cells 2021; 10:586. [PMID: 33799988 PMCID: PMC8001692 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors including PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ, acting as transcription factors to regulate the expression of a plethora of target genes involved in metabolism, immune reaction, cell differentiation, and a variety of other cellular changes and adaptive responses. PPARs are activated by a large number of both endogenous and exogenous lipid molecules, including phyto- and endo-cannabinoids, as well as endocannabinoid-like compounds. In this view, they can be considered an extension of the endocannabinoid system. Besides being directly activated by cannabinoids, PPARs are also indirectly modulated by receptors and enzymes regulating the activity and metabolism of endocannabinoids, and, vice versa, the expression of these receptors and enzymes may be regulated by PPARs. In this review, we provide an overview of the crosstalk between cannabinoids and PPARs, and the importance of their reciprocal regulation and modulation by common ligands, including those belonging to the extended endocannabinoid system (or "endocannabinoidome") in the control of major physiological and pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
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18
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Cannabinoid-Induced Immunomodulation during Viral Infections: A Focus on Mitochondria. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080875. [PMID: 32796517 PMCID: PMC7472050 DOI: 10.3390/v12080875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the impact of cannabinoids on viral infections, as well as its effects on the mitochondria of the nervous and immune system. The paper conveys information about the beneficial and negative impacts of cannabinoids on viral infections, especially HIV-1. These include effects on the inflammatory response as well as neuroprotective effects. We also explore non-apoptotic mitochondrial pathways modulated by the activity of cannabinoids, resulting in modifications to cellular functions. As a large part of the literature derives from studies of the nervous system, we first compile the information related to mitochondrial functions in this system, particularly through the CB1 receptor. Finally, we reflect on how this knowledge could complement what has been demonstrated in the immune system, especially in the context of the CB2 receptor and Ca2+ uptake. The overall conclusion of the review is that cannabinoids have the potential to affect a broad range of cell types through mitochondrial modulation, be it through receptor-specific action or not, and that this pathway has a potential implication in cases of viral infection.
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Mitochondrial Transplantation Attenuates Brain Dysfunction in Sepsis by Driving Microglial M2 Polarization. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3875-3890. [PMID: 32613465 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of microglia and mitochondrial dysfunction are two major contributors to the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated brain dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction can alter the immunological profile of microglia favoring to a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Mitochondrial transplantation, as an emerging mitochondria-targeted therapy, possesses considerable therapeutic potential in various central nervous system injuries or diseases. However, the effects of mitochondrial transplantation on microglial polarization and neuroprotection after sepsis remain unclear. In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4)/interleukin-13 (IL-13) were used to induce different phenotypes of BV2 microglial cells. We observed that mitochondrial content and function were enhanced in IL-4-/IL-13-stimulated microglia. In vitro, mitochondria treatment conferred neuroprotection by enhancing microglial polarization from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype and suppressing microglial-derived inflammatory cytokine release. Furthermore, microglial phenotypes and behavior tests were assessed after mice were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) followed by intracerebroventricular injection of exogenous functional mitochondria. We found that mitochondrial transplantation induced microglial M2 rather than M1 response 24 h after sepsis. Mitochondrial transplantation improved behavioral deficits by increasing the latency time in inhibitory avoidance test and decreasing the number of crossing and rearing in the test session of open field test 10 days after CLP onset. These findings indicate that mitochondrial transplantation promotes the phenotypic conversion of microglia and improves cognitive impairment in sepsis survivors, supporting the potential use of exogenous mitochondrial transplantation therapy that may be a potential therapeutic opportunity for sepsis-associated brain dysfunction.
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20
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Davinelli S, De Stefani D, De Vivo I, Scapagnini G. Polyphenols as Caloric Restriction Mimetics Regulating Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Mitophagy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:536-550. [PMID: 32521237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The tight coordination between mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy can be dysregulated during aging, critically influencing whole-body metabolism, health, and lifespan. To date, caloric restriction (CR) appears to be the most effective intervention strategy to improve mitochondrial turnover in aging organisms. The development of pharmacological mimetics of CR has gained attention as an attractive and potentially feasible approach to mimic the CR phenotype. Polyphenols, ubiquitously present in fruits and vegetables, have emerged as well-tolerated CR mimetics that target mitochondrial turnover. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, and we summarize the current knowledge of how CR promotes mitochondrial maintenance and to what extent different polyphenols may mimic CR and coordinate mitochondrial biogenesis and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine and Health Sciences 'V. Tiberio', University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy. @hsph.harvard.edu
| | - Diego De Stefani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences 'V. Tiberio', University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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García S, Martín Giménez VM, Mocayar Marón FJ, Reiter RJ, Manucha W. Melatonin and cannabinoids: mitochondrial-targeted molecules that may reduce inflammaging in neurodegenerative diseases. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:789-800. [PMID: 32154907 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Generally, the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases are associated with advancing age, so they are usually diagnosed in late adulthood. A primary mechanism underlying the onset of neurodegenerative diseases is neuroinflammation. Based on this background, the concept of "neuroinflammaging" has emerged. In this deregulated neuroinflammatory process, a variety of immune cells participate, especially glial cells, proinflammatory cytokines, receptors, and subcellular organelles including mitochondria, which are mainly responsible for maintaining redox balance at the cellular level. Senescence and autophagic processes also play a crucial role in the neuroinflammatory disease associated with aging. Of particular interest, melatonin, cannabinoids, and the receptors of both molecules which are closely related, exert beneficial effects on the neuroinflammatory processes that precede the onset of neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Some of these neuroprotective effects are fundamentally related to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative actions at the mitochondrial level due to the strategic functions of this organelle. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent advances in the study of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration associated with age and to consider the use of new mitochondrial therapeutic targets related to the endocannabinoid system and the pineal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián García
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Cuyo National University, Mendoza, Argentina.,Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Virna Margarita Martín Giménez
- Institute of Research in Chemical Sciences, School of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Cuyo Catholic University, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Feres José Mocayar Marón
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Cuyo National University, Mendoza, Argentina.,Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Walter Manucha
- Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Cuyo National University, Mendoza, Argentina.
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22
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Tanaka M, Sackett S, Zhang Y. Endocannabinoid Modulation of Microglial Phenotypes in Neuropathology. Front Neurol 2020; 11:87. [PMID: 32117037 PMCID: PMC7033501 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, mediate brain homeostasis by controlling neuronal proliferation/differentiation and synaptic activity. In response to external signals from neuropathological conditions, homeostatic (M0) microglia can adopt one of two activation states: the classical (M1) activation state, which secretes mediators of the proinflammatory response, and the alternative (M2) activation state, which presumably mediates the resolution of neuroinflammation and tissue repair/remodeling. Since chronic inflammatory activation of microglia is correlated with several neurodegenerative diseases, functional modulation of microglial phenotypes has been considered as a potential therapeutic strategy. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, composed of cannabinoid receptors and ligands and their metabolic/biosynthetic enzymes, has been shown to activate anti-inflammatory signaling pathways that modulate immune cell functions. Growing evidence has demonstrated that endogenous, synthetic, and plant-derived eCB agonists possess therapeutic effects on several neuropathologies; however, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the anti-inflammatory effects have not yet been identified. Over the last decade, it has been revealed that the eCB system modulates microglial activation and population. In this review, we thoroughly examine recent studies on microglial phenotype modulation by eCB in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease conditions. We hypothesize that cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R) signaling shifts the balance of expression between neuroinflammatory (M1-type) genes, neuroprotective (M2-type) genes, and homeostatic (M0-type) genes toward the latter two gene expressions, by which microglia acquire therapeutic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiei Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Scott Sackett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Cheng Q, Shen Y, Cheng Z, Shao Q, Wang C, Sun H, Zhang Q. Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide k suppresses neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia through Nrf2-dependent mechanism. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:575. [PMID: 31807556 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Activated microglia play a critical role in regulating neuroinflammatory responses in central nervous system. Previous studies have shown that Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide k's (ABPPk's) neuroprotective effects are partly due to its anti-inflammatory effect, but the mechanism remains unknown. This study is aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of ABPPk on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia. Methods We pretreated BV2 microglia with different concentrations of ABPPk (0.04-5 µg/mL) for 30 minutes, and then stimulated microglia with LPS for 24 hours. Pro-inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression levels were detected by western blot. Glutathione (GSH) level was measured by GSH-Glo™ Glutathione assay. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and Nrf2. BV2 microglia transfected with Nrf2 siRNA were used to investigate the effect of Nrf2 on the anti-inflammatory activity of ABPPk. Results ABPPk (0.2-5 µg/mL) reduced the iNOS mediated NO and COX-2 mediated PGE2 production significantly in LPS-activated BV2 microglia. ABPPk (1 and 5 µg/mL) also suppressed the production of TNF-α and IL-6 significantly. NF-κB is phosphorylated and translocated into nuclear in LPS-activated BV2 microglia, but ABPPk is shown to inhibit the phosphorylation and translocation of NF-κB in a concentration-dependent way. ABPPk increased the protein expression levels of HO-1 and Nrf2, as well as the GSH content in BV2 microglia. Immunofluorescent staining showed that ABPPk also promoted nuclear translocation of Nrf2. After knocking down Nrf2 in BV2 cells with siRNA interference, ABPPk's inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory mediators also disappeared. Conclusions The present study suggests that ABPPk inhibits neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia through Nrf2-dependent mechanism. This provides some strong evidence for the potential of this neuroprotective natural compound to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zhenghui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Qian Shao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Caiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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Cannabinoid CB 2 Receptor Modulation by the Transcription Factor NRF2 is Specific in Microglial Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:167-177. [PMID: 31385133 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a pleiotropic transcription factor that has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, regulating more than 250 genes. As NRF2, cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) is also implicated in the preservation of neurons against glia-driven inflammation. To this concern, little is known about the regulation pathways implicated in CB2 receptor expression. In this study, we analyze whether NRF2 could modulate the transcription of CB2 in neuronal and microglial cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed an antioxidant response element in the promoter sequence of the CB2 receptor gene. Further analysis by chemical and genetic manipulations of this transcription factor demonstrated that NRF2 is not able to modulate the expression of CB2 in neurons. On the other hand, at the level of microglia, the expression of CB2 is NRF2-dependent. These results are related to the differential levels of expression of both genes regarding the brain cell type. Since modulation of CB2 receptor signaling may represent a promising therapeutic target with minimal psychotropic effects that can be used to modulate endocannabinoid-based therapeutic approaches and to reduce neurodegeneration, our findings will contribute to disclose the potential of CB2 as a novel target for treating different pathologies.
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Suo Y, Liu R, Qiu J, Zhao Y, Jiang N, Liu C, Tse G, Li G, Liu T. Alogliptin prevents diastolic dysfunction and preserves left ventricular mitochondrial function in diabetic rabbits. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:160. [PMID: 30591063 PMCID: PMC6307280 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are increasing evidence that left ventricle diastolic dysfunction is the initial functional alteration in the diabetic myocardium. In this study, we hypothesized that alogliptin prevents diastolic dysfunction and preserves left ventricular mitochondrial function and structure in diabetic rabbits. Methods A total of 30 rabbits were randomized into control group (CON, n = 10), alloxan-induced diabetic group (DM, n = 10) and alogliptin-treated (12.5 mg/kd/day for 12 weeks) diabetic group (DM-A, n = 10). Echocardiographic and hemodynamic studies were performed in vivo. Mitochondrial morphology, respiratory function, membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation rate of left ventricular tissue were assessed. The serum concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were measured. Protein expression of TGF-β1, NF-κB p65 and mitochondrial biogenesis related proteins were determined by Western blotting. Results DM rabbits exhibited left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial dilation, increased E/e′ ratio and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure combined with decreased maximal decreasing rate of left intraventricular pressure (− dp/dtmax) were observed. Alogliptin alleviated ventricular hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in diabetic rabbits. These changes were associated with decreased mitochondrial ROS production rate, prevented mitochondrial membrane depolarization and improved mitochondrial swelling. It also improved mitochondrial biogenesis by PGC-1α/NRF1/Tfam signaling pathway. Conclusions The DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin prevents cardiac diastolic dysfunction by inhibiting ventricular remodeling, explicable by improved mitochondrial function and increased mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Suo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruimeng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuchun Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
| | - Yungang Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Department of Health & Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Department of Health & Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China
| | - Changle Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China.
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